@article {2506, title = {Taxonomy and Pharmacognosy of Bergenia ciliata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {314-322}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

Background: The crude drug (P{\={a}}sh{\={a}}nabheda) described in several pharmacopoeias is the rhizome of the plant species Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. (Saxifragaceae), an evergreen, perennial temperate herb that grows at an elevation of 900-3000 m AMSL in the Indian Himalaya. The rhizome has been used for centuries to treat kidney and bladder stones and rheumatoid arthritis besides the other therapeutic and nutraceutical applications in ethnomedicine, traditional, Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine. Objective: In view of issues in identifying raw material and segregating the adulterants of the crude drug, a pharmacognostic study was undertaken to provide ways for its safe use by obtaining detailed anatomical features of both the rhizome and the root of Bergenia ciliata by means of fresh and dried material. Methods: A brief description of the crude drug and its powder is made available employing the standard microscopic and phytochemical evaluations. Results: Using in-house developed thin-layer chromatography and HPLC methods, bergenin has been isolated in rhizome extract for quality control purposes. Traditional and therapeutic uses of the principal bioactive constituent bergenin, arbutin and the other phytochemical constituents are discussed. Furthermore, an account of raw material specifications for the rhizome, standards used, and regulatory status are presented against the background of the published information. Conclusion: Results presented in the report will further lead to future studies on beneficial and quality control aspects of the rhizome and to develop a potential nutraceutical, dietary supplement.

}, keywords = {Bergenin, Dietary supplement, Kidney stones, Pashanabheda, rheumatoid arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.40}, author = {T. Sudhakar Johnson and Ashit Vora and Vatsavaya S. Raju and Sameer C. Patil} } @article {2494, title = {Tribulus terrestris L. in traditional Mongolian medicine: Medicinal Applications, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {171-178}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Background: Tribulus terrestris L. has traditionally been used in Mongolian medicine for its effects on kidney protection, promotion of urination, and boosting of physical energy. This study investigated the plant{\textquoteright}s historical use, chemical composition, biological effects, and medicinal significance. Methods: A literature review was conducted using classical medical texts, pharmacopoeias, and peer-reviewed articles from international research databases to explore the properties and uses of T. terrestris. Results: Traditional sources, such as book {\textquotedblleft}Essence of spring water, root of the eight-part secret{\textquotedblright}({\textquotedblleft}Rashaan Shim Naiman Gishuun{\textquoteright}t Nuuts Uvdisiin Undes{\textquotedblright}), describe T. terrestris as having sweet and warm properties, mainly used for treating kidney diseases and wind-related disorders (khi). It has traditionally been used to relieve kidney ailments caused by cold, kidney rheumatism, urinary retention, leg and back pain, edema, and male reproductive weakness. Additionally, it is believed to promote urination and enhance the overall vitality. Modern research confirms that T. terrestris exhibits kidney-protective effects owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. It also has mild diuretic effects, supports sex hormone production, and enhances sexual functions. Furthermore, their antioxidant properties have potential anti-aging effects. Conclusion: Modern research confirms the traditional use of T. terrestris to support kidney health, promote urination, and boost physical energy intake.

}, keywords = {Diuretic activity, Nephroprotective effect, Physical performance, Traditional Mongolian medicine, Tribulus terrestris L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.21}, author = {Baigalmaa Dovchinsuren and Ariunaa Damdinsuren and Bolor Bayarkhuu and Mandakhnaran Purevkhuu and Otgonbat Batjargal and Boditsetseg Badarch and Enkhjargal Dorjbal} } @article {2394, title = {Technological Study on The Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts Via Biosynthesis Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1124-1130}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles are better than other metal nanoparticles in terms of antimicrobial activity and stability. Recently, the biosynthesis method has been widely used, known for being ecofriendly and having lower toxicity compared to other methods of obtaining metal nanoparticles. This method is characterized by the use of active pharmaceutical ingredients contained in medicinal plants as stabilizers or bio reducers to produce silver nanoparticles. Methods: In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles using extracts from the upper parts of Cacalia hastata L., Thymus gobicus Czern., and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which were collected from various provinces from Mongolia. These medicinal plants are used as bio reducing agents. We determined the most sensitive light absorption of each sample with purified silver nanoparticles using a UV-M51 ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Sizes and distributions were analyzed through Nanophox Particle Size Analysis, while morphological structure was examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The formations of nanoparticles were determined with instruments such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Results: The appropriate formation times for nanoparticles were 24 minutes with Cacalia hastata L. extract and 16 minutes with Thymus gobicus Czern. extract. XRD analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 38.15{\textdegree}, 44.3{\textdegree}, and 64.55{\textdegree}, indicating the formation of a crystalline structure and confirming the presence of silver nanoparticles. Conclusion: Furthermore, these nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Bio reducing, Eco-friendly, Mongolian plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.183}, author = {Bilguun Enkhbat and Buyankhishig Dorjsuren and Tserennadmid Erdenebaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Zolbayar Baasanjav and Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Shinezaya Dashbaljir and Khatanbold Otgonbayar and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Jambaninj Dambiinyam and Otgonsuren Daramzav} } @article {2233, title = {Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {226-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperuricemia occurs when serum uric acid levels rise above the normal range, typically exceeding 7.0 mg/dl for adults and 6.0 mg/dl for women. This condition can lead to various health issues, including gout, kidney stones, and renal failure. Objective: This study aims to verify the effectiveness of the methanol extract from plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) in reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus) and to establish the optimal dosage for maximum efficacy. Materials and Methods: This analytical experimental research utilized a paired sample T-test Pretest-Posttest design. The mice were divided into five groups: a Negative Control of Na.CMC 0.5\%, a Positive Control of allopurinol at 100 mg/kg body weight, and groups receiving plantain peel methanol extract at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight. Uric acid levels were measured initially, post-caffeine induction on day 7, and post-extract induction on day 14. Results: The study found that plantain peel methanol extract exhibited an anti-hyperuricemic effect in male mice. Among the dosages tested, 400 mg/kg body weight of the plantain peel methanol extract was the most effective in reducing uric acid levels, followed by the 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses. Conclusion: Plantain peel methanol extract is effective in reducing uric acid levels in male mice, with 400 mg/kg being the most efficacious dosage. This suggests potential for further exploration of plantain peels as a treatment for hyperuricemia.

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperuricemic effect, Hyperuricemia, Methanol extract, Mus musculus, Optimal dosage, Plantain peel, Uric acid levels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.32}, author = {Ratna Umi Nurlila and Jumarddin La Fua and Toto Surianto S and Titi Purnama and Muh Ikhsan Idrus and Armayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2401, title = {Testing the Effectiveness of Anti-Aging Cream Preparations with Snakefish Extract (Channa Striata)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1164-1169}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1164}, abstract = {

Background: Skin aging is caused by dry, rough, scaly, less elastic skin with wrinkles and fold lines. Snakehead fish extract has high antioxidant activity so it can be used as an active ingredient in antiaging cosmetics. Objective: The aim of this research was to see the effectiveness of snakehead fish extract cream as an anti-aging agent. Methods: This research method includes formulating snakehead fish extract cream preparations with various concentrations including: 2.5\% (F1), 5\% (F2), 7.5\% (F3), 10\% (F4), evaluating the physical preparations in the form of: organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, stability test, irritation test on volunteer skin, and anti-aging effectiveness test on volunteer skin for 4 weeks with 3 parameter tests, namely water content, pores and wrinkles. Results: The results of the study showed that there were changes that occurred in the volunteers as seen in the measurements of water content, pores and wrinkles on the volunteers{\textquoteright} faces. A good increase in changes was found in the F4 formula (10\%) in the wrinkle parameter test, namely 26.80\%. The number of wrinkles in volunteers from some wrinkles to few wrinkles. The conclusion of this research shows that snakehead fish extract ( Channa striata ) can be formulated in the form of a homogeneous cream dosage with a pH of 5.8 {\textendash} 6.7, and is stable when stored for 12 weeks at room temperature and does not cause skin irritation. Conclusions: There are differences in the results of each concentration of snakehead fish extract cream in influencing anti-aging effectiveness. The best concentration of 10\% snakehead fish extract showed better results compared to other creams in reducing the number of wrinkles on volunteers{\textquoteright} facial skin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Aging Cream, Formula, Snakehead Fish Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.190}, author = {Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Hakim Soleh Harahap and Susi Yanti and Elmi Sariani and Anto J. Hadi and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2364, title = {Training Methods of Basic Life Support in Laypeople to Prevent Death Due to Cardiac Arrest: Scoping Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {953-959}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {953}, abstract = {

Introduction: Most major deaths worldwide are caused by cardiac arrest outside the home. Cardiac arrest is a fatal event and is still a major topic of public health. One effort that can be made to increase community knowledge and skills is to provide Basic Life Support (BLS) training using interesting methods. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify methods of BLS training in laypeople to prevent death from heart attacks. Methods: We conducted a Scoping Review to identify BLS training methods in the community with a search process using appropriate populations, concepts, and contexts. The databases used for article searches are Science Direct, SAGE, PlosOne, Pubmed, NCBI, and Google Scholar. The selection process was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method and conducting a Critical Appraisal using The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results: From 2,996, 11 articles were selected in this review. Some of the training methods that can be carried out are in-person training, using mobile applications, CPR videos, and Virtual reality compression. Conclusion: The BLS training methods can be used to increase the knowledge and skills of ordinary people.

}, keywords = {Basic Life Support, Laypeople., Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.154}, author = {Alamsyah and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and A. Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Muh. Tahir Abdullah and Anwar Mallongi and Tut Handayani} } @article {2408, title = {Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Acute Pain: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1196-1201}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1196}, abstract = {

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a protein that functions as a non-selective channel receptor that is widely expressed in skin tissue, including keratinocytes, peripheral sensory nerve fibers, and immune cells. Several structural features of TRPV1 are involved in heat-induced activation, where stimulation of TRPV1 elicits a burning sensation, reflecting the receptor{\textquoteright}s important role in pain. A TRPV1- mediated signalling pathway that functions as an endogenous pain resolution mechanism by inducing nuclear translocation of β-arrestin2 to minimize desensitization of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). TRPV1 agonists can reduce pain primarily by interfering with pain nerve conduction. Several TRPV1 antagonist drug candidates have failed in clinical trials because by interfering with the detection of the above-mentioned stimuli, they triggered serious side effects such as hyperthermia and painful impaired heat detection. In the case of agonists, systemic administration causes more severe side effects such as respiratory damage. Therefore, only topical preparations with limited effectiveness have been developed. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin is currently the only one approved for the treatment of muscle, bone, neuropathic pain and migraine, and is only available as a low-concentration cream or as a transdermal patch.

}, keywords = {Agonis TRPV1, Capsaicin, Pain, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.196}, author = {Dian Retno Mumpuni and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo} } @article {2053, title = {Tanacetum Parthenium (L.) Sch Bip From Peru: Antioxidant Profile and The Antinociceptive Effect in An Experimental Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {435-437}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch Bip known as {\textquotedblleft}santa mar{\'\i}a{\textquotedblright} (Asteraceae family) is used in Peru for inflammatory diseases and also in colic, stomachache, headaches, diarrhea, among other. Objective: The aim was to determine the antioxidant profile, and analgesic effect of ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves of T. parthenium Material and Methods: Leaves and flowers of T. parthenium were soaked in 96\% ethanol and the obtained extract was analyzed using chemical reactions for identifying each secondary metabolite, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to determine the antioxidant capacity, and the antinociceptive effect was determined by using tail flick method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical study indicates the presence phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and steroids in both extracts. In DPPH assay IC50 showed in leaves and flowers extract 452.10 {\textpm} 10.2 μg/mL and 270.70 {\textpm} 20.6 μg/mL respectively. The antinociceptive effect was better in leaves at doses 300 mg/ Kg than flower extract. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of flowers of T. parthenium showed a high antioxidant activity and antinociceptive effect in mice.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antioxidant, Medicinal Plants., Polyphenols, Tanacetum parthenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.97}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Wilfredo Bulege-Guti{\'e}rrez and Luz Alexandra Javier-Silva and Melva Iparraguirre- Meza and Victor Guillermo Sanchez-Araujo and Elizabeth Julia Melgar-Merino and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {1976, title = {Tectona Grandis Leaves: Determination of Total Flavonoid Content, Phenolic Content, Characterization of the Leaves, and Compound Identification in GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {165-170}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Nowadays, traditional plant study has grown in importance as their use has been increased. Tectona grandis (teak) is one of several plants that have been studied for its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. This plant includes a number of secondary metabolites, which may explain its diverse pharmacological properties. Although teak leaf compounds have been examined in the past, there is still little information on the diversity of teak leaf compounds. As a result, we are employing several methodologies to determine the total flavonoids content, phenolic content, water extractable matter, ethanol extractable matter, total ash content, and other component analysis of teak leaves. We found that the average of total flavonoid content in the teak leaves is about 3.93 {\textpm} 0.008\%w/w, while the average total phenolic concentration in teak leaves is about 4.3{\textpm}0.15\%w/w. The Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry GC-MS study of the methanol extract of T. grandis leaves also found twenty-three active chemical compounds (phytochemical components)

}, keywords = {Ash content, Flavonoids content, GC-MS., Moisture content, Phenolic content, Teak, Tectona grandis, Water content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.24}, author = {Pepi Budianto and Suroto Suroto and Brian Wasita and Diah Kurnia Mirawati} } @article {2127, title = {Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents, Anti-tyrosinase and Antioxidant Activities of Pachyrhizus erosus Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {839-842}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {839}, abstract = {

Background: The storage roots of Pachyrhizus erosus (PE) have been traditionally used as a skin whitening agent in Indonesia and are also consumed fresh in many Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand. However, research on the biological activities of PE is limited. Objective: This study aimed to measure the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and to test the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of PE extracts. The Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric, the Aluminium chloride colorimetric, the DPPH scavenging, and the Dopachrome assays were used for the experiments. Results: The dichloromethane extract had the highest anti-tyrosinase activity (IC50= 2.08 {\textpm} 0.40 mg/mL), total flavonoid content (9.93 {\textpm} 0.02 mg QE/g extract), and antioxidant activity (IC50= 40 {\textpm} 0.02 μg/mL). The largest total phenolic concentration was found in the 80\% ethanol extract, albeit (11.97 {\textpm} 0.55 mg GAE/g extract). Conclusion: Based on its remarkable activities, the dichloromethane extract is recommended for future development in skinlightening products. The study{\textquoteright}s findings conclude that PE extracts may be used as an alternate source of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase agents

}, keywords = {Anti-tyrosinase, Free radical scavenging., Pachyrhizus erosus, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.160}, author = {Pornpun Laovachirasuwan and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {2191, title = {Transmission of Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus in Several Asian Countries Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1244-1249}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1244}, abstract = {

Background: The serotype of the virus that causes infection in a person can influence the severity of the dengue disease experienced so it is necessary to monitor and understand the dengue virus serotypes circulating in an area. Method: We searched for studies through two electronic databases (Pubmed and Scince direct). In the first stage, database search, 74 studies were obtained. The criteria for including studies were four human dengue virus serotypes published in 2013 {\textendash} 2023. In the final search there were 10 studies included. Results: Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Singapore but DENV1 and DENV-2 are the main causes of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV- 1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Indonesia but the prevalence of certain serotypes can vary from year to year and between regions in the country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 have been reported in Nepal but DENV-2 is found in high altitude and cold weather areas. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Pakistan but serotype DENV-1 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in India, however serotype DENV-4 was found to be the main cause of dengue cases both alone and in combination with dengue causes in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Thailand but serotype DENV-2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Sri Lanka but serotype DENV- 2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in China but serotype DENV-2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Conclusion: Countries in Asia remain endemic for all four DENV serotypes, although some genotype- related evolution has been found in certain strains.

}, keywords = {Asian Countries, Dengue virus, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, Serotypes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.225}, author = {Nismawati Natsir and A Arsunan Arsin and Hasanuddin Ishak and Ilham Alimuddin and Masni Masni and Muhammad Nasrun Massi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1786, title = {Ten Commonly Available Medicinal Plants in Malaysia with Potential Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {444-455}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

Background: Malaysia has a diverse range of medicinal plants that utilized to make effective nutritional, folk medicine, and cosmetic preparations. Natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plant extracts have recently gained popularity as protective ingredients in sunscreen formulations due to their safety, wide range of biological effects on skin, and environmental sustainability in absorbing Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and preventing skin damage. Prolonged exposure to UV rays may cause skin damages like sunburn, photoaging, erythema, edema, wrinkle, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen products are becoming more popular among consumers who are becoming more aware of the risks of excessive UV and chemicals in beauty and personal care products. Objective: This review aimed to provide brief information about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties. Methods: In the present review, the relevant literatures were an extensive search from various scientific database including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Graptophyllum pictum, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Andrographis paniculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Camellia sinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Nephelium lappaceum and Murraya koenigii were included based on its potential sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant properties. Results: All the ten medicinal plants reported in this review found to have potential antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. All of these findings well correlated to their potential SPF. The M. indica extracts had the highest SPF value among the ten plant extracts reported in this review, with a value of >=30. This is considered high sun protection action. Extracts of A. paniculata, M. citrifolia, C. sinensis, and G. pictum have a moderate photoprotective effect (SPF value of >=15). Sun protection activity was low in M. oleifera and S. caseolaris (SPF value <= 2). Conclusion: The identification of natural antioxidant and photoprotective ingredients from medicinal plants has demonstrated as a potential natural sunscreen product in protecting UV radiation against damaging UV rays, and therefore recommended to utilize them to replace synthetic chemicals in cosmetics development in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Medicinal plants, Sun protection factor, total flavonoid, Total phenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.57}, author = {Noor Diyana Ibrahim and Lay Jing Seow and Mahendran Sekar and Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani and Pei Teng Lum} } @article {1859, title = {Tender Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) Can Increase Antioxidant Enzymes and Decrease MDA Levels: Experimental Study on Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {469-476}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

Background: Cigarette smoke exposure increase free radicals in the body in the form of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Excessive levels of ROS can cause an imbalance between the amount of oxidants and antioxidants that trigger oxidative stress. The state of oxidative stress can be seen from the decrease in antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Tender coconut water contains a variety of substances that are beneficial to the body, including L-arginine and Vitamin C which can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of giving tender coconut water on increasing antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT and decreasing MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Material and Methods: Experimental research by Post-Test Only Control Group Design study used 24 rats divided into 4 groups, K1 was the control, K2 was the negative control exposed to cigarette smoke, K3 the positive control was given vitamin E and K4 the treatment group. Furthermore, sampling was continued by examining the levels of SOD and CAT using ELISA (Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay), while MDA using spectrophotometry. The SOD, CAT, and MDA data were processed using SPSS with the One Way Anova. Results: The administration of tender coconut water at a dose of 8mL/200grBW/day and vitamin E at a dose of 1.8 mg/200gBW/day for 14 days increasing SOD levels, CAT levels and reduce MDA levels. Conclusion: It can be concluded that tender coconut water can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Cigarette smoke, Malondyaldehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.124}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Helmia Fitri Nurul Aini and Anisa Setyo Rini and Bagus Hidayaturrahman Abiyyu and Elvita Apriska Tiara Dewi and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {1853, title = {Thalassemia β Major in Confirmed Covid-19 Patient: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {445-449}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {445}, abstract = {

The incidence of Thalassemia with confirmed Covid 19 is very rare. The aim of this study is to know the prognosis and evaluate the management of therapy in thalassemia β Mayor patients with COVID-19. This case study describes the progression of Thalassemia β Mayor with COVID 19 starting from how to establish the diagnosis of Thalassemia β Mayor and COVID 19 until how to treat thalassemia β Mayor patients with COVID-19 This case study result describes that COVID 19 aggravates thalassemia β Mayor. Infection can adversely affect thalassemia. Giving Blood transfusions must be done due to anemia in Thalassemia, but it will have an impact on the accumulation of iron in the body which will increase the severity of the infection. The administration of iron-chelation drugs is beneficial for Covid but on the other hand, it is contraindicated in Thalassemia patients.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Infection, Preventable Death, Thalassemia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.119}, author = {Yosua Butar Butar and Puspa Wardhani} } @article {1833, title = {TLC Profiling and Phytochemical Screening of Various Extracts of Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. from Kog Dong Keng Forest, Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {273-277}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. belongs to family Ochnaceae, and it is a traditionally important herb in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical compounds of various extracts from six samples. Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the hexane, dichloromethane and 70\% ethanol extracts were performed for five important phytochemicals namely, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone. Results: Terpene was found in all the samples that were extracted from all extracts, while cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone did not occur in all samples that were extracted from all extracts. Flavonoids were observed in all samples that were only extracted with dichloromethane, whereas it was found in some samples from the other extracts. The hexane extract compound was found in alkaloids in Garcinia cowa and Cryptolepis dubia, while the dichloromethane extract compound was discovered in Suregada multiflora, Capparis micracantha and Salacia chinensis. All samples extracted with 70\% methanol did not contain any alkaloid compounds. Terpene was found in the hexane extracted compounds. Conclusions: These findings suggested that Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. is a potent source of medicinal phytochemical compounds that could lead to its use as medicinal products.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr., Phytochemical compounds, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.96}, author = {Sombat Appamaraka and Chadaporn Senakun and Surapon Saensouk} } @article {1795, title = {Toll Like Receptor 4 Expression Profile in Mice Infected Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Given with Miana Leaves Extract (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth) (Tuberculosis Preventive and Curative Mechanisms)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {497-505}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. During Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, pathogens modulate TLR-4 receptor flow signaling, suggesting possible involvement of TLR-4 in the regulation of the host immune response. This study aims to determine the effect of miana leaf extract on the expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in tuberculosis mice at the preventive and curative stages. Methods: Mice were divided into 3 groups with 7x replication. Providing 14 days of preventive treatment, 14 days of incubation and 14 days of curative treatment. Group 1 and group 3 were given Miana Leaves Extract (EDM) and placebo at all three stages. Group 2 was given EDM at the preventive and incubation stages, then they were given anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT). Results: The results proved that EDM given as a preventive did not increase the expression of TLR-4 protein in healthy mice; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before and after curative EDM increased by 17\%, after administration of placebo increased 97\% and decreased 12\% after OAT curative administration; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before preventive administration and after EDM curative administration increased by 20\%, after administration of placebo increased 102\% and decreased by 10\% after the curative administration of OAT. Conclusions: EDM has potential as antituberculosis with TLR-4 regulatory mechanism.

}, keywords = {Antituberculosis., Miana Leaf, TLR-4}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.63}, author = {Sesilia Rante Pakadang and St. Ratnah and Alfrida Monica Salasa and Jumain and Mochammad Hatta} } @article {1730, title = {Total Phenolic, Flavonoids, and Carotenoids Content and Anti- Obesity Activity of Purslane Herb (Portulaca oleracea L.) Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {08-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to determine total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) of ethanolic extract of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.). Material and Method: Herb of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) was extracted using ethanol. Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) The method used spectrophotometer UV-VIS by the used standard curve to compare the total content by linear regression calculation. Result: The results of this study demonstrated the TPC, TFC, and TCC value was 2.00 mg HE/g DW, 0.53 mg EQ/g DW, 128 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. For anti-obesity, a 200 mg/kg BW sample group had the greatest percentage decrease compared to the other groups (21.868\%). Conclusion: This study showed that Purslane is a good source of flavonoids, phenolic, and carotenoids. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of this plant has prospect potential as anti-obesity.

Key words: Anti-obesity activity; Portulaca oleracea L.; Total phenolics, Flavonoids, Carotenoids content.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.2}, author = {Rizqi Nur Azizah and Andi Emelda and Ira Asmaliani and Islamudin Ahmad and Muammar Fawwaz} } @article {1818, title = {Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Tyrosinase Enzymes from Extract and Fraction of Passiflora ligularis Juss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {672-680}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {672}, abstract = {

Background: Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grows in the cool highlands of Indonesia, one of which is the province of West Sumatera. Sweet granadilla has potent antioxidant activity and can inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Objective: This study was performed to determine content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition in different part of P. ligularis extract and fraction. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, peels and seeds P. ligularis were separately extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using 70\% ethanol. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water. The ethanol extract and active fraction were determining antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH method, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. This study was equipped with analysis of light microscopy, SEM microscopy and LC-MS. Results: The highest total polyphenol content was found in the seed extract 176.22 {\textpm} 1.51 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was found in leaves extract 5.77 {\textpm} 0.48 mg QE/g extract. The highest antioxidant activity by FRAP method was found in seeds extract 80.79 {\textpm} 1.29 g Fe2SO4 equivalent/100 g extract and DPPH method was found in stem extract with IC50 value 9.00 {\textpm} 0.09. The highest percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (1 mg/ml) was found in seed extract 52.4 {\textpm} 2,55 \%. In fraction of seed extract show that ethyl acetate fraction most active than others. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of seed P. ligularis has potent antioxidants and good inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Passiflora ligularis Juss, Sweet granadilla., Tyrosinase, Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.86}, author = {Selvia Wiliantari and Raditya Iswandana and Berna Elya} } @article {1823, title = {Traditional Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Urological and Urogenital Diseases in Ethiopia: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {722-733}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {722}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethiopia is recognized as one of the richest biodiversity in Africa. The present review aimed to compile relevant information on medicinal plants traditionally used to manage urogenital diseases in Ethiopia. Methods: Different literatures published specifically on ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in scientific journals, books, theses and proceedings were reviewed. Data from literatures were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) Version 20 and an Excel spreadsheet and reported using descriptive statistics, frequency, and percentage. Results: A total of 146 medicinal plants are reported in the reviewed literature. It was distributed in 127 genera and 64 families. Cucurbitaceae (7.51\%), Asteriaceae (7.51\%), Euphorbaceae (6.20\%) and Apiaceae (4.80\%) were family{\textquoteright}s accounts of high number of species. A higher diversity of medicinal plants was reported from Southern nations and nationalities (44.5\%), Oromia (41.1\%) and Amhara (27.4\%) regional states. The most frequently reported growth form of medicinal plants indicated in the review was herbs (46.8\%), followed by shrubs (32.6\%). Root (36.2\%) and leaves (35.3\%) were the most used parts. Decoction (26.1\%), concoction (16.5\%) and pounding (11.9\%) were the most frequently reported remedy preparation methods and were administered orally. Conclusion: The present review indicated that urogenital diseases were managed with different medicinal plants throughout the regions of Ethiopian needed scientifically confirmed in order to produce safe and effective drugs from natural products.

}, keywords = {Ethiopia., Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Urological diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.92}, author = {Kebede Feyisa and Wondu Feyisa and Ture Girma and Teyiba Kemal} } @article {1843, title = {Triterpenoids from Agathis robusta Aerial Parts and Their Hepatopotective Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {362-366}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Objective: While Agathis robusta contains important phytochemical constituents and has been linked to a variety of biological activities, there is currently insufficient research on the plant{\textquoteright}s total phytochemical constituents or pharmacological activity. Materials and Procedures: The aerial part of Agathis robusta was extracted with 70\% methanol and was screened for new phytochemical components. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. The hepatoprotective activity of the isolated compounds was investigated. Results: Four known triterpenoids and two new compounds were isolated for the first time from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of A. robusta. Conclusion: For the first time, new triterpenoidal saponins with high hepatoprotective activity have been isolated from the aerial portion of A. robusta. As a result, it is suggested that more emphasis be placed on this plant{\textquoteright}s biological behavior.

}, keywords = {Agathis robusta, Hepatoprotective activity., Triterpenoid saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.108}, author = {Amal H. Ahmed and Shaza A. Mohamed} } @article {1392, title = {Therapeutic Implication of Honey against Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury via Enhancing Antioxidant Potential and Maintenance of Liver Tissue Architecture}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {542-549}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

The current study was undertaken to examine the possible hepatoprotective effect of natural honey against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice. A significant increase in the serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase activity was noticed in mice exposed to CCl4. In addition to this, a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) was observed in CCl4-induction group. However, treatment with honey (400 mg/kg b.w, 4 times/ week) clearly demonstrates significant hepatoprotective activities by lowering the liver marker enzymes towards the normal reference range and restores the antioxidant enzyme levels(p\<0.05). The effect of CCl4 was also noticed microscopically by alteration in liver tissue architecture. The administration of liver toxicant causes, hemorrhage, congestion, necrosis, edema and remarkable blood vessel dilation. Moreover, honey exhibited protective action against this haloalkane in tissue architecture as the severity of liver tissue alteration was significantly reduced (p\<0.05). The expressional pattern of P53 protein in groups treated with CCl4 only as well as honey plus CCl4 was statistically insignificant. In conclusion, this study reveals that natural honey has a remarkable protective effect against CCl4-induced liver toxicity at antioxidant enzyme, histological and protein expression level.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Carbon tetrachloride, Histopathological alteration, Honey, Liver toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.68}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi} } @article {1324, title = {Tinospora Sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Stem Modulate The TNF-Alpha Expression In HCT- 116 Tumour Cell, Besides the Inhibitory Effect on Cervical, Colon and Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37Rv}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {8-16}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Background: The present study was designed to evaluate TNF-Alpha experession, anticancer and antitubercular properties for the stem extracts of Tinospora sinensis (TS). Objective: natural product research is widely used for identifying hit molecules for life threatening diseases including cancer, tuberculosis and drug resistant infections. Materials and Methods: There were three polarity dependant solvent extracts obtained through cold maceration process using ethanol (ELTS), ethyl acetate (EATS) and n-hexane (NHTS), respectively. The extracts were subjected to MTT assay for their anticancer potential against HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HCT116 (colon cancer) cell lines, and based on the results, NHTS was subjected to flow cytometry for TNF-Alpha expression in HCT-116 cells. The antitubercular activity for the extracts was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb) by luciferase reporter phage (LPS) assay method. Results: The result of anticancer screening revealed that n-hexane extracts showed the significant inhibition (p\<0.05) on HCT-116 cells with the IC50 of 177.4 μg/ml, whereas EATS and ELTS were equally active on HeLa with the respective IC50 of 236 and 277 μg/ml. The NHTS was significantly effective on decreasing (P\<0.05) TNF-Alpha expression (31.27 MFU) in HCT-116 cells and is closely active with standard simvastatin (26.7 MFU) against the control (7.06 MFU). The antitubercular activity results revealed the equi-potency of both NHTS and EATS on Mtb with growth inhibition of 84 \% at 100μg/ml. The GC-MS analyses of NHTS confirmed the presence of Berberine, palmatine, tembertarine, magniflorine, choline and tinosporin. Conclusion: Overall, we scientifically support the traditional use Tinospora sinensis stem in the treatment of cancer and immune diseases.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antitubercular, HCT-116, Immunomodulatory, Tinospora sinensis, TNF-Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.2}, author = {Sreelakshmi Bada Venkatappa Gari and Ramalingam Peraman} } @article {1635, title = {Total Phenol Content and Gastric Anti-Ulcer Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1072-1078}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1072}, abstract = {

Objective: Determine the content of total phenols and evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. in mice with induced gastric ulcer. Material and Methods: The bark of Persea caerulea was macerated in 70\% ethanol and the phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The female Mus musculus Balb/c specimens were distributed in the following groups: White Control Group, without indomethacin dosing; Negative Control Group, dosing with indomethacin; Positive Control Group treated with ranitidine at a dose of 50 mg/kg; Groups P. caerulea treated with extract at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Gastric ulcer was induced with indomethacin orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg, the procedure was repeated 12 hours later; Gastroprotective treatment was administered 60 minutes after each dose of indomethacin, 6 hours after the last dose, sodium pentobarbital was euthanized and the stomach was resected to determine ulceration using the Marhuenda Scale. Results: Higher percentages of gastric ulcer inhibition were obtained in the P. caerulea 100 mg/kg (80\%) and P. caerulea 200 mg/kg (85.71\%) groups. Conclusions: Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez., At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight, has a gastric antiulcerative effect which is related to its content of total polyphenols.

}, keywords = {Gastric ulcer, Indomethacin, Mice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.139}, author = {Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and Marco L Salazar-Castillo and Maricielo Vaella-Alarc{\'o}n and Franco Huaccha-C{\'a}ceres and Jonatam Le{\'o}n-Soto and Whendy Alaya-Davir{\'a}n and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1701, title = {Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1673-1677}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1673}, abstract = {

Background: Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays an essential part in the process of melanin synthesis. High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or high stimulation of melanocytes could cause excessive melanin pigments to lead to hyperpigmentation. Objective: This study aimed to find potential natural skin lightening ingredients from Garcinia latissima Miq. Methods: Stem bark, fruits, and leaves of Garcinia latissima Miq. were extracted with successive maceration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm using 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. Results: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test at a concentration of 100 ppm showed that the bark ethyl acetate extract 15.94\% {\textpm} 7.70, bark methanol extract of 28.94\% {\textpm} 5.73, fruit n-hexane extract 25.16\% {\textpm} 10.22, fruit methanol extract 23.26\% {\textpm} 9.10; and leaf methanol extract 30.59\% {\textpm} 0.63 with kojic acid inhibition 65.07\%. Conclusion: Methanol extract of leaf from Garcinia latissima Miq was the most active extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Extract, Garcinia latissima Miq., Succesive maceration, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.215}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Berna Elya and Yesi Desmiaty and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1216, title = {Tacrolimus Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Vietnamese Renal Transplant Recipients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {984-992}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {984}, abstract = {

Background: Use of tacrolimus (Tac) is pivotal to renal transplant (RT) immunosuppressive maintenance regiments. The most frequently used means of Tac monitoring is the measurement of the trough concentration (C0) in whole blood to maintain drug efficacy and minimize the consequences of overexposure. Most previous studies focused on therapeutic drug monitoring of Tac in renal transplant recipients and assessed the clinical response of patients. Our study aimed to describe a real Tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring transplantation and determine the clinical outcomes in Vietnamese adult renal transplant recipients. Methods: This retrospective study including 114 adult renal transplant patients (89 men and 25 women) with a mean age of 35.4 {\textpm} 8.98 years has been performed from August 2012 to March 2018 at Military Hospital 103 (Vietnam). Tac trough concentrations were adjusted according to the target range proposed by the European consensus conference on tacrolimus optimization. Samples for determination of tacrolimus blood levels were subdivided according to the posttransplantation period into three groups (0- 3 months (G1), 3-12 months (G2) and over 1 year (G3). Median Years of follow-up was 15.4 months [range 0.233 to 68.4 months]. Results: A total of 3037 blood samples for the determination of tacrolimus trough concentration were obtained. Median concentrations were 6.7 (4.5 {\textendash} 10.2) ng/ml, 6.4 (5.1 {\textendash} 8.3) and 5.6 (4.5 to 7.1) ng/ml for G1, G2, G3, respectively. After transplantation, three acute rejection (AR) events were documented (Cellular AR: 2, Humoral AR: 1). Cytomegalovirus, BK polyomavirus, Hepatitis B virus and Hepatitis C virus were detected in 7, 4, 7 and 3 renal post- transplant recipients, respectively. There were 5 patients with post-transplant diabetes (NODAT) and all of them had to convert to cyclosporine. 6 patients developed chronic kidney disease (CKD) after transplantation and 2 case with Tac-associated nephrotoxicity with proven biopsy. This observational study provided a real Tacrolimus therapeutic drug monitoring transplantation in Vietnamese renal transplant recipients. Main outcomes were acute rejection, post-transplant viral infections, neurotoxicity, NODAT, CKD, and Tac-associated nephrotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Renal transplantation, Tacrolimus, Therapeutic drug monitoring, Vietnam}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.139}, author = {Van Anh T Nguyen and Thang Viet Le and Manh Van Bui and Toan Quoc Pham and Son The Trinh and Binh Nhu Do and Lien Huong T Nguyen} } @article {1078, title = {Tender Coconut Water Inhibits the Process of Lipid Peroxidation, Reduce Glucose Levels and Increase Plasma Insulin in Pregnant Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {162-167}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes during pregnancy or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) causes oxidative stress and have bad effect for mother and baby, risk of abortion, still birth, premature and preeclampsia. GDM can be prevented by monitoring the glucose level and providing rich antioxidants meals. TCW is a nutritious healthy drink rich in antioxidants, diet rich in antioxidants promotes better health, Inhibits lipid peroxidation and enhances the total antioxidant status. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water can prevent lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels and increase insulin plasma level on pregnant diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental study by post test only control group design, population of pregnant wistar strain rats. Twenty four samples used in this study were randomly divided into 4 groups, K1 (pregnant rats), K2 (pregnant rats+diabetic), K3 (pregnant rats+diabetic+ glibenklamid 0.23 mg/kg BW ) and K4 (pregnant rats+diabetic+TCW 8mL/200grBW). Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kgBW and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kgBW. Data on insulin plasma, glucose and MDA levels were analyzed using One Way Anova with significant level 0.05. Result: The results showed that the average insulin plasma levels in group 2 decreased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it increased compared to group 2. Average glucose and MDA levels in group 2 increased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it decreased compared to group 2. The results of the analysis has the p values 0.000 (p\<0.05). Conclusion:\ TCW can inhibit the process of lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels, increase insulin plasma levels and in pregnant diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {GDM, Glucose, Insulin plasma, Lipid peroxidation, Tender coconut water (TCW)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.24}, author = {Friday Super Nova and Shofa Chasani and Atina Hussanna and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1088, title = {Thin Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting and Clustering of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth. from Different Origins}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {79-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {79}, abstract = {

Introduction: Orthosiphon stamineus has been widely used across Asian countries for the treatment of various diseases. The quality of herbal medicine determine its safety as well as efficacy; and geographical origin is important factor contributing on the quality of herb and its products. Materials and Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method combined with chemometric, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), has been employed to evaluate the quality of Orthosiphon stamineus leaves collected from eleven origins in Indonesia. Results: The results showed that mobile phase suitable for Orthosiphon stamineus was chloroform, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate (7:4:1). The method used has met the requirements of TLC system stability and precision. TLC-fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics showed an ability to discriminate Orthosiphon stamineus from various origins. PCA score plot of the first two principal components (PC) clearly distinguished 3 clusters of samples, whereas the loading plot of the first two PC showed that compounds with the Rf values of 0.0-0.1, 0.1-0.2, 0.2-0.3, and 0.9-1.0 are the most important compounds for clustering of samples. Conclusions: TLCfingerprint combined with the PCA was able to discriminate among the leaves of Orthosiphon stamineus originated from various locations. TLC-fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics can be used as an alternative of marker-oriented method to evaluate the quality of Orthosiphon stamineus.

}, keywords = {Geographical origin, Herbal medicine, Marker, Principal Component Analysis, Quality, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.13}, author = {Kartini Kartini and Ervina Rustiana Dewi and Fandi Achmad and Nikmatul Ikhrom Eka Jayani and Mochammad Arbi Hadiyat and Christina Avanti} } @article {1293, title = {Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bromelain}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1586-1593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1586}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conducted to determine the activity of bromelain enzyme as an anti-inflammatory using the Granuloma Pouch method. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups, namely the positive control group, the bromelain concentration group of 0.1\%; 0.5\%; 1\%, and the comparison group. Experimental animals induced carrageenan 2\% subcutaneously. The dosage form is given topically for 2, 4, and 6 days. The observation was made by measuring the volume of edema, the total number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells on days 2, 4, and 6. Results: The observation results of a positive control group, bromelain concentration 0.1\%, 0.5\%, 1\%, and the comparators, there was a significant decrease for the volume of exudate on days 2, 4, and 6 (p\<0.05). The average total number of leukocytes also decreased significantly (p\<0.05) in the positive control, the bromelain, and comparison group in day 2, 4, and 6. At the same time, the mean leucocyte percentage had no effect (p\>0.05). Conclusion: From the results of the study, it was concluded that the bromelain enzyme at concentration 0.1\%, 0.5\%, and 1\% have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the volume of exudate, and the total number of leucocyte.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bromelain, Exudate, Gel, Granuloma, Leukocyte}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.217}, author = {Elsa Badriyya and Salman and Amalia Refina Pratiwi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Elidahanum Husni} } @article {1247, title = {Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Cordia sebestena L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1311-1316}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1311}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia sebestena L. (Boraginaceae) wildly planted in Jakarta, Indonesia. The secondary metabolites of plants have biological and pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant. The antioxidant activity of plants might be due to their phenolic compounds. Objective: To determine the total phenolic content and evaluate the antioxidant activity of C. sebestena leaves extracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and 70\% ethanol). Materials and Methods: The total phenolic content was determined using spectrophotometric methods with a Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by its ability to inhibit DPPH radicals through IC50 values (ppm). Results: The highest total phenolic content (167.61 {\textpm} 0.56 mg GAE/g) and best antioxidant activity (31.41 ppm) were found in 70\% ethanol extract of C. sebestena compared to other extracts (ethyl acetate \> dichloromethane \> n-hexane). Conclusion: The C. sebestena leaves have a good potential as a source of natural antioxidant, and further research, is recommended to evaluate the antioxidant activity using another method.

}, keywords = {Boraginaceae, Cordia sebestena, DPPH, Folin-Ciocalteu}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.180}, author = {Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti and Endang Hanani and Yuni Sapitri and Wulan Ningrum} } @article {1259, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic of Standardized Extract of Mikania micrantha Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1395-1401}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1395}, abstract = {

Background: Mikania micrantha is a great plant that has been used as raw material for traditional medicines. Objective: This paper aims to evaluate total phenols, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopy of standardized extract of Mikania micrantha leaf to confirm its medicinal values. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method. The phytochemical constituent was screened through the bioactive group of the chemical by FTIR analysis. Results: The total phenolic of extract of Mikania micrantha leaf ranged from 13.19{\textpm}0.74 to 34.24{\textpm}1.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and total flavonoid ranged from 1.11{\textpm}0.11 to 20.63{\textpm}0.16 mg quercetin/g. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O-H, aliphatic CH, and C=O functional group. Conclusion: the result of this study confirm that Mikania micrantha possesses the potential of bioactive compounds which are responsible for the biological activities that are useful for raw material of traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Mikania micrantha, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.193}, author = {Imam Bagus Sumantri and Henny Sri Wahyuni and Lolyta Fiti Mustanti} } @article {1219, title = {Toxicity Assessment, Evaluation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity on Cordia obliqua Fruit Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1005-1011}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia obliqua Willd plant is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is also known as clammy cherry. Very little research was carried out for identification of its medicinal importance when compared to other Cordia species Objective: To determine the safe dose and to explore the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Cordia obliqua fruits Methods: As per our previous study the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were rich in phytoconstituents and exhibited good in vitro antioxidant effect. So the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were used for evaluation of activity. Acute toxicity study (LD50) was conducted according to OECD guidelines. For hepatoprotective activity paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was studied using standard drug like Silymarin. The antioxidant potential] of the plant extracts were tested using three tests viz, Reduced GSH, Catalase and SOD activity Results: Acute toxicity studies showed the non-toxic nature of Cordia obliqua fruit extract upto dose of 3000mg/kg body weight. Administration of Paracetamol to rats increased the levels of marker enzymes like ALT, AST and ALP. Increase in the levels of these enzymes in serum indicates damage to the liver cells. Pretreatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cordia obliqua decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increased levels of total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and comparisons histology of cells of extract which are an indication for the hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The fruits of Cordia obliqua are safe and effective in treatment of hepatic disorders and prevent oxidation of cells.

}, keywords = {Cordia obliqua, Hepatotoxicity, Paracetamol, Silymarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.142}, author = {G Tharun and S Sivakrishnan and JVC Sharma} } @article {1060, title = {Toxicity Assessment of Vachellia karro (Hayne) Banfi and Galasso Pods using Brine Shrimp Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: Vachellia karroo is widely used in folk medicine in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa, however, the pods are usually discarded as waste. This study evaluated the toxicity of acetone, hexane, aqueous and methanol extracts of Vachellia karroo pods using brine shrimp model. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations (0.0625-1 mg/mL) of the extracts were used to incubate the cysts and nauplii of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) to evaluate their effects on the hatching of the cyst and mortality of the nauplii respectively. The percentage of hatched cysts and Lethal Concentration (LC50) needed to kill 50\% of the nauplii were recorded. Results: Successful hatching of the cysts was in order: Aqueous extract\> methanol extract\> hexane extract\> acetone extract. The hatching of nauplii was in a concentration dependent fashion, with hatching success decreasing with increase in concentration of extracts. Conclusion: Lethality of extracts determined based on Meyers{\textquoteright} index of toxicity, revealed that acetone and hexane extracts of V. karroo were moderately toxic.

}, keywords = {Brine shrimp, Cyst, Lethality, Nauplii, Toxicity, Vachellia karroo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.1}, author = {S Maposa and AJ Afolayan and GA Otunola} } @article {919, title = {Tetrahydroxy Flavone from Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn Ex Benth. (Fabaceae) with Novel Kinase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {559-563}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Background: The decoctions of the bark of Acacia auriculiformis are used in folkloric medicine to relieve pain and inflammation and as remedy for cancer. Objective: The aim of this work is to screen the extract and fractions of Acacia auriculiformis for protein kinase inhibitory activity and also to isolate and characterize chemical entities from this plant and evaluate their protein kinase inhibitory activity. Materials and Methods: Kinase inhibitory activity were assayed in appropriate buffer, with either protein or peptide as substrate in the presence of 15μM (33-P) ATP (3,000Ci/mmol; 10mCi/ml) in a final volume of 30μL. Controls were performed with appropriate dilutions of dimethyl sulphoxide. A portion of the Chloroform extract, ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the stem bark of Acacia auriculiformis were screened against a panel of disease-related protein kinases and the active fractions was tested over a wide range of concentrations from 0.016 to 50μg/ml and the IC50 values were determined from the dose response curve. The most active fraction was subjected to chromatographic separation using Silica gel G column chromatography and sephadex LH-20 to give compound I. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated using NMR and LCMS. Results: The Primary screening of the extract and fractions showed that the chloroform extract was inactive against all the protein kinases investigated, while the ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions inhibited all the protein kinases tested. Compound I also inhibited all the kinases tested. The IC50 of the active fractions and compound were also evaluated. Ethylacetate fraction inhibited all the kinases tested with the highest activity against Haspine kinase with IC50 of 1.0 μg/ml, while n-butanol also gave the highest activity against Haspine kinase with 1C50 of 1.3 μg/ml. From the active ethylacetate fractions 3, 4{\textquoteright}, 7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated. The Compound exhibited the maximal activity against DYRK1A kinase with an IC50 of 2.05 μg/ml followed by CDK9 with an IC50 of 2.28 μg/ml. Conclusion: 3, 4{\textquoteright},7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated was found to be a DYRK1A and CDK9 inhibitor which might justify the anticancer potential of this plant.

}, keywords = {CDK9, DYRK1A, Protein kinases, Tetrahydroxyflavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.89}, author = {Augustine A. Ahmadu and Bilqis A. Lawal and Anas Haruna and Lukman Mustapha} } @article {790, title = {Total Phenolic Contents, Quercetin Determination and Anti Elastase Activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves Extract from Different Method of Extractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {124-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: Leaves of M. malabathricum has been detected to contain quercetin and other phenolic contents. Quercetin has been proven to have elastase inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraction method on total phenolic and quercetin contents as well as elastase inhibitory activity of M. malabathricum leaves extracts. Methods: Leaves powder was extracted by two conventional methods, maceration and reflux. Two different concentrations of ethanol were used as a solvent, 70 and 96\% ethanol. Leaves were also defatted with chloroform before further extraction. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and quercetin content was determined by using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Elastase inhibitor activity of leaves extract was determined on human neutrophil elastase in vitro. Results: Generally, 96\% ethanol obtained higher total phenolic and quercetin content than 70\% ethanol. However, defatted extract of 70\% ethanol contained higher total phenolic content than defatted 96\% ethanol. The highest elastase inhibitory activity of the sample was obtained from 70\% ethanol extract with the value of 89.50\% at 200 ppm, which is no significant difference compared to quercetin with the value of 93.86\%. Conclusion: Extraction methods and different concentration of solvents affect the total phenolic and quercetin contents of the extracts. M. malabathricum leaves have potential effect as anti-elastase as well as quercetin, where the anti-elastase activity of M. malabathricum leaves is not only due to quercetin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Extraction methods, Melastoma malabathricum L., Quercetin, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.21}, author = {Thia Amalia and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Silvia Surini} } @article {882, title = {Traditional Usages and Phytochemical Screenings of Selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {505-510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {505}, abstract = {

Background: Zingiberaceae is one of the significant components of the herbaceous ground flora of Southeast Asia tropical forests. This family includes some medicinally important species, in particular the members of genera of Alpinia, Curcuma, Etlingera and Zingiber (Van Balgooy, 2001). Objective: to identify the traditional usages and evaluate for phytochemical screening of selected Zingiberaceae from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Zingiberaceae samples were collected from the Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi Indonesia and its surroundings and evaluated for their phytochemical contents by using TLC method with particular spraying reagents. Results: the plants were used by the local ethnics for different daily and medicinal purposes. All part of each selected species of Zingiberaceae contain flavonoid, tannins, saponins, triterpenoid and alkaloid although steroids were only found in the leaves of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma mangga and Alpinia galanga. Alkaloids were only found in the rhyzome of Etlingera flexuosa, Curcuma aerugynosa, Zingiber montanum. Besides it was also detected in leaves of both Alpinia rubricaulis and Etlingera acanthoides. Additionally, Alkaloids were also discovered in the stem of Ammomum aculeata, Alpinia galanga and Curcuma mangga.

}, keywords = {Central Sulawesi Indonesia, Phytochemical screening, Traditional usages, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.80}, author = {Ramadanil and Damry and Rusdi and Baharuddin Hamzah and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair} } @article {785, title = {Triterpenes and Sterols from Leaves of Hoya meliflua Merr}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {48-52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hoya plants are also called wax plants due to the waxy appearance of their leaves and flowers. Most species are cultivated as ornamental plants. In the Philippines, there are at least 109 species of Hoya; 88 of these are endemic to the country. One of the endemic species is Hoya meliflua often confused with H. diversifolia, which can also be found in other countries. This study is part of our research on the chemical constituents of Philippine native Hoyas. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Hoya meliflua afforded squalene and mixtures of β-amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b) and lupeol (1c) in about 1:1:0.25 ratio; oleanone (2a), ursenone (2b) and lupenone (2c) in about 1:1:0.3 ratio; β-amyrin cinnamate (3a), α-amyrin cinnamate (3b) and lupenyl cinnamate (3c) in about 0.5:0.3:1 ratio; and β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in about 5:1 ratio. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that Hoya meliflua shares similar chemical characteristics with other members of the genus Hoya. The triterpenes and sterols obtained from H. meliflua were also identified from other Hoya species. It is interesting to note that although most Hoya plants have no known biological activity and medicinal property, the compounds isolated from H. meliflua possess diverse bioactivities.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Hoya meliflua, Lupenone, Lupenyl Cinnamate, Lupeol, Oleanone, Squalene, Stigmasterol, Ursenone, α-amyrin, α-amyrin Cinnamate, β-amyrin, β-amyrin Cinnamate, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.9}, author = {Vincent Antonio S. Ng and Raymond S. Malabed and Fernando B. Aurigue and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {1030, title = {Two Triterpenoid Saponins with alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from Harpullia pendula Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1386-1390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1386}, abstract = {

Background: Harpullia pendula Planch (family Sapindaceae) is a small to medium rainforest tree native to Australia. Objective: This study aims to isolate triterpenoid saponins from H. pendula and test them as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Materials and Methods: The saponin compounds were obtained using variable chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Two new triterpenoid saponins were obtained as an inseparable mixture from H. pendula methanolic seed extract. Their structures were determined as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)]-βD-glucuronopyranosyl22-OangeloylA1- barrigenol and 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)]-β-Dglucuronopyranosyl 22-O-(2-methylbutyroyl)-A1 barrigenol, respectively. The triterpene part 22-O-(2-methyl butyroyl) A1-barrigenol has never been characterized before. The α- glucosidase inhibitory activity of the two saponin mixture was evaluated invitro and proved to exhibit strong activity with IC50 value equals to 13.3 {\textpm} 5.0 ppm and IC90 value equals to 21.5 {\textpm} 8.0 ppm. Conclusion: Two new saponins were characterized from their mixture and found to exhibit α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Harpullia pendula, Sapindaceae, Triterpenoid saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.214}, author = {Marian Nabil and Neveen S Ghaly and Iman AA Kassem and Mary H Grace and Farouk R Melek} } @article {752, title = {Therapeutic Index of Methanolic Extracts of Three Malaysian Phyllanthus Species on MCF-7 and MCF-10A Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s30-s32}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s30}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phyllanthus species such as P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis are common herbs found in Malaysia that are traditionally used for treatment of chronic diseases such as liver diseases, kidney stones and cancer. Phyllanthus species were shown in vitro to have many biological functions such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-diabetic. Aims: The goal of this in vitro study was to assess the cytotoxic effect of the methanolic extract of P. urinaria, P. niruri and P. debilis on MCF-10A and MCF-7 cells (i.e., normal and cancerous breast cell lines) and to determine the therapeutic index of each Phyllanthus species. Materials and Methods: We determined the therapeutic index for each Phyllanthus sp. and its selective toxicity towards these cells. The toxicity of sample toward the cells are measured by trypan blue cell counting method. Results: Our results showed that P. debilis had the lowest IC50 concentration in MCF-7 cells and the highest IC50 concentration in MCF-10A cells and its therapeutic index was higher than that found in P. niruri and P. urinaria. The high therapeutic index of P. debilis suggests that this species has greater selective cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cancer cells than in MCF-10A normal cells. Thus, the methanolic extract of P. debilis should be further characterised and developed for future use as an anti-cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, MCF-10A, MCF-7, Phyllanthus, Therapeutic index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.5}, author = {Wan Adnan Wan Omar and Siti Nur Dalila Mohd Zain} } @article {771, title = {Total Phenolic Content and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential of Extracts from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s109-s112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s109}, abstract = {

Background: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae) is a legume plant which used for human food and animal feed. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic content and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the root, stem and seed parts of C. cajan. Method: Crude extracts were prepared by reflux extraction using methanol, dichloromethane and water as solvents. Total phenolic contents of the obtained extracts were analyzed by Folin- Ciocalteu colorimetric method and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results revealed that dichloromethane seed extract had more total phenolic content than those of methanol and water seed extracts, respectively. Dichloromethane seed extract had the highest total phenolic content of 92.00 \± 1.24 mg GAE/ g extracts. However, the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in the root methanol extract with IC50 of 3.55 \± 0.35 mg/ml. Conclusion: Type of extraction solvent was an important factor on phenolic contents of C. cajan extracts. The extracts of C. cajan inhibit slightly tyrosinase inhibitory.

}, keywords = {Cajanus cajan, Dichloromethane seed extract, Root methanol extract, total phenolic content, Tyrosinase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.21}, author = {Prasob-on Rinthong and Suthira Maneechai} } @article {769, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid, Quercetin Content and Antioxidant Activity of Standardized Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaf from Regions with Different Elevation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s104-s108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s104}, abstract = {

Context: Moringa oleifera is the famous plant that has been used as medicinal plant for diverse pharmacological activity. Aims: To evaluate the total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin content as well as the antioxidant activity of standardized extract of Moringa oleifera (Lamk) leaf, collected from three regions with different elevation. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator to obtain the viscous extract. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method, while the quercetin concentration were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Results: Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaf from region with medium altitude (Sigi regency) showed higher total phenolic, total flavonoid, quercetin concentration and antioxidant activity than regions with low and high altitude (Parigi and Palu cities). Conclusion: This study reveals the potency of standardized extracts of Moringa oleifera growing in medium altitude (Sigi regency) to be developed as antioxidant herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Kelor, Moringa oleifera, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.20}, author = {Evi Sulastri and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair and Nurafni Israyanti Anas and Syakila Abidin and Ririen Hardani and Risfah Yulianti and Aliyah} } @article {751, title = {A Triterpene and a Depside from Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s27-s29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s27}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst. (syn. Rimelia austrocetrata Elix and J. Johnst.) which belongs to a large genus of lichenized fungi, Parmotrema Massalongo under family Parmeliaceae was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst. has led to the isolation of zeorin (1) and atranorin (2). Conclusion: P. austrocetratum shares similar chemical characteristic with other Parmotrema species which afforded atranorin. This work highlights the first reported isolation of 1 from P. austrocetratum and the genus Parmotrema.

}, keywords = {Atranorin, Parmeliaceae, Parmotrema austrocetratum, Rimelia austrocetrata, Zeorin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.4}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Maria Carmen S. Tan and Virgilio C. Linis and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {409, title = {To Evaluate the Antidiabetic and Rejuvenating Capability of Tissues on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats under the Effect of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Coriandrum sativum: A Histopathological Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {792-798}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {792}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the antidiabetic and rejuvenating capability of tissues on alloxan induced diabetic rats under the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum. Methods: Diabetic model was prepared by administration of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/ kg i.p). The ethanolic leaf extracts of Coriandrum sativum at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight were administrated to diabetic induced groups for a period of 28 days. The effect of ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf extract on serum blood glucose, insulin, lipase, \α- amylase and LDH as well as kidney function test [urea, uric acid, albumin, protein and creatinine] were measured in the alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: In the acute toxicity study, ethanolic leaf extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf was non-toxic at 2 000 mg/kg in rats. The increased insulin level, albumin and protein level, decreased blood glucose and other biochemical parameters level were observed in diabetic rats treated with both doses of ethanol extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf compared to diabetic control rats. In Histopathological study were revealed toward normal. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Coriandrum sativum leaf possesses significant antidiabetic and rejuvenating capability of tissues.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Coriandrum sativum., Pancreas and Kidney Tissue, Wistar Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.124}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/177}, author = {Bhaskar Sharma and Gaurav Sharma and Suresh Chand Joshi and Sunil Kumar Singh} } @article {430, title = {Total Phenolic Contents and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Guaiacum officinale L. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {929-931}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Backgound: Guaiacum officinale L. is an alien species to Thailand. It is used as anti-arthritis and anti-rheumatoid agents in Indian folklore medicine. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging activity of the extracts from Guaiacum officinale L. (Zygophyllaceae). Methods: The plant parts including bark, twig and leaf were extracted using different solvents (ethyl acetate, water and ethanol). Total phenolic contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu Colorimetry method while free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was investigated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. Results: The results show that the highest total phenolic content is found in the ethyl acetate twig extracts (20.3\±0.0031 \μg GAE/1 \μg extracts). The ethanolic twig extracts had the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 0.45\±0.0188 mg/ml. Conclusion: The extracts from Guaiacum officinale L. exhibit good anti-oxidant activity and may be suitable for development as drugs and supplementary food.

}, keywords = {Ethanolic twig extracts, Ethyl acetate twig extracts., Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Guaiacum Officinale L, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.145}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/198}, author = {Suthira Maneechai and Vachiraporn Pikulthong} } @article {419, title = {Toxicity Assessment and Evaluation of Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Cordia obliqua Leaf Methanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {856-861}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {856}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia obliqua Willd. Plant belongs to genus Cordia and family Boraginaceae. Commonly it is known as Clammy Cherry and in Hindi Lasora. Earlier very few researches were carried out to explore its medicinal importance as compared with other Cordia species. Objective: To determine maximum safe dose and explore analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of Cordia obliqua leaf methanol extract. Materials and Methods: As per our previous study report, the leaf methanol extract is rich in phyto-constituents and has good antioxidant effect; so only methanol extract was studied here. The maximum safe dose of methanol extract was found by acute oral toxicity study according to OECD guidelines 423. For analgesic effect, hot plate and tail flick method, for anti-inflammatory, Carageenan induced rat paw edema and for antipyretic study, yeast induced pyrexia method were used. Results: The extract dose up to 2000mg/Kg was found safe with no any side effects. Three dose levels were tested for all activities. The medium (250 mg/Kg) and high (500 mg/Kg) dose of methanol extract was found effective in all activities when compared with standard. The result for antipyretic activity was found better than other activities. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Cordia obliqua leaf is safe and effective drug for relief of pain, fever and inflammation.

}, keywords = {Carageenan induced edema, Clammy Cherry, Hot plate, Tail flick, Yeast induced pyrexia.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.134}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/187}, author = {Richa Gupta and Ghanshyam Das Gupta} } @article {227, title = {Toxicology and Oral glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) of Thai Medicinal Plant Used for Diabetes controls, Phyllanthus acidus L. (EUPHORBIACEAE)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {58-61}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate toxicity and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of Phyllanthus acidus leaf extract (PAE) on Wistar rat. Methods: PAE was prepared and administered orally to experimental animals used. The extract was tested for toxicity in rats at a dose of 0, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight p.o once daily for 14 days. The hypoglycemic effects of PAE on normal rats and orally glucose-induced hyperglycemic rats were compared with distilled water and glibenclamide. A single dose (250 mg/kg body weight) of PAE was administered and blood glucose level was obtained by pricking the tail vain using glucometer at time -30, 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. Results: All doses of the extract did not exert any sign or symptom of toxicity and the dead rat was not found. The body weight, white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelet (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), blood chemistry, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alkaling phosphatase (ALP) and organ weight of liver were not significantly different between control and treated rats. However, red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), lymphocyte (LYM), and hemoglobin (Hb) at a dose 1,500 mg./kg body weight were significantly lower than those in the control group. The blood glucose levels of PAE treated groups were not different with control and Glybenclamide treated. Conclusion: The findings of the present study can be concluded that the PAE are practically non-toxic at a lower dose.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose, Diabetes, Medicinal plant, Phyllanthus acidus, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.11}, author = {Napapach Chaimum-aom and Sanong Chomko and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {416, title = {Triptolide Mediated Amelioration of Breast Cancer via Modulation of Molecular Pathways}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {838-845}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {838}, abstract = {

Triptolide is the main bioactive molecule isolated from a root extract of Tripterigium wilfordii Hook F. of Celastraceae family. Chemically, it is a diterpenoid triepoxide molecule and its chemical formula is C20H24O6. Its five-membered unsaturated lactone ring (D-ring) is crucial for anti-tumor potential and carbonyl group at C-18 position is essential to exert important influence on the interaction between triptolide and the targeted protein(s). It is bio-synthesized from deoxy-D-xylullose-5-phosphate (DOXP) pathway in the cell. Triptolide can induce apoptosis in a number of breast cancer cells by up-regulating different pro-apoptotic and down-regulating different anti-apoptotic molecules. In vitro experiments indicate that it can down regulate several cell cycle related genes and induces S-phase cell cycle arrest. Triptolide treatment can also modulate the expression of different cell signaling molecules, e.g. ERK, NF-\κB, FAK, VEGF, \β-catenin, AKT etc. In vivo experiments indicate that triptolide can effectively reduce breast tumor growth in the mouse model. Apart from the single drug treatment, triptolide can effectively be applied in combination therapy. Application of Triptolide with other chemotherapeutic drugs, very efficiently check the proliferation of tumor cells which reduces the effective concentration of the commercially available drugs thus reducing their toxic sideeffects. Although triptolide is very effective against a number of diseases, its higher degree of multi-organ toxicity limits its use of further clinical trial. Therefore, to reduce the toxic effects, a number of strategies have been developed which increase its water solubility and at the same time decrease the toxic effect. In this review article, we have addressed how triptolide participates in the antitumor processes in breast cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Breast cancer, Cytotoxicity, Molecular pathway., Tripterigium wilfordii, Triptolide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.131}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/184}, author = {Swadesh Sarkar and Santanu Paul} } @article {148, title = {The Therapeutic Properties of Juniperus Communis L.: Antioxidant Capacity, Bacterial growth Inhibition, Anticancer Activity and Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {273-280}, type = {Orginal Article}, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: J. Communi sberry is a high antioxidant fruit which is used in several traditional medicinal systems to treat a variety of diseases including rheumatism, arthritis and gout.This study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory activity of J. communis berry extracts on the growth of several bacteria associated with autoimmune inflammatory disease, and to test their ability to block CaCo2 and HeLa cancer cell proliferation. Methods: J. Communis solvent extracts were preparedusing solvents of varying polarity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of a panel of pathogenic bacteria associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Inhibitory activity against CaCo2 and HeLa human carcinoma cell lines was evaluated using an MTS colorimetric cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanol, water and ethyl acetate J. communis berry extracts displayed moderate to potent growth inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The methanol and water extracts displayed the broadest specificity, inhibiting the growth of all bacteria tested. The ethyl acetate extract also displayed antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of 9 of the 13 bacterial strains (69\%). The ethyl acetate extract displayed the greatest potency, with MIC values substantially below 2000 \µg/mL for all bacteria which it inhibited. It was most effective at inhibiting the growth of P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and S. aureus, each with MIC\’s \≤ 500 \µg/mL. The methanol and water extracts also proved effective at blocking the proliferation of the colorectal cancer cell line CaCo2 and HeLa cervical cancer cell growth, with IC50 values in the 1300-2500 \µg/mL range. All extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia nauplii bioassay. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity of the J. Communis berry extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against bacteria and HeLa and CaCo2 carcinoma cells indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial activity, Antioxidant., Artemia, Autoimmune inflammatory disease, CaCo2, HeLa, Juniper berry, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.17}, author = {Alejandra Fernandez and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {196, title = {Triterpenes from Hoya paziae Kloppenb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {487-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {487}, abstract = {

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the stems of Hoya paziae Kloppenb. led to the isolation of taraxerol (1), taraxeryl acetate (2), and a mixture \α-amyrin acetate (3), and \β-amyrin acetate (4) in about 2.5:1 ratio. The structures of 1\–4 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Hoya paziae, taraxerol, taraxeryl acetate, α-amyrin acetate, β-amyrin acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.13}, author = {Melissa Borlagdan and Fernando B. Aurigue and Ian A. Van Altena and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {30, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies.Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia (both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.2}, author = {R Courtney and J Sirdaarta and B Matthews and I E Cock} } @article {1464, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia(both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Key words: Terminalia ferdinandiana, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baylyi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, author = {R. Courtney and J. Sirdaarta and Matthews B and I.E. Cock} } @article {52, title = {Taste Masking of Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Formulation by Pan Coating Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Background: Ayurvedic medicines and nutraceuticals are gaining popularity among physicians and patients for better therapeutic value. Lack of quality standards and problems, in preparing or testing them, are the main hurdles experienced by both the practitioners and the patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to improve the palatability of the Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Preparation (ADS) by masking its bitter taste and to standardize the taste masking procedure. In the present study Eudragit E 100 was used as an acid soluble coating material. Materials and Methods: ADS powder was converted into granules with PVP K30 as a granulating agent and the ADS granules were coated with Eudragit E 100 coating solution by pan coating process. Various IPQC tests namely flow properties, moisture content were performed on the granules before and after coating for determination of endpoint of granulation and coating respectively. The ADS powder and granules were evaluated for bitter taste. Results: ADS granules were advantageous over ADS powder since the flow properties of ADS granules were better than the flow properties of ADS powder, a prerequisite of pan coating process. Eudragit E 100 inhibited the contact in between the plant extracts and the taste buds due to insolubility of Eudragit E 100 in saliva. Sensory evaluation of taste indicated that the taste of coated granules was significantly masked. Conclusion: The bitter taste of ADS was improved successfully with Eudragit E 100 as a coating agent and the pan coating process. An attempt was made to standardize the pan coating process.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.2}, author = {Alpana Kulkarni and Shreya Rumalla and Swati Andhale and Bhanudas Kuchekar}, editor = {Ajit Kolatkar} } @article {1456, title = {Taste Masking of AyurvedicNutraceutical Formulation by Pan Coating Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Background: Ayurvedic medicines and nutraceuticals are gaining popularity among physicians and patients for better therapeutic value. Lack of quality standards and problems, in preparing or testing them, are the main hurdles experienced by both the practitioners and the patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to improve the palatability of the Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Preparation (ADS) by masking its bitter taste and to standardize the taste masking procedure. In the present study Eudragit E 100 was used as an acid soluble coating material. Materials and Methods: ADS powder was converted into granules with PVP K30 as a granulating agent and the ADS granules were coated with Eudragit E 100 coating solution by pan coating process. Various IPQC tests namely flow properties, moisture content were performed on the granules before and after coating for determination of endpoint of granulation and coating respectively. The ADS powder and granules were evaluated for bitter taste. Results: ADS granules were advantageous over ADS powder since the flow properties of ADS granules were better than the flow properties of ADS powder, a prerequisite of pan coating process. Eudragit E 100 inhibited the contact in between the plant extracts and the taste buds due to insolubility of Eudragit E 100 in saliva. Sensory evaluation of taste indicated that the taste of coated granules was significantly masked. Conclusion: The bitter taste of ADS was improved successfully with Eudragit E 100 as a coating agent and the pan coating process. An attempt was made to standardize the pan coating process.

Key words: Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking.}, author = {AlpanaKulkarni and Shreya Rumalla and Swati Andhale and Ajit Kolatkar and Bhanudas Kuchekar} }