@article {1928, title = {Evaluation of Experimental Cerebral Malaria of Curcumin and Kaempferol in Plasmodium berghei ANKA-Infected Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {905-911}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {905}, abstract = {

Background: Cerebral malaria (CM) is one of the most severe complications of Plasmodium falciparum infection and the leading cause of death from malaria in endemic areas. Natural products with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities have become valuable alternative therapeutic options in CM treatment. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of curcumin and kaempferol in experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Methods: After PbA infection, mice were divided into 9 groups, namely Group I (negative control (NC)) with 0.5\% HPMC, Group II received chloroquine 20 mg/kg, Group III (normal) with aquadest, Groups IV, V, and VI received curcumin at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively, Groups VII, VIII, and IX received kaempferol at doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively. The antimalarial activity was evaluated using Peter{\textquoteright}s four-day suppressive test. This was conducted to determine the \% parasitemia, survival rate, AST and ALT, blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, and neurobehavioral disorders in mice with CM. Results: The results showed that all treatments had significant antimalarial activity, with the \% suppression depending on the dose. It also indicates that PbA-infected mice had a survival rate of 11-19 days after infection, which was higher than those in the NC group. This suggested that curcumin and kaempferol have a protective effect on the survival of PbA-infected mice. Furthermore, they significantly reduced the AST and ALT concentrations in the sample compared to the NC group. The same was observed in cerebral vessel extravasation, where the Evans Blue stain assay showed significantly less dye extravasation in the brains of PbA-infected mice treated with curcumin and kaempferol. This indicated better-protected integrity of the BBB. Additionally, the results also demonstrated a decrease in neurological disorders arising during ECM in the group treated with curcumin and kaempferol. Conclusion: Considering these results, it is concluded that treatments with curcumin and kaempferol could improve animal survival, prevent AST and ALT elevations, as well as protect the BBB and neurobehavioral disorders associated with CM in PbA-infected mice.

}, keywords = {Blood-brain barrier., Cerebral malaria, Kaempferol, Kurkumin, Plasmodium berghei Anka}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.187}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Afiat Berbudi and Anas Subarnas} } @article {1670, title = {The Effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina Combination on Mucin-1 Protein Expression in Medial Colon of Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infected Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1359-1365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Malaria still be health problem in the world, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Malaria{\textquoteright}s inflammation and metabolism defect can cause colonic damage, such as enhancement Muc-1 protein expression and goblet cells hyperplasia. Sambiloto and spirulina combination as antiinflammatory and antioxidative agent can prevent medial colon damage Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. The aim of the study to show the effect of sambiloto and spirulina combination on Muc-1 protein activity in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. This study use preserve male Swiss Webser mice colonic tissue which has inoculated by Plasmodium berghei ANKA, whose treatment group include positive control (dehyroartemisin piperaquine), negative control (carboxymethil cellulose), AP (sambiloto), AP+ES (sambiloto+spirulina extract), and AP+PS (sambiloto+spirulina powder) and terminated after 28 days of treatment. Colonic tissue was stained with immunohistochemistry and observed using light microscope (400x) in five different field and was analyzed with ImageJ{\textregistered} sowtware, and statisitcal analysis was done with SPSS 20.0. According to One Way ANOVA and Duncan posthoc test, only AP+PS(120,98 {\textpm}3,37), which significantly difference between negative control, AP, and AP+ES group. Meanwhile, between DHP, AP+PS group not significantly differenece. Sambiloto extract and spirulina powder combination can reduce Muc-1 protein expression in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.

}, keywords = {Medial colon, Muc-1, Plasmodium berghei Anka, Sambiloto, Spirulina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.172}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Baiqi Nur Hairi and Nadar Sukri Lubis and Tri Wahyuni Lestari and Putri Reno Intan} } @article {877, title = {The Combination of Spirulina Extract and Sambiloto Effect Histopathologically on Medial Colon from Plasmodium berghei Anka Infected Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {564-569}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {564}, abstract = {

Introduction: Malaria is one of the biggest burden in medical section in Indonesia, as the prevalence is still high and half of the provinces in Indonesia considered as endemic area.1-4 Moreover, the drug resistant case number has grown larger within years.3-7 Indonesian people are very close with traditional drug regiment that derived from plants, for example Sambiloto and Spirulina.7-9 This research done in order to see the effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina combination from histopathologic aspect in medial colon of P. berghei infected mice. Method: The data taken from experimental study using male Swiss Webster mice that has been infected with Plasmodium berghei Anka. The four groups of mice were given different treatment. The first group treated with Sambiloto only, the second one with Sambiloto and Spirulina extract, the third group with Sambiloto and Spirulina powder and the last one the control group with administration of DHP. Results: The result shows that the group with extract and powder spirulina show a significant result in the inflammatory focus and angiogenesis. However, this research does not necessarily prove the correlation between Sambiloto-Spirulina and their effect on the goblet cell and dysplasia grade on the infected mice, as the result for both category is insignificant. Conclusion: The study showed that spirulina has positive effect on inflamatory focus and angiogenesis, but the goblet cells count and dysplasia grade result is not noteworthy, as it requires prolonged inflammation process in order to achieve the optimal result.

}, keywords = {Malaria, Medial colon, Plasmodium berghei Anka, Sambiloto, Spirulina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.90}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Rahyussalim and Rizky Priambodo Wisnubaroto and Dilla Firzani} }