@article {1965, title = {The Relationship Between Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition on Body Weight, Incidence of NEC, Sepsis and Length of Care for Preterm Infant in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {86-89}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

The incidence of preterm birth in Indonesia still accounts for the highest mortality rate. Failure to provide adequate nutrition will have an impact on growth failure, risk of infection and longer duration of care for preterm infant. This study aims to analyzing the relationship between enteral and parenteral nutrition on body weight, the incidence of NEC, the incidence of sepsis and the length of care at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. A total 106 subjects were enrolled, 78 infants were LBW, 19 infants were VLBW. Gestational age between 32-\<37 weeks as many as 96 subjects. 68 infants were female. A total of 49 patients (46.2\%) received parenteral nutrition. There is a relationship between enteral nutrition and the incidence of sepsis (p= 0.03), parenteral nutrition and body weight (p= 0.005), parenteral nutrition and the incidence of sepsis (p= 0.001), and parenteral nutrition and the length of care for preterm infants (p= 0.001). There is a relationship between enteral nutrition with the incidence of sepsis and parenteral nutrition with body weight, incidence of sepsis and length of care in preterm infants.

}, keywords = {Enteral, Hospitalization., Neonatal sepsis, Parenteral nutrition, Preterm infant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.12}, author = {Aldila Pratiwi and Martono Tri Utomo and Risa Etika and Kartika Darma Handayani and Dina Angelika} } @article {1996, title = {Relationship Between Individual Characteristics and the Risk of Exposure to Heat Stress in Indonesian Fishermen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {294-297}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {294}, abstract = {

Background: Fishermen who go to sea during the day are classified as informal sector jobs that have heavy activities and are at risk of becoming dehydrated because the work climate is in a hot environment due to exposure to sunlight. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between individual characteristics and the risk of heat stress exposure to fishermen in Surabaya Coastal Area. Materials and Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a sample of 100 people using accidental sampling technique. The research was conducted in the Surabaya Coastal Area from February to June 2022. The variables of this study include age, exercise habits, water drinking consumption, and risk of heat stress. The relationship analysis test used Spearman correlation and chi square. Results: Based on cross tabulation, the age interval that experienced the most heat stress was 41-50 years of age, followed by 51-60 years of age group. Respondents who exercise more are at risk of heat stress than respondents who do not exercise. Workers who consume 1-2 liters of water per day are the group that has the highest risk of heat stress. Conclusion: No one variable has a relationship with the risk of heat stress exposure to fishermen in Surabaya, but it is still important to increase the consumption of fisherman{\textquoteright}s water and doing exercise habits among fishermen in Surabaya.

}, keywords = {Age, Exercise Habits, Heat Stress, Water Drinking Consumption.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.42}, author = {Putri Ayuni Alayyannur and Dani Nasirul Haqi and Fatimatuz Zahroh and Tazkia Azrielda Munib and Moh. Malik Alhakim and Diah Pramesthi Ningrum} } @article {2137, title = {The Relationship of the Gene Allele Apolipoprotein E with Height in Down Syndrome 21}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {897-900}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a form of polymorphic protein located on the long arm of chromosome 19 at position 13.2 (19q13.2), translated into three alleles of the gene, namely normal allele 3 and dysfunctional allele 2 and 4. Patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 may have different allele frequencies and combinations of APOE gene genotypes with controls, which can result in decreased cognitive function and inhibition of bone growth. This study aims to analyze the relationship of the Apolipoprotein E Gene Allele with the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21. Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a comparative cross-sectional study design. Results: The sample used was the result of DNA extraction of patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 as many as 33 samples and 33 controls stored in the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. The next step is to examine the APOE gene polymorphisms using PCR and sequencing techniques. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and height (p=0.009). Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21.

}, keywords = {Apolipoprotein E, Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome, Height.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.170}, author = {Malinda Meinapuri and Arni Amir and Eva Chundrayetti and Efrida Efrida and Susmiati Susmiati} } @article {2092, title = {RETRACTED: Human Sperm for Basic Embryo Research And 3D Treatment of Patient-Representative Ovarian Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {626-632}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

The article has been retracted based on the authors{\textquoteright} request.

}, keywords = {3D treatment, Basic embryo research, Human sperm, Ovarian cancer cells, Public health.}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Wan Irjani Wan Ismail} } @article {2089, title = {RETRACTED: The Effects of Andrographolide on Apoptosis in PC-3 Cell Line Via the Involvement of Caspases 3, 8 And 9}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {612-621}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {612}, abstract = {

The Article has been Retracted based on the Authors{\textquoteright} Request.

}, keywords = {Andrographolide, Anti-cancer, Apoptosis, Caspase., PC-3 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.128}, author = {Janany Manimaran and Daruliza Kernain Mohd Azman} } @article {2024, title = {Review on Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants Documented for the Treatment of Low Sperm Count in Oluponna, Nigeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {439-446}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

According to the literature, approximately 32\% of adult males in developing countries suffer from infertility, however, majority of them use herbal remedies with reported benefits such as improved sperm quality, sexual functions, libido and testosterone levels. Recently, the World Health Organization emphasized the importance of documenting active medicinal plants used in various continents. Therefore, this present review focused on the phytochemistry of medicinal plants reported for the treatment of low sperm count in Oluponna area of Osun state, documented in an ancestral local record. Thirteen medicinal plants were documented to be used for management of low sperm count among men in this community. The plants listed in the document belong to ten families and 12 genera. The most cited family in this record is Apocynaceae with three species of plants namely, Alstonia boonei, Laidolphia dulcis, and Rauwolfia vomitoria respectively. Since this is the first review on the documentation of an ancestral knowledge and application of medicinal plants as means of passing the knowledge from a generation to another in Oluponna, additional toxicological and pharmacological studies are hereby recommended in order to provide scientific rationale for the long-term knowledge and use of these plants.

}, keywords = {Ancestral medicinal plants records, Drug development., Infertility, Low sperm count, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.69}, author = {Akingbolabo Daniel Ogunlakin and Oyindamola Esther Awosola and Gbenga Temidayo Ajayi and Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo} } @article {2078, title = {Risk Analysis of Microplastic Exposure Through Consumption of Anadara Granosa at Coastal Area}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {558-562}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {558}, abstract = {

Plastic waste is starting to threaten marine waters, especially microplastics. This micro-sized plastic can be consumed by marine biota. The accumulation of microplastics in the bodies of marine biota can threaten humans who consume them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk level of microplastic (polystyrene) exposure through the consumption of blood clams in the coastal area of Pao Village, Tarowang District, Jeneponto Regency. This type of research is a descriptive analysis with the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. The samples in this study were 30 respondents and 125 blood clams (anadara granosa). Data were obtained by interview using a questionnaire, identifying MPs in shells in the laboratory, and identifying polymer types using FTIR-spectroscopy. The results showed that 68 MPs of microplastics were found in blood clams (anadara granosa) samples. The dominant shapes were lines and blue. The types of polymers from the FTIR results are Polystyrene (PS), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Polyethylene (PE). The average non-carcinogenic daily intake (Intake) is 0.00012 mg/kg/day, the average risk level (RQ) is 0.0006, and the daily intake value is <=0.2 (RfD Styrene), so it is said to be safe and the risk level value (RQ) <= 1, then categorized as the risk of exposure to MPs in humans through consumption of blood clams is still categorized as safe. The route of exposure to MPs in humans is not only through blood clams, so efforts to control the risk of exposure to MPs in humans are still needed.

}, keywords = {Anadara Granosa., Blood clams, Microplastic, Polystyrene, Risk analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.119}, author = {Nurhayati Namira and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Irwandy} } @article {2021, title = {The Risk Analysis of Patient Transfer Practice Events to Safety of Nurses and Patients of the TNI AU Dodi Sardjoto Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {429-432}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Work accidents can occur due to unsafe action and unsafe condition factors. This type of research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research (mix method) with a phenomenological approach that aims to determine the risks of patient transfer practices to the safety of nurses and patients. This research was conducted at the TNI AU Dody Sardjoto Hospital with a total sample of 51 people, the sampling technique is simple random sampling. Then in-depth interviews will be conducted on key informants, ordinary informants, and additional informants. Quantitative data analysis using chi square test and multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the history of disease (p = 0.010), physical activity (0.026), facilities and infrastructure (0.011), SOP (p = 0.000), and the environment (p = 0.000) influenced the safety of nurses. The results also showed that compliance with SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) was the most influential variable with B of 0.675. It is also known that the results of the path test have an indirect influence between nurse safety and patient safety is E2 = 0.887 or 88.7\%. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference to reduce the risk of patient transfer practice events to the safety of nurses and patients.

}, keywords = {Accident, Patient Transfer, Work safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.67}, author = {Muh. Nur Amal Sali and M. Furqan Naiem and Masyitha Muis and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Atjo Wahyu and Erniwati Ibrahim and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2130, title = {Risk Factors of Stunting in Children Aged 0-23 Months in Katumbangan Health Center, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {851-855}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {851}, abstract = {

The results of Indonesian nutritional status study at the regency level in 2021 showed that Polewali Mandar Regency had the highest prevalence of stunting in West Sulawesi Province at 36\% with the highest percentage of stunted toddlers being reported by Katumbangan Health Center (42.6\%). This study aims to determine the most dominant risk factors for stunting in children aged 0-23 months. This study was conducted in the working area of Katumbangan Health Center with a case-control study. The number of samples was 236 infants (0-23 months) with a ratio of cases and controls of 1:1. This study used secondary data sourced form e-PPGBM application, then analyzed by odd ratio test and logistic regression on Stata. The results showed that CED in pregnancy (OR=3.142 with 95\% CI, 1.122-10.072), LBW history (OR=5.963 with 95\% CI, 1.251-56.216) and exclusive breastfeeding (OR=2.099 with 95\% CI, 0.984-4.613). The dominant risk factor for stunting in children aged 0-23 months, namely LBW history (OR=5.092 with 95\% CI, 1.08-23.94). It is recommended for mothers to put more attention to the fulfillment of nutrition during in order to reduce the risk of LBW and also to assure that children nutritionl intake are adequate to their needs during the golden period of growth, especially infants with LBW.

}, keywords = {Infant, Risk Factors., Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.163}, author = {Nurul Iffa Safitri and Nur Nasry Noor and Wahiduddin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Nurhaedar Jafar and Balqis and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2170, title = {Role of 1,25(OH)2D On Cytochromes CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 in Periodontitis: A Clinical Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1112-1115}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1112}, abstract = {

Background: Vitamins have a great impact on metabolis. Aims: To determine the role of 1,25(OH)2D On Cytochromes CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 in Periodontitis. Material and Method: The investigation was carried out on 45 participants of ages within the range of (30-45 years) who were attending the private dental clinics. Diagnosis of chronic periodontitis was established depending on dental history, clinical examinations (periodontal indices). All participants were examined by the same dentist. They were classified into three groups: Group 1 (control negative): (15) participants with normal serum vitamin D3 level and with pocket depth <=3 mm, good oral health and normal periodontal tissues and no previous history of periodontal diseases. Group 2 (control positive): (15) participants with normal serum vitamin D3 level and periodontitis with pocket depth >=5 mm, they received placebo medication orally, Group3(treatment): (15) participants with vitamin D3 deficiency (below 30 IU), and periodontitis with pocket depth >=5 mm, they received oral Vitamin D3 fast acting liquid soft gel capsule 2000 IU /day for 3 months. 3 blood samples were taken from each participant at 0,45,90 days, for research examinations. CYP27A1, CYP27B1 serum levels was measured for each sample in three groups by ELISA kit. Result: there was a highly significant reduction in CYP27A1 serum level in the treatment group at the ninety days of the study while there was no significant elevation CYP27B1 serum level in all groups during 45,90 days of the study. Conclusion: The present study suggested that the 1,25(OH)2D has effects on serum levels of both Cytochromes CYP27A1 and CYP27B1 and this was associated with periodontitis.

}, keywords = {CYP27, Cytochrome, Periodontitis, Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.202}, author = {Asmaa Y Thanoon and Faehaa Azher Al-Mashhadane} } @article {2025, title = {The Role of Cyclooxigenase-2 Inhibitor in Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {233-238}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy worldwide. It has low mortality but can cause significant morbidity primarily due to local destruction. The incidence and associated cost are rising in recent years causing a burden in healthcare system. BCC incidence are continue to increase due to lack of effective chemopreventive option. Several risk factors are associated with the pathogenesis of BCC. One of the major risk factors of BCC is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, hence the prevention strategy for this malignancy include avoidance of natural and artificial sources of UV radiation. However, these methods are still less than optimal in inhibiting the emergence of basal cell carcioma. In recent years, there is accumulating evidence that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), may be involved in the pathogenesis of BCC. Several recent studies have shown that the use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor drugs can prevent the development of nonmelanoma skin tumors including BCC. In this review, we described the potential of COX-2 inhibitors as chemoprevention for BCC.

}, keywords = {Basal cell carcinoma., Cancer, Chemoprevention, Cox-2 inhibitor, Cyclooxygenase, Skin malignancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.15.35}, author = {Maylita Sari and Kartika Misalina and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {2059, title = {The Role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 Polymorphism on Amiodarone Responses: Review Article}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {467-470}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {467}, abstract = {

Introduction: Amiodarone is one of drug with narrow therapeutics index. This medicine was metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. The changes in the activity of this enzymes by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 polymorphism will affect the effect. The study aimed to determine the impact of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 polymorphism on amiodarone responses. Method: the study is review article with search article in PubMed with keywords: {\textquoteleft}amiodarone{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}polymorphism of CYP3A4{\textquoteright} and {\textquoteleft}polymorphism of CYP2C8{\textquoteright}. Results: We collect 46 references to determine of impact polymorphism of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 on amiodarone responses. Conclusion: Individual with CYP3A4*22 (rs35599367, 15389C\>T); CYP2C8*2 (A805T), CYP2C8*3 (G416A, A1196G), and CYP2C8*4 (C792G) and CYP2C8*4 polymorphism have lower activity of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 enzymes and potentially cause adverse effect.

}, keywords = {Amiodarone responses., CYP2C8, CYP3A4, Polymorphism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.103}, author = {Em Sutrisna} } @article {1955, title = {The Role of Indian Magical Herb Selaginella bryopteris L. (Selaginaceae) in Pharmacotherapeutic Perspective: An Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

This review involves the medicinal as well as therapeutic applications of Sanjeevni (Selaginella bryopteris L.) in curtailing different types of acute and chronic maladies. The magical herb (Selaginella bryopteris) is utilized for its resurrecting and medicinal properties in various regions of the world. S. bryopteris based formulations have been widely used in folk medicine to treat spermatorrhoea, colitis, epilepsy, leucorrhoea, urinary tract infections, fever, venereal illnesses, constipation, beri-beri, cancer, and many other ailments. The medicinal and pharmacological effects of S. bryopteris have been extensively studied in recent years, employing a variety of in vivo and in vitro models and clinical studies. Many biochemical and pharmacological studies on Selaginella bryopteris have been conducted, and many of its traditional applications have been validated scientifically. Different biological activities are concerned with it, like anti-bacterial, growth-promoting, anti-protozoan, relief from heat stroke and the burning sensation during urination, anti-stress cell death, memory improvement, relief from stomach-aches, anti-hyperglycemic activity, and anti-depressant activity. S. bryopteris is undeniably one of the most significant plants owing to its enormous pharmacological and therapeutic potential. On the other hand, several information gaps found in this article might spur fresh academic and R\&D efforts to produce S. bryopteris-based herbal medications and nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {Biflavonoid, S. bryopteris L., Sanjeevni, Selaginaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.3}, author = {Arti Gautam and Lal Chand Pal and Ch. V Rao and Vikas Kumar} } @article {1847, title = {Radiographic and Histological Evaluation in Canine Femur after Implantation of 304 Stainless-steel-based Plate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {388-392}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Fractures are known to be high-risk traumatic cases in domestic animals. Surgery was performed to reposition and immobilize bone using a plate as a biomaterial component. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic and histological findings in canine femur after implantation of a 304 stainless-steel-based plate. A total of six male dogs aged 3-4 months were used in this study. Dogs were acclimatized for a week and then randomly assigned to 2 groups and 3 replication, respectively. The left femoral diaphysis was cracked and fixed by (A) commercial plate; (B) 304 stainless-steel plate. Radiographic observations were performed at 24 h and 28 d postoperatively during the recovery period. Histological figures were evaluated at 28 d postoperative descriptively. As a result, physical examination of muscle tissue in both groups did not reveal discoloration, swelling, and fluid accumulation around the plate. The radiographic figures presented a slight callus production around the crack and a decrease in the gap between cracks after 28 d. The histological figures observed the proliferation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, connective tissues, and bone trabeculae. It can be concluded that no significant difference between 304 stainlesssteel plate compared to commercial plate. A 304 stainless-steel-based plate is recommended for bone immobilization in canine femoral fractures.

}, keywords = {304 stainless-steel, Domesticated animal, Femur, Fracture, Radiograph}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.112}, author = {Agus Purnomo and Hartiningsih and Setyo Budhi and Dhirgo Adji and Devita Anggraeni and Dito Anggoro and Sitarina Widyarini and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1932, title = {Relationship Histopathology Grading of Meningioma with the Use of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) as A Hormonal Contraceptive}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {938-941}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {938}, abstract = {

Introduction: Meningioma is a common brain tumor with an incidence of more than 30\% of all primary brain tumors in adults. The incidence of meningiomas increases with increasing age, women suffer more from meningiomas with a ratio of 3:1. Meningiomas are known to have steroid receptors in the form of progesterone (88\%), estrogen (40\%), and androgen (40\%). Therefore, the use of hormonal therapy is suspected to affect the incidence and histopathological degree of meningioma. One of the widely used hormonal therapy is medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). However, there is not enough literature to explain the relationship between MPA and the incidence of meningioma. Objective: To identify the relationship between the duration of the use of Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) hormonal contraceptives and the histopathological degree of meningioma. Methods: This study is an analytic observational with a retrospective design of meningiomas patients based on the duration of use of MPAtype hormonal contraception who performed surgery at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital during the period January 2015 to December 2019. We determined the inclusion criteria for meningioma patients: a history of using MPA hormonal contraceptives or 3-month injectable contraceptives; and the control group: meningioma patients without a history of hormonal contraception. Results: There were 452 cases of meningioma and 101 patients met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that there was no difference relationship between the grade of meningioma and meningioma patients either using MPA or without using MPA. There was no difference in duration of use between the group using MPA \<10 years or more than 10 years with the non-hormonal control group on meningioma grading (p = 0.772). There was also no difference relationship between the group that did not use hormonal contraception and the MPA group on the age of the patient (p = 0.217), both using contraception for \<10 years and more than 10 years. Conclusion: There was no relationship found between histopathological degree of meningioma with the patients who use MPA contraceptives, both duration of use \<10 years and >=10 years compared with meningioma patients who do not use MPA contraception.

}, keywords = {Contraception, Grading, Hormonal contraceptive, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Meningioma, MPA, Neoplasm., Progesterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.193}, author = {Shafhan Dustur and Joni Wahyuhadi and Budi Utomo and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Abdul Hafid Bajamal and Sri Ratna Dwiningsih} } @article {1936, title = {Research on External Signs and Chemical Composition of Medicinal Plant Raw Material -Leaves of Ficus Elastica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {958-972}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

Ficus elastica is a species of the plant in the genus Ficus, from the family Moraceae. Ficus elastica, which is the object of our study, has been used for many years in phytodesign, however in terms of medicine, it remains a poorly studied plant. While studying the external signs and chemical composition of medicinal plant raw materials of leaves F{\'\i}cus elastica, chromato-mass spectrometry was used. During the process of studying, some diagnostic signs of Ficus elastica were identified. Chromato-mass spectrometry was used to identify 68 compounds. The maximum amount was accounted for б-D-Glucopyranoside, methyl (28,99\%), Phytol (9,90\%), 2-Hydroxy-3-methylsuccinic acid (6,93\%), Lanosterol (6,13\%), Hydroquinone (5,55\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, ethyl ester, (Z,Z,Z)- (4,86\%), Lup-20(29)-en-3- one (4,17\%), 1,2-Benzenediol (3,33\%), Lupeol (2,95\%), 16-Allopregnene-3б,9а-diol-20-one 3-O-acetate (2,77\%), 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (2,67\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)- (2,05\%), з-Sitosterol (1,84\%), а-d-Lyxofuranoside, methyl (1,57\%), Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester) (1,52\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (1,45\%), Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (1,33\%), 1,8-Dioxacyclohexadecane-2,10- dione, 5,6:12,13-diepoxy-8,16-dimethyl- (1,15\%), Vitamin E (0,64\%). Identified morphological features of the leaves of Ficus elastica can be used in diagnosis of this species and may help to develop indicators of authenticity for promising medicinal leaves. As mentioned earlier, by means of chromato-mass spectrometry were identified 68 compounds, and the relative percentage of identified compounds was determined using a simple normalization method.

}, keywords = {Chromato-mass spectrometry, Ficus elastic, Methyl, Phytol, Vitamin E., б-D-Glucopyranoside}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.197}, author = {Angelina V. Strelyaeva and Anna G. Kharitonova and Larisa B. Vaskova and Alexander N. Luferov and Dmitry O. Bokov and Alina A. Bondar and Natalia V. Bobkova and Nevena Jeremic and Yulia B. Lazareva and Alla M. Antsyshkina and Tatiana V. Prostodusheva and Roman M. Kuznetsov} } @article {1815, title = {RETRACTED: Phytochemical Screening, Gc-Ms Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Marine Algae Obtained from Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {641-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {641}, abstract = {

The Article has been Retracted based on the Authors{\textquoteright} Request.

}, keywords = {DPPH, GCMS analysis, Physicochemical., Spongomorpha indica, Superoxide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.83}, author = {Swathi Priya K and Rajasekaran S} } @article {1787, title = {A Review of an Important Plants: Annona squamosa Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {456-463}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {456}, abstract = {

Plants have been utilized extensively in traditional medicine by a range of nations since ancient times, and more research into their safety, efficacy, and quality value is needed. One of the plants that have been widely used by society in traditional medicine is Annona squamosa L. A. squamosa is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Based on previous research, all parts of A. squamosa including bark, leaf, and roots have proven biological activities such as antioxidant, antifungal, and anticancer, especially on the leaves. Indian people have long history used young leaves of A. squamosa for antidiabetic, besides in South China, they use seeds to decrease the cancer effect in the human body. The pharmacological activities of A. squamosa leaves are antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antidiarrheals, antiplatelet, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cytoprotective. Phytochemicals in A. squamosa leaves include coumarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins. Meanwhile based on nutritional analysis shows that the A. squamosa leaves are water, protein, lipids, Fiber Ash and Calcium.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, Medicine, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Traditional medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.58}, author = {Arifia Safira and Prasita Widayani and Dhiya An-Najaaty and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Mela Septiani and Yan Arengga Syah Putra and Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Aswin Rafif Khairullah and Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo} } @article {1922, title = {Review on Bioactive Potential of Indonesian Forest Essential Oils}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {873-879}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Essential oils are composed of some natural, volatile, as well as aromatic compounds extracted from plants. In recent years, several studies have shown that some of their benefits can be attributed to their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and also immunomodulatory properties. So, essential oils have been proposed as a common elective to anti-microbials or for utilize in combination with other antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant microscopic organisms. Most of the potential data about essential oils were obtained with in vitro and in vivo studies. Several types of essential oils are available in Indonesia which are reported to have biological activity such as antioxidants and antiaging are essential oils of pine (Pinus merkusii), kilemo (Litsea cubeba), agarwood (Aquilaria spp), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora), and cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii). The major chemical compound of pine oil is alpha pinene. Kilemo oil contains geranial. chemical marker compound of agarwood is chromone and sesquiterpenes. Eucalyptus contains citronella. The chemical component of cinnamon oil is cinnamaldehyde. Some essential oils have shown remarkable antioxidant activities when used at specific concentrations which can be due to their richness in phenolic compounds. However, toxicological studies are needed before any recommendation for application can be given. Preformulating and formulation studies will be needed to develop suitable dosage forms in order to introduce optimized pharmaceuticals (high active, low toxic) as alternative of current pharmaceutical dosage forms

}, keywords = {Bioactivity, Chemical compound, Essential oil, Indonesian forest, Pharmaceutics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.182}, author = {Yelfi Anwar and Gunawan Pasaribu and M. Nazari V} } @article {1822, title = {Review on Literature of the Plant Elephantorrhiza Elephantine on its Healing Properties and Recent Acquired Knowledge of its Medicinal Activities (2000-2020)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {715-721}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Background: The current review article outlines current findings in literature from undertaken studies and review articles on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine from the past 20 years to date. The information presented in this article will include the following aspects of the plant. The plant description and taxomony, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Elephantorrhiza elephantine. The article looks to discuss existing hurdles in research found on this plant and how to integrate any previous research with what is currently done in research on the plant. It aims on guiding the path of future research direction on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine. Methods: A total of 40 articles were selected and read through. The articles selected had included literature publications with the keywords such as; Elephantorrhiza elephantine, plant description, taxonomic of the plant, ethno medicinal usages, phytochemicals, pharmacological properties and plant toxicity, which were published between the years 2000 {\textendash} 2021. There were 32 articles relevant for this review article and 2 dissertation that were written between the criteria of years. Results: The ethomedicinal uses of Elephantorrhiza elephantine have been investigated by various authors on the anti-microbial activities, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and in ethnoveterinary medicine on how the plant provides relief to individuals with illnesses/disease through its traditional uses. These studies have been conducted on both animals and humans. The experiments performed used the crude extract derived from parts of the plant such as the roots and leaves. These plant parts have phytochemical compounds that are extracted using varying polar solvents. In the animal studies, acetone extracts of E. elephantine roots demonstrated significant activity against a tick-borne disease in cattle livestock and parasite worms in goats. In humans, the dried leaf extracts of E. elephantine was also subjected to various polar solvents and water, investigated for phytochemical content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities, using standard methods. It was reported that the ethanol extract yielded the highest phytochemical content. Conclusion: The gap in knowledge has narrowed on medicinal plants effects of healing properties. This lead by extensive research carried out trying to understand the benefits of traditional medication and why majority of the population uses it as they primary healthcare choice. Investigating the mechanism of action of E. elephantine on its antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing could lead to an enhanced understanding on the medicinal properties of the plant extracts and a commercialisation of a product in future.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical content, Plant extracts.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.91}, author = {Radebe Tlotlo and Polo-Ma-Abiele Hildah Mfengwana and Dedr{\'e} Olivier} } @article {1931, title = {Risk Factors for Hepatotoxicity From L-Asparaginase Chemotherapy In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {921-927}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: L-asparaginase chemotherapy often causes hepatotoxicity and affects complete remission in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aims to investigate the risk factors that affect the incidence of hepatotoxicity caused by L-asparaginase chemotherapy in ALL children. Methods: An observational study with prospective sampling was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. The inclusion criteria included ALL children aged 1-18 years, undergoing ALL Induction phase chemotherapy based on the 2018 Indonesian Children{\textquoteright}s ALL protocol as evidenced by bone marrow aspiration, receiving L-asparaginase chemotherapy, and obtaining written consent from parents or guardians. Each child had 3 ml of blood drawn from a peripheral vein to assess their complete blood count, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and albumin level. Results: Thirty-two children with ALL were collected. Two of them were excluded due to allergic reaction and enable to continue the L-asparaginase chemotherapy. Thirty of them were eligible participants. Approximately 53.3\% of ALL children aged <= seven years. Fourteen (47\%) children with ALL were included in the standard-risk group and 16 (53\%) of them included high-risk group. There were significant differences in ALT levels between the four stages of observation (p=\<0.001). Twenty-two ALL children had hepatotoxicity (73.3\%), while 8 had non-hepatotoxicity (26.7\%). Two risk factors had a significant influence on the occurrence of hepatotoxicity due to L-asparaginase chemotherapy including age and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.045, p=0.028). Conclusion: Age and hypoalbuminemia were the risk factors that might affect the incidents of hepatotoxicity. Clinical monitoring before and after treatment needs to be done to prevent poor outcomes.

}, keywords = {Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Children, Hepatotoxicity, L-asparaginase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.190}, author = {Agniya Ali Fahmi Hikmat and Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Bagus Setyoboedi and Maria Christina Shanty Larasati and Andi Cahyadi and I Dewa Gede Ugrasena} } @article {1906, title = {Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {766-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {766}, abstract = {

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection and is one of the neglected diseases caused by Mycobacterium leprae. ENL is a complex syndrome, that caused inflammation of the skin, nerves, and other organs due to an inflammatory immune response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens. Acute ENL was defined as the first episode of ENL with a duration of less than 24 weeks. Chronic ENL was defined as ENL that persisted for more than 24 weeks. These types of ENL can have different risk factors and require different therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The onset of ENL is acute, but may progress to a chronic or recurrent phase and require long-term therapy. Early detection of leprosy is very important, because the infection is curable and prompt treatment can reduce nerve damage and associated stigma. Chronic ENL patients require prolonged high doses of corticosteroids to control inflammation in ENL and cause severe complications and side effects associated with morbidity and mortality. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using a non-probability sampling technique consecutively using a casecontrol formula in leprosy patients with ENL in the Leprosy Division of the Outpatient Dermatology and Venereology Unit RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya for the period 2015 {\textendash} 2020, using secondary data in the form of medical record data. Result: The results of this study obtained leprosy patients with ENL as many as 234 patients, 56 patients with acute ENL and 89 patients with chronic ENL. 45 patients with acute ENL and 45 patients with chronic ENL were obtained from the case-control minimal sample size formula. Conclusion: The results of the bivariate analysis test showed that there was a relationship between risk factors for coinfection and steroid therapy with the type of ENL. The presence of coinfection and steroid therapy showed that patients tend to be chronic ENL, conversely, in the absence of coinfection and without steroid therapy, patients tend to be acute ENL. The multivariate logistic regression analysis test showed a significant association between risk factors for ENL onset before MDT and the presence of coinfection with chronic ENL, whereas ENL onset after MDT and absence of coinfection were associated with acute ENL.

}, keywords = {Acute ENL, Chronic ENL, ENL, Leprosy, Neglected disease., Risk factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.165}, author = {Ditya Indrawati and Linda Astari and Afif Nurul Hidayati and Sawitri, Damayanti and Budi Utomo and Bagus Haryo Kusumaputra and Medhi Denisa Alinda and Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {1811, title = {Role of Alkaloid on Platelet Aggregation and Serotonin in Migraine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {629-632}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {629}, abstract = {

Migraine is a sterile neurogenic inflammation of the trigeminal nerve which releases vasoactive neuropeptides and activates platelets to release vasoactive substances such as serotonin (5-HT). Platelet hyperaggregation occurs in the pathogenesis of migraine caused by one of the stimulatory factors 5-HT. Platelet aggregation is increased and 5-HT levels are elevated in the blood and brain in the early stages of migraine. Alkaloid β-carbolin alkaloids can increase monoamines in brain regions through inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and inhibition of 5-HT reuptake. Alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of SCE function as analgesics and anti-inflammatory which can reduce pain and improve blood circulation. Sargassum cristaefolium extract (SCE) was measured for its bioactive substance content. The extract was administered to an animal model of intraperitoneal nitroglycerin-induced migraine and examined for platelet levels, platelet aggregation and 5-HT. The results of statistical tests showed an increase in platelets (p\<0.05), an increase in platelet aggregation (p\<0.05) and a decrease in 5-HT (p\<0.05). The relationship between alkaloids and platelets; platelets and platelet aggregation; platelet aggregation and 5-HT and 5-HT levels and migraine incidence (p\<0.05). The alkaloids found in SCE can lower platelet count, decrease platelet aggregation and increase 5-HT levels in migraines.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, Migraine, Platelet, Platelet aggregation, Serotonin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.81}, author = {Olivia Mahardani Adam and Widjiati Widjiati} } @article {1950, title = {The Role of Breast Milk on Reducing the Risk of Neonatal Sepsis in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1067-1074}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1067}, abstract = {

Background: High mortality and morbidity rates are associated with neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Aside from controlling the nosocomial infection, intervention for reducing the risk of sepsis is demanded. The best nutrition for preterm infants is breast milk. Bioactive compounds found in it, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities not only for immunity against the infection but also for growth, and development. Objective: To investigate the effect of breast milk against the risk of neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Methods: We conducted an electronic search through several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus. We performed an analysis on nutritional feeding and volume of breast milk and late-onset sepsis from ten potential observational studies. Results: Breast milk significantly reduced the risk of sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants (pooled RR 0.70; 95 \% CI 0.55 - 0.88, p = 0.002). In addition, when we performed subgroup analysis, we found that breast milk volume \> 50ml/kgbw/day also reduce the risk of sepsis with pooled RR 0.61(95\% CI 0.46-0.8, p=0.0004). Conclusion: Low birth weight and preterm infants had a lower risk of neonatal sepsis when they got breastmilk. To preserve the supply of breastmilk, health professionals should support and encourage mothers who were breastfeeding.

}, keywords = {Breast milk, Low birth weight, Neonatal sepsis, Preterm infant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.211}, author = {Tita Natalia Manurung and Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu and Martono Tri Utomo} } @article {1909, title = {Role of Gender in the Protection Against Doxorubicin-Induced Oxidative Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {782-788}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {782}, abstract = {

Background: There are gender differences in the oxidation-reduction reactions. Doxorubicin (Dox) is a chemotherapeutic drug that can produce oxidative stress which may require prevention by antioxidants. Aim: The study aimed to investigate the gender-dependent changes in Dox-induced oxidative stress, and the protective effects of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). Materials and Methods: Rats were administered CoQ10 orally for 17 days. On day 13, some rats receiving CoQ10 received a single intraperitoneal dosage of Dox, whereas other rats received normal saline. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidant capacity (T-AOC) were measured in both genders of albino rats. Results: Dox significantly reduced both GSH and T-AOC levels and caused a significant increase in MDA. The administration of CoQ10 significantly prevented these changes. Dox caused a larger reduction in GSH in males than in females, while CoQ10 caused more protection in females. Dox caused a higher increase in MDA levels in males. Conclusion: Pre-treatments with CoQ10 may protect against Dox-induced oxidative stress, with gender-dependent variations in the extent of these Dox/CoQ10 effects.

}, keywords = {Coenzyme Q10, Doxorubicin, Gender difference, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.168}, author = {Akram A Hammo and Abdulla A Ahmad and Zeina A Althanoon} } @article {1352, title = {Reconstruction and Scientific Explanation of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) From West Sumatra as Ethnomedicine and Source of Science Learning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {206-211}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest land in the world, this makes Indonesia rich in diversity of flora and fauna. This diversity produces a variety of cultures, traditions and local wisdom. One of the local wisdoms of the people of West Sumatra is the use and utilization of the biodiversity around it as a medicine for various diseases. The type of medicinal plant that is the focus of this research is the type of Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.). This research is an educational research conducted using an ethnoscience approach, meaning that it is based on the indigenous knowledge of the local community. This study aims to reconstruct knowledge from a cultural / community perspective in the health sector. which later will become a knowledge with scientific explanation. The data were obtained through direct observation to the research location regarding indigenous knowledge about the Akar Kuning plant and also based on laboratory test data on antibacterial activity carried out in the biology laboratory of Semarang State University. All data obtained will be analyzed and also strengthened by various sources. The analysis concluded that the Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Plant contains bioactive compounds that act as antibacterials, thus inhibiting bacterial growth. This is evidenced by the inhibition zone diameter data produced during laboratory tests showing the results that the Yellow Root plant extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.)

}, keywords = {Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.), Ethnoscience, Reconstruction, Scientific explanation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.29}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Sudarmin and Annisa Efendi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Biomechy Oktomalioputri and Rehani Ramadhani} } @article {1618, title = {Repairing of Renal Tubules in Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes After Administration of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {958-964}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {958}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the improvement of the histopathological picture of renal tubules in diabetic rats after being given golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii). This research uses experimental design laboratories with a post-test only control group design method. The sampling used simple random sampling with 25 white rats divided into five groups, namely groups that were given standard feed without STZ-induced, STZ-induced group, STZ-induced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 4.25 mg/kg BW for 21 days, STZinduced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg BW for 21 days, and STZ-induced group and given gold sea cucumber extract at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW for 21 days. The data on the observation of each group{\textquoteright}s kidney histopathology was carried out at the end of the session. The results of the analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis Test showed significant results, the Mann-Whitney Test showed significant differences between the STZinduced group and the golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW (x=7.4 mg/dl) decreased significantly (p=0.001) compared to the STZ-only-induced group (x=12.6 mg/dl). Administration of golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW of rats for 21 days lowered the degree of tubular damage to the kidney rectus of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) male streptozotocin-induced strains.

}, keywords = {Diabetic rat, Stichopus hermanii, Tubular injury}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.123}, author = {Herin Setianingsih and Satria Erda Wisnumarta and Sareh Arjono Tjandra} } @article {1339, title = {Repurposing of FDA Approved Alkaloids as COVID 19 Inhibitors; in silico Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {110-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Background: Alkaloid drugs were permitted for using as a treatment of numerous diseases. Colchicine, codeine, piperine, papaverine, ergometrine, theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are recognized safe alkaloids and used for many human disfunctions. The chemical structures of alkaloids have flexible chemical moieties with various electronic and chemical characters. COVID-19 is a horrible disease as result from that the discovering of potent drugs from previously FDA approved drugs is the main objective of this study. Methods: docking studies were used for discovering the interactions of alkaloids with protease proteins. The nature of selected alkaloids structures was utilized for advance insights studies to predict new medical applications. Results: Docking studies for alkaloids were completed and the obtained outcomes, displayed that all tried alkaloids have great attraction with the five protease proteins, the energy docking score ranged from -2.9516 (for colchicine with 5R82) to -24.7449 (for ergotamine with 5R80) kcal/mol with 1-5 variable interactions bond. Conclusion: Among the tested drugs, papaverine and ergometrine revealed high docking scores for all five proteins (score ranged from, -14.1058 to 23.1619 for papaverine and, -4.7900 to 24.7449 for ergometrine) and number of interactions with all tested proteins are two to three for papaverine but for ergometrine are two to five.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, COVID-19, Docking study, FDA, Natural drugs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.16}, author = {Ehab M Mostafa and Mohammed Gamal and Mohammed M Ghoneim and Shaimaa Hussein and Ahmed H El-Ghorab and Mohamed A Abdelgawad and Arafa Musa} } @article {1428, title = {A Review of the Traditional Uses, Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of Centaurea benedicta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {798-812}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Centaurea benedicta L. is an annual herbaceous plant which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is commonly known as blessed thistle, holy thistle, St Benedict{\textquoteright}s thistle or spotted thistle. Traditionally, it has been used to treat bubonic plague and possesses diuretic, galactagogue, liver-strengthening and wound healing properties. Recent research studies have investigated its anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and other therapeutic properties. Several studies have also reported its antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial pathogens. However, most of these studies were preliminary and only tested relatively high concentrations of the extracts. Additionally, most studies screened a limited number of pathogens. Cnicin is the main chemical compound present in C. benedicta and it has been widely investigated. However, few other compounds from this plant have been identified and/or investigated, and further phytochemical studies are warranted. Interestingly, pure cnicin has good anticancer activity, whilst the crude extracts lack cytotoxic properties. Phytochemical analyses of C. benedicta extracts reveal the presence of multiple flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and lactones, although few specific phytochemicals within these phytochemical classes have been identified. A limited number of research studies have determined the toxicity profile of C. benedicta in order to evaluate its safety for human use. Substantially more detailed studies are required to rigorously investigate the therapeutic properties and phytochemistry of C. benedicta, which may ultimately lead to the development of new plant-based therapeutic medicines.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Blessed thistle, Flavonoids, St Benedict{\textquoteright}s thistle, Tannins, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.102}, author = {Gagan Tiwana and Jiahe Fua and Lanping Lu and Matthew J Cheesman and IE.Cock} } @article {1631, title = {A Review on Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Nephelium Lappaceum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1053-1057}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1053}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs in the majority of people worldwide. The number of cases in many countries has been increasing year by year. In Malaysia, the statistics show that the number of diabetic case in 2019 was 3.6 million and expected to increase in 2025 by 7 million. This disease can develop as a result of oxidative stress production in the body. Nephelium lappaceum was claimed traditionally being used to treat diabetes mellitus. This research is conducted to review the available literature regarding the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Nephelium lappaceum extracts and constituent that contributes to this activity. Methods: The studies included in this review have been selected using several databases including Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct and Pubmed. The keywords used in database search were {\textquotedblleft}Nephelium lappaceum{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antioxidant{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}antidiabetic{\textquotedblright} and covered the period from 2007 onwards. Results: This review revealed that Nephelium lappaceum extracts have good antioxidant and antidiabetic activities when tested using various methods. These activities are due to the presence of several phytoconstituents in the extract. Conclusions: In conclusion, Nephelium lappaceum possess antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. It has the potential to be developed as an antidiabetic and antioxidant agent which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases, including diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Diabetes mellitus, Nephelium lappaceum L., Phytoconstituents, Rambutan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.136}, author = {Wan Nor Iffah Husna Wan Mustaffa and Wan Hafizah W. Jusof} } @article {1708, title = {Role of Capsaicin in the Repair of Cellular Activity in Mice Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1573-1576}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

This study aimed to determine the capsaicin efficacy on Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells in mice liver induced with aflatoxin B1. A total of 20 mice were used as sample, assigned into four group i.e. (T0) administered 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) administered 0,5 ml of capsaicin + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. All treatment were done for a month then followed by liver dissection for hematoxylin eosin staining. The differential cells counted then analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test (p\<0,05). The cell determination showed that Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells decreased significantly (p\<0,05) in T3 group compared to T2 group. Meanwhile, the T1 group showed similar (p\>0,05) with T0 group. It can be concluded that capsaicin has a potential effect to improve cellular activity in mice liver with aflatoxin B1 toxication.

}, keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Animal, Capsaicin, Fibroblast., Kupffer cell, Stellate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.201}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Faisal Fikri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1400, title = {Role of Spices in Offering Natural Immunity to Fight Various Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {600-613}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {600}, abstract = {

Adequate nutrition intake is one of main factors to strengthen immunity. Traditional and cultural practices of food consumption involve use of several spices in limited quantities as part of food. Spices have offered versatile biological effects due to presence of valuable biochemicals. The aim of the present paper is to review published scientific evidence on potential role of spices in offering innate and adaptive immunity to human body. It has been demonstrated that, turmeric, one of the widely used spices, acts as an anti-viral agent through inhibition of viral entry into cells, suppression of viral replication and modulation of cytokines. A field study revealed that nations with higher consumption of spices have shown lesser COVID-19 cases and higher recovery rates. Further, spices also have shown to possess antioxidant activity superior or equivalent to ascorbic acid and are known to regulate inflammation processes. Evidence generated from the published literature is compelling to arrive at a conclusion that consumption of spices might improve immunity there by offering protection against various diseases including COVID-19. It is also noted that there are lesser number of human clinical trials in this area which warrants immediate attention to provide scientific evidence to immunity offered by spices.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Diet, Immunity, Nutrition, Spices}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.76}, author = {T Sudhakar Johnson and D. B. Anantha Narayana} } @article {1281, title = {Recent Scenario of Impact of Xenobiotics on Marine Fish: An Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1797-1800}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1797}, abstract = {

Xenobiotics from chemicals to plastics have seriously interfered with the biological process of living system. Their impact on aquatic ecosystem, fish in precise is studied with significant interest. However, studies on impact of xenobiotics on marine fish are limited. This literature review integrates and summarizes the impact of xenobiotics on marine fish. The review tries to understand the impact of macro and micro litters, microplastic, metals like mercury and nanoparticles. Finally, we conclude with the ways to regulate the presence and distribution of these xenobiotics in marine environment.

}, keywords = {Fish, Litters, Marine, Xenobiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.242}, author = {Jagadeep Chandra S and Chandana GL and Naganagouda V Kote and Sharath Chandra SP} } @article {1320, title = {Representatives of the Genus Goryanka (Epimedium L) {\textendash} a Promising Source of Raw Materials for the Creation of Medicines for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Men}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1710-1715}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1710}, abstract = {

Erectile dysfunction and multiple mechanisms of its development are one of the most pressing problems of modern medicine. In the twenty-first century, millions of men around the world suffer from sexual disorders, and the number of such patients is only growing from year to year. The flavonoid icariin, contained in plants of the genus Epimedium L., is a promising pharmacologically active substance used for erectile dysfunction, due to its ability to affect type 5 phosphodiesterase, inhibiting its activity. To date, domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies produce biologically active food additives and herbal preparations, which include Goryanka extract. But the range of standardized herbal medicines is very small.

}, keywords = {Drug, Epimedium Estrellita, Icariin, Impotence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.231}, author = {Bukinich Darya Dmitrievna and Salova VG and Odintsova EB and Rastopchina OV and Solovyovа NL and Kozlova AM and Krasniuk II (jun) and Krasniuk II and Kozlova Zh M} } @article {1292, title = {Resveratrol: Latest Scientific Evidences of its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1779-1791}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1779}, abstract = {

Background: Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol possesses many biological properties with great potential to develop into various products. In order to cure a wide variety of diseases, resveratrol has attracted a great deal of attention for medicinal purposes. Objective: The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive literature summary of latest scientific evidences on the chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol. Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect, using keywords {\textquotedblleft}source{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}chemistry{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}bioavailability{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}pharmacokinetics{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}isolation{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anticancer{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}analgesic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiinflammatory{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antidiabetic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}nephroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}neuroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiobesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}cardioprotective effects{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antioxidant{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anti-aging{\textquotedblright} with resveratrol. After a detailed screening process for inclusion and exclusion, the information obtained was summarised. Results: The information on the source, chemistry, bioavailability, biological and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol were tabled. In various pathological conditions, resveratrol can be considered as powerful antioxidants along with multidimensional molecular targets such as NF-ҡB, MAPK, AMPK, SIRT-1, Nrf-2, m-TOR, PI3K/Akt and PPAR-γ signaling pathways. Conclusion: Based on the existing knowledge, we may believe that resveratrol has a significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases. To accelerate the development and utilization of resveratrol as promising products, in-depth studies should be focused on exploiting its properties and developing phytopharmaceuticals.

}, keywords = {Bioavailability, Inflammatory cytokines, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Resveratrol, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.240}, author = {Nur Mursyida Saad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1157, title = {A Review on Genus Saurauia: Chemical Compounds and their Biological Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {657-666}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Introduction: Saurauia plant has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases suffered by villagers at various places in the world. These species are widely used traditionally by the community as antidiabetic and digestive problems{\textquoteright} remedy. This paper will present various uses and researches ever carried out by researchers in the world on various types of the genus Saurauia. Methods: The Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports. Results: This review summarizes the existing information on several species of Saurauia in relation to their chemical compounds and biological activity. There are some of chemical compounds present and identified in Saurauia, i.e. 3β-hydroxy-Olean-12-en- 28oic acid; 3,19-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid; 3-hidroksi, 12(13)-en, 28-oleanolat acid; actinidin; several monoterpene lactones; seven triterpenoids, namely, cis-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; trans-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; ursolic acid; oleanolic acid; corosolic acid; maslinic acid; and β-amyrin; and two steroids, stigmasterol; and β-sitosterol. There are several biological activities afforded by Saurauia i.e. antioxidant activity, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic activity, antihyperlipidemic, analgetic activity, antimicrobial activity, wound-healing activity and immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Biological activity, Chemical compounds, Human disease remedy, Saurauia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.97 }, author = {Gunawan Pasaribu and Emil Budianto and Herry Cahyana and Endang Saepudin} } @article {1202, title = {A Review on Phaseolus vulgaris Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1160-1164}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1160}, abstract = {

Medicinal herbs have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since antiquated times. Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. (Family-Fabaceae) commonly known as French bean, is a most consuming carbohydrate and protein rich food crop having medicinal values. This plant having diverse compounds like carbohydrate, proteins, flavonoids, Saponins, tannins and phenolic acid. The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Possess having anti-urolithiatic activity and anti- obesity activity. This review provides a summary of phytochemistry and pharmacological effect of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., The plant can be further investigated for other pharmacological activities as it contains variety of chemical constituents and it is a commonly using food crop and medical remedies of this plant are sync with nature.

}, keywords = {Food crop, Obesity, Phaseolus vulgaris Linn, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.163}, author = {M Devi and S Dhanalakshmi and GE Thillai Govindarajan and BA Tanisha and Talluri Sonalika and JE Ruth and T Avinash and C Jethendra Sri and K Logeswaran and M Nithish Ramasamy} } @article {1304, title = {Review on Plants for Management of Diabetes in India: An Ethno- Botanical and Pharmacological Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1801-1810}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1801}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent chronic disease, which is recognized as a common threat to health in the last decade, especially in Asia. It is a lifestyle disease which may cause a number of complications in the body of humans like cardiac failure and dysfunctioning of urinary tract. Materials and Methods: The data is obtained from various search tools and electronic databases like, scientific literature, Google scholar, Google, Pubmed, Web of science and Scopus. Results: Major therapy for diabetes is insulin, oralantidiabetic drugs, and herbal treatment. However, insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs come with a number of side effects and cannot be afforded by people with below poverty line. The herbal medicines have performed a satisfactory clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, pharmacological \& phytochemical screening of medicinal plants has also witnessed the hypoglycaemic effects of these plants in treating diabetes mellitus. Majority of the modern drugs like metformin, atropine, digitalis, etc. are also originated from plants. Conclusion: The current paper presents a review of medicinal plants used for diabetes management in India. The therapeutic potential, ethnobotanical use, and their pharmacological evaluations are highlighted for harnessing the anti-diabetic potential of these plants by the Indian healthcare system.

}, keywords = {Diabetes management, Ethnopharmacology, Herbal drugs, India}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.243}, author = {Shikha Dixit and Sugandha Tiwari} } @article {1305, title = {The Role of Recombinant Parathormone derivative in Bone healing. Making the Unfavorable, Favorable - A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1753-1768}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1753}, abstract = {

Background: Teriparatide is a recombinant parathormone derivative encompassing the first 1-34 amino acids off PTH, which is said to contain potent anabolic capability. It is said to induce osteoblastogenesis thereby placing an essential role in bone healing. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the best available evidence from randomized controlled trials analyzing the effectiveness of teriparatide on bone regeneration and healing in osteoporotic patients and patients with fractures. Aim: This systematic review aims to assess whether Teriparatide enhances bone regeneration and healing in terms of improving clinical, radiographic, histologic parameters and Biomarkers of Bone formation and resorption. Materials and Methodology: A comprehensive search was done in databases such as {\textquoteleft}PubMed{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}Google Scholar and {\textquoteleft}Cochrane{\textquoteright} databases based on pre-determined eligibility criteria. Randomized control trials assessing the effectiveness of Teriparatide in Bone healing in fractures as well as osteoporosis were selected after thorough screening. Results: The selected 13 studies compared teriparatide to either placebo or another anti-resorptive drug. Out of the 13, 8 studies were done to evaluate the improvement and healing of bone in Osteoporotic patients whereas 5 studies were done on improvement in fracture healing. The studies evaluated outcome parameters such as Clinical and Radiological improvement, Biomarkers of Bone resorption and formation and Safety.6 studies assessed clinical parameters, 12 studies assessed radiological parameters, 7 studies assessed biomarkers, 11 studies assessed safety parameters by means of occurrence of any adverse effects. All the 8 studies done on osteoporotic patients showed a good improvement. Of the 5 studies on fracture healing, only 2 studies showed beneficial effects while the other 3 did not show any benefits. Conclusion: Teriparatide could have beneficial effects in bone healing in osteoporotic patients and is well tolerated. However, the results are inconclusive whether they have beneficial effects in treating fractures. More Homogenous Randomized control trials are required to ascertain whether teriparatide could improve bone healing.

}, keywords = {Bone healing, Fracture, Parathormone, Recombinant derivative, Teriparatide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.238}, author = {S Swarna Meenakshi and Sheeja S Varghese} } @article {1014, title = {Rationale for Manufacturing of Cut-Pressed Granules from Herbal Raw Material Rich in Essential Oil: An Example of Chamomile Flowers and Sweet Flag Rhizome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1285-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1285}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, there are at least 43 different dosage forms present on the Russian Federation pharmaceutical market. A novel, unique dosage form {\textendash} cut-pressed granules (CPG) {\textendash} was developed in order to improve manufacturing characteristics and, therefore, quality of herbal drug products released in tea bags. However, treatment conditions may result in decreased levels of active substances in some of the plants, especially those containing essential oil, which is prone to degradation. The aim of this study was to assess feasibility of CPG manufacturing from herbal raw material rich in essential oil. Materials and Methods: Different morphological groups of raw material from two commonly used medicinal plants, chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) flowers and sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) rhizome, were chosen as the objects of the study. Qualitative composition of lipophilic constituents in herbal raw materials and CPG was assessed using thin-layer chromatography. Essential oil content was determined by steam distillation. Results: The results confirmed equivalence of chromatographic profiles for the analyzed raw materials and CPG; thus, granulation didn{\textquoteright}t affect qualitative composition of lipophilic components in chamomile flowers and sweet flag rhizome. The study also showed that the granulation process, in fact, promoted stability of the dosage form: during long-term storage the content of essential oil in all of the assessed cut-pressed granules was equivalent or higher than in corresponding herbal raw material. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Matricaria recutita L. flowers and Acorus calamus L. rhizome can be used as herbal raw material for CPG manufacturing.

}, keywords = {Chamomile, Cut-pressed granules, Dosage form, Essential oil, Herbal drugs, Sweet flag}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.199}, author = {Olga Trifonova and Olga Evdokimova and Vera Prokofieva and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {848, title = {Reduction of Colchicine Content from Radix Gloriosae Superbae Preparata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gloriosae Superbae Radix is a crude drug employed in Thai herbal remedies for several ailments. Colchicine is known as an active constituent in the roots. It was reported that 7-11 mg. of colchicine may causes lethal effect in human. In Thai traditional medical practice, the roots must be treated prior use to prepare Thai herbal preparations. However, pre-treated method has not yet been well established in any literature. This study aimed to document the pre-treated method and to quantitatively compare the amount of colchicine both before and after pre-treated. Methods: Firstly, interviewing with Thai traditional medicine experts and document the pre-treated methods of Gloriosae Superbae Radix to conclude the 2 commonly used methods. Two pre-treated methods (roasting and burning) were chosen for further study. Colchicine in Gloriosae Superbae Radix from 8 sources were analyzed before and after pre-treat by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results: After pre-treat by roasting and burning, amount of colchicine in root were significantly decreased by 40.61{\textpm}9.55\% (p=0.000) and 26.79{\textpm}10.89\% (p=0.001), respectively. Comparison of colchicine contents of samples after roasting and burning, the amount of colchicine decreased non statistically insignificantly (p=0.110). Conclusion: Pre-treats of Gloriosae Superbae Radix by roasting and burning had significantly reduce colchicine content. Both methods have been proven to be the effective ways in preparing certain potentially toxic crude drugs before using in compounding into Thai herbal remedies.

}, keywords = {Colchicine, Gloriosae Superbae Radix, HPLC, Pre-treat method, Thai herbal remedy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.46}, author = {Sasithorn Tandhavadhana and Chayan Picheansoonthon} } @article {797, title = {Reversible Hepatotoxicity of Cassytha filiformis Extract: Experimental Study on Liver Function and Propofol-Induced Sleep in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {69-74}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {69}, abstract = {

Objective: To study the liver toxicity of Cassytha filiformis L. extract and its reversibility in mice. Methods: A total of 108 male mice were used to investigate the hepatotoxicity of Cassytha filiformis extract (CFE) and the reversibility of its toxicity to the liver. Seventy-two mice were treated with CFE orally for 7 consecutive days. A half of these animals were used to study the sleep time on propofol-induced sleep that comprised the sleep onset time (SOT) and duration of sleep (DOS), while another half was used for the quantitation of serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity. To investigate the reversibility of the liver toxicity, thirty-six mice were treated with daily CFE for 7 days. Activities of ALT and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were determined and the liver weight ratio was measured on day 0, 1, 3 and 7 after the termination of the CFE treatment. Data of liver toxicity determination were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple range test, while data of the reversibility was analyzed by Pearson{\textquoteright}s correlation. The significance level was taken at 95\% of confidence interval. Results: CFE shortened the SOT and prolonged the DOS significantly compared with control (p\<0.05). The activity of ALT was increased due to the toxicity of CFE. However, the ALT/ALP activities decreased and liver weight ratio increased gradually after the extract treatment was discontinued. The trend of these data was correlated significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Cassytha filiformis L. extract is toxic to the liver but the toxicity is reversible depending on doses.

}, keywords = {Cassytha filiformis, Liver function, Propofol, Reversible toxicity, Sleep time}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.13}, author = {Yori Yuliandra and Armenia Armenia and Rahmad Arief and Mifta Hul Jannah and Helmi Arifin} } @article {958, title = {Review on Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Genus Anthemis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1155-1166}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1155}, abstract = {

Genus Anthemis of Family Asteraceae contains mainly flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones belonging to germacranolides, eudesmanolides, guaianolides, sterols and essential oils. The Plants of genus Anthemis have been known to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities due to their rich contents of important physiological and biological compounds. They are referred to as nature{\textquoteright}s biological response modifier{\textquoteright}s and are involved in energy transfer, photosensitization and morphogenesis. Several clinical studies have shown that people who take diets rich in flavonoids and sesquiterpenes have reduced risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This article covers most of constituents of plants of genus Anthemis reported from 2002 up to 2018. Furthermore, the biological activities of plants of genus Anthemis will be presented.

}, keywords = {Anthemis, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Flavonoids, Sesquiterpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.180}, author = {Rima Boukhary and Maha Aboul-Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany} } @article {903, title = {A Review on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {624-631}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {624}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. or the blue pine is one of the important conifer that grows all along the Himalayan range from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar and China in the east covering the Himalayan regions of Pakistan, Nepal and India. It is found in the upper region of the mountains and often remains associated with other gymnosperms. The plant is of immense ethnobotanical relevance and finds extensive use among the people inhabiting the mountainous region. They are primarily valued for its timber and used for construction and infrastructural purposes. Medicinally the plant is very much important. Throughout the Himalayan region the plant is used for the cure of a number of diseases including treatment of fever, cough and cold, bone fracture, healing of injury and wounds, rheumatic pain, arthritis, inflammations etc. The plant is rich in terpenoids and flavonoids all of which possess strong antioxidant properties. Methods: Extensive literature survey was made in the internet with pubmed, google scholar forming the search platform to illustrate the traditional usage of the plant among inhabitants of various regions of Himalayas. Informations of traditional usage, chemical constituents and selected pharmacological activities of the plant were pooled from available research papers to frame the review. Results and Outcome: In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the ethnobotanical usage of Pinus wallichiana, its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity highlighting its potentiality as a cheap and affordable source of drugs for the benefit of population of Indian subcontinent and adjoining areas.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arthritis, Conifer, Flavonoids, Himalaya, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.100}, author = {Dwaipayan Sinha} } @article {609, title = {Renin and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition of Standardized Bioactive Fractions of Hyphaene thebaica L. Mart Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {622-627}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit is known in Egypt for its antihypertensive activity. However a standardized herbal extract/fraction was never prepared. Methods: A biologically guided fractionation was carried out in-vitro for the 50\% and 70\% ethanol extracts of Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit using the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and renin inhibition assays. A validated reversed phase HPLC method was developed for the standardization of the active fractions. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of the 70\% extract contained higher percentages of the three bioactive markers chlorogenic acid, quercetin and apigenin (1.940 \± 0.140\%, 2.994 \± 0.349\% and 0.612 \± 0.0354\%, respectively) relative to the ethyl acetate fraction of the 50\% extract (1.384 \± 0.157\%, 0.342 \± 0.0834\% and 0.070 \± 0.00225\%, respectively). The butanol fraction of the 70\% extract was found to possess the highest antihypertensive activity (93.69 \± 5.695 \% renin inhibition activity at 0.5 mg/mL and IC50 of 0.001436 +0.00044 mg/mL for ACE inhibition activity). A standard calibration curve for the three compounds was established at a concentration range of 0.1-50 \μg/Ml, they showed good linearity with a correlation coefficient (R2) of (1.00, 1.00 and 0.999; respectively). A high degree of precision (relative standard deviation values \<5\%) was achieved. The limits of detection for the three compounds were 0.428, 0.368 and 0.849; respectively, while the limits of quantitation were 1.29, 1.11 and 2.57, respectively. Conclusions: Current results showed that the butanol fraction of the 70\% extract revealed the highest antihypertensive activity through ACE and renin inhibition mechanisms. In addition, recorded observations concerning linearity of the used bioactive markers offer a support for the possible utility of the tested fractions as potent standardized antihypertensive drugs.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Doum, HPLC, Phenolics, standardization, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.102}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/640}, author = {Noha A Khalil and Amira Abdel Motaal and Khaled Meselhy and Soad M Abdel khalek} } @article {595, title = {Repairing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers. on Lupus Nephritis Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers (KP) has an immunosuppressive effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Based on it, this research aimed to determine the repairing effects of aqueous extract of KP on lupus nephritis mice and identified its active compound. The KP extract profile was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. We examined six mice groups consisting of three curative treatment groups, one standard group receiving prednisone, one preventive group receiving KP extract, and one healthy (healthy and untreated) group. At the end of the experiment, we measured the proteinuria and renal histology parameters. To recognize the active compound in the KP profile, we performed in silico assays for the flavonoid compounds to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. We played in silico tests for the flavonoid compounds to identify the active compound in the KP profile. We found the repairing effect of KP was detected in the kidney, demonstrated by its low proteinuria level and its better tissue structure. In the curative group, the urine protein level and its glomerular inflammation decreased. In the preventive group, the aqueous extract of KP could prevent lupus nephritis manifestations in the kidney. Bryophyllin A is the most active compound of the KP. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanism involved. We conclude, the aqueous extract, especially its bryophyllin A, have beneficial effects in repairing the function and tissue structure of lupus manifestations in mice kidney.

}, keywords = {Docking, Glomerulonephritis, Inflammation, Lupus, Proteinuria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.89}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/522}, author = {Niken Indriyanti and Afrillia Nuryanti Garmana and Finna Setiawan} } @article {500, title = {Review on Ethnomedical Uses, Pharmacological Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Samanea Saman(jacq.) Merr. Rain Tree}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {202-209}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {202}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants have been used as therapeutic drug throughout the world. But, a very few of them have been scientifically validated. Samanea Saman belongs to the Leguminosae family commonly known as rain tree and is native to tropical America. S.saman tree has different parts like a leaf, fruits, pods, seeds, and wood. S.saman is currently studied for the production of biogas which is easily obtained in the urban and rural areas. S.saman has been used in traditional medicine as a remedy for the treatment of different diseases. The phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of alkaloids\–C8H17ON and C17H36ON3 pithecolobine and saponin (samarin). Natural products are mainly derived from medicinal plants, which are tested in vitro and in vivo models and used to investigate the mechanism of action of drugs with potential biological properties. Additionally, S.saman were recommended as the suitable tree for planting in the urban environment as this species can reduce the outdoor temperature for all types of ground covers. This review is mainly focused on antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-diabetic potential, insecticidal, antifungal, analgesic, anti-ulcer and cytotoxic activities. However, this study helps to develop new strategies for the designing of novel drugs to treat various diseases related to human race.

}, keywords = {Chemical constituents, Gas production, Nanoparticles, Pharmacological activities, Samanea saman}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.35}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/465}, author = {Shanmugam Vinodhini and Devi Rajeswari V} } @article {636, title = {A Review on Himalayan Pine Species: Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Aspects}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {611-619}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {611}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ever since ancient times, medicinal plants recognized as major source of therapeutics, as rescue for human diseases and maintain health. There is an exponential increase in usage of green medicines due to less cost and fewer side effects. The family Pinaceae, is largest conifer in species diversity. Pinus is the largest genus of monoecious, resiniferous, evergreen trees commonly known as Pines. Three species of pines occur wild in Indian Himalayas Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichiana , Pinus gerardiana. In addition, the constituents present in these plants are beneficial for the purpose of treatment of various ailments. Methods: Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search tools( Medline, Pubmed etc.) Results: This review summarizes the existing information on three species of Pinus in relation to their pharmacognostic properties, phytochemistry, ethanopharmacology and pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Ethanopharmacology, Himalayas, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pinus, Pinus gerardiana, Pinus roxburghii, Pinus wallichina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.100}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/678}, author = {Aditi Sharma and Lalit Sharma and Rohit Goyal} } @article {458, title = {A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Alpinia galanga}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {09-15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Introduction: From the ancient Vedic era, green plants are being used for their medicinal properties to treat several diseases. Green plants represent a big source of bioactive compounds. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) of Zingiberaceae family is one amongst those medicinally important plants. Different parts of the plant are used in the treatment of many diseases for its anti-fungal, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antiulcer and many other properties. Several active compounds such as 1\’S-1\’-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1\’S-1\’-acetoxyeuginol acetate, 1, 8-cineol, \α-fenchyl acetate, \β-farnesene, \β-bisabolene, \α-bergamotene, \β-pinene, \β-Sitosteroldiglucoside (AG-7), \β-sitsterylArabinoside (AG-8), 1\’-acetoxychavicol acetate (galangal acetate), p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde has been extracted from the plant. Methods: Relevant information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search using Medline, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Results: This review provides a comprehensive report on Alpinia galanga having anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti angiogenic as well as cytotoxic efficacy and their mode of action in vitro as well as in vivo condition. Conclusion: Considering the ability of the golden treasure present in Alpinia galanga, this review is aimed to summarize the information of the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of the plant.

}, keywords = {1{\textquoteright}s{\textquoteright}-1{\textquoteright}- Acetoxychavicolacetate, Alpinia galanga, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Bioactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.2}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/357$\#$ref28}, author = {Anirban Chouni and Santanu Paul} } @article {724, title = {A Review on Phytopharmacopial Potential of Epilobium angustifolium}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1076-1078}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1076}, abstract = {

Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years, and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources which are based on their use in traditional medicine. Epilobium angustifolium L is a perennial herbaceous plant that belongs to the Onagraceae family. It exhibits various therapeutic properties like anticancer, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging properties. Epilobium angustifolium L. contains polyphenols and secondary metabolites like oenothein B. Information was collected via Medline, PubMed, and Science Direct. Also some data have been collected from scientific journals, books, and reports. This review gives the current information on the chemical composition, traditional uses, and documented biological activities of Epilobium angustifolium L. These studies reveal that Epilobium angustifolium L is a source of medicinally active compounds and have various pharmacological effects. These studies will be helpful to create interest toward Epilobium angustifolium L and may be useful in developing a new direction for further research.Epilobium angustifolium L.is a medicinally important plant belongs to Onagraceae family. Extract from the plant is used in the treatment of many diseases for its anti-tumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ulcer and many other properties. The medicinal properties of fireweed have been attributed to its high content in polyphenols and more particularly to the most abundant of its secondary metabolites: Oenothein B.

}, keywords = {Biological activities, Epilobium angustifolium L, Herbaceous, Oenothein B, Pharmacological Effects}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.181}, author = {Prasad Kadam and Manohar Patil and Kavita Yadav} } @article {610, title = {Role of Catecholamine Pathways in Action of Orexin B Induced Open Field Activity by Nucleus Accumbens in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {628-632}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {628}, abstract = {

Aims: To elucidate whether exploratory behaviour changes following Orexin B infusion in NAc is mediated through catecholamines in male Wistar rats. Methods: Inbred male Wistar rats (n= 24) were divided into three groups. Control, Treated 1 (Orexin B) and Treated 2 (Orexin B antagonist) groups. Using stereotaxic method, guide cannula was set in place bilaterally to reach Nucleus Accumbens. Orexin B and its antagonist, TCS-OX2-29 were infused in separate groups of overnight fasted rats. Following open field activity, catecholamines (Dopamine, Adrenaline, and Noradrenaline) were estimated in brain tissue homogenate by ELISA. Data were expressed as mean\±SEM (ANOVA; Student-Newman Keuls test,).p\<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: Orexin B infusion significantly increased noradrenaline levels in Nucleus accumbens when compared to controls. TCS-OX2-29 significantly decreased noradrenaline in Nucleus accumbens during open field exploration activity. Adrenaline was not altered significantly during open field activity. Conclusion: These results suggest that Orexin B, which plays a role in the regulation of motor and exploratory behaviour when infused in NAc mediates these actions through noradrenergic neurotransmission in Nucleus Accumbens.

}, keywords = {Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Nucleus Accumbens, Orexin B, TCSOX2- 29}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.103}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/641}, author = {Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Ganaraja Bolumbu and Santosh Mayannavar} } @article {687, title = {The Role of Pomelo Peel Extract for Experimentally Induced Wound in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {885-891}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {885}, abstract = {

Introduction: Delayed wound healing is a chronic complication in diabetic patients than in healthy individuals. Pomelo belongs to the genus Citrus of the family Rutaceae, an important fruit with great benefits for humans in the world. Previous studies showed that pomelo peels contain an abundant bioactive compound, which may promote wound healing in experimental animals. Aim: The current study was carried to prepare optimized extraction of pomelo peels using different experimental conditions and investigate the possible healing effect of oral treatment with pomelo peel extract (PPE) on induced excision skin wound in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This study was done on rats divided into five groups each of 8 rats (two treatment groups given PPE (400 and 600) mg/kg by oral gavage compared to two control groups and standard plant for wound healing). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg\kg body weight. After diabetes induction, full thickness excision wound was made in rats, and the study continued for 3 weeks. Results: This study showed significant reduction in blood glucose and both percentage and time to wound closure in the treated groups, also a significant increase in hydroxyproline and total protein content of the healed wound tissue in the treated groups compared with control groups and comparable to standard plant extract treated groups. Conclusion: Experimental data proposed that oral administration of pomelo peel extract rich in vitamins and flavonoids has a good therapeutic potential in the treatment of complicated wounds in diabetes.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Peel, Pomelo, Vitamin C, Wound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.149}, author = {Asser Ashraf Ahmad and Ihab Ibrahim Al Khalifa and Zead Helmi Abudayeh} } @article {359, title = {RETRACTED: Antioxidant and Anti-Hypercholesterolemic Potential of Vitis vinifera Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2017}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Grapes (Vitis vinifera) are universally appreciated fruit for their delicacy, nutrition and accepted as functional food. The objective of the present study is to evaluate antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic potential of Vitis vinifera leaves extract. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of methanolic (VVME) and aqueous (VVAE) extract was carried out to identify the phytoconstituents. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by employing in-vitro and in vivo assays. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity was evaluated by inducing hypercholesterolemia with high cholesterol diet for 21 days in experimental animals. Results: In VVME, total tannins, total flavonoids and total phenolic contents were found to be present in major amount. Both extract has significant in-vitro and in-vivo antioxidant efficacy. Different doses i.e. 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of VVME and VVAE significantly attenuated the lipid levels. Moreover, VVME was found to be more effective as compared to VVAE and also, effectiveness was confirmed with histological results. Conclusion: It can be concluded that antioxidant and anti-hypercholesterolemic efficacy of Vitis vinifera might be due to presence of antioxidant property and active phytoconstituents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cholesterol Diet, Hypercholesterolemia, Total Phenolic Content Etc., Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.90}, author = {Sushma Devi and Randhir Singh} } @article {217, title = {A Review of Pharmacognostical Studies on Moringa oleifera Lam. flowers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Moringa oleifera Lam. of the family Moringaceae, popularly called \‘miracle tree\’ is a native of sub Himalayan tracts of Northern India and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Research on Moringa mainly pivoted around its leaves and seeds because of their immense nutraceutical potential but recently there is a greater interest in flowers too, mostly inspired by the positive outcomes of several pharmacognostical studies on flowers. Moringa flower is a rich reservoir of bioactive phytochemicals and crude flower extracts showed promising antibacterial, antifungal, anti larval, antioxidant, anti inflammatory and anticancer properties. This review concisely presents the various phytochemicals identified and isolated as well as the various bioassays employed to validate the therapeutic potential of flower. It is prepared after a detailed search on Google scholar. Reports on Moringa oleifera flower were sorted and tabulated based on the bioassays performed and solvents used for extraction. A grading pattern is adopted for comparing efficiency of different extracts in eliciting bioactivities. Many of these studies are at the preliminary stage but two of them present advanced mechanisms. First is the presence of a proteinaceous larvicidal compound \‘MoFTI\’ in the flower capable of inhibiting larval trypsin of Aedes aegypti. The second describes flower extract\’s anti inflammatory mechanism effecting via NF-KB pathway and consequent suppression of inflammatory mediators\’ activation, but short of identifying lead compound/compounds behind this effect. Thus authors suggest further studies to elucidate the detailed mechanisms, identify and isolate the active compound or compounds of synergism behind the many therapeutic potential of the Moringa flower extracts.

}, keywords = {Bioactivity, Bioassay, Extracts, Flower, GCMS, Moringa, Phytochemicals, Therapeutic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.1}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.1.1}, author = {Tom Mathew Kalappurayil and Benny Pulinilkkumthadathil Joseph} } @article {184, title = {Rasayana Herbs of Ayurveda to Treat age Related Cognitive Decline: An Update}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {411-423}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cognitive decline associated with aging could be minor or major neuro-cognitive disorder presenting with progressive intellectual deterioration interfering with day to day activities. Behaviour and personality changes may complicate the life in due course. Significant increase in global prevalence of people aged above 60 years has raised concerns on effective management of old age problems. Age related cognitive deficits and dementia raise to the level of epidemics and established management is yet underway. Principles of preventive health and rasayana (rejuvenative) herbs of Ayurveda are being extensively researched up on for their effectiveness in dementia. In this fourteen such herbs with anti dementia property are discussed with relevant research update. Methods: Herbs like amalaki (Emblica officinalis), hareetaki (Terminalia chebula), haridra (Curcuma longa), manduka parni (Centella asiatica), aindri (Bacopa monniera), yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis), vacha (Acorus calamus), jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculata), kushmanda (Benincasa hispida), Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi), ashvagandha (Withania somnifera) and kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens (Linn.)) are already proven of their efficacy in experimental and preclinical levels. The contents and research evidences are collected from ayurveda database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha and other authentic literature, Google scholar, Science direct, online and print journals. Discussion: The herbs in discussion mostly act on reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress injury by antioxidant properties and neuroprotective activity. Acetylcholine esterase inhibition, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate antagonism, Dopaminergic activity, Anti-amyloidogenic activity, Inhibition of Tau aggregation, neuroprotection and immune modulation are activity path ways. Tridosha namely Kapha, Pitta and Vata may be viewed to be categorically predominant in initial, middle and final stage of dementia. Selected herbs thus can be specific based on the pathology and relevant dosha predominance. Conclusion: Rasayana herbs with current updates and inferences can serve as an eye-opener for further researches at molecular and clinical aspect.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, cognitive decline, Dementia, Herbs, Medhya, Rasayana.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.1}, author = {Reena Kulkarni and Suhas Kumar Shetty and Rajarajeshwari N M and Prasanna Narasimha Rao and Nayan J} } @article {216, title = {Revelation of β-sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {610-613}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Background: Fruit juice of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Vrindamadhava that is recommended for internal use in snake\’s bites. The fruits have been reported to contain good amount of proteins, enzymes, Vitamin B1 and C1 flavonoid C-glycoside, terpenes, phenolic acids and free sugars such as glucose, rhamnose, mannitol, uronic acid, astilbin, catechin, naringenin, pectic polysaccharides and even some trace metals. Polyalthia longifolia (PL) has been well known for its ayurvedic preparations such as Sitaphala kula, Kaphapitashama, Anulomak and Krimighna. PL leaves has been reported to contain phytoconstituents like polylongine, Aporphine-Noxide alkaloids, allo-aromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide, \β-caryophyllene, \β-selinene, \α-humulene, \α-pinene and camphene. Carissa congesta (CC), known as Bengal currant, have yielded 2-acetyl phenol, carissone, carindone and Des-n-methylnoracronycine. \β-sitosterol, an important phytoconstituent recognized from all these selected plants has been well known for its ethnopharmacological importance. In this new study, the research team members has focused on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves by subjecting the extract to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Materials and Methods: BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by suitable extraction methods. In HPLC, peaks obtained in the extracts were compared with the standard by matching their retention time. Results: The amounts of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts obtained at 254 nm were found to be 36.00, 7.46 and 3.21\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: Thus, BH, PL and CC extracts were said to contain \β-sitosterol as a key constituent.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.15}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {138, title = {A Review of Literature on Punarnavadi Mandura: An Ayurvedic Herbo-Mineral Preparation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {180-184}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {180}, abstract = {

Background: Punarnavadi Mandura is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparation primarily used as an anemia correcting agent while its role in other clinical conditions has also been studied. Objective: To understand the role of Punarnavadi Mandura in controlling anemia and other clinical conditions and its pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties. Methodology: A search of literature was carried out using \“Punarnavadi Mandura\” as the only key word and a total of 33 literatures were obtained of which 5 titles were finally selected for the review. Results and Discussion: Of the 5 studies identified 3 studies focused on the role of Punarnavadi Mandura as an anemia correcting agent, one study identified its role in other clinical condition (Diabetic Nephropathy), one study focused on the pharmacog\­nostical and phytochemical analysis while one study focused on both the analysis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties and its role as an anemia correcting agent. As per these studies Punarnavadi Mandura is an effective remedy for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) of all ages. Statisti\­cally significant result has been obtained in subjective and hematological parameters. Furthermore its role in other clinical conditions has also been found effective, especially in Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), as a Naimithika Rasayana. Punarnavadi Mandura is currently a part of National health programme and is included in ASHA drugs kit for the management of IDA at community level. Conclusion: Given the efficacy of Punarnavadi Mandura in IDA, at all ages, its usage should be fostered more in Indian communities especially the rural communities where IDA is endemic.

}, keywords = {Anti-anemic, ASHA drugs kit., Iron Deficiency Anemia, Naimithika Rasayana, Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.2}, author = {Janmejaya Samal and Ranjit Kumar Dehury} } @article {175, title = {Review of the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Euphorbia hirta Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {310-313}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

The use of plant extract to cure diseases has been the traditional way used in many parts of the world. The synthetic drugs used now are more prone to cause side effects than curing the disease. Hence, the use of plant extract has now emerged due to their effective action against the disease without causing any side effects. The plants belonging to the family called Euphorbia are widely used in medicine for its wide medicinal properties. The plant Euphorbia hirta has properties like anti-bacterial, anti-diarrheal, anti-allergic, diuretic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic and sedative activity. This review contains the detailed information about all the properties of E. hirta.

}, keywords = {Anti-apoptotic., Anti-bacterial, Anti-oxidant, Diuretic, Euphorbia hirta, Sedative}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.2}, author = {Juveriyah Kausar and Durai Muthumani and Agaath Hedina and Sivasamy and Vijaya Anand} } @article {113, title = {Role of Plant Based Lectins in Identifying Rare Bombay Blood Group}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {70-71}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Background: Lectins are proteins found in a diversity of plants and organisms. They possess the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes with known carbohydrate specificity. Methods: A lectin named Anti H is used in identification of a very rare and important blood group named Bombay blood group is extracted from the plant Ulex europaeus. Our study was done to calculate the prevalence of Bombay blood group in our Indian population using the plant based extract lectin anti H. Blood grouping was done using the tube technique using commercially available antisera. Results: Out of the total 11,512 blood samples collected and analysed, two samples were identified to be Bombay blood group. The prevalence of Bombay blood group in our study is .017\%. The prevalence of the Bombay blood group varied slightly among different regions in parts of India. Conclusion: Anti H Lectin helped in identifying Bombay Blood Group which would otherwise have been missed in routine blood grouping. Plant based lectins will perform an important role in the field of transfusion medicine in near future.

}, keywords = {Blood grouping, Bombay phenotype, H antigen, Lectin, Ulex Europaeus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.15}, author = {Raj Bharath Rudrappan and Krishnan Veeran} } @article {1474, title = {Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed Musli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {16th Jan, 2015}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210}, abstract = {

Objectives: We aimed to develop, compare and optimise rapid and high yield extraction method for saponins of safed musli using conventional extraction techniques and as well as modern microwave assisted solvent extraction method. Materials and methods: Roots of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) are extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and microwave methods. Extract further fractionated to obtain total saponins. Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is optimised using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Total saponins are estimated by High Performance Thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC) from all extracts obtained by different methods. Results: Factors namely temperature, irradiation time, irradiation power and powder size which potentially affects extraction efficiency are considered while optimizing MASE by statistical orthogonal array design procedure and saponins are quantified using HPTLC. Under developed optimum conditions, MASE showed significantly higher yield (5.11\%) and drastic reduction in extraction time (4 min) than conventional extraction methods. Conclusion: saponins of safed musli shown highest yield in MASE and then maceration, soxhlet and sonication followed. The developed and optimised method of saponin extraction by MASE can have huge industrial applications after scale up.

Key words: HPTLC, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Maceration Saponins, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Maceration Saponins, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design.}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Bhushan Arun Baviskar and Ashwini Suresh Rangari} } @article {50, title = {Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed musli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210}, abstract = {

Objectives: We aimed to develop, compare and optimise rapid and high yield extraction method for saponins of Safed musli using conventional extraction techniques and as well as modern microwave assisted solvent extraction method. Materials and methods: Roots of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) are extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and microwave methods. Extract further fractionated to obtain total saponins. Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is optimised using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Total saponins are estimated by High Performance Thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC) from all extracts obtained by different methods. Results: Factors namely temperature, irradiation time, irradiation power and powder size which potentially affects extraction efficiency are considered while optimizing MASE by statistical orthogonal array design procedure and saponins are quantified using HPTLC. Under developed optimum conditions, MASE showed significantly higher yield (5.11\%) and drastic reduction in extraction time (4 min) than conventional extraction methods. Conclusion: Saponins of Safed musli shown highest yield in MASE and then maceration, soxhlet and sonication followed. The developed and optimised method of saponin extraction by MASE can have huge industrial applications after scale up.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Maceration Saponins, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.1}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Bhushan Arun Baviskar and Ashwini Suresh Rangari} } @article {1497, title = {Role of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract on high fat diet induced hypercholesterolemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {108-116}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the Antihypercholesterolemic effect of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract by performing in vivo studies and to check out its effects by evaluating parameters like food consumption, weight gain, fecal fat excretion, serum and liver lipid \&biochemical profiles. Even the study includes confirmation of activity by the histopathological studies. Methods: Animals were fed with cholesterol rich high fat diet. Food intake, Body weight and fecal fat excretion were measured. Serum and liver samples were analyzed for the estimation of lipid profiles and other biochemical parameters by using different kits. Histopathological study on liver, aorta, heart and adipose tissue was done to ensure the activity. Results: The animal group administered with methanolic extract of the plant has shown decreased levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, TG, HDL+VLDL, VLDL+LDL, LDL/TC, AI, SGOT, SGPT and elevated levels of HDL, HDL/TC in a dose dependent manner significantly (p\<0.01 \& p\<0.05). The evaluation of liver tissue of animal groups treated with herbal extract and standard had shown increased levels of SOD, GSH and Catalase, whereas levels of SGOT, SGPT, Total glucose, HMG-CoA, lipase, amylase and percentage of monaldehyde were decreased when compared with high fat diet fed rats. Body weight and Food intake in treated groups were significantly lower than that in model control. Conclusion: It can be confered from the present studies that the Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract have strong activity against hypercholesterolemia and obesity suggesting a potential benefit as antihypercholesterolemic agent.

key words: Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry, High fat diet, Lipid profile, Histopathological studies.

}, keywords = {Boswellia Ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry, High Fat Diet, lipid profile}, author = {D. Sathis Kumar, and David Banji, and A. Harani, and Ch. Pavan Kumar, and JN. Ravi Varma} }