@article {2214, title = {Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Vernonia amygdalina: A Promising Antidiabetic Agent in STZ and Nicotinamide-Induced Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {94-99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Vernonia amygdalina, commonly known as bitter leaf, has been traditionally used for its potential antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina extract (VAE) in ameliorating hyperglycemia using a streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced rat model of diabetes. Methods: Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: normal control, diabetic control, and four treatment groups receiving different doses of VAE (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg body weight) orally for eight weeks. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) after four weeks of Nicotinamid feeding. Body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, HbA1c, serum insulin levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. Results: Treatment with VAE significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner compared to the diabetic control group (p \< 0.05). VAE administration also led to a significant decrease in HbA1c levels and an increase in serum insulin levels in a dosedependent manner (p \< 0.05). Furthermore, VAE supplementation restored SOD activity and reduced MDA levels, indicating improved antioxidant status in the treated groups (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of Vernonia amygdalina as an antidiabetic agent in the STZ and HFD-induced rat model of diabetes. VAE supplementation effectively reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved glycemic control as indicated by reduced HbA1c levels, and enhanced insulin secretion. Moreover, VAE exhibited antioxidant activity by restoring SOD activity and reducing MDA levels. These findings suggest that Vernonia amygdalina could be a promising natural remedy for the management of diabetes. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and evaluate its long-term safety and efficacy in humans.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, HbA1c, Insulin, MDA, SOD, Vernonia amygdalina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.13}, author = {Muhammad Faridz Syahrian and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and Chrismis Novalinda Ginting} } @article {2228, title = {Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Insulin, glucose, HbA1c\% and HOMA-IR as Predictors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {195-201}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Objective: Comparison of the blood level of TNFα in patients with and without type 2 diabetes who have cardiovascular diseases. Examine the connection between the amount of serum TNFα and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes who have cardiovascular diseases. Method: The present study included 60 patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with a mean age of 56.02{\textpm}1.395 years and an age range of (40 - 80)years and 60 patients with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (CVD and DM) with a mean age of 59.20{\textpm}1.478 and an age range of (40-80) years, Who visited Al-Basrah Teaching Hospital in Basrah. in addition, the study included 60 healthy controls mean age of healthy control subjects was 54.72{\textpm}1.405years. All patients in this study were diagnosed by specialized doctors and the diagnosis was verified by clinical and laboratory tests, during the period from September 2022 to September 2023. All Subjects signed a written informed consent form. The BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) and was divided by squared height in meters. Results: The results of this study showed an increase in the level of glucose, haemoglobin A1c\%, insulin, and HOMA IR (in CVD and DM patients as compared with DM patients and control and there was a significant difference in concentrations among study groups (p-value \<0.0001). Also, The results of this study showed an increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in CVD and DM patients as compared with DM and control and there was a significant difference in concentrations of TNFα among study groups (p-value \<0.0001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be inferred that TNFα and HbA1c have the potential to serve as practical and straightforward indicators for predicting the coexistence of insulin resistance, dysglycemia, and Cardiovascular Diseases in seemingly healthy individuals within the young (\<50 years) Al-Basra community.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus and Inflammation, HOMA-IR, Insulin, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.27}, author = {Haider Nasser Jabber and Bassem Charfeddine and Hamed Jaddoa Abbas} } @article {1983, title = {Assessment of Serum Irisin and Vaspin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mosul City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {212-215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {212}, abstract = {

Patients with {\textquotedblleft}polycystic ovary syndrome{\textquotedblright} (PCOS) may have changes in adipokine levels due to obesity rather than PCOS per se. This should be taken into account as there is a correlation between adipokine levels and BMI. The objective of the subsequent investigation was to measure serum levels of irisin and vaspin in women with PCOS. In the following study, overall, 140 sample size was selected for the evaluation. These 140 were divided into two groups in which 70 women were on the one group which was the intervention group, and 70 women were in control group. The control group of the study were the women who reportedly had regular and normal menstrual cycle. The results indicated high values of vaspin and irisin. The results of this study and previously published literature suggest that both adipocytokines are associated with high blood glucose levels and higher BMI, and finally, both values remain higher in women with PCOS. Vaspin and irisin could be considered as a biomarker for prognosis and therapy followup in patients with PCOS.

}, keywords = {FSH, Insulin, Irisin, LH, PCOS., Testosterone, Vaspin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.31}, author = {Saba Khair Alddin Ibrahim} } @article {1875, title = {Effect of Crataegus aronia on the Biochemical Parameters in Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {587-595}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

Crataegus aronia is widely known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties, and it has traditionally been used to treat cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Crataegus aronia extract on the liver enzyme markers, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and kidney function biomarkers as well as hematological parameters in induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: normal Control; Diabetic; and Diabetic animals treated with two doses of Crataegus aronia extract (5 and 10mg/kg) (DM + extract), Control treated with the extract ( 5 and 10mg/ kg) and induced diabetic treated with insulin. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (50 mg/kg, ip)and normal were orally administrated with Crataegus aronia extract once a day for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the biochemical and hematological parameters were measured in all groups. Also, the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the Crataegus aronia extract were evaluated. According to findings, the total phenols, total flavonoid, and flavonol contents were 538.3 mg Galic acid equivalent /g extract, 149.3 mg Rutin equivalent / g extract, and 79.3 mg Rutin equivalent / g extract), respectively. The antioxidant activity according to 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) IC50 and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were 28.02 μg/ml and in the range of 0.273 {\textendash} 0.960 μmol Fe+2/g dw, respectively. Crataegus aronia extract significantly (p \<0.05) affects red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelets values. Also, Crataegus aronia had a significant (P \< 0.05) effect on serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, total proteins, albumins, triglycerides, creatinine, bilirubin, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST). However, Crataegus aronia treatment had no significant effects (p \< 0.05) on serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol levels. Crataegus aronia exerts antioxidant activity and significantly improves the biochemical and hematological biomarkers in induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Biochemical parameters, Crataegus aronia, Diabetes mellitus, Insulin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.140}, author = {Omar Khaled Al-Mobideen and Ali Abdallah Alqudah and Ahmed Al-Mustafa and Fuad Alhawarat and Hussam Mizher} } @article {1112, title = {Correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo Antihyperglycemic Effect of Ocimum Sanctum, Trigonella Foenum Graecum and Curcuma Longa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {369-376}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

This study is carried out to investigate the correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo studies which demonstrates the antihyperglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum graecum, Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa extracts. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum, methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum, ethyl acetate rhizomes extract of Curcumina longa are prepared and supplied by Sami labs, Bangalore, India on request. in-vitro studies such as alpha glucosidase inhibitory and DPP-IV inhibitory activity were done for all the three extracts as per previous studies. After Institutional animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 5 groups. Each group consists of randomly assigned 6 albino rats. The placebo (Normal saline) control group, Standard (Vildagliptin) group and 3 above mentioned extract groups. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were collected for blood sugar estimation at -30 (before extract),0, 15, 45 minutes and blood sugar levels were done by enzymatic assay. Results: The maximum alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 100 μg/ml by Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 68\% with IC50 value of 57.25, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was 65\% with IC50 value of 59.55, Curcuma longa was 72\% with IC50 value of 56.79 when compared to the Acarbose (STD) of 94\% with IC50 values of 42.78. The maximum \% of DPP IV inhibition at 320 μg/ml of Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 77.84\% with IC50 value of 52.26, Ocimum sanctum extract was 86.98\% with IC50 value of 46.08 and Curcuma longa was 76.47\% with IC50 value of 55.06 when compared to the Vildagliptin (STD) was 80.15\% with IC50 value of 22.98. The OGTT results of Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) shows reduction in blood glucose (p=\<0.05) at 15 minutes and significant reduction (p=\<0.001) at 45 minutes and Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p=\<0.001) at 15 minutes when compared to control. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract shows significant alpha-glucosidase and DPPIV inhibitory activity which correlates with the antihyperglycemic effects by in-vivo oral glucose tolerance test. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Curcuma longa, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Ocimum sanctum, Trigonella foenum graecum, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.58}, author = {Inbaraj SD and Muniappan M} } @article {986, title = {Effect of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract on Entero-Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1138-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1138}, abstract = {

This research study evaluates the effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. After obtaining Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 4 groups. 6 albino rats were randomly assigned to Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg) group, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP-1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP at 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) showed significant (p <= 0.05) reduction in blood glucose at 45 minutes when compared to control. Ocimum sanctum (100 mg/kg \& 200 mg/kg) showed significant (p <= 0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects. Further indepth animal and clinical studies are necessary to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Entero-Insular axis, Glucagon, Insulin, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.177}, author = {Inbaraj SD and Muniappan M} } @article {1007, title = {Effect of Trigonella Foenum Graecum Seed Extract on Entero- Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1371-1375}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1371}, abstract = {

The research study evaluates the effect of Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance obtained. Male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 4 groups each having 6 albino rats were randomly assigned Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg group), Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP- 1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured at -30 minutes for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP- 1and GIP at -30, 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p= \<0.001) at 45 minutes when compared to control. Trigonella foenum graecum (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg) showed significant (p=\<0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT and (1 gm/kg) showed reduction in glucagon levels (p=\< 0.001) at 15 minutes and at 45 minutes (p=\<0.05). Trigonella foenum graecum extracts showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects through entero-insular axis. Further in-depth animal and clinical studies are necessary to bring out the therapeutic potential of this seed extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Entero-Insular axis, GIP, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Trigonella foenum graecum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.212}, author = {SD Inbaraj and M Muniappan} } @article {1539, title = {Effect of Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin isolated from Trigonella foenum graecum on T4-induced hyperthyroidism and serum lipid concentrations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {103-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

In this study, effect of digoxigenin-3-O-rutin isolated from the seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum on thyroid hormones and serum lipid concentrations was evaluated in L-thyroxine (L-T4)-induced hyperthyroidism in rats. Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin was administered (10mg/kg) to L-thyroxine (L-T4)-induced hyperthyroidic rats and alterations in the concentrations of serum thyroid hormones, insulin, glucose, hepatic 5\′-monodeiodinase (5\′DI) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity were analyzed. Antioxidant status was estimated by determining the levels of antioxidative enzymes and lipidperoxidation. L-T4 (500\μg/kg, s.c./d) administration increased the serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triidothyronine (T3), glucose, insulin, different lipids, activity of hepatic 5\′-DI and G-6-Pase. High lipidperoxidation level was observed both in liver and cardiac tissues with a depletion in cellular antioxidants. On the contrary, test drug (10mg/kg) treatment improved the alterations with respect to hormonal levels, lipid concentrations and lipid peroxidation towards normalcy and enhanced the antioxidant activities. Rats treated with PTU generally gave lower results compared to groups treated with the test drug. The antithyroidic role of the test compound is mediated possibly through the inhibition in 5\′DI activity. Improvement in lipid profile by the test drug might have protective effect on cardiovascular health in vivo.

Key words: Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin, hyperthyroidism, 5{\textquotedblright}DI, serum lipids, insulin.

}, keywords = {5{\textquotedblright}DI, Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin, hyperthyroidism, Insulin, Serum lipids}, author = {Dr. Sunanda Panda} }