@article {1991, title = {Development and Evaluation of Bio fabricated Silver Nanoparticles from Blumea lacera for In-vitro Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {266-278}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing prevalence of microbial resistance and side effects of currently available drugs compels the researchers to look for alternate therapies and formulations to overcome this problem. Plant based formulations have been proved to be most reliable agents in recent times. Objective: In the current study, bio fabricated herbal silver nanoparticles (HSNPs) were prepared by reducing silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution with ethyl acetate fractions (EAF) of Blumea lacera extracts. These bios conjugated HSNPs were then assessed for potential anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities along with in vitro antioxidant effect. Methods and Results: The synthesis was confirmed by absorbance peak at 441 nm due to surface plasmon resonance in UV-visible spectrophotometer. FTIR spectra of HSNPs indicated the phytochemicals having C-O bond responsible for reducing of Ag+ to Ago. Average size of HSNPs was found to be 59.21 nm which was in good agreement with TEM and SEM results. EDS analysis showed the existence of Silver, Nitrogen and Carbon in HSNPs. The antibacterial activity of HSNPs in terms of zone of inhibition (ZOI) via disc diffusion assay and against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was found to be 25.0{\textpm}1.19 mm and 18.3{\textpm}2.08 mm, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of HSNPs was found to be 50 μg/ml and 60 μg/ml against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively. The antioxidant capacity of the HSNPs was insignificant as compared to EAF but the results of anti-inflammatory activity was significant (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The overall result demonstrated better in-vitro pharmacological potential of HSNPs compared to neat extract/EAF. Key words: Green synthesis, Phytopharmaceuticals, Inflammation, Kukrounda, HPTLC.

}, keywords = {Green synthesis, HPTLC., Inflammation, Kukrounda, Phytopharmaceuticals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.38}, author = {Tarkeshwar Dubey and Kancharla Bhanukiran and Kuna Das and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {1952, title = {Effect of Combination of Soybean and Phaleria macrocarpa Ethanol Extract on IL6, TNFα, VEGF and Fibroblasts in Mice Exposed to UVB}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {6-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

UV exposure causes inflammation and the generation of reactive oxygen species, both of which contribute to skin aging. The purpose of this research was to determine how a combination of Phaleria macrocarpa extract and soybean extract affected the number of fibroblasts, VEGF, IL-6, and TNF alpha expression, and blood levels of IL-6 and TNF alpha in UV-B-exposed mice. In this study, mice were placed into four groups: one control group, three treatment groups, and a combination of Phaleria macrocarpa:soybeans at a 1:1 ratio (com group). The mice were euthanized on days 5 and 21 for histological preparations and then examined under a light microscope. Using an Olympus C-21 microscope with an Optilab Advances camera at 1000x magnification, the fibroblast was studied by counting the number of fibroblast cells per field of view. The immunohistochemical approach was performed to analyze the expression of VEGF, IL-6, and TNF- in skin tissue. The ELISA technique was used to quantify the levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. SPSS ver 21 was used to analyze the data. On days 5 and 21, the number of fibroblasts and expression of VEGF, IL-6, and TNF alpha were significantly higher in the combination group than in the control, Phaleria macrocarpa, and soybean treatment groups. However, there was no significant change in IL-6 and TNF alpha levels across groups on days 5 and 21 (p \> 0.05). Finally, a 1:1 mixture of Phaleria macrocarpa and soybeans reduced the number of fibroblasts and the production of VEGF, IL-6, and TNF alpha on days 5 and 21, but not in serum levels.

}, keywords = {Inflammation, Skin wound, UV B radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.2}, author = {Sumarawati T and Chodidjah and Dina Fatmawati} } @article {1982, title = {Lisinopril-Induced CD34 Bone Healing Marker}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {208-211}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Background: Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is commonly used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. While it is generally well-tolerated, some studies have suggested that it may affect bone healing, suggesting that lisinopril treatment was associated with an increase in the CD34 bone healing marker in patients with tibial fractures. CD34 is a protein that is involved in the formation of new blood vessels and has been shown to play a role in bone healing. Methods: The study used 24 rabbits with artificially induced tibial bone fracture divided into 4 groups (6 rabbits each), the control group treated with distilled water and 3 groups treated with lisinopril. Each group were sacrificed for immunohistochemical study on 3 timepoints at day 7, 14, and 21. Results: Indicated that the lisinopril group had significantly higher levels of CD34 than the control group. Conclusion: While the results of this study suggest that lisinopril may have a positive effect on bone healing, more research is needed to confirm these findings and to determine the mechanisms by which lisinopril may affect bone healing. It is also important to note that lisinopril may have other potential side effects, and patients should discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider

}, keywords = {Bone healing, Bone injury, CD34., Inflammation, Lisinopril}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.30}, author = {Omar M. Alsaffar and Maha T. Al-Saffar and Abdulsattar S. Mahmood} } @article {1326, title = {Potential of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract to Upregulate the Expression of Caspase-3 in Mouse Distal Colon after Dextran Sodium Sulphate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {23-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a part of incurable chronic inflammatory disease that has gained importance over the past few decades. A lot of research has been done to find effective treatments for UC, one of which is herbal medicine. Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian native plant, is thought to be an alternative therapy for UC because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this research, Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is used to assess its effect on UC by using Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker. PMLEE was made from dried material of PM that undergo maceration. Animals were separated into six groups: normal, negative control, positive control, and PMLEE groups (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected to BALB/c mice that have been induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 7 consecutive days. DSS is used to model UC in mice colon tissue. All animals were sacrificed and their colons were collected then stained with anti-Caspase-3. The stained sections were subsequently examined with ImageJ based on color intensity which generated H-Score as the results. Based on H-Score of each group, PMLEE 300mg has significantly upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 compare to the negative control (p=0.015). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference between PMLEE doses. Therefore, it concludes that PMLEE is able to upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 in colon cells as in this study it was directly proportional. Key words: Mahkota Dewa, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ulcerative colitis.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Inflammation, Mahkota Dewa, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.4}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1206, title = {Noni Juice (Morinda citrifolia) to Prevent Cancer Progression in Mice Induced DMBA and Cigarette Smoke Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {946-951}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {946}, abstract = {

Introduction: Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the body commonly lead to degenerative disease such as cancer. This study aims to investigate the potential of Morinda citrifolia to maintain the immune system against toxic exposure. Materials and Methods: This study used Five weeks old male Balb/C mice as animal model. The 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was administrated for six weeks following with 3 days cigarette smoke (CS) exposure then treated with noni juice (M. citrifolia) for two weeks. Experimental animals were divided into six groups. Normal control (N); DMBA+CS; Cisplatin; D1; D2; and D3. Profil of CD4+TNFα+, CD11b+IL6+, CD11b+IFNγ+, CD4+CD25+ IL10+, NK+IL6+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD test with a significance of p-values \< 0.05. Results: This study show that DMBA+CS induction increasing level of CD11b+IL6+, CD4+CD25+ IL-10+ and NK+ IL-6+ meanwhile decreasing CD4+TNFα+significantly (P\<0.5) than Normal group. Noni juice in dose 90 mg/Kg BW decrease cytokine pro-inflammation (IL-6 and IFNγ) both in macrophage and NK cell profile significantly (P\<0.05). Noni juice in 30 mg/Kg BW could improve the activation CD4+TNFα+ significantly (P\<0.05). Noni juice also has efficacy to control T regulator activation to prevent tumor escape. Conclusion: These results suggest that noni juice has anti-cancer potencies by maintain homeostasis of immune system and could be immune herbal supplement.

}, keywords = {Homeostatic, Immunotoxin, Inflammation, Noni juice, Tumor progression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.134}, author = {Didin Wahyu Agustina and Mulya Dwi Wahyuningsih and Sri Widyarti and Aris Soewondo and Hideo Tsuboi and Muhaimin Rifa{\textquoteright}i} } @article {639, title = {Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-pyretic and Acute Toxicity Effects of n-Butanol Extract of Atractylis flava Desf in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {763-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {763}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was aimed to explore the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of n-butanol etract of Atractylis flava Desf (A. Flava) using experimentally induced inflammation and pyrexia models in rats. Methods: In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg of n-butanol extract was given to rats. The antipyretic activity was evaluated using brewer\’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats. In addition, albumin induced rat paw edema was performed by the injection of 100 \μL undiluted fresh egg albumin to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the plant. Results: The results of the present study revealed that n-butanol extract of A. Flava significantly (P\<0.001) reduced fresh egg albumin-induced rat paw edema and also inhibited fever significantly in brewer\’s yeast induced pyrexia. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that A. flava possesses antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity in the models studied.

}, keywords = {Atractylis flava desf, Brewer{\textquoteright}s yeast, Egg albumin, Inflammation, Pyrexia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.128}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/666}, author = {Melakhessou Mohamed Akram and Benkiki Naima and Marref Salah Eddine and Bouzidi Soumia} } @article {505, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Curcumin on Diabetic Retinopathy in Alloxan-induced Diabetes through NF-KB and Brn3a Related Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {324-332}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {324}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most common micro vascular complication of diabetes and involves an abnormal pathology of major retinal pigment epithelium, inter retinal oedema and intraocular neovascularisation where pro-inflammatory proteins including ICAM-1,iNOS and VEGF release by activation of enzyme CaMKII/NF-kB expression Diabetic induced oxidative stress followed by deactivation of Brn3a expression in the retinal ganglionic cells are also early events in pathogenesis of Diabetic retinopathy. These factors are important contributors to the development of clinically significant diabetic retinopathy. Objective: Objective of this study to examine the effect of curcumin with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties obtained from Curcuma longa against diabetes-induced retinal vascular damage and its mechanism of action by in-vivo in retinas of rat rendered diabetic by alloxan and in vitro in western blotting and RGC tissue culture. Method: We administered curcumin or saline vehicle to experimental animals daily for 12 weeks. Vascular permeability, expression of CaMK II/NF-kB, Retinal morphology and neuropathic change of the retinal ganglion cells were investigated. Results: As an anti-oxidant, curcumin raised Retinal Ganglionic cells by increasing Brn3a expression during oxidative stress condition and subsequently decreased the expression of inflammatory mediators such as VEGF, iNOS and ICAM-1 as an anti-inflammatory agent by inhibiting CaMKII and NF-kB expression. Conclusion: Curcumin, a common food additive has beneficial effects in experimental studies of diseases that are characterised by increased oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. It appears to be a useful adjunct therapy to possibly inhibit the progression of retinopathy, sight threatening complication faced by diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Brn3a, CaKMII, Curcumin, Inflammation, NF-KB, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.56}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/486}, author = {Debasish Pradhan and Toffa Dasmohapatra and Gitanjali Tripathy} } @article {595, title = {Repairing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers. on Lupus Nephritis Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers (KP) has an immunosuppressive effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Based on it, this research aimed to determine the repairing effects of aqueous extract of KP on lupus nephritis mice and identified its active compound. The KP extract profile was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. We examined six mice groups consisting of three curative treatment groups, one standard group receiving prednisone, one preventive group receiving KP extract, and one healthy (healthy and untreated) group. At the end of the experiment, we measured the proteinuria and renal histology parameters. To recognize the active compound in the KP profile, we performed in silico assays for the flavonoid compounds to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. We played in silico tests for the flavonoid compounds to identify the active compound in the KP profile. We found the repairing effect of KP was detected in the kidney, demonstrated by its low proteinuria level and its better tissue structure. In the curative group, the urine protein level and its glomerular inflammation decreased. In the preventive group, the aqueous extract of KP could prevent lupus nephritis manifestations in the kidney. Bryophyllin A is the most active compound of the KP. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanism involved. We conclude, the aqueous extract, especially its bryophyllin A, have beneficial effects in repairing the function and tissue structure of lupus manifestations in mice kidney.

}, keywords = {Docking, Glomerulonephritis, Inflammation, Lupus, Proteinuria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.89}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/522}, author = {Niken Indriyanti and Afrillia Nuryanti Garmana and Finna Setiawan} } @article {265, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibitory Assay with Total Flavonoids Content from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Stem Bark Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia has been known as a rich source of xanthones, flavonoids, and phenols. The aim of this research is to obtain data of antioxidant activity and to observe potential inhibition of lipoxygenase activity that most active from methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts with total flavonoids content from most active extracts from the bark of Garcinia hombroniana Pierre. Methods: The antioxidant activity was measured using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the anti-inflammatory assay was measured using inhibition of lipoxygenase activity test, qualitative analysis of flavonoids using thin layer chromatography, and total flavonoids content was measured using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Results: The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract from G. hombroniana Pierre stem bark as the most active extract for antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activity with EC50 and IC50 value consecutively 15.34 \μg /ml; 0.26 \μg /ml. Total flavonoids content of ethyl acetate is 7.430 mg QE/g extract. The results of this study showed bark extract Garcinia hombroniana Pierre has antioxidant activity and potent to inhibit lipoxygenase activity. Conclusion: Based on the research for methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract, it can be concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre as the most active extract for antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, Inflammation, Lipoxygenase, Total flavonoids content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.47}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/314}, author = {Amanda Listiyani and Berna Elya and Nuraini Puspitasari} } @article {167, title = {Anti-inflammatory activity of BCM-95 (bio-enhanced formulation of turmeric with increased bioavailabilty) compared to Curcumin in Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {380-384}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {380}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of bioenhanced turmeric formulation (BCM-95) compared to commercial Curcumin formulation (Curcuminoids 95\%) in Carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory model. Materials and Methods: Thirty six Wistar rats were divided into six groups-Normal control (2 ml of vehicle), Standard control (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg), 2 doses of BCM 95 (10 and 20 mg/kg) and Curcuminoids 95\% (10 and 20 mg/kg). Paw volume was measured using a digital plethysmometer. Vehicle or test drugs were given to rats 30 min before carrageenan administration. Baseline paw volume reading (V0) was noted just prior to administration of 0.1 ml of 1\% carrageenan to right hind paw of the rat. Test paw volume readings (Vt) were measured at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min, after carrageenan injection. Oedema expressed as increased paw volume (vt-v0) was noted and percentage inhibition of oedema was calculated for all treatment groups. Statistical analysis: Difference between groups were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: All treatment groups demonstrated significant (p\<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity (oedema suppression) compared to normal control. Anti-inflammatory activity of BCM 95 treated groups were comparable to standard control group except at certain time points, whereas the same activity at all-time points with Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups were significantly less than standard control group. Percentage inhibition of paw oedema was maximum with standard control group followed by BCM 95 treated groups followed by Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups. Conclusion: BCM 95 treated groups showed significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups.

}, keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory agents, Bioavailability, Curcumin, Inflammation, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.11}, author = {Sayeli Vinaykumar and Urval Pundarik Rathnakar and Ullal Sheetal Dinkar and Kamath Priyanka and Tiwary Gaurav and Shenoy Ashok Kudgi and Revappala Sekhar Nishith} } @article {174, title = {Study on Inflammation and the Nervous system of Ethanol extract of Jatropha Curcas seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {335-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jatropha curcas L. seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases or conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects on inflammation and the nervous system of ethanol extract of J. curcas seeds. Materials and methods: It was used 64 mice divided in 8 groups; respectively, 4 groups received 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of ethanol extract of J. curcas seed; and the rest intake Diclofenac, Diazepam, Caffeine and a control group not received any substance. The effects on inflammation was evaluated by Carrageenan-Induced paw oedema test and by Paw skin temperature. Neurological symptoms of toxicity were evaluated using the Irwin test. For the analysis of quantitative variables were used the following tests: one-way ANOVA, Tukey, Shapiro-Wilk and Pearson correlation; for qualitative variables Chi square was used. Results: According to the paw oedema, it was showed a trend on an inflammatory effect of the seeds of J. curcas; this activity was statistically significant in doses of 1000 mg/kg. Also, the skin temperature measurements outcomes reveal a positive dose response manner. Regard to neurological manifestations, Straub tail was founded in doses of 400 mg/kg. Stereotypies were founded in doses of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg throughout the evaluation. Conclusion: J. curcas seeds were showed an inflammatory effect. In addition, effects on the nervous system were founded as stereotypes and Straub tail.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Inflammation, Jatropha curcas, Nervous System., Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.5}, author = {Zambrano-Huailla Alexander and Zambrano-Huailla Rommel and Goicochea-Lugo Sergio and Zavala-Flores Ernesto and Garc{\'\i}a-Berrocal Jorge and Chau-Saravia Angel and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {1534, title = {15-Lipoxygenase inhibition of selected Philippine medicinal plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {43-46}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Several extracts from Philippine medicinal plants used for asthma and other inflammatory diseases were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the action of 15-lipoxygenase. The inhibitory activity was tested spectrophotometrically using quercetin as positive control. Eleven species belonging to 11 families displayed varying inhibitory activities. Commelina diffusa and Euphorbia hirta showed the highest inhibitory activity at 51.3\% and 48.5\%, respectively. These plants may contain new 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors.

Key words: Asthma, inflammation, lipoxygenase, medicinal plants, plant extra.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Inflammation, Lipoxygenase, Medicinal plants, Plant extracts}, author = {Noemi D. Paguigan, and Christine L. Chichioco-Hernandez,} }