@article {2169, title = {Novel Coumarin-Indole Hybrids as Cytotoxic Candidates: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1105-1111}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1105}, abstract = {

Cancer is regarded as a nightmare for humanity and a challenging task for medical professionals. Twelve hydrides (2a-2l), made of trifunctionalized coumarin and various substituted indoles, were created in an effort to realize the hope of a cancer cure. The 4,5-dimethoxysalicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate were combined in a Knoevenagel reaction to create the coumarin component. The construction of the indole component involved converting various aminoindoles through diazotization and Sandmeyer reactions to twelve substituted indoles (1a-1l). These two components were combined through a Michael addition reaction to create the desired hybrids. Investigating their spectra released from various spectroscopical instruments allowed researchers to determine the 2D molecular frameworks of these hybrids. Studying the survival of nine tumor cell types after treatment with the synthesized hybrids enabled researchers to estimate there in vitro impact as cytotoxic candidates. By checking the cell viability using an MTT marker, it was possible to see that this effect was antiproliferative. The cytotoxicity measurements, IC50 scores, revealed a number of intriguing facts. To start, the synthetic hybrids displayed a relatively similar cytotoxic pattern against the cancerous cell lines under investigation. Second, compared to hybrids with chloride, hydroxyl, or methoxy substituents, fluorinated hybrids are more toxic to cancerous cells. Finally, hybrids with indole substituted at position-6 (2i-2l) have the highest cytotoxicity among those with indole functionalized at position-4 (2a-2d) or position-5 (2e-2h). From these facts, the authors concluded that hybrids with indole substituted at position-4 can represent potential candidates as antiproliferative applicants. Moreover, hybrid 2i may serve as a valuable model for creating potent anti-breast cancer therapies.

}, keywords = {Anti-breast cancer, Coumarin, Cytotoxicity, Indole, Michael addition, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.201}, author = {Sarah S. Ismael and Noor Ahmed M. Waheed and Seema Mahmood Kasim and Yasser Fakri Mustafa} } @article {1765, title = {Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Raw-Consumed Vegetables in West Java, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {289-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Raw-consumed vegetables, known as lalapan, is famous among Sundanese community in West Java because of their heath benefits. In the present study, nine selected raw-consumed vegetables, namely Vigna unguiculata, Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Etlingera elatior, Abelmoschus esculentus, Oenanthe javanica, Centella asiatica, Pluchea indica and Pilea trinervia were screened for their antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. Antibacterial activity test were conducting using disc diffusion method against Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae. Whereas, the cytotoxic activity were examined using WST assay against lung cancer cell line A549. For the antibacterial activity, this study finds that Ocimum tenuiflorum, Etlingera elatior and Pluchea indica have highest inhibition zone against tested bacteria. Furthemore, the results of the cytotoxicity assay indicated that among the nine plants tested, five plants showed IC50 \< 20 μg/mL, including Vigna unguiculata, Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn, Etlingera elatior, Centella asiatica and Pilea trinervia with the IC50 value 13.71 μg/mL, 7.43 μg/mL, 12.45 μg/mL, 5.51 μg/mL and 18.84 μg/mL respectively.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, Edible plants, West Java}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.36}, author = {Tiana Milanda and Raden Maya Febriyanti and Arif Satria Wira Kusuma and Ajeng Diantini} } @article {1777, title = {Cytotoxic Effects of Kirinyuh Herb (Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. d. King \& H. Robinson) Extracts and Fractions on BSLT, MCF-7 Cells and T-47D Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {374-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {374}, abstract = {

Breast Cancer is the second-highest prevalence of cancer disease in Indonesia, with the number of new cases and deaths continues to increase. Kirinyuh or Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. D. King \& H. Robinson is a shrub plant, which are widely grown in Indonesia. Traditionally, it is used for woundhealing and information about anticancer potential of A. inulaefolium is still very limited. This study aims to assess the potential of cytotoxic activity of A. inulaefolium on MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cells. Tests that carried out in this study were phytochemicals screening, Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and Cytotoxicity assay. The phytochemicals screening showed that EA (leaves extracts levels 1-3), EB (leaves extracts levels 4-6) and EC (stalk extracts) contained tannin, steroids/triterpenoids, flavonoids and phenols. The BSLT results showed that the EB has the smallest LC50 value of 12.86 μg/mL. MTT assay results showed the smallest IC50 value of the extract and the fraction on MCF-7 cells were EA 204.96 μg/ mL and FEA 205.43 μg/mL and T-47D cells were EB 217.03 μg/mL and FEA 192.36 μg/mL. The conclusion of toxicity and cytotoxicity of the herb (leaves and stalks) ethanol 96\% extracts of A. inulaefolium had a very toxic effect on BSLT however had less potential cytotoxicity on MCF-7 cells and T-47D cells.

}, keywords = {BSLT, Cytotoxicity, Kirinyuh (Austroeupatorium inulaefolium (Kunth) R. D. King \& H. Robinson), MCF-7, T-47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.48}, author = {Riskianto and Andreanus Andaja Soemardji and Marselina Irasonia Tan} } @article {1877, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Helichrysum acutatum DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {603-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Helichrysum acutatum from the Asteraceae family is a shrub indigenous to Southern Africa. The plant is used in traditional medicine as an enema for newborn babies. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bioactive constituents from H. acutatum. In addition, the crude extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The phytochemical investigation afforded the known compounds stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, and caffeic acid. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity compared to other extracts, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Antibacterial profiling of all the extracts showed no activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The cytotoxic activity of the crude extracts was assayed in vitro against two human cancer cell lines, liver hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). The human embryonic kidney cell line (Hek-293) was used as the non-transformed control. The plant extracts showed insufficient antiproliferative or cytotoxic activity to the tumour and regular cell lines tested, which signifies suitable for human consumption. Overall, this plant has better antioxidant activity than other plants in the genus, which needs further exploration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Caffeic acid, Cytotoxicity, Magnetic resonance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.142}, author = {Funsho Oyetunde-Joshua and Roshila Moodley and Hafizah Cheniah and Rene Khan} } @article {1370, title = {Cytotoxicity Study of Ethanol Extract of Bintangor Leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Line (Cytotoxicity Study with MTT Assay Method)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {362-367}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The public has used Bintangor leaf (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f) for various medical treatments, including treated inflamed eyes and gout. Aim: This research aimed to determine the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract and fraction of Calophyllum soulattri Burm. f leaf toward T47D breast cancer cell. Methods: The test used T47D breast cancer cells, the 3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl -2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test method, and ELISA Reader to determine the absorbance. This method{\textquoteright}s principle was the presence of tetrazolium salts by the reductase system in the mitochondria of living cells formed purple formazan crystals. The used parameter was the value of IC50. Results: The result showed that ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and butanol fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cell. The values of IC50 respectively are 585.31 μg/ml; 409.33 μg/ ml; 534.08 μg/ml; and 563.22 μg/ml. Conclusion: Ethanol extract and Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f leaf fraction did not have a cytotoxic effect on T47D breast cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Bintangor Leaf, Breast Cancer Line, Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay, T47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.46}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Hanifa Nurul Fitri and Elsa Badriyya} } @article {1689, title = {The Cytotoxicity Study of Lantana camara Linn Essential Oil on HeLa Cancer Cells Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1498-1501}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1498}, abstract = {

Lantana camara Linn (Verbenaceae) is a natural plant that thrives in tropical climates and is relatively easy to cultivate. In Indonesia, this plant is still often considered as a weed. When held, the unpleasant smell and sticky hand make people dislike this plant even though the flowers are diverse. The essential oil was extracted from the leaves of L. camara by hydrodistillation. This study aimed to see how cytotoxic L. camara essential oil was against HeLa carcinoma cells. This research aimed to discover if L. camara essential oil was cytotoxic to HeLa cancer cells. The GC-MS investigation of an essential oil recognized ten compounds; two main constituents of the oil were Caryophyllene (27.65\%) and Germacrene D (23.01\%). The essential oil showed cytotoxicity on HeLa cervical cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effect of oil was determined using MTT, IC50 values were 44.86 μg/mL + 0.07

}, keywords = {Cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, HeLa, Hydrodistillation, Lantana camara}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.190}, author = {Suryati and Dira Hefni and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Dachriyanus} } @article {1341, title = {Determination of Lupeol, a Cytotoxic Compound Against SW620 Cells in the Extracts of Ha-Rak Recipe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {133-138}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {133}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ha-Rak is an herbal recipe that has been stated by Ministry of Public Health, Thailand to utilize as the herbal medicines for the treatment of fever. The recipe comprises the roots of five plants including Capparis micracantha, Clerodendrum indicum, Ficus racemosa, Harrisonia perforata and Tiliacora triandra as its ingredients. Methods: The extracts of Ha-Rak and its five herbal principles were evaluated for their potential on the cytotoxicity against SW620 cancer cell lines using the MTT assay and an active compound, lupeol which was found as a cytotoxic compound in the herbal ingredients of Ha-Rak was further determined. A chromatographic method for investigating that compound in the extracts was developed herein. The analytical method comprised a cholesterol-coated C18 column, a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (70:30) with a flow rate of 2 mL/min, and a diode-array UV wavelength at 210 nm as a stationary phase, mobile phase, and detector, respectively. Results: The amount of lupeol in the extracts of Ha-Rak and the herbal principles, which possessed cytotoxicity against SW620 cell lines with the IC50 values of 30.10-212.24 μg/mL displayed variously in the range of 4.50-250.62 mg/100g. The difference of the contents among the extracts was noted significantly (P \< 0.05). The correlation between the lupeol contents and their cytotoxic performances on the tested cell lines was observed in our investigation. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that Ha-Rak recipe contains a promising cytotoxic compound, lupeol and it will support the recipe to subject further pharmacological studies on anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Benchalokawichian, Cancer Cell Lines, Cytotoxicity, Ha-Rak, Lupeol, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.18}, author = {Pathom Somwong and Chomnapas Chuchote} } @article {1375, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Quercus infectoria Extracts in HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {401-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Background: Quercus infectoria galls (QI) extracts were previously reported to have cytotoxicity effects towards human cervical cancer cells, HeLa. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the extracts have been poorly determined. Objective: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ethyl acetate extracts of QI (EAQI) on cell cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells. Materials and Method: The in vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and the OD values were read at 570 nm. Meanwhile the induction of apoptosis was measured by using acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle distribution. Results: MTT assay showed that EAQI exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cells with IC50 of 11.50 {\textpm} 0.50 μg/ml. HeLa cells underwent apoptosis in response to EAQI treatment, demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cell stained with AOPI from 1.00\% to 10.33\% compared to untreated cell population (p\<0.05) at 72 hours of treatment. The evidence of early apoptosis in treated cells were also observed in annexin V/PI staining. Furthermore, an increase of cell population in sub G0/G1 phase revealed that apoptosis as the mode of cell death in HeLa cells treated with EAQI. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EAQI significantly inhibits HeLa cell growth through induction of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of cell death by expression of apoptotic cascade in HeLa cells treated with EAQI.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, Quercus infectoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.51}, author = {Illyana Ismail and Rapeah Suppian and Habsah Mohamad and Siti Aisha Mohd Radzi and Hasmah Abdullah} } @article {1641, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Characterization of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1122-1133}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1122}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parthenium hysterophorus is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat health issues and which could be a source of phytochemicals with possible antioxidant activity without causing cytotoxic effects. Hence, this work was designed to evaluate its phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. Methods: The aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of P. hysterophorus flowers were obtained by decoction and ultrasound, respectively. Their phytochemical composition was determined by colorimetric tests and RP-HPLC-MS analysis. Their cytotoxic activity was tested by a hemolysis assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical (-OH) scavenging assays. In addition, the effect of the extracts on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) from human erythrocytes, was evaluated. Results: The phytochemical screening of the AE and EE by colorimetric test showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, and carbohydrates. In addition, the RP-HPLC-MS analysis identified some phenolic compounds such as flavonols, methoxyflavonols, flavones, methoxyflavones, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The hemolysis assay showed non-cytotoxic activity by AE, but EE exhibited a hemolytic effect. Furthermore, the AE and EE showed significant antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals in the TEAC, DPPH and -OH scavenging assays. Moreover, the SOD activity only showed a significant increase by AE. However, the two crude extracts increased the CAT activity, at the highest concentrations. Conclusion: P. hysterophorus has phytochemicals with antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in vitro.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Cytotoxicity, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.145}, author = {MA Alfaro Jim{\'e}nez and A Zugasti Cruz and SY Silva Belmares and JA Ascacio Vald{\'e}s and CA Sierra Rivera} } @article {1213, title = {Chemical Composition and Some Biological Activities of the Methanolic Encephalartos ferox Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1190-1197}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1190}, abstract = {

Background: Although literature reports the therapeutic properties of Encephalartos ferox, there are limited pharmacological studies of its fruit. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing and in vitro cytotoxic activities of the methanolic E. ferox fruit extract. Methods: The chemical constituent of the methanolic fruit extract was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using the broth dilution method. The standard 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to evaluate the scavenging activities of the extract. Anti-quorum sensing activity was assessed against biosensor strain- Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472). Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was investigated using the tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. Results: The extract revealed eight volatile compounds with cis-Vaccenic acid (87.06\%) and 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (5.21\%) as the major components. Antibacterial activity against all tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration range of 1.56 - 12.5 mg/mL was observed. The DPPH and ABTS assays demonstrated scavenging activities with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.09 mg/mL and 0.003 mg/mL, respectively. The extract also displayed strong anti-quorum sensing activity with 93\% inhibition of violacein production at 25 mg/mL. A half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5370 μg/mL was computed in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: The extract has potential to be used as a source of therapeutic compounds in pharmaceutical applications.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.167}, author = {Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo and Sidney Tsolanku Maliehe and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu and Rene Khan} } @article {1068, title = {Cytotoxicity of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) against Cervical HeLa Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: Cervical cancer is the cancer with highest prevalence and the leading cause of women death in Indonesia. Current treatments available for cervical cancer are chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and nuclear therapy. Unfortunately, these treatments still have several limitations due to serious side effects, development of resistance, and very expensive price. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective and low-cost therapy to treat cervical cancer. One of which is by utilizing natural sources available in Indonesia such as soursop (Annona muricata) leaves which has been used in folk medicine as a treatment for various diseases, including cancer. However, studies about its cytotoxicity against cervical cancer in Indonesia are still limited. Objective: The aim of this research is to analyze the potency of A.muricataleaves extracts originated from Indonesia as a novel alternative treatment for cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: A.muricata leaves obtained from Serpong, West Java, Indonesia were grounded and macerated in three different solvents with various polarity, namely ethanol (polar solvent), ethyl acetate (semipolar solvent) and hexane (non-polar solvent). Subsequently, the extracts were diluted into 8 various concentrations. Cytotoxicity of A.muricataleaves extracts against HeLa cervical cancer cells were determined by MTT assay and expressed by IC50 value. Results: The results showed that three extracts of A.muricata have strong cytotoxicity against cervical HeLa cells. The highest cytotoxic activity was shown by etanol extract with an IC50 of 35.51 μg/mL, followed by ethyl acetate (IC50: 5.91 μg/mL), and hexane (IC50: 8.39 μg/mL). Conclusion: A.muricata leaves extracts are potential to be developed as a novel alternative therapy for cervical cancer.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, Soursop}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.4}, author = {Fona Qorina and Ade Arsianti and Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa and NadzilaAnindya Tejaputri and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {1067, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn Extracts on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {14-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: Lung cancer is the one of the leading causes of cancer death. However, current treatments for lung cancer are expensive and show negative side effects. Therefore, the study concerning natural anticancer from plants has intensified. Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn are Indonesian herb plants which have been consumed as a drink, are known to have anticancer activity against several cancer cell lines. However, its potential cytotoxic activity on A549 lung cancer cell line is still unclear. Objective: This study aimed to identify cytotoxic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts on A549 lung cancer cell line. Materials and Methods: Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn flowers from Tangerang, province of Banten, Indonesia, were macerated in three different solvents: ethyl acetate, ethanol, and n-hexane. Afterwards, cytotoxic activity of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts on A549 lung cancer cell line were evaluated using MTT assay. There were eight variety of concentration of the extracts, the experiment has been done triplicate for each concentration. The anticancer activity is expressed by IC50 value. Results: Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn extracts in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane showed IC50 value of 374.01 μg/mL, 719.28 μg/mL, and 906.57 μg/mL respectively, in which indicated weak cytotoxic activity on A549 lung cancer cell line. Conclusion: Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn are potential to be further developed as natural anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line, Cytotoxicity, Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.3}, author = {Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa and Ade Arsianti and Gerry Kurniawan and Fona Qorina and Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri and Norma Nur Azizah} } @article {1091, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of Marine Algal Sargassum polycystum for Antioxidant Activity and In Vitro Cytotoxicity on Hela Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {88-94}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sargassum polycystum is one of marine algal which has a potent antioxidant anticancer activities. This research aims to investigate phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of marine algal Sargassum polycystum on cervical HeLa cancer. Methods: Sargassum polycystum collected from Dompu beach, Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province, Indonesia, were extracted into organic solvent of n-hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol, respectively. Subsequently, Sargassum polycystum extracts were applied for Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis, phytochemistry test, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, as well as for antioxidant activity test by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation on HeLa cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis of S. polycystum extracts are positive for metabolites of flavonoid, steroid, tannin and glycoside. TLC analysis revealed that S. polycystum extracts containing four phytochemical components. Ethylacetate extract of S. polycystum showed the highest total phenolic content, and exhibited greater antioxidant activity than ethanol extract. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content in ethylacetate extract are 548.61 μg/mL and 40.06 μg /mL, respectively. Ethylacetate extract of S. polycystum with IC50 value of 298.3 μg/mL is assigned to have a weak antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical. The results indicate that antioxidant activity of ethylacetate extracts of S. polycystum is directly correlated with its total phenolic and flavonoid content. Moreover, S. polycystum extracts demonstrated a strong anticancer activity on cervical HeLa cells with IC50 ranging from 38.3 μg/mL to 112.8 μg/mL. Conclusion: This work confirmed that S.polycystum are promising natural antioxidant and anti-cervical cancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, phytochemisty, Sargassum polycystum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.14}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Anton Bahtiar and Vincent Kharisma Wangsaputra and Norma Nur Azizah and Wilzar Fachri and Lince Dameria Nadapdap and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin and Hiroki Tanimoto and Kiyomi Kakiuchi} } @article {1108, title = {Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Gallic Acid Nanoparticles Towards Breast T47D Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {321-327}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gallic acid is a naturally polyphenolic acid which shows cytotoxicity against several cancer cells, as well as it displays chemo-preventive activity which is attributed to its strong apoptosis- inducing and antioxidant effects. Thus, gallic acid has become an attractive substance to be further developed due to its strong cytotoxic activity. This study aimed to synthesize gallic acid nanoparticle coating with alginate-chitosan, and evaluate its cytotoxicity against breast T47D cancer cells. Methods: Gallic acid nanoparticle was synthesized using ionic gelation method. The yield, size and morphology of the nanoparticles were determined by UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity evaluation of gallic acid nanoparticle towards breast T47D cancer cell is carried out by MTT(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) assay. Results: Spherical nanoparticles of gallic acid with the size of 100-200 nm has been successfully synthesized in 96\% of yield. Compared to gallic acid (IC50: 20.86 μg/mL) and alginate-chitosan nanoparticle (IC50: 38.46 μg/mL), gallic acid coating with alginate-chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated higher cytotoxicity towards breast T47D cancer cells with IC50 value of 9.03μg/mL. Conclusion: Our results clearly confirmed that gallic acid nanoparticles coating with alginate-chitosan showed a strong cytotoxicity towards breast T47D cancer cells, which is potential to be developed as a candidate for new anti-breast cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Gallic acid, Nanoparticle, Synthesis, T47D cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.51}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Anton Bahtiar and Fadilah Fadilah and Vincent Kharisma Wangsaputra and Rafika Indah Paramita and Norma Nur Azizah and Lince Dameria Nadapdap and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin and Hiroki Tanimoto and Kiyomi Kakiuchi} } @article {1040, title = {Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1563-1571}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1563}, abstract = {

The popular use of natural products has great benefits for the health of the human population. In this study we highlight Equisetum hyemale, belonging to the phylum Sphenophyta and the family Equisetaceae. Popularly, the stems of this plant are used for their diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this context, and the fact that the growth of antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for global public health, this plant could be used as an alternative, to increase our therapeutic arsenal. Therefore, it is important to more clearly elucidate the complex structures present in plants, because these substances are mainly responsible for their beneficial and/or toxic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the phenolic compounds separately. The substances luteolin, ferulic acid and coumarin were identified at high concentrations by ultra-high performance chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Antimicrobial activity was elucidated through microdilution in broth; the phenolic compounds were able to inhibit the visible growth of the standard bacterial strains at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and genotoxicity was analysed through cellular damage using a Comet assay; the results showed that it did not present cytoxicity or genotoxicity at the corresponding concentrations. With this, we suggest that E. hyemale may be an alternative for the treatment of infections by microorganisms that are resistant to synthetic drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity, Equisetum hyemale, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.239}, author = {Camilla Filippi dos Santos Alves and Pauline Cordenonsi Bonez and Marcia de Souza Ebling and Camila Casagrande and Litiane Freitas and Carolina Dolwitsch and Fernanda Pires and Michele Rorato Sagrillo and Gerson Fernandes de Brum and Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos and Roberto Christ Vianna Santos} } @article {910, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Attributes of Paris polyphylla Smith from Sikkim Himalaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {705-711}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paris polyphylla Smith is a high value medicinal plant available in Sikkim Himalaya which is well known in local traditional medicine system. Scientific study to ascertain its claimed biological activity is lacking. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant and anticancer activity of Paris polyphylla rhizomes. Methods: Phytochemical analysis were carried out by standard methods. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was carried out by DPPH, ABTS, OH-radical and Fe2+chelating activity assays. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined by MTT assay on three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2 and PC3. Results: Of the P. polyphylla from two altitudinal zones, P. polyphylla from Tholung (PPT), the one from the higher altitude showed higher total phenolic contents in methanolic extracts of rhizomes as compraed to that from the lower altitude i.e., P. polyphylla from Uttaray (PPU). PPT also showed a higher content of total falvonoid and total flavonols. Both types of plant were excellent scavenger of DPPH and ABTS radical and Fe2+ chelator. A trend of a relatively greater antioxidant activity of PPT was established through these assay methods. In MTT assay, both the extract showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of HeLa cell growth after 72 hrs of treatment, while the extract had a moderately positive effect on the inhibition of PC3 and HepG2 cells growth. Conclusion: The study suggested a strong antioxidant activity and appreciable cytotoxic activity of P. polyphylla from Sikkim Himalaya. Of the two varieties, PPT was more pronounced in both type of activities.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Paris polyphylla, Phytochemicals, Sikkim Himalaya}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.112}, author = {Dawa Lhendup Lepcha and Abhijit Chhetri and Dhani Raj Chhetri} } @article {946, title = {Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil Isolated from the Leaves of Achillea fragrantissima Growing Wild in Yemen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1077-1081}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Background: Yemen is diverse in its geography and rich in its natural flora. Achillea fragrantissima grown wild in Yemen is widely used in folkloric medicine. Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the essential oil isolated form the leaves of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. growing wild in Yemen. Materials and Methods: The oil was collected after hydrodistillation for 3 h, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS and assayed for biological activities. Results: Artemisia ketone (49.53\%), camphor (14.73\%), α-bisabolol (11.20\%), α-bisabolol oxide B (2.62\%) were the main components of the oil. The MTT assay of the oil on two human colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480 and HCT-116) showed IC50 values of 110.1 and 134.6 μg ml$^{-}${\textonesuperior}, respectively. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assays were performed but exhibited only marginal activities. Conclusion: the components of the essential oil could be excellent anticancer drugs for treatment of colon cancer.

}, keywords = {Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia ketone, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.168}, author = {Iman Mansi and Nasser A. Awadh Ali and Nizar M. Mhaidat and Khaled Hussain and Ali G. Al-kaf and Sirajudheen Anwar and William N. Setzer} } @article {872, title = {Effectiveness of Methanol Solvent Extraction for Red Macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera Antitumoric Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {450-454}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Introduction: Red macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera is commonly found in most parts of Indonesia coastal areas. However, information regarding their potential pharmaceutical uses remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the antiproliferative activity of Acanthophora spicifera collected from Indonesian extracted with different solvents of ethanol and methanol. Methods: Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity of A. spicifera crude ethanol extract (AS-EtOH) and A. spicifera crude methanol extract (AM-MetOH) were evaluated with Lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and Trypan blue exclusion assay in Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells for 72h. Concentration of extracts treated in HeLa cells were 6.25 to 200 μg/mL. Viability staining with fluorescence stain Hoechst33342/PI was conducted to investigate apoptotic activity. Potential apoptotic activity of treatments was confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. Results: AS-MetOH demonstrated high cytotoxicity in HeLa cells with IC50 of 127.3 {\textpm} 33.13 μg/mL. However, AS-EtOH IC50 values could not be determined in this study. Antiproliferative activity was highly significant in AS-MetOH treated cells as cell density was suppressed to 20 x 104 cells/mL compared to AS-EtOH (73 x 104 cells/mL) and untreated cells (83 x 104 cells/mL). Finally, apoptotic activity could be determined in AS-MetOH treated cells with increase PI fluorescence emitting cells and DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, apoptotic activity was not observable in AS-EtOH treated cells based on fluorescence viability staining and DNA fragmentation assay. Conclusion: Current results show methanol solvent as an effective solvent to promote potential pharmaceutical properties of macroalgae A. spicifera. Further advanced studies in a compound level from A. spicifera methanol fraction would be reasonable for development of macroalgae based anticancer agent.

}, keywords = {Acanthophora, Antiproliferative, Cytotoxicity, Indonesia, Macroalgae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.70}, author = {Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya and Ni Wayan Riyani Martyasari and Candra Dwipayana Hamdin and Masao Miyake and Daisuke Kobayashi and Sri Widyastuti and Akihiro Hazama and Haji Sunarpi} } @article {948, title = {Screening In vitro Anticancer Activity of Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Nees Stem Bark Extracts against some Cancer Cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {884-888}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {884}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cancer is considered as the prime lethal disease that affects different organs of the body. Even with the rapid developments in the medical sciences, there are no proper medicines to cure specific kind of cancer without side effects. The inhibition of tumour cell growth without side effects either by the use herbal or synthetic drugs is considered as an important target in cancer therapy. In traditional medicinal system A. semecarpifolia stem bark is the prime source of herbal drug to treat lymphatic and skin cancers. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anticancer potential of A. semecarpifolia stem bark extracts against some cancer cell lines. Methods: The in vitro anticancer activity was evaluated against DLA, EAC, HeLa, HepG2 and L929 cell lines by trypan blue dye exclusion assay and SRB assay. Results: The results of the anticancer activity revealed that, when compared to standard drug Cyclophosphamide, SBPEE and SBCE of A. semecarpifolia showed significant anticancer activity against DLA and EAC cell lines, without causing any toxicity to the normal mouse fibroblast cells L929. Whereas, none of the three extracts showed cytotoxicity against HeLa, HepG2 and L929 cell lines. Conclusion: The present study suggested that, SBPEE and SBCE possesses significant cytotoxic activity against DLA and EAC cell lines, which confirms the traditional medicinal claim of A. semecarpifolia as a potent anticancer plant against lymphatic and skin cancer.

}, keywords = {Alseodaphne semecarpifolia, Carcinoma, Cell lines, Cell viability, Cytotoxicity, Lymphoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.141}, author = {Chethankumara Ganadhal Puttaramaiah and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Nagaraj Kakanahalli} } @article {918, title = {Screening of Tyrosinase Inhibitor, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity of Dried Sea Cucumber from Tomini Bay, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {555-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {555}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia, as a tropical country, is one of the important producers of sea cucumbers (beche-de-mer). Sea cucumber is a marine invertebrate that contains attractive bioactive secondary metabolites and these metabolites can be used for health as well as cosmetics. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the activity of tyrosinase inhibitors, antioxidants, and cytotoxicity of sea cucumber methanolic extract. Methods: Dried sea cucumber samples were taken from Boalemo waters, Tomini Bay, Indonesia. Tyrosinase inhibitor assay was carried out spectrophotometrically using tyrosinase enzymes and L-DOPA as a substrate and antioxidant tests were carried out by DPPH method. Cytotoxicity test against human breast cancer cell line (T47D) was conducted using the MTT assay. Results: The study showed that Bohadschia vitiensis had the best tyrosinase inhibitor activity with IC50 value of 0.28 mg/ml. The DPPH free radical scavenging testing showed that all sea cucumbers had weak antioxidant activity. On the other hand, cytotoxicity assay revealed that several sea cucumbers had good cytotoxicity against T47D cells, where Holothuria atra and Bohadschia marmorata showed strong cytotoxicities with IC50 values of 23.0 and 28.1 ug/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that the dried sea cucumber from the Tomini bay region, Indonesia, has the potential to be developed as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors and cytotoxic agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Screening, Sea cucumber, Tyrosinase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.88}, author = {Muhammad Nursid and Endar Marraskuranto and Azizah Kuswardini and Tjahyo Winanto} } @article {531, title = {Andrographolide Induced Apoptosis in NALM-6 Cells Mediated Through the Cell Cycle Arrest and Nuclear Fragmentation}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210 }, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata is an herb widely cultivated in South and Southeastern Asia. It has been traditionally used to treat infections and other Physiological disorders for several hundreds. We investigated the anti-leukemic potential of Andrographolide (AGP) isolated from the leaves of this plant against an array of cancer cells to investigate its most efficacies in a particular cancer type. Methods: AGP was isolated from Andrographis paniculata leaves by using column chromatography. The structure was further determined by LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. AGP was initially tested against four different cancer cell lines, namely NALM-6 (pre B-ALL), K562 (CML), A549 (lung carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) using MTT assay at different time points and different concentrations. The effect of the isolated biomolecule was also investigated in inducing apoptosis through the study of cell cycle progression using flow cytometry by PI staining and nuclear fragmentation pattern by DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy. Results: the spectral analysis of the isolated bio-molecule assured that the compound was AGP. MTT assay data indicated that AGP was most potent to induce cytotoxicity in NALM-6 cells. Further investigation revealed that it effectively induced apoptosis by arresting cell cycle progression and increased the nuclear break down in NALM- 6 leukemic cells. Conclusion: Our study efficiently demonstrated that the AGP isolated from Andrographis paniculata induced apoptosis in NALM-6 cells, which could be used in the therapeutic intervention of leukemia in the future.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Andrographolide, Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, Leukemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.36}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/466}, author = {Swadesh Sarkar and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {683, title = {Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities of Sponges Collected off the Coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {988-992}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {988}, abstract = {

Context: Marine sponges (Porifera: Demospongia) have astonishing structural diversity and broad biological activities. Aims: To evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of five sponges collected off the coast of Togean Islands, Indonesia, identified as Spheciospongia inconstan, Melophlus sarasironum, Oceanapia amboinensis, Biemna sp and Axinella sp. Methods and Material: All dried sponges materials were extracted by maceration method using methanol and then evaporated by the rotary evaporator to obtain viscous extracts. The determination of antibacterial activity was performed by well agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli while the cytotoxic activity was determined by MTT methods on human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and human colon colorectal carcinoma (HCT-116), followed by determination of the apoptosis mechanism by Annexin V-FTIC assay. Results: M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp showed strong inhibition against S.aureus and E.coli with the diameter of inhibition of 14.21 \± 0.92 mm and 14.36 \± 0.92 mm, and 10.01 \± 2.65 mm and 12.07 \± 1.54 mm, respectively. Moreover, they also exhibited potent cytotoxicity on HCT-116 with IC50 values of 0.002 and 8.518 \μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, on MCF-7, only M. sarasinorum showed moderate inhibition with an IC50 value of 87.35 \μg/mL. Annexin V-FTIC assay clearly showed that the cytotoxic mechanism of M. sarasinorum and Axinella sp on HCT-116 and MCF-7 was via apoptosis induction. Conclusion: The sponges of M. Sarasinorum and Axinella sp are undergoing further analysis to identify the active constituents which could be developed as potential antibacterial and anticancer agents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, MTT, Sponges, Togean Islands}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.168}, author = {Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Subehan Lallo and Masteria Yunovilsa Putra and Tri Aryono Hadi and Ibrahim Jantan} } @article {466, title = {Cytotoxic Activities of Fractions from Dioscorea bulbifera L. Chloroform and Methanol Extracts on T47D Breast Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {33-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {33}, abstract = {

Objective: To elucidate cytotoxic activity of fractions from chloroform and methanol extracts of D. bulbifera organs on T47D breast cancer cells. Method: The vegetative organs of D. bulbifera were extracted gradually using chloroform and methanol. Cytotoxicity tested on T47D cells using MTT Assay. The most toxic extract was fractioned by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The extract and fractions potential were tested on the Vero cells using the same method as cancer cells. The most toxic fraction was analyzed using TLC followed by the application of various spray reagents for the identification of active compound. Results: The chloroform extract of the D. bulbifera leaves was the highest cytotoxic on T47D cells (IC50 115.63\±86.01 \μg/mL). Moreover, the cytotoxicity test on the combined fractions of leaves chloroform extract showed that fraction 5 (F5) and fraction 6 (F6) were the most toxic fractions compared to those of other fractions. The IC50 of both fractions were 14.55\±8.62 and 7.12\±4.43 \μg/mL respectively. However, Its were very weak compared to those of cancer medicine (Doxorubicin) with the IC50 was 0.04\±0.02 \μg/mL. Potential fractions were not toxic against Vero cells with IS\>10. The active compounds in those fractions were alkaloid and terpenoid. Conclusion: Chloroform extract of the D. bulbifera leaves had the highest cytotoxic effect on T47D cells. Potential fractions were not toxic against Vero cells. The active compounds in those fractions were alkaloid and terpenoid.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, D. bulbifera, MTT Assay, Secondary metabolites, T47D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.7}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/362}, author = {Rinto Muhammad Nur and Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho} } @article {730, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Ethanol Extract of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induced Ginger Rhizome on T47D Breast Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1133-1136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1133}, abstract = {

Objective: A study of investigate the cytotoxicity activity of ethanolic extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) induced with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) against T47D cells line breast cancer have been conducted. Methods: Cytotoxicity were determined using the \“microtetrazolium (MTT) Assay\”, by measuring the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase in living cells that have ability to convert pale yellow of dissolved MTT to purple formazan product. The extract used at various concentration (0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 \μg / mL. The level of cytotoxic actifity was determined by calculating the inhibitory concentration (IC50) value that was based on the precentage of cell death after 24 h treatment with the extract. The change of cell morphology were observed by using inverted microscope. Results: The statistic results proved that ethanol extract of AMF induced ginger rhizome could barriers T47D breast cancers significantly at concentrations of 10 \μg / mL and 100 ug / mL, with IC50 value was 12.5 \± 3.73 \μg / mL. centration of 0.1 \μg / mL, 1.0 \μg / mL, 10 \μg / mL and 100 mg / mL. Results of statistical analysis showed that the ethanol extract of ginger rhizome induced AMF at a concentration of 10 \μg / mL and 100 \μg / mL was able to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells T47D significantly. Conclusion: The results showed the ethanol extract of AMF induced ginger rhizome was potential as herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments with IC50 value was 12.5 \± 3.73 \μg / mL.

}, keywords = {AMF, Breast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Ginger, MTT Assay, T47D}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.193}, author = {Netty Suharty and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Dachriyanus} } @article {746, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity Study on U87 Cells Using Root Extracts of Plumbago Species and GC-MS Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s71-s76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s71}, abstract = {

Plumbago is a genus of medicinal plants that are used in recent years to induce significant levels of apoptosis in various cancer cells. Purpose: The test substances that are obtained from Plumbago species are studied for their cytotoxicity against U87 cell line in a dose dependent manner and were first subjected to GC-MS study to know the bioactive constituents present in them. Methods: GC-MS was done using ethanol extracts of the roots of both the species. In vitro cytotoxicity of the roots of two species of Plumbago \–P. zeylanica (sample I) and P.\ auriculata (sample II) were tested against U87 cell line. Test samples were taken at concentrations ranging from 400\μg/ml to 3.12\μg/ml to determine the percentage growth inhibition of both the test substances on U87 cell line. Results: GC-MS analysis on root extracts of P.zeylanica showed the presence of 27 phytochemical constituents and P.auriculata 16 in number .The test substances, Sample I and Sample II exhibited a cytotoxic CTC50 value of 88.07\±4.4 and 23.11\±0.9 respectively. Conclusion: P.\ zeylanica is more effective than P.\ auriculata in terms of its cytotoxicity as well in the number of useful bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Bioactive constituents, Cytotoxicity, GC-MS, U87 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.14}, author = {Sandhya Panicker and Veluthat Kolangara Haridasan} } @article {706, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa for Cytotoxic Activity against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1007-1011}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1007}, abstract = {

Background: Seaweed macroalgae of Gracilaria verrucosa has been known to have a potent anticancer activity, however the cytotoxicity against cervical cancer has not been explored further. Objective: This study aims to utilize Indonesia\’s marine resource which is focused on seaweed macroalgae G. verrucosa as a future anti-cervical cancer agent. Materials and Method: Seaweed G. verrucosa originated from Labuan Aji beach, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, extracted, macerated, and fractionated into four organic solvents of different polarity, consisting of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol. Then, the macroalgae extracts are diluted into 8 different concentrations. Afterwards, in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of G. verrucosa against cervical HeLa cells were conducted by MTT cell proliferation assay. Triplo mechanism is also applied in this study to increase the accuracy of the results. The anticancer activity is measured using IC50 value. Results: The four concentrated extracts G. verrucosa showed cytotoxicity against cervical HeLa cells. The greatest anticancer activity is depicted by hexane extract with an IC50 of 14.94 \μg/mL, followed by chloroform (IC50 15.74 \μg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50 16.18 \μg/mL), and ethanol (IC50 19.43 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Our results clearly indicate that hexane, ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of seaweed G. verrucosa can be further developed to be anti-cervical cancer agents, with hexane extract displaying the greatest cytotoxic effect.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Gracillaria verrucosa, HeLa cervical cancer cells, IC50 value, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.171}, author = {Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Ade Arsianti and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {707, title = {Phytochemical Test and Cytotoxic Activity of Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1012-1017}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1012}, abstract = {

Intoduction: Marine resource of macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii from East Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, have potential as anti-cervical cancer agent. Objectives: Finding cytotoxic activity of Eucheuma cottonii hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts against cervical HeLa cells by MTT cell proliferation assay. Methods: The extracts was tested in phytochemical and cytotoxic activity test. Phytochemical test to identify composition of secondary metabolite such as flavonoid, alkaloid, saponins, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid and glycoside. The amount of substances contained in the extract sample was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Cytotoxic activity using HeLa cells. Results: Phytochemical test of E. cottonii extracts showed the positive result for metabolite of flavonoid, whereas the TLC analysis revealed that the extracts containing five chemical compounds. Ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of E. cottonii exhibited a strong cytotoxic activity against cervical HeLa cells with IC50 of 7.54 \μg/mL, 5.73 \μg /mL, 4.82 \μg /mL and 4.34 \μg / mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii could be used as a new anti-cervical cancer\’s candidate.

}, keywords = {Anti-cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, Eucheuma cottonii, HeLa cell lines, Phytochemical test, Seaweed}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.172}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {561, title = {Purified Anthocyanin, its Elicitation from Cell Cultures of Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum {\textquoteleft}Baby Rainbow{\textquoteright}and it{\textquoteright}s In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis by MTT Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {553-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

Background: According to recent statistics, cancer accounts about marked percentage of total deaths in the world, although there are many therapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, the cytotoxicity properties of most chemotherapy drug are nonspecific and therefore do not distinguish between normal healthy cells and tumor cells, these events have led to inappropriate and toxic therapeutic agents with a wide range of side effects. However, several experimental and epidemiological studies have suggested that fruits and vegetables are associated with low risk of various types of cancer. Anthocyanins are natural pigments that provide intense purple to red color in plants. Anthocyanin possess the ability to inhibit oxidative stress and to induce apoptosis in malignant cells, thus may prevent carcinogenesis. Methods: Antiproliferative properties of purified anthocyanin extract from elicited cell suspension cultures of Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ was investigated in terms of MTT assay. Anthocyanin extracts were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of HT29 (colon cancer cells), MG63 (Osteosarcoma), HeLa (Cervical cancer cells) and L929 (Mouse Fibroblast L929) cell lines. Results: Cell viability decreased in a dose dependent manner in all the considered cell lines treated with anthocyanin extracts. The extract of Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against all tumor cell lines than Begonia malabarica extract. Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ anthocyanin extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity towards HT29 and HeLa cell lines respectively. But, MG63 resulted in comparatively higher percentage of viability of cell lines at the same concentrations. The anthocyanin extract produced significant morphological alterations on cell lines in culture. Meanwhile, the extracts showed poor cytotoxicity against the normal cell line. Conclusion: The morphological alteration of the treated cancer cells presented clear evidence of significant cytotoxicity of anthocyanin extracts of both Begonias in all the three cell lines. Thus, anthocyanin may act as chemopreventive agents for various cancer cell lines.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Begonia, Cancer, Cell suspension., Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.90}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/523}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {752, title = {Therapeutic Index of Methanolic Extracts of Three Malaysian Phyllanthus Species on MCF-7 and MCF-10A Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s30-s32}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s30}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phyllanthus species such as P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis are common herbs found in Malaysia that are traditionally used for treatment of chronic diseases such as liver diseases, kidney stones and cancer. Phyllanthus species were shown in vitro to have many biological functions such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic. Aims: The goal of this in vitro study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis on MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells (i.e., normal and cancerous breast cell lines) and to determine the therapeutic index of each Phyllanthus species. Materials and Methods: We determined the therapeutic index for each Phyllanthus sp. and its selective toxicity towards these cells. The toxicity of sample toward the cells are measured by trypan blue cell counting method. Results: Our results showed that P. debilis had the lowest IC50 concentration in MCF-7 cells and the highest IC50 concentration in MCF-10A cells and its therapeutic index was higher than that found in P. niruri and P. urinaria. The high therapeutic index of P. debilis suggests that this species has greater selective cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cancer cells than in MCF-10A normal cells. Thus, the methanolic extract of P. debilis should be further characterised and developed for future use as an anti-cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, MCF-10A, MCF-7, Phyllanthus, Therapeutic index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.5}, author = {Wan Adnan Wan Omar and Siti Nur Dalila Mohd Zain} } @article {325, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Standardized Five Select Medicinal Herbs and Spectral Analysis of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {336-344}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Aim: The present work compares standardized hydro-alcoholic extracts of root and stem parts of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae), leaves of Plumeria acuminate R. Br. (Apocyanaceae), rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Sw. (Zingiberaceae), whole plant of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae), fruits of Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae) for their in vitro antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activities, commonly used by the Trichigadi tribes (Kotas) of south India for various inflammatory disorders. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of these herbal extracts was assessed through inhibition of glycosylation of hemoglobin and glucose uptake in yeast cells methods at 50, 100 and 200 \μg/mL for 72 h. Their respective immunomodulatory activities were evaluated through preservation of heat and hypotonic induced hemolysis, nitroblue terazolium assay and by inhibition of TNF-\α and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW cell lines. Results: B. erecta has shown least cytotoxicity (CTC50 15.7\%) and highest \% inhibition of TNF-\α (58.1) and NO (45.6), statistically significant (p\<0.01) to that of normal control. Also, B. erecta (BE), and P. acuminate (PA) exhibited relatively better IC50 values for TNF-\α and NO at a concentration less than their respective CTC50 values. Conclusions: Spectral analysis of chloroform fraction of BE hydro-alcoholic extract established the presence of biologically active molecule in it. Root and stem parts of BE extract not only proved to be safe but also demonstrated relatively better efficacy than other established medicinal herbs in selected immune models, may be due to flavonoids or phenolic groups. Further in vivo studies on active molecule of BE towards antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activity are warranted.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, NBT assay, Nitric oxide, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, TNF -α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.57}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.57}, author = {Suresh Kumar Karri and Angappan Sheela} } @article {218, title = {Cytotoxic Compounds from Kibatalia gitingensis (Elm.) Woodson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {8-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Ursolic acid (1), squalene (2), a mixture of \α-amyrin acetate (3a) and lupeol acetate (3b), and isoscopoletin (4), isolated from the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and twigs of Kibatalia gitingensis, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines, breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29 and HCT-116), and a normal cell line, human dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDFn), using the in vitro PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Compounds 1-4 exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against HT-29 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.6931 to 1.083 \μg/mL. Furthermore, 1-4 were moderately cytotoxic against HCT-116 cells with IC50 values ranging from 4.065 to 11.09 \μg/mL. These compounds were least cytotoxic against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 8.642 to 25.87 \μg/mL. The most cytotoxic against HT-29 cells, HCT-116 cells and MCF-7 cells are 2, 4 and 1, respectively.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Cytotoxicity, HCT-116, HDFn, HT-29, Isoscopoletin, Kibatalia gitingensis, Lupeol acetate, MCF-7, PrestoBlue{\textregistered} cell viability assay., Squalene, Ursolic acid, α-amyrin acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.2}, author = {Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Glenn G. Oyong and Vincent Antonio S. Ng and Chien-Chang Shen and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {252, title = {Cytotoxic Effect of Caralluma fimbriata Against Human Colon Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {204-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study was designed to examine the cytotoxic effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Caralluma fimbriata in the COLO 320 cell line. Materials and Method: The anti-proliferative effects were evaluated using the MTT assay. The COLO 320 cells were treated with different concentrations of the leaf extract of Caralluma (100 \– 300 \μg/ml) for 24 h. The cell viability and IC50 was calculated from the cytotoxicity. The morphology of the Caralluma treated cells, control, and positive control were observed under reverse phase inverted microscope. Result: The C. fimbriata ethanolic leaf extract showed dose dependant increase in cytotoxicity in COLO 320 human colon cancer cells. The maximum cytotoxic effect was noticed with maximum dose used in this study i.e., 300 g with an IC50 value of 233.87 g. Conclusion: The present study shows that the ethanolic leaf extract of Caralluma fimbriata is capable of reducing cell proliferation by inducing cytotoxicity of COLO 320 cells.

}, keywords = {Caralluma fimbriata, COLO 320 cell line, Colonic cancer, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.34}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/301}, author = {Shenai Ashwini and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Roy Anitha} } @article {336, title = {Pharmacognostic and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Indonesia Native Plant of Piper acre Blume Leaves (Piperaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Piper acre Blume (Piperaceae) is an Indonesia native plant that is used as a traditional medicine and commonly known as \‘Sirih Hitam\’ or \‘Sirih Hutan\’. The scientific data from the plant is still very limited. The aims of the present study was to know a pharmacognostic, and cytotoxicity of P. acre Blume leaf. The macroscopic characters showed that the leaves have a characteristic odor, heart-shaped, margin was finely flat, venation was curved, the upper surface was dark green and slippery while the lower surface was pale green and soft. The microscopic characters revealed upper and lower epidermis cells, glandular trichomes, concentric vascular bundle, paracytic stomata. The fluorescence characteristics showed a variety of chemical constituents present in the plant materials. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, tannin, carotenoid, and steroid. The physicochemical properties (yield, color, consistency) of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract were 31.57\% w/w (green concentrated solid), 13,59\% w/w (green concentrated solid), and 16.35\% w/w (brownish green liquid). Based on the cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay of the n-hexane extract (2.46 \μg/ml), ethyl acetate extract (0.925 \μg/ml), and ethanol extract (5.741 \μg/ml) showed that the extract had the cytotoxic activity.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Piper acre Blume, preliminary phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.68}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.68}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Silfi Siti Ambarwati and Muhammad Arifuddin and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {416, title = {Triptolide Mediated Amelioration of Breast Cancer via Modulation of Molecular Pathways}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {838-845}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {838}, abstract = {

Triptolide is the main bioactive molecule isolated from a root extract of Tripterigium wilfordii Hook F. of Celastraceae family. Chemically, it is a diterpenoid triepoxide molecule and its chemical formula is C20H24O6. Its five-membered unsaturated lactone ring (D-ring) is crucial for anti-tumor potential and carbonyl group at C-18 position is essential to exert important influence on the interaction between triptolide and the targeted protein(s). It is bio-synthesized from deoxy-D-xylullose-5-phosphate (DOXP) pathway in the cell. Triptolide can induce apoptosis in a number of breast cancer cells by up-regulating different pro-apoptotic and down-regulating different anti-apoptotic molecules. In vitro experiments indicate that it can down regulate several cell cycle related genes and induces S-phase cell cycle arrest. Triptolide treatment can also modulate the expression of different cell signaling molecules, e.g. ERK, NF-\κB, FAK, VEGF, \β-catenin, AKT etc. In vivo experiments indicate that triptolide can effectively reduce breast tumor growth in the mouse model. Apart from the single drug treatment, triptolide can effectively be applied in combination therapy. Application of Triptolide with other chemotherapeutic drugs, very efficiently check the proliferation of tumor cells which reduces the effective concentration of the commercially available drugs thus reducing their toxic sideeffects. Although triptolide is very effective against a number of diseases, its higher degree of multi-organ toxicity limits its use of further clinical trial. Therefore, to reduce the toxic effects, a number of strategies have been developed which increase its water solubility and at the same time decrease the toxic effect. In this review article, we have addressed how triptolide participates in the antitumor processes in breast cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Breast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Molecular pathway., Tripterigium wilfordii, Triptolide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.131}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/184}, author = {Swadesh Sarkar and Santanu Paul} } @article {111, title = {GC/MS Analysis and Potential Cytotoxic Activity of Haplophyllum tuberculatum Essential Oils Against Lung and Liver Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {66-69}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {66}, abstract = {

Background: Haplophyllum tuberculatum is a plant belongs to family rutacee. It is rich in volatile oils, fixed oils, alkaloids, and furanocoumarins. It is well known for the huge number of folkloric uses in middle east. \ Objective: The aim of this study is to establish the chemical composition of the essential oils of Libyan H. tuberculatum and to investigate their cytotoxic potentialities. Materials and Methods: The essential oils of the aerial parts and flowers of H. tuberculatum growing in Libya were prepared by hydrodistillation. GC/MS analyses were performed on a Shimaduz capillary gas chromatograph (GC 17A ver.3) instrument directly coupled to mass spectrometer-MS QP5050A. Oil A and F of H. tuberculatum at different concentrations (0-50 \µg/ml) in DMSO were tested for cytotoxicity against human tumor cell lines. Results: Oil yield was found 0.4 and 1.5 (v/w \%) on dry weight basis respectively. GC/MS analysis resulted in identification of total 35 compounds. 15 compounds\  were common to both oils. oil A of H. tuberculatum exhibited antitumor activities against. liver carcinoma cell line (HEPG2) and lung carcinoma cell line (H1299) 4.7 \µg/ml and 4.1 \µg/ml. Conclusion: Essential oil of the aerial parts of H. tuberculatum is potentially active against lung (H-1299), and liver (HEPG2) carcinoma cell lines. The observed cytotoxic, activities can be attributed to the dominance of \α and \γ-terpinene in this oil.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Essential oils, Haplophyllum tuberculatum, Liver cancer, Lung cancer.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.14}, author = {Omar Mohamed Mohamed Sabry and Abeer Mohamed El Sayed and Salmin Khalid Alshalmani} } @article {127, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Zn (Zinc) Nanoparticles Synthesized from Abutilon indicum L. against Human Cervical Cancer (HeLa) Cell Lines.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {127-131}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Background: The Zn nanoparticles synthesized from the plant sources are ecofriendly and are potent anticancer agents. Objective: The objective of the present work was to evaluate In vitro cytotoxic activity of Zn nanoparticles green synthezised from Abutilon indicum extract against HeLa cell lines (cervical cancer). Methods: The aqueous extract is prepared by cold extraction (maceration) using water as a solvent. Phytochemical analysis was done by using the standard procedures. Aqueous extract of A. indicum was used for synthesis of Zn nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible spectrometry and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of Zn nanoparticles were done by MTT assay using HeLa cell lines. Results: The preliminary phytochemical results revealed that the aqueous extract of A. indicum contains broad spectrum of secondary metabolites like Tannins, Saponins, Glycosides, Flavonoids, Anthroquinones, Terpenoids and Steroids. The U.V spectrophotometeric analysis of Zn nanoparticles displayed maximum absorption at 270 nm and scanning electron microscopic studies showed that the nanoparticles size ranges from 50-500 nm. The MTT assay results revealed that the of Zn nanoparticles exhibits potent cytotoxicity against HeLa cell lines with IC50 value of 45.82 \μg/ml. Conclusion: Thus the present study concludes that Zn nanoparticles can be used as a potent drug in alternative therapy for treating the cervical cancer patients.

}, keywords = {Abutilon indicum, Cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay, Zn nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.5}, author = {Badarinath Druvarao Kulkarni and Samim Sultana and Mayuri Bora and Ishita Dutta and Padmaa Milaap Paarakh and Vedamurthy Ankala Basappa.} } @article {82, title = {Cytotoxicity Study of Ethanol Extract of the Leaves of Asam Kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) on T47D Breast Cancer Cell line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {369-371}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the cytotoxic effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of asam kandis (Garcinia cowa Roxb.) against T47D breast cancer cells. Methods: The cytotoxicity of ethanol extract was carried out by measuring the activity of mitochondrial dehydrogenase in living cells that have ability to convert dissolved MTT pale yellow to purple formazan product. The extract was added at various concentrations (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 \μg/mL). The level of cytotoxicity was determined by calculating the IC50 value that was based on the percentage of the cell death after 24 hours treatment with the extract. Cell morphological changes were observed by using inverted microscope. Results: The IC50 value showed that ethanol extract of leaves of asam kandis could resist T47D breast cancer cells with IC50 6.13 \± 3.51 \μg/mL. The statistic results proved that ethanol extract of the leaves of asam kandis could inhibit the growth of T47D breast cancer cells significantly at concentrations of 10 \μg/mL and 100 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The results suggest that ethanol extract of the leaves of asam kandis was potential source of herbal medicine for cancer-related ailments.

}, keywords = {Asam kandis, Beast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Garcinia cowa Roxb, MTT Assay, T47D.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.9}, author = {Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Dini Hara Triastuti and Helmi Arifin} } @article {32, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic, DNA protecting and LPS induced MMP-9 down regulation activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. essential oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng is a known medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurveda medicines in India. It has enormous medicinal potential to treat various diseases. Methods: The present study focused on the use of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthusamboinicusto test cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cell lines, to protect DNA from H2O2 induced genotoxicity through comet assay and to treat inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced over expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by gelatin zymogram and inhibition at transcriptional level confirmed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Cytotoxicity of essential oil against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines revealed the IC50 values of 53 \± 0.01 and 87 \± 0.01 \μg/mL respectively. At 200 \μg/mL essential oil protected against 75\% of DNA damage in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. Essential oil showed significant reduction in production of MMP-9 in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that essential oil of P. amboinicus is a potent bioactive substance and it could be used in herbal medicine preparations.

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, RT- PCR., Zymogram}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.3}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Gunasekar Ramya and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath and Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar and M.S. Kanthimathi} } @article {1458, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic, DNA protecting and LPS induced MMP-9 down regulation activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. essential oil.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Introduction:Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng is a known medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurveda medicines in India. It has enormous medicinal potential to treat various diseases. Methods: The present study focused on the use of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus to test cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cell lines, to protect DNA from H2O2 induced genotoxicity through comet assay and to treat inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced over expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by gelatin zymogram and inhibition at transcriptional level confirmed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Cytotoxicity of essential oil against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines revealed the IC50 values of 53 \± 0.01 and 87 \± 0.01\μg/mL respectively. At 200 \μg/mL essential oil protected against 75\% of DNA damage in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. Essential oil showed significant reduction in production of MMP-9 in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that essential oil of P. amboinicus is a potent bioactive substance and it could be used in herbal medicine preparations.
Key words: Essential oil , Cytotoxicity , Antigenotoxicity, Zymogram, RT- PCR.

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, RT- PCR, Zymogram}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Gunasekar Ramya and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath and Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar and M.S. Kanthimathi} } @article {1446, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal }, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods: The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusions: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

Key words: Trametes ochracea, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari} } @article {47, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods: Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods. The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusion: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.8}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari}, editor = {Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra} } @article {1515, title = {Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Analysis of Brassica juncea Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {47-54}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction:Brassica juncea is an economically important plant that has been well-known in India for centuries for its medicinal and nutritive values. The broad spectrum of beneficial effects of the seeds perceived with this plant warrants further exploration of B. juncea seeds as a potential source for obtaining pharmacologically standardized phytotherapeutics, which could be potentially useful. The objective of the present study was to perform the pharmacognosy of mustards seeds inclusive of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, fingerprinting by infrared spectroscopy and high performance thin layer chromatography analysis and toxicity assessment in vitro. Methods: Different sections of seeds were taken and stained with 0.1\% phloroglucinol for microscopic examination. The seeds were extracted by 80\% alcohol on a rotary shaker to perform phytochemical analysis and fingerprinting. The toxicity assessment of this extract was performed on human dermal fibroblast cells. Results: Microscopic examination of seeds showed characteristic features of mustard seeds. The extraction of these seeds by 20\% alcohol resulted in IC50 value of 103 \± 3 \μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The fingerprinting analysis of this extract indicated probable presence of sinigrin, quercetin, vanillin, catechin, vitamin E and sulfur-containing compounds. This extract exhibited 50\% toxicity (IC50) at 1.79 mg/mL. Conclusion: The result achieved will be used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of seed extracts for future pharmacological evaluations.

Key words: Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high performance thin layer chromatography, microscopy, phenolics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, microscopy, Phenolics}, author = {Harita Parikh and Aparna Khanna} } @article {1552, title = {Standardization of a polyherbal formulation (HC9) and comparative analysis of its cytotoxic activity with the individual herbs present in the composition in breast cancer cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {87-95}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study aims to standardize a polyherbal formulation (HC9) that was previously shown to exhibit excellent antioxidant and cytotoxic activity in breast cancer cells. Here, we have compared the cytotoxic activity of HC9 with its individual components in breast cancer and non-cancerous cells. Methods: Physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluation of HC9 was performed. Qualitative and quantitative HPTLC analysis of component herbs and HC9 was done by using specific markers. The cytotoxic activity of HC9 with its individual components was evaluated in breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231) and non-cancerous cell lines (HEK-293, HaCaT and MCF-10A) by MTT dye uptake. Results: Physico-chemical results revealed that HC9 contained 7.24\% total ash content, 9.52\% of alcohol-soluble extractive, 0.801 specific gravity, 0.50g/ml bulk density and exhibited 7.18\% loss on drying. Phytochemical results revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds, and absence of terpenoids. The individual herbs of HC9 and the formulation showed the presence of marker compounds such as picroside-I, nootkatone, 6-gingerol, matairesinol, swertiamarin, berberine, connesine and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. At 160\μg/ml concentration, HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity in both MCF7 and MDA MB231 with no cytotoxicity in MCF-10A, HaCaT and HEK-293. In contrast, at this concentration, the individual herbs of HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity not only in cancerous cells, but also in non-cancerous cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that the standardized HC9 formulation was safe to non-cancerous cells and exhibited significant antineoplastic potential in breast cancer cells. Thus, HC9 could be a potential drug candidate in breast cancer.

Key words: Cytotoxicity, HPTLC, physicochemical, polyherbal formulation HC9, phytochemical, standardization.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, HPTLC, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, polyherbal formulation HC9, standardization}, author = {Snehal Suryavanshi, and Anand Zanwar, and Mahabaleshwar Hegde, and Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar} }