@article {2237, title = {Adulteration of Herbal Medicine and its Detection Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {248-254}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

People are increasingly turning to the use of herbal medicines (HMs) due to the growing trend of embracing nature and concerns about the adverse effects of conventional treatments. HMs provide a sense of safety because they are natural and intended for long-term use. However, herbal medicines are also associated with adverse effects. Furthermore, the use of these medicines poses dangers associated with the deliberate inclusion of synthetic substances, the intentional or accidental substitution of plant species, or simply the risk of mislabeling. While reports of illegal synthetic or pharmaceutical substances being added often involve herbal weight-loss and weight gain preparations, aphrodisiacs, treatments for rheumatic and inflammatory diseases, antidiabetic medications, and antihypertensive preparations, it appears that the substitution of plant species occurs across various categories of herbal medicines. This narrative aims to review the types of adulteration in herbal medicine, the analytical techniques used for detecting adulteration. In conclusion, more studies on the adulteration of HMs are required to inform health authorities and limit the use of these substances. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate and encourage regulatory policies on HMs on a worldwide scale. Relevant regulatory agencies all over the world must be proactive and keep enforcing the necessary safeguards to protect public health by ensuring that all herbal medications approved for sale are secure and of a high enough standard.

}, keywords = {Adulteration, detection methods, Herbal medicines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.36}, author = {Arwa Ahmed Alyas and Hasan Aldewachi and Mohammed Ibrahim Aladul} } @article {1054, title = {Antioxidant Activity, HPTLC Fingerprint and Discriminant Analysis of Plantago major Leaves from Diverse Origins in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1483-1489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1483}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) is a perennial herb having contribution to the folk medicine all around the world, including Indonesia with wide geographical distribution. Plant materials origin is one factor that significantly influences the quality of herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In this paper, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method using pattern-oriented approach has been employed to evaluate the quality of Plantago major leaves collected from seven origins in Indonesia. To differentiate the antioxidant capacities of those plant materials, the crude extracts were tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolics, and total flavonoids assay methods. Results: The results showed that radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, and total flavonoids of plant material from seven origins were significantly different. Moreover, HPTLC fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics showed an ability to discriminate the leaves samples from various origins as well as detect chemicals responsible for discrimination. Two models using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS-DA) were built in chemometrics test. The PCA model was able to describe the studied samples by using four principal components with a value of explained variance of 95\%, whereas PLS-DA model accurately classified the leaves samples with prediction ability of 100\%. In the PCA, loading plot of the first PC showed that peaks number 10 and 12 are the most important peaks for clustering of the samples. Conclusions: Plantago major collected from different origins revealed different radical scavenging activity and concentration of total phenolics as well as total flavonoids. HPTLC fingerprints coupled with chemometrics analysis can be used as an alternative to marker-oriented method for the quality control of Plantago major.

}, keywords = {Chemometrics, Flavonoids, Herbal medicines, Pattern-oriented, Phenolics, PLSDA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.229}, author = {Kartini Kartini and Christina Avanti and Chutima Phechkrajang and Omboon Vallisuta} }