Immunomodulatory Effect of Methanolic Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) Tuber in Mice - Tanti Azizah Sujono; Arief Nurrochmad; Endang Lukitaningsih; Agung Endro Nugroho (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Recently, interest in the use of herbal medicine that can modulate the immune system is increasing in the pandemic situation. One plant that can be developed as an immunomodulator is bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban). Objectives: To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of a methanolic extract of bengkoang (MEB) and the ethyl acetate fraction of bengkoang (EAFB) in mice induced by the hepatitis B vaccine. Materilas and Methods: Thirty healthy male mice were divided into six groups namely, control, standard levamisole, MEB (100 and 200 mg/kg BW), and EAFB at 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight (BW). The treatments were given for 18 days, and hepatitis B vaccine was injected intraperitoneally twice during the treatment. Assessment of the immunomodulatory effect was carried out against nonspecific and specific immune response parameters. Results: The MEB and EAFB could significantly increase phagocytic capacity, the spleen index, and lymphocyte proliferation. MEB stimulated IgG production, while EAFB, 100 mg/kg BW suppressed immunoglobulin G (IgG) production; otherwise, at the higher dose, EAFB increased IgG production. EAFB also increases nitric oxide production, while MEB had no effect. The higher dose of MEB tended to increase tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels and decrease interleukin (IL)-10, while EAFB tended to decrease TNF-α and increase IL-10, but these changes were not significant. Conclusion: Based on this study, MEB and EAFB could increase the innate immune response and stimulate the humoral immune response but had no effect on cytokine production, which may have potential usefulness of bengkoang to treat immunomodulatory-related disease.
Keywords: Bengkoang (Pachyrizus erosus (L.) Urban); Dietary fiber fraction; Immunomodulatory effect; Lymphocyte proliferation; Phagocytic macrophages activity

Immunostimulant Activity of Pegagan Embun Herbs Extract (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) With Carbon Clearance Method Towards Male White Mice - Afriwardi; Afdhila Fitri; Elidahanum Husni; Elsa Badriyya; Yufri Aldi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) has been used traditionally to cure various diseases such as anti-inflammatory, neutralizing toxins, dysentery, and others. This study aims to determine the immunostimulant effect of pegagan embun herbs extract using the carbon clearance method, the number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells. In this study, 25 male white mice were used, which were divided into five groups, groups 1, 2, and 3 given pegagan embun herbs extract in a dose of 10 mg/kgbw; 50 mg/ kgbw; 200 mg/kgbw, group 4 was given 0,5% Na CMC, and group 5 were given stimuno 50 mg/kgbw. The preparation is given orally for seven consecutive days. On the eighth day, the phagocytosis index, number, and percentage of leukocyte cells were determined. The results showed that pegagan embun herbs extract has immunostimulant activity. The phagocytosis index of the 10 mg/kgbw dose group is 1.0211, 1.27796 for the 50 mg/kgbw, and 1.5250 for the 200 mg/kgbw. Then, the number of leukocytes of the 10, 500, and 200 mg/kgbw are 8.820/μL, 9.906/μL, and 10.790/μL, respectively. The percentage of lymphocyte cells are 58,5%, 60,6% and 62,8%, and for segment neutrophil cells were 26%, 27,6% and 30% for group 10, 50, and 200 mg/kgbw extract. Based on the results, that the pegagan embun herbs extract has immunostimulant activity against male white mice.
Keywords: Carbon clearance; Eosinophil; Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.; Immunostimulants; Leukocyte; Lymphocytes; Neutrophil

Immunostimulatory Activities of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) in White Male Mice - Afriwardi; Yufri Aldi; Dwisari Dillasamola; Yolanda Alfiyyah Larakhansa; Elsa Badriyya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) has many pharmacological activies, such as improving the immune system. Aim: This research aims to study the immunomodulatory effect of Pegagan embun herbs ethanol extract (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) determined by phagocytic activity and capacity of macrophages, total and percentage of leukocytes. Methods: 25 male white mice were divided into 5 equal groups. Negative control group were given Na CMC 0.5%, the extract treated group were given Pegagan embun ethanol extract at doses of 10, 50, 200 mg/kgbw, and the positive control group was given Stimuno 50 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8th day, the total and percentage of leukocytes were counted through blood sample taken intravenously. The mice were then induced with Staphylococcus aureus suspension. After one hour, the peritoneal fluids was taken to determine the macrophages activity and capacity. The macrophages phagocytic activity and capacity, total and percentage of leukocytes were analyzed by One-Way Anova followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (p<0.05). Results: The results show significant increase of concentration (p<0.05) towards macrophages phagocytic activity and capacity, and total leukocytes count. Percentage of leukocytes show that lymphocytes increase significantly (p<0.05), meanwhile neutrophils segments decrease significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that ethanol extract of Pegagan embun herb at doses of 10, 50, 200 mg/kgbw shows immunostimulatory activity.
Keywords: Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.; Leukocytes; Macrophage; Phagocytosis; Staphylococcus aureus

Impact of Solvent Selection on Phytochemical Content, Recovery of Tannin and Antioxidant Activity of Quercus Infectoria Galls - Nur Alisa Kamarudin; Norhazilah Muhamad; Nik Nur Hakimah Nik Salleh; Suat Cheng Tan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Quercus infectoria (QI) is medicinal plant well known to exhibit enormous therapeutic values. The main medicinal part of QI plant exists in its edible nutritious gall. This study aimed to determine the effects of extraction solvents on the overall phytochemical content, recovery of tannin and antioxidant activity of the QI galls. Methods: Two solvents of different polarity namely water and methanol, were used to extract bioactive compounds from the QI galls using soxhlet extraction technique. Phytochemical, TLC and HPLC assays were performed to detect and quantify the extracted compounds. DPPH assay was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extracted compounds. Results: After 6 hours of extraction at respective solvent boiling points, methanol solvent successfully generated 1.8-fold higher crude yield (34.0%) compared to water solvent (18.9%). Phytochemical analysis revealed that both solvent extracts contained different secondary metabolites. The methanol extract was found richer in flavonoid, while the aqueous extract was found richer in phenol, tannin, gallotannin, triterpene and cardiac glycosides. Interestingly, we found that the major type of tannin presence in QI galls was gallotannin (hydrolysable tannin) instead of phlobatannin (non-hydrolysable tannin). The quantification results demonstrated that QI aqueous extract contained significantly higher gallotannin (75.0 μg/mL) compared to QI methanol extract (46.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, the aqueous extract also exhibited significant higher antioxidant activity compared to the methanol extract at concentration of 2 μg/mL. Conclusions: This study strongly support the utilization of water solvent for optimum gallotannin extraction from QI galls.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Gallotannin; Phytochemical analysis; Quercus infectoria (QI) galls; Tannin

The Impact of Sub Acute Administration of Purified Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to The Liver and Kidney Functions and its Reversibility on Rats - Armenia; Dita Permatasari; Lathifah Putri Sinamar; Keke Estera; Almahdy Ahmadin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: The impact of sub-acute administration of purified gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to the liver and kidney function and its reversibility had been studied on rats. Methods: Rats at the aged of 2-3 months and the bodyweight of ±250 g were treated with water solution of purified gambier at the dose of 5 mg/kg10 and 20 mg/kg for 7 to 14 consecutive days. Plasma ALP, AST activities, creatinine clearance, liver and kidney ratios were determined on the day 1, 7, 14 one week after the doses stopped. All data on each parameter were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple T-test and significance was taken at p<0.05. Results: The results showed that all parameters was not affected significantly (p>0.1), except ALT activity and liver organ ratio decreased significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: These indicated that purified gambier is relatively non-toxic to the liver and the kidney of the rats at doses of 5-20 mg/kg BW for 14 days.
Keywords: ALP; ALT; CrCl; Liver function; Purified gambier; Renal function

In Silico Analysis of Pinostrobin Derivatives from Boesenbergia pandurata on ErbB4 Kinase Target and QSPR Linear Models to Predict Drug Clearance for Searching Anti-Breast Cancer Drug Candidates - Ersanda Nurma Praditapuspa; Siswandono; Tri Widiandani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: ErbB4 is a member of ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and plays an important role in resistance to ErbB2 inhibitors. Objective: This study aimed to design a pinostrobin derivative with activity as an ErbB4 inhibitor and to establish a quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) of pinostrobin and its derivatives to predict drug clearance. Materials and Methods: In this research, an in silico study was conducted on pinostrobin and its derivatives by predicting the prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) with PASS online, followed by molecular docking using the AutoDockTools 4.2.6 program on ErbB4 protein kinase and visualizing the docking results using the Discovery Studio Visualizer software. While the study of QSPR pinostrobin and its derivatives was determined using physicochemical parameters with clearance (CLtot) using SPSS. Results: From the data obtained, 5-O-2- phenylacetylpinostrobin has a high affinity for ErbB4 protein with a free energy of binding (ΔG) -10.37 kcal/mol and an inhibition constant (Ki) of 26.06 nM. Conclusion: Probability “to be active” (Pa) 5-O-2- phenylacetylpinostrobin of 0.595 for kinase inhibitors and 0.666 for apoptosis agonists, thus becoming candidates for breast cancer drugs. The QSPR model can be used to predict the properties of molecules such as CLtot, this will be useful in the drug design process. The best QSPR regression equation for pinostrobin and its derivatives is Log (1/CLtot) = 0.705 Log S + 0.035 MR + 0.375. This equation can be used as a reference in predicting CLtot.
Keywords: 5-O-acylpinostrobin; Molecular docking; PASS; Pharmacokinetic; Physicochemical properties

In silico Study on the Promising Active Components of Terpenoid and Fucoidon from Sargassum sp. in Inhibiting CGRP and TNF-α - Olivia Mahardani Adam; Jusak Nugraha; Mohammad Hasan Machfoed; Agus Turchan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: The new discovery of the active substance in Sargassum sp marks the new era for drug industry as it is very effective as the new migraine medication compared to analgesics which have already been popular previously in treating migraine. By using the in silico methods, this study intended to identify the preventive effect of the active substance in Sargassum sp within the stage of pain and inflammation development in migraine. In migraine pathophysiology, the clinical findings would build and verify the role of CGRP and TNF-α. Methods: This research applied a one-shot experimental study and by employing the potential test through PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), the result of this study proved that tannins, terpenoids and fucoidone were contained in the active substance of Sargassum sp leading to the possession of potential as the drug to treat migraine. Results: Terpenoids and tannin binding affinity value is higher than other substances. Terpenoids and fucoidon had similar amino acid residues with controls. Seaweed metabolites have great potential as inhibitors of CGRP and TNF-α because the binding affinity score is close to control. Conclusion: The active substance in Sargassum sp has an inhibitory effect on the occurrence of CGRP and TNF-α in migraine based on in silico studies.
Keywords: CGRP; Fucoidone; in silico; Sargassum sp.; Terpenoid; TNF-α.

In vitro and In vivo Antidiabetic Evaluation of Whole Plant Extracts of Argyreia imbricata (Roth) Sant. and Patel - V Sebastin; G Gopalakrishnan; M Sreejith; KI Anoob Kumar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Plants of the genus Argyreia have been used in traditional and folk medicines and a variety of pharmacological activities have also been reported. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antidiabetic activity in vitro and in vivo of the different extracts of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata. Materials and Methods: The powdered material of the whole plant Argyreia imbricata was extracted with solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol by soxhelation. In vitro antidiabetic activity of all the extracts was evaluated by α–amylase and α–glucosidase inhibition assay. Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the extracts selected were subjected to in vivo evaluation on the Wistar albino rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Initially, acute toxicity of the extracts was evaluated and the effective dose (ED50) was fixed. Standard drug Glibenclamide was used for the comparative evaluation. Two doses of test extracts, low dose and high dose were administered to the test animals and their antidiabetic activity was evaluated by means of monitoring the changes in the blood glucose level, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathology of liver and pancreas of test animals. Results: Based on the results of in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were selected for the in vivo evaluation. ED50 of the test extracts were fixed as 200mg.kg-1. Two doses, 200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1 of the test extracts were subjected to evaluation. Both the tested extracts possessed the activity, but the methanol, extracts showed significant activity in all aspects. Conclusion: Results of the present study strongly support the antidiabetic activity of tested extracts. Further studies on toxicity, identification isolation of the potential compounds may give useful results for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents in the future.
Keywords: Argyreia imbricata extracts; in vitro antidiabetic activity; In vivo antidiabetic activity

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of the Whole Plant Extracts of Crotalaria Biflora (L) - K. I. Anoob Kumar; M. Swamivel Manickam; M. Sreejith; V. Sebastin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Several species of Crotalaria are cultivated and consumed across the world by the rural population for a variety of purposes that include medicine, food, green manure, fodder etc. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora by in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: The powdered material of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora was extracted by soxhelation with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane is the method employed for the in vitro evaluation. The extracts selected based on the results of in vitro evaluation was further subjected to in vivo evaluation by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method. In both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, Indomethacin was used as the standard control. Results: Among the four tested extracts in six different concentrations subjected to the in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (1000μg/ml) showed significant activity which was selected for the in vivo evaluation. Among the two doses of extracts (200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1) selected for the in vivo evaluation, the methanol extract (400mg.kg-1) showed significant activity followed by the ethyl acetate extract in the same dose. Conclusion: Further studies on the phytochemicals present in these extracts may give more significant results
Keywords: Crotalaria biflora extracts; In vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation; In vivo antiinflammatory evaluation

In vitro Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Quercus infectoria Extracts in HeLa Cells - Illyana Ismail; Rapeah Suppian; Habsah Mohamad; Siti Aisha Mohd Radzi; Hasmah Abdullah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Quercus infectoria galls (QI) extracts were previously reported to have cytotoxicity effects towards human cervical cancer cells, HeLa. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the extracts have been poorly determined. Objective: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ethyl acetate extracts of QI (EAQI) on cell cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells. Materials and Method: The in vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and the OD values were read at 570 nm. Meanwhile the induction of apoptosis was measured by using acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle distribution. Results: MTT assay showed that EAQI exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cells with IC50 of 11.50 ± 0.50 μg/ml. HeLa cells underwent apoptosis in response to EAQI treatment, demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cell stained with AOPI from 1.00% to 10.33% compared to untreated cell population (p<0.05) at 72 hours of treatment. The evidence of early apoptosis in treated cells were also observed in annexin V/PI staining. Furthermore, an increase of cell population in sub G0/G1 phase revealed that apoptosis as the mode of cell death in HeLa cells treated with EAQI. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EAQI significantly inhibits HeLa cell growth through induction of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of cell death by expression of apoptotic cascade in HeLa cells treated with EAQI.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Cell cycle; Cytotoxicity; HeLa cells; Quercus infectoria

In vitro Wound Healing Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Clerodendrum Inerme Leave Extracts - Sueptrakool Wisessombat; Malatee Tayeh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Clerodendrum inerme is a medicinal plant which exhibited many pharmacological effects. However, wound healing property of this plant has not been investigated. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate wound healing and antimicrobial activities of C. inerme leaves using the in vitro model with Human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Methods: Cytotoxicity and wound healing effects were determined by MTT and scratch wound healing assay. Antimicrobial activities against cutaneous flora and clinical isolates of bacteria were investigated by broth microdilution assay. Results: The results showed that the water extract of C. inerme leaves did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells, while ethanol extracts at higher concentrations significantly decreased cell growth with an IC50 value of 386.8 ± 87.1 μg/mL. The water extract and the lowest concentration (6.25 μg/mL) of the ethanol extract significantly increased percentage of wound closure compared with the untreated group. The water and ethanol extracts of C. inerme displayed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, inhibiting growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus.epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The water extract displayed remarkable activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.39 to 1.56 μg/mL. Notably, it provided stronger antibacterial activity than vancomycin and also showed antifungal activity against C. albicans. Conclusion: This study confirms the potential of C. inerme leaves for wound healing and antimicrobial therapy and supports the continued utilization of C. inerme leaves in traditional medicine. Further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms through which it exerts such biological effects.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Clerodendrum inerme; Keratinocytes; Scratch assay; Wound Healing

In vitro α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase Activities of Wild and Cultivated Amaranthus spp. and Isolated Compounds - Nolitha Nkobole; Olusola Bodede; Ahmed A Hussein; Gerhard Prinsloo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a serious metabolic disorder that affects many South Africans. There is urgent need for alternative and affordable diabetic therapy from edible wild plants which have been used by the indigenous people for many years. This study presents in vitro antidiabetic effects of methanol leaf extracts of wild and cultivated Amaranthus spp. and isolated compounds. Methods: The inhibitory effects against yeast α-glucosidase and porcine α-amylase were determined using a dilution series of ethanolic extracts of wild and cultivated leaf extracts and isolated compounds of Amaranthus spp. The aerial parts of the plant material were subjected to silica gel chromatography to yield three compounds. Results: Wild A. hybridus showed potent α-glucosidase enzyme activity (89.92±0.04%) at the lowest concentration tested (0.125 mg/mL) in comparison to acarbose which exhibited 80.20±0.13% inhibition at the same concentration. Cultivated A. cruentus extracts inhibited α-glucosidase enzyme activity (84.95 ± 0.04%) at the lowest concentration compared to cultivated A. hybridus which exhibited inhibitory activities of 72.28 ± 0.06%. In addition, three compounds namely, α-spinasterol, palmitic acid and pheophorbide A-methyl ester isolated from wild A.cruentus were tested for in vitro antidiabetic activity. Palmitic acid demonstrated the highest inhibition against α-glucosidase for all the concentrations tested. Tested separately, the isolated compounds were weaker α-amylase enzyme inhibitors however, when the compounds were combined, inhibition of α-amylase increased to 58.49± 002% at 0.5 mg/mL. Conclusions: Extracts and compounds of Amaranthus showed strong α-glucosidase activity inhibition and mild α-amylase activity inhibition suggesting that the extracts and compounds slow glucose absorption.
Keywords: α-Amylase; α-glucosidase; Blood glucose; Diabetes mellitus; Hyperglycemia; Phytochemicals.

In Vivo Antimammary Tumor Effects of Soybean Extract with Targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun) - Numlil Khaira Rusdi; Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih; Andon Hestiantoro; Berna Elya; Kusmardi Kusmardi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background/Objective: Lunasin is a peptide, consist of 44 amino acids which have anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The price of commercial Lunasin was very expensive due to the high cost of lunasin synthesis and the lack of methods to obtain the pure lunasin weight from plant sources, involving time-consuming analytical instruments. To overcome these problems, the soybean extract with targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun) was made. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-cancer properties of ET-Lun in breast cancer models in vivo. Methods: Effect of ET-Lun was evaluated in 7,12-Dimetilbenz[a]antrasen (DMBA) induced breast cancer rat model. Tumor Mass, volume, and number were measured. The expression of HER2 and EGFR from each treatment group in DMBA-induced rat was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: The results shown that ET-Lun could reduced tumor volume (p=0,021). ET-Lun decreased EGFR expression compared to negative control DMBA (p=0,012). Conclusions: These results indicated that the ET-Lun has anti-breast cancer activity in vivo.
Keywords: Breast cancer; EGFR; HER2; In-vivo; Soybean

Inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase by phenolic compounds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) from the Andean region of Peru - Jorge Coronado-Olano; Ritva Repo-Carrasco-Valencia; Oscar Reategui; Emily Toscano; Elisa Valdez; Mirko Zimic; Ivan Best (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen are grains from the Andean region of Peru, which in addition to having a high nutritional value, have health-promoting properties related to the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Objetive: The present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds associated with an inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Two varieties of quinoa and two varieties of cañihua from the Puno Region in Peru, were evaluated. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, identification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in vitro were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, HPLC-DAD and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. In vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated through the inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Results: Gallic acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid were identified by HPLC-DAD in the varieties of quinoa and cañihua. The latter showed significantly higher levels of chlorogenic acid compared to quinoa varieties (p<0.05). Both Andean grains exhibited inhibition of key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, presenting IC50 values of 7.99 to 34.05 and of 8.07 to 1158 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging assay, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid showed the greatest contribution to the inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the phenolic compounds present in the varieties of quinoa and cañihua could modulate the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes.
Keywords: Andean grains; DPPH radical scavenging assay; HPLC-DAD; in vitro antidiabetic activity; Polyphenols

Inotropes in Chronic Beta-Blocker Therapy - Mochamad Yusuf Alsagaff; Melly Susanti; Mochammad Thaha; Christian Jonatan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The increasing rate of cardiovascular disorders contributes to rising hospitalized patients receive chronic oral beta-blocker therapy. Beta-blockers remain one of the fundamental therapy for chronic heart failure. Still, their role in decompensated heart failure and severe sepsis during hospitalization is often debated and inconsistent in clinical practice. In recent years, evidence of the efficacy and clinical outcomes of beta-blockers in acute heart failure (AHF) have accumulated. Clinical research indicates that chronic beta-blockade withdrawals should be prevented, or as soon as hemodynamic stabilization and euvolemic condition are reached, it should be reinstituted. As a subset of AHF patients with low cardiac output required inotropes, the choice of proper agent is fundamental. Different inotropic agents such as inhibitors of the phosphodiesterase, levosimendan, and dobutamine also their associations with beta-blockers are discussed.
Keywords: Beta-blocker; Decompensated heart failure; Inotropes; Severe sepsis

An Introduction and Various Phytochemical Studies of Cinnamomum Malabatrum: A Brief Review - Mrs Tirumala Duguta; Dr Binoy Varghese cheriyan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Context: The aim of this research is to find new anticancer drugs from indigenous plant which are potent nontoxic or minimal toxic and to investigate the anticancer activity of Cinnamomum malabatrum plant leaves. Objective: The objective of the present study is to identify selected medicinal plants which possess anticancer activity according to their traditional uses. Materials & Methods: Cinnamomum malabatrum leaves, extraction method. Results and Discussion: Cinnamon (Cinnamomum malabatrum), the eternal tree of medical science belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is one in every of the foremost important spices used daily by people everywhere in the world. Cinnamon primarily contains vital oils and other chemical constituents like Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic acid, Cinnamate. These constituents are used in different kinds of diseases they also producing cardiovascular disease lowering compound, used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, lipid-lowering agent, and cardiovascular-disease-lowering compound, cinnamon has also been reported to have activities against cancer, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Conclusion: This review illustrates the phytochemical studies prospective.
Keywords: Nil

An Investigation into the Use of an Herbal Labor Induction Tincture Containing Black Cohosh, Cramp Bark, Partridgeberry, and Motherwort on Contractile Responses Produced from Isolated Strips of Mouse Uterine Tissues - Clayton Neuenschwander; Katrina Wu; Teresa DeGolier (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Alternative solutions in the form of herbal remedies meant to ease or expedite the process of labor have often been pursued and administered but have seldom been quantitatively tested for efficacy. Published research has shown some validation for some commonly used herbs such as blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) on isolated mouse uterine strips. Methods: This study tested an array of herbs used by midwives in a labor induction tincture, which included black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), cramp bark (Viburnum opulus), partridgeberry (Mitchella repens), and motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca). Each of these four herbs were prepared as aqueous extracts and applied individually to uterine tissues in an organ bath apparatus. Results: Results and analyses indicated that all treatment tissues produced significant increases in contractile forces when compared to their own endogenous motilities (p<0.0001). These responses, however, were not significantly different among the four herbal treatments, but were comparable to those produced by 10-5 M oxytocin. Conclusions: This study provides empirical support for the use of these plants as herbal uterotonics, and it is plausible that these results, collected in vitro, may support the use of such a tincture to enhance or augment labor in vivo. Consideration of the active constituents found in each herbal, their concentrations, solubilities, cell signalling pathways, and the potential to interact in a synergistic or attenuating manner would be beneficial prior to recommending a given herbal for use at an organismal level.
Keywords: Complimentary therapies; Herbal medicine; Labor; Induced; Midwifery; Oxytocics

Isolation and Structural Characterization of Compounds from Blumea lacera - Xuan Phong Pham; Tran Thi Tuyet Nhung; Hoai Nam Trinh; Do Minh Trung; Dang Truong Giang; Binh Duong Vu; Nguyen Trọng Diep; Nguyen Van Long; Van Thu Nguyen; Chu Van Men (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The medicinal plants consider as a rich resource of ingredients which can be used in drug development and synthesis. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) DC. is generally used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cough, bronchitis, dysentery, wound healing. The aim of this study is to isolate and identify the compounds from the aerial parts of Blumea lacera. Methods: The aerial parts of B. lacera were dried, powdered and extracted using EtOH, and the concentrated extract was partitioned in succession with n-hexane, CH2Cl2, and EtOAc. From the EtOAc fraction, the compounds were isolated through column chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and confirmed by comparison of their NMR data with literature data. Results: Repeated column chromatography of the EtOAc-soluble fraction from the aerial parts of B. lacera resulted in the isolation of β-sitosterol (1), campesterol (2), artemetin (3) and acid paracatechuic (4).
Keywords: Asteraceae; Blumea lacera; Column chromatography; Flavonoid

Isolation, Characterization of Neoandrographolide from Andrographis macrobotrys Nees and Evaluation of its effect on LPS induced TNF-α Activity - Medha A. Bhat; Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Andrographis macrobotrys Nees is an important species of genus Andrographis with applications in traditional medicine. Neoandrographolide is one of the constituents in this plant. But there are no previous reports of isolation of neoandrographolide from A. macrobotrys. Current work is undertaken to concentrate on isolation, characterization, and evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibition activity of neoandrographolide from A. macrobotrys. Materials and Methods: For the isolation process techniques like column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and preparative TLC were used. Characterization was done by ultra visible (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiaxo-2yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was done for the preliminary cytotoxicity test to standardize the sample concentration for the TNF-α inhibition study. The flowcytometric method was used to determine TNF-α inhibiting ability in a human monocytes cell line (THP-1). Results: Neoandrographolide was isolated from methanolic extract of A. macrobotrys which had a melting point of 174-175ºC. FTIR results had shown stretching for –OH, 3427.58 cm-1,sp3-CH, lactone, and α, β unsaturated ester. NMR data confirmed 26 carbon structures. Cytotoxicity of isolated neoandrographolide was 22.59 μg/ml. Further lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TNF-α inhibition was highest in the case of isolated neoandrographolide in comparison with the crude extract of A. macrobotrys. Conclusion: A. macrobotrys can be used as a new source of neoandrographolide with anti-inflammatory abilities by inhibiting the TNF-α release in THP-1 cells.
Keywords: Andrographis; Anti-inflammation; Terpenoids; THP-1 cells; TNF-α

Isolation of Andrographolide from Andrographis lineata Wall. ex Nees var. lawii C.B. Clarke and its Anticancer Activity against Human Ovarian Teratocarcinoma - Medha A. Bhat; Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Andrographolide is a well-known anticancer phytochemical often isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. (Acanthaceae). Though Andrographis lineata Wall. ex Nees var. lawii C.B. Clarke (ALw) which also belongs to the same family has an adequate amount of andrographolide; remained untouched for isolation of andrographolide and anticancer studies. Therefore, this study was targeted to isolate the andrographolide from the leaves of ALw and to assess its role inthe induction of apoptosis against the human ovarian teratocarcinoma (PA-1) cell line. Methods: Column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), preparative TLC were used for the isolation and purification while melting point, ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis were carried out for characterization of the compound. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiaxo-2yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was carried out for cytotoxicity test and further Annexin-V staining, caspase 3 activity, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) activity, cell cycle analysis, and DNA damage study by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were carried out for apoptosis study. Results: Andrographolide was isolated from the methanolic extract of leaves of ALw which had a melting point of 230 ºC, λmax at 223 nm. FTIR results proved the presence of hydroxyl group, alkanes, carbon-carbon double bond, and a characteristic gamma lactone carbonyl. NMR data confirmed the 20 carbon structure. In the MTT assay cytotoxicity against PA-1 was at 3.7 μg/ml with other apoptotic assays supporting the induction of apoptosis by the compound at that concentration. Conclusion: ALw is proved to be an alternate source of andrographolide with potential abilities to induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.
Keywords: Andrographis; Andrographolide; Anticancer activity; Apoptosis; Ovarian teratocarcinoma

Learning and Memory Enhancing Activity of Polyherbal Formulation on Streptozotocin Induced Memory Impairment in Rats via Reducing Mitochondria–Targeted Cytochrome - Deepa Shukla; Sajal Srivastava; Talha Jawaid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases and/or brain injury may occur due to mild to severe memory disorders in which Alzheimer's disease (AD) is defined as degradation of neurons and there is no effective therapy or cure for the disease. The intention behind this study was to determine memory enhancing effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation (PHF) in Streptozotocin-induced memory deficit experimental animal models. Methods: Polyherbal formulation (PHF) was a suspension of three plant extracts i.e. Alpinia galanga, Glycerrhiza glabra and Convolvulus pluricaulis along with other excipients. Different behavioral animal models like Social recognition test (SRT), Morris water maze (MWM) test, Pole climbing test (PCT) and Elevated plus maze (EPM) test were used to evaluate efficacy of Polyherbal formulation (PHF) in learning and memory process of animals. Gene expression was performed by RT-PCR and western blot. Results: Results indicated that time of social recognition during trial 2 (SIT2) was reduced significantly (P<0.01) due to PHF administration. In MWM test, treatment with PHF significantly (P<0.01) reduced [F (4, 20) = 6.9] latency to reach hidden platform from session 3. Similarly, PHF was also found effective in pole climbing test and EPM test. RT-PCR results showed p53 regulates the Bcl-2 family proteins its expression in the given experiment was appreciably reduced in PHF (200mg/kg). NR1, NR2B and GAP-43 proteins leads to reduction of brain cell damage. Conclusion: Thus, PHF may be an effective formulation for learning and memory process against STZ-induced memory impairment.
Keywords: Alpinia galanga; Convolvulus pluricaulis; Elevated Plus Maze; Glycerrhiza glabra; Pole climbing test; Social recognition test

Liver Organ Impairment Due to the Consumption of Kratom Leaves (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) - Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan; Linda Liridah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
This study was aimed to evaluate the administration effects of kratom leaves extracts on the liver of mice (Mus musculus). The total of 25 mice was divided into five groups, respectively; (A) without treatment, (B) treatment with distilled water at 0.50 ml/20 g body weight, (C) treatment of kratom leaves extracts with a dosage of 0.15 mg/20 g body weight, (D) treatment of kratom leaves extracts with a dosage to 0.30 mg/20 g body weight and (E) treatment with a dosage of silymarin at 0.70 mg/20 g body weight. All those treatments were completed in seven consecutive days. On day 8, blood withdrawal and liver dissection were executed. The average levels of AST enzyme in the treatment groups respectively showed 22.81 U/L (A), 23.30 U/L (B), 34.86 U/L (C), 40.68 U/L (D), and 25.44 U/L (E), (p<0.05). Whereas, the average levels of ALT exposed respectively at 17.96 U/L (A), 18.35 U/L (B), 29.13 U/L (C), 33.59 U/L (D), and 20.68 U/L (E), (p<0.05). The average scoring for the treatment groups resulted in 0.33, 0.67, 1.33, 1.67, and 0.67, respectively, with p<0.05. Hence, it was concluded that the higher doses of the extracts of kratom leaves administered during the treatment, the more severe damage the liver organ became.
Keywords: ALT; AST; Kratom leaves; Liver organ

Liver-Histological Improvement after Capsaicin Administration in Mice with Aflatoxin B1 oxication - Mohammad Sukmanadi; Mustofa Helmi Effendi; Faisal Fikri; Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Context: Public health issues are considered to provide safety for public consumption. The distribution of mycotoxins in food is still a concern to be solved. Capsaicin is a property in chili that inhibits the biotransformation of mycotoxins by modifying the activity of liver enzymes in phase I. Objectives: A total of 20 mice were divided into 4 treatment groups, namely (T0) 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) 0.5 ml of capsaicin + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. Methods: Liver histology was performed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and then evaluated descriptively. Result: The T3 group showed significant improvement in sublobular vein, interlobular vein, centralis vein, interlobular duct. Meanwhile, based on scores of hepatocyte form, focal necrosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, cholestasis, and steatosis were evaluated for improvement in the T3 group. Conclusion: Capsaicin was revealed to improve the liver histology in mice with aflatoxin B1 toxication.
Keywords: Aflatoxin B1; Capsaicin; Liver; Public health.

Medicinal Value of Three Agricultural Weed Species of the Asteraceae Family: A Review - Mithila Jayasundera; Singarayer Florentine; Kushan U Tennakoon; Bhagirath Singh Chauhan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. are well known plant species of the Asteraceae family that are considered weeds in intensive agriculture. These weeds are traditionally known to have medicinal properties and have been used for therapeutic treatments. However, it is only the lack of proper knowledge, awareness and screening that have limited their use in pharmaceutical sectors. This review attempts to consolidate the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been carried out on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L., which we note are widely spread throughout the world. This study was conducted through a coherent search on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. with respect to traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been performed on these three agricultural weeds all over the world. An exploration of reported descriptions of the potential medical importance of three agricultural weed species (A. conyzoides, T. procumbens and B. pilosa) has been presented. The present review would encourage further clinical investigations into these three plants and their extracts to more closely define the range of uses of these herbs for clinical applications. This, in turn, would give a clear understanding whether these weed species might be targeted to be conserved in a sustainable manner rather than eradicated.
Keywords: Ageratum conyzoides; Bidens pilosa; Pharmacological; Phytochemical; Traditional use; Tridax procumbens

Metformin Potentiates the Antidiabetic Properties of Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus Leaf Extracts in Diabetic Rats - Francis O. Atanu; Oghenetega J. Avwioroko; Omotayo B. Ilesanmi; Ojochenemi E. Yakubu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: There is paucity of experimental evidence on the complementary use of standard anti-diabetic drugs with herbal formulations. Materials and Methods: In this study, extracts of Annona muricata (AME) and Tapinanthus globiferus (TGE) were administered with metformin to diabetic rats in order to study the potential complementary effects. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg BW). AME and TGE (200 mg/ kg BW each) and Metformin (100 mg/kg BW) was administered to diabetic rats orally for 21 days. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed; blood was collected for assessment of lipid profile and kidney function. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with AME and TGE caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and Coronary Risk Index (CRI) with a concomitant increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Similarly, urea and creatinine concentration decreased in diabetic rats administered plant extracts. Co-administration of the plant extracts with metformin significantly improved lipid profiles and kidney function relative to rats administered metformin alone. Co-administration of AME and TGE extracts with metformin produced significant improvement in biochemical indices of diabetic rats. Conclusion: The results suggest potential synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and metformin. Furthermore, this work provides scientific support for the concomitant use of the plants used in the study with orthodox drugs for the management of diabetes.
Keywords: Annona muricata; Diabetes; Drug interaction; Tapinanthus globiferus

MIC and MKC Analysis of Herbal Medicine in Indonesia Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis - Sesilia Rante Pakadang; Maria Hilaria; Sisilia Teresia Rosmala Dewi; Santi Sinala; Jumain (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Data shows that the success of the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse program(DOTS) in South Sulawesi Province was 74.8%. Causes of failure include standard drug side effects, length of treatment period and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) bacterial resistance. The development of new drugs today in addition to synthetic chemical drugs are also natural materials that have the potential as antituberculosis with various mechanisms. The aim of the research is to prove the potential of plants used by the community as tuberculosis drugs empirically based on phytochemical screening extracts, M.tb sensitivity to extracts and determine the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MKC (Minimum Killing Concentration) values of M.tb. Selection of plant test materials based on survey results and Riskesdas data in 2015. Testing the potential of plant extracts based on the sensitivity of M.tb to the test material in vitro with an incubation period of 7 weeks. Showed 25 plants that have been used empirically as tuberculosis drugs proved to be potential antibacterial M.tb. Phytochemical screening produces flavonoids and tannins in all extracts. Some extracts contain alkaloids, saponins and steroids. Potential tests show that the extract concentration that is effectively used as a tuberculosis drug is: Meniran leaves and miana 100 ppm. Banana peel and basil leaves 125 ppm. 150 ppm bangle rhizome. Turmeric rhizome 175 ppm. Roselle flowers, soursop leaves and lime 200 ppm. Sandalwood, bitter melon leaves and binahong 225 ppm, Curcuma rhizome, kencur, turmeric and onion tubers, gotu kola leaves, sea lava and papaya 275 ppm. Ginger rhizome, brotowali stem, noni leaf, cloves and mangosteen peel > 275 ppm. 90% garlic bulb extract.
Keywords: Antituberculosis; MIC; MKC; Plants; Potential

Microparticles of Herbal Extracts with Antioxidant Activity - Zulham; Gofarana Wilar; Yasmiwar Susilawati; Anas Subarnas; Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Plants that have antioxidant content have been shown to have efficacy on the body, antioxidants have several drawbacks including being sensitive to environmental factors such as light, heat, pH, and oxygen. Microencapsulation is a method that has several advantages including providing several benefits, namely microparticles formulated to protect the core from the environment, cover up discomfort, maintain volatility or cell survival, separate incompatible substances, protect the body from side effects, and optimize, extend, or target drug effects. The choice of the type of polymer used will determine the characteristics of the microparticles produced, therefore a suitable coating material is needed to produce the microparticles. This review article was made to find out the results of research conducted in the manufacture of microparticles by using polymers which are expected to be useful to provide information on the basis of the selection of polymers and methods of making microparticles produced to maintain the stability of substances that are efficacious as antioxidants. Based on the results of the literature search, microencapsulation is a method used to maintain the stability of antioxidant content that has a therapeutic effect.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Extract; Microparticle; Polymer

Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Identification of γ- Oryzanol from Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Ciliwung) - Maryono; Netti Herawati; Meuthia Aulia Farhani Gaffar; Sartini; Aliyah; Elly Wahyudin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung) is a by-product of the rice milling process, consisting of an outer layer of rice grains with the whole seed institute. Rice bran oil is a result of rice bran extraction. Rice bran oil contains antioxidant compounds, one of which is oryzanol, so this study aims to determine the levels of or-oryzanol in rice bran. The stages of the research included sample preparation, extraction using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), followed by Vacuum Liquid Column Chromatography (VLCC) was extracted using the MAE method produced 30 mL of black-brown rice bran oil extract. A total of 8 grams of rice bran extract was obtained at VLCC using eluent (n-hexane: ethyl acetate) with ratios 9:1, 7:3, and 1:1, respectively. Then the five factions obtained were characterized using HPLC, and GC/MS identified the mass of the γ-oryzanol compound.
Keywords: Microwave assisted extraction; Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. cv Cilliwung); Secondary metabolite; γ- Oryzanol

Modeling relation between hospital efficiency and customer satisfaction of tertiary hospitals: A case of data envelopment analysis - Suresh Chandra Akula; Pritpal Singh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
In the present circumstance, it has turned out to be difficult for hospitals to guarantee increasingly productive methods for administrations. Under the current conditions, it is fundamental to discover the fitting asset blend and its use. So also, it is important to distinguish the sources of relative cost wastefulness – specialized and allocated both. The center point of this study is on surveying the hospitals in efficiency terms, for example, the perfect measure of inputs to deliver a given degree of output. The other inspiration driving this investigation has been to see how to address an issue of benchmarking in hospitals. Data envelopment analysis utilizes an amazing procedure of linear programming to help in doing this. The research of the study incorporates two different aspects one is to evaluate efficiency of hospitals considered for study and another is find satisfaction level of patients from these hospitals to find association among both these dimensions, Moreover, this study gives the proof that medical hospital size has a critical negative impact on efficiency of hospital i.e. Present research indicates that smaller hospitals have a higher level of efficiency than larger and medium-size hospitals, smaller size hospitals average efficiency is .80. The average efficiency of medium size hospitals is .75 and the large hospital is .71. Results of research also explains that efficiency is considered to be negative moderator between relation of number of specialized doctors and patient satisfaction. Results of study suggested that higher level of efficiency level of hospitals lessen the positive effect of specialized doctors on patient satisfaction.
Keywords: Association; Customer satisfaction; Hospital efficiency; Negative moderator

Molecular Study of Acalypha indica to Leptin, Alpha Glucosidase, and its Antihyperglycemic Effect on Alpha Glucosidase - Rani Wardani Hakim; Fadilah Fadilah; Tri Juli Edi Tarigan; Sri Widia A Jusman; Erni H Purwaningsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: The purpose of this study is to find potential inhibitors of leptin as a proinflammatory adipokine and alpha glucosidase as an enzyme that mediate hyperglycaemia; to alter the chronic complications of obesity from herbal Acalypha indica (Ai). This study was conducted using in silico molecular docking to evaluate the Ai compounds interaction with leptin and alpha glucosidase. The in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase was done to explore antihyperglycemic effect of Ai, as hyperglycaemia is the key process of chronic complication of obesity. Material and Methods: Protein target were leptin and alpha glucosidase; compounds from Ai plant were repundusinic, mauritanin, hesperetin, acaindinin, and glucogalin in pdb format. Molecular docking using autodock vinna. In vitro assay of Ai antihyperglycemic activity was done to alpha glucosidase and was define as IC50 level. Result: The results from the docking analysis demonstrated that compounds from Ai roots contain antihyperglycemic-antiobesity activity which acted by inhibiting leptin and alpha glucosidase receptors. Repundusininc and mauritanin compounds contain hydrogen bond with the greatest leptin enhancer activity on Ser9, Thr35, Glu8, Ser9, Thr25, Gln111, Lys211, Leu7 for repundisinic and Glu8, Thr25, Gly112 and Leu7 for mauritanin. Hesperetin, acaindinin and glucogallin were the most identical compounds with similar affinity binding value to alpha glucosidase. Ai roots was already proven as anti-hyperglycemic-antiobesity which was further confirmed by in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase (IC50 19,429 μg/ml.). Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Ai have anti hyperglycaemic-antiobesity effects and was found to be potentially as antihyperglycemic by in vitro assay to alpha glucosidase.
Keywords: Acalypha indica; Alpha glucosidase.; Antiobesity; Leptin

Myocardium Neutrophil Infiltration in Rat Model with Acute Myocardial Infarction Treated by Ramipril - Biomechy Oktomalioputri; Meutia Savitri; Dwisari Dillasamola; Noverial (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a cardiovascular disease that attacks myocardial cells due to long-standing ischemia. In AMI there is neutrophil infiltration associated with the prognosis of the disease. One of the initial therapies for AMI is ACE inhibitors. Objective: To determine myocardial neutrophil infiltration In rat model with acute myocardial infarction which is given ramipril as an Ace inhibitor. Method: This research is an experimental study using the Post Test Only Control Group study design. This study used 24 experimental rats which were divided into 3 treatment groups. Data were analyzed using the One Way ANOVA test and the Least Significant Differences test. Results: The results obtained were the mean number of neutrophils in the K(-) group was 1.83, the K(+) group was 22.67, and the successive treatment group was 4,17. Significant differences were obtained between the K(+) group and the treatment group where the p value was 0.001 (p <0.05). Conclusion: There is an effect of 4 mg/kg BW ACE Inhibitor ramipril and on the number of myocardial neutrophils of rats with AMI.
Keywords: ACE inhibitors; Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI); Neutrophils; Ramipril

Nephro- and hepatoprotective effect of Rosmarinus officinalis against damage induced with antiTB drugs using a chronic model - Siordia-Reyes Georgina A; Cornejo-Garrido Jorge; Jiménez-Arellanes M. Adelina (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Nephro- and hepatoprotector effect of MeOH extract from R. officinalis against the liver and kidney damage caused by the mixture of RIF:INH:PZA, using a chronic in vivo model are described. MeOH extract (EMRO) was prepared by maceration process and was administered by oral via during 91 days in male Balb/C mice with RIF:INH:PZA-induced renal/liver damage, using silymarin (SIL) as a positive control. EMRO (250 mg/kg) favoured body weight gain respect to the antiTB group, this gain was better than that shown by the SIL. The AST and ALT values of the group that received the EMRO extract and SIL were similar to that the control group and low compared to the group antiTB with liver damage. In addition, the GPx, CAT and POx values of the group treated with the EMRO were similar to that the control group. In the liver histological analysis, no significant alteration was observed; however, a severe nephritis was observed in anti-TB group (II) and this effect was less in groups III (antiTB/SIL) and IV (antiTB/EMRO). MeOH extract enhances body weight gain and primarily protects the kidney and liver from damage caused by the antiTB drug mixture when was administered for 91 days.
Keywords: Antitubercular drug; Hepatoprotection; Methanolic extract; Nephroprotective effect; Rosmarinus officinalis

A New Ursane-Type Triterpene from the Fermented Shallot Allium Ascalonicum - Nguyen Van Chuyen; Nguyen Hong Son; Pham Van Hien; Dang Truong Giang; Ho Ba Ngoc Minh; Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai; Chu Van Men; Ho Anh Son; Vu Binh Duong (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
3,24-acetonideclethric acid (1), a new ursane-type triterpene, and four known compounds including ursolic acid (2), randiasaponin IV (3), ilekudinoside W (4) and (25S)-1β,3β,24β- trihydroxyspirost-5-en 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (5), and were isolated from the fermented shallot Allium ascalonicum. Their structures were determined by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral data, as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. All of the saponins (3-5) exhibited antimicrobial activity against three strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with IC50 values in the range from 89.49 ± 2.24 to 95.71 ± 3.86 μM.
Keywords: 24-Acetonideclethric acid; 3; Allium ascalonicum; Antimicrobial activity; Saponin

Novel Antiviral Investigation of Annona squamosa Leaf Extract against the Dengue Virus Type-2: In vitro Study - Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori; Amaq Fadholly; Annise Proboningrat; Yulanda Antonius; Suhailah Hayaza; Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo; Bilqis Inayatillah; Mada Triandala Sibero; Sin War Naw; Gabrielle Ann Villar Posa; Teguh Hari Sucipto; Soegen Soegijanto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is general mosquito-transmitted viral taint. It can lead to the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a solemn illness with no endowed antiviral medication or recognized vaccine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the activity of Annona squamosa leaf extract (ASLE) against dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) isolated from Surabaya, Indonesia in 2013 (NCBI accession number: KT012509). Methods: In this study, the antiviral activity of ASLE was evaluated against DENV- 2 in Vero cells using Viral ToxGlo™ Assay. In addition, we used CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay to set the amount of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP. Results: DENV-2 replication inhibited by ASLE in Vero cells with IC50 = 73.78 μg/mL and SI = 4.49 when cells were treated two days after virus infection, whereas its CC50 for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 331.54 μg/mL. Interestingly, this is the first report on the investigation of ASLE against DENV-2. Conclusion: In summary, ASLE demonstrated the antiviral activity against DENV-2 with less toxicity, and high possibility as a drug candidate. Therefore, it might be suggested for in vivo assessment in the progress of a potent antiviral against DENV-2.
Keywords: Annona squamosa; Antiviral activity; DENV-2; Vero cells

Number of research papers about Agricultural production, Meat, and Egg During COVID-19 Pandemic: Does it Changed than Before? - Maslichah Mafruchati; Jonathan Makuwira (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
COVID-19 pandemic limits many physical activities of the society in public areas. The agricultural production sector is one of the important sectors in supporting the country’s nutrition demand. Research is a way to maintain the productivity of the agricultural sector. This study has a purpose to analyze if pandemic COVID-19 has an impact on the number of papers about agriculture recorded by Scopus. This study uses a quantitative with secondary data analysis approach in collecting data. The samples are paper on the Scopus website contains keywords “agriculture& meat”, and “agriculture&egg”. the period of samples are during 2019-2020. The data are analyzed using Vosviewer software to show the institution with the most related topic paper. The result shows that some papers are decreasing while others are increase based on the document type. For paper related to “agriculture” meat”, article as full type research paper increases along with review type paper. For a paper about “agriculture & egg”, conference type paper and review increase, while other decreases. It can be concluded that the type of paper along with the topic affects the institutions’ productivity in publishing papers
Keywords: Agricultural production; COVID-19; Egg; Meat; Research papers

Nutritional and Functional Potential of Selliera radicans Cav., a Chilean Native Halophyte - Maria del Pilar Caramantin Soriano; Flavia Schiappacasse; Patricio Peñailillo; Jaime Tapia; Sergio Wehinger; Camilo A Valenzuela-Vasquez; Sarvia M Durán-Peña (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Selliera radicans was recognized as one of the foods consumed by the oldest human settlement in America (Monte Verde, Chile) that had a diet with a high component of plants. Objective: This study aims at investigating nutritional and functional characteristics of S. radicans, a native halophyte from Chile. Materials and Methods: An analysis of total protein, carbohydrate, ash, and moisture from S. radicans leaves was performed, using standard methods. The content of macro and micronutrients was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry. The inulin content was carried out based on the Seliwanoff reactions. S. radicans leaves were extracted with methanol and the total content of phenolic and flavonoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated by spectroscopic method. Results: Leaves from cultivated plants proved to be a suitable source of proteins (7.5 % on DW), ash (6.8 % on DW), and a wide range of macro and micronutrients, where Ca, K, and Na had the highest values. In addition, inulin (2.3% on DW), total phenolics (63.4 GAE/g LDW) and flavonoids (21.8 QE/g LDW), and antioxidant capacity (10 TE/g LDW) were noted. Conclusions: According to the results, cultivated S. radicans leaves are promising sources of food with beneficial health properties.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Goodeniaceae; Inulin; Macro and Micronutrients; Total flavonoids; Total Phenolics

Online Survey: Prevalence and Attitude of Jordanians Towards Using Herbal Remedies in the Pandemic COVID-19 - Noha Abd Alkareem Younis Younis; Rania Mohammad Hamam; Amal Mayyas (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new virus caused by SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus from the coronavirus family, that can provoke severe respiratory syndrome. The disease became a pandemic in December 2019. Impaired immune modulation is one of the processes implicated in its pathogenesis, which contributes to poor COVID-19 outcomes. Many investigations have been conducted using medication to control coronaviral infections as antiviral agents or immunomodulators. The results of these tests, however, demonstrated that these medications were useless in fighting the disease. Some people believe that using herbal immunomodulators can aid in the prevention or even curing of COVID-19. Based on prior research, in the management of COVID-19, several botanicals may be useful. We go over the patient attitude and benefits of using such herbal remedies in the regimen of treating COVID-19 in Jordan.
Keywords: Botanicals.; Coronavirus; COVID-19; Herbal immunomodulators; Herbal remedies; Pandemic; SARS-CoV-2

Optimization of Solvent Extraction of the Leaves of Premna serratifolia and Quantitation of Premnaodoroside A by Validated TLC-densitometric Method - Khin Su Yee; Tasamaporn Sukwattanasinit; Uthai Sotanaphun; Penpun Wetwitayaklung; Bunyapa Wangwattana; Worrakanya Narakornwit (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: The leaves of Premna serratifolia have been widely used in traditional medicine. Its major constituents were iridoid glycosides and phenolic compounds. Antioxidation was one of its reported bioactivities. The aim of this study was to optimize the ethanol concentration used to obtain high quality extracts. Methods: Three sources of leaf samples were separately extracted by 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% ethanol. Their content of premnaodoroside A, the major glycoside, was determined by a TLCdensitometric method developed in this study. The content of total phenolic compounds and antioxidants were also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH scavenging methods, respectively. Results: The developed TLC-densitometric method showed a good linearity (R2 > 0.99) in the range of 0.11-0.872 μg/spot. Its limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.13 and 0.04 μg/spot, respectively. The method had satisfactory specificity, precision and accuracy. The analysis results of all extracts showed that the 100% ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest contents of premnaodoroside A (3.23–5.25%), total phenolic compounds (7.56-8.24% GAE) and antioxidants (4.92–6.66% AAE), but its extractive yields (13.57-19.57%) were the lowest. Yields of the 40% and the 80% ethanolic extracts were the highest in two samples (36.37-45.96%) and one sample (47.53%), respectively. Considering of the extractive ability, the 80% ethanol could extract the highest amounts of all investigated compounds from plant material. Conclusion: The 100% ethanolic extract possessed the highest contents of the interesting compounds, but the 80% ethanolic extract had a higher extractive yield. Their benefits and drawbacks must be considered, depending on further application.
Keywords: Antioxidation; Extraction optimization; Premna serratifolia; premnaodoroside A; TLCdensitometry; Total phenolic.

Peppermint, (Mentha × piperita): Role in Management of Diseases through Modulating Various Biological Activities - Saleh A Almatroodi; Mohammed A Alsahli; Ahmad Almatroudi; Amjad Ali Khan; Arshad Husain Rahmani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Peppermint, (Mentha ×piperita), aromatic perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is a natural hybrid of Mentha spicata and Mentha aquatica and is found wild with its parent species in central as well as southern Europe. It holds various types of ingredients including menthol, menthone and cineol. Menthol, which is extracted from peppermint, play an important role in the inhibition of various types of pathogenesis. Peppermint oil also acts as a mild carminative agent and used for disorder of the large intestines that causes stomach pain. Moreover, experimental studies have confirmed its role in health management through anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotection and hepatoprotective effects. its topical application shows relief from cold, muscle pain, and headache. The health promoting role of Peppermint has gained a noteworthy scientific attention, but the exact mechanism of its action still remains not clear. The current review mainly emphases on the pharmalogical effects of peppermint in the inhibition of pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of peppermint in the management of various types of diseases.
Keywords: Anti-microbial; Antioxidant; Mentha ×piperita; Pathogenesis; Peppermint

Pesticide Residue Measurement in Commonly Used Vegetables Using the QuEChERS Method - Waad Hamad AlSaikhan; Saleh A Almatroodi; Ahmad Almatroudi; Mohammed A Alsahli; Arshad Husain Rahmani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The aim of current study was to measure the pesticide residues level in vegetables in the Unaizah city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 40 samples including tomato, cucumber, zucchini and red pepper were analysed for various types of pesticides using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. The results show that 65% of samples of supermarket and farms contained 14 types of pesticides but pesticides residue level was below the maximum residue levels (MRL) whereas 30% samples were free from pesticides. A total 05% of the vegetables samples were found to exceed the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Moreover, the results indicate that the tomato samples with residue < MRL were 100%. A total of 20% of the zucchini samples were with residue < MRL and 80% of the red pepper samples were with residue < MRL. Cucumber sample from farms showed insecticides were found to exceed the MRL and none of the fungicides detected exceeded the MRL. However, the concentration of acetamiprid was 0.078 mg kg-1 in cucumber was exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs) which was 0.03 mg kg-1 and residues of carbofuran that exceeded the MRLs was 0.026 mg kg-1. Acetamiprid was the most commonly detected pesticides and followed by imidacloprid. The results designated that most of the vegetable samples were contaminated with different types of pesticide residues. The high levels of pesticide residues could be a public health problem including pathogenesis because most of the tested vegetables are commonly used as without cooking.
Keywords: GC–MS/MS; LC–MS/MS; Maximum residues limit; QuEChERS; Vegetables

Pharamacognostic Profile and Comparative in vitro Anti- Inflammatory Activity Study of Ethanomedicinal Plants of North East India - SM Abdul Aziz Barbhuiya; SH Victoria Devi; Ajay Kakati; Rejwan Ahmed Choudhury; Muslek Uddin Mazumder (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: In ethno-medicinal practices, the leaves of Alocasia macrrorhizos, Canavalia ensiformis, Amaranthus cruentus, Averrhoea carambola, Bauhina tenifloara and Capsicum Chinese have different pharmacological activities. The problem encountered with the proper utilization of herbal drugs is lack of documentation and standard parameter, which create problem in acceptance and importance of these plants. Objective: The objectives of our study are to establish scientifically evaluated pharmacognostic profile and in vitro antiinflammatory screening of six plants. Methods: Leaf sample from each plant was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters (As per WHO recommended methods of standardization). The anti-inflammatory activity screening of methanolic extracts was carried out against inhibition of protein denaturation method taking diclofenac sodium as a benchmark. Results: The macroscopic characteristic and microscopical evaluation reveals the type of stomata within the leaves and presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, upper epidemis, lower epidermis, vascular bundle, palisade cells and trichomes in the transverse section of leaves. Physicochemical parameter reveals the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble, methanol soluble extractives and moisture content. The IC50 value of MEAM, MECE, MEAC, MEAC1, MECC and MEBT against inhibiton of protein denaturation was found to be 72.88, 841.78, 735.12, 303.75, 188, and 354.1855 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The present study contributes useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs. Methanolic extract of Alocasia macrorrhizos could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent from the natural sources.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Diclofenac sodium; Macroscopic; Microscopic; Northeast India; Pharmacognostic study

Pharmacognostic Specification and Rotenone Content in Derris elliptica Stems - Krittapat Phairoh; Parichart Hongsing; Chanida Palanuvej; Nijsiri Ruangrungsi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. (Leguminosae) is the tropical plant which has been used as natural poison as well as veterinary medicine due to its best-known phytochemical compound, rotenone to kill invertebrates and fish. However, there is no report on pharmacognostic specification and quantification of rotenone content from D. elliptica stems. Objective: This present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic parameters as well as to conduct the validated methods to quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems following WHO guideline. Methods: Dried D. elliptica stems from 15 different areas in Thailand were examined for pharmacognostic secification. Their rotenone contents were quantitatively analyzed by TLC densitometry using winCATS software as well as TLC-image analysis using ImageJ free software. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, TLC fingerprint and physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The water content, loss on drying, total ash content and acidinsoluble ash content were determined to be 8.81±1.30, 5.77 ±0.92, 7.35±0.63, 1.221±0.20%, respectively. The ethanol, and water-soluble extractive values were found to be 4.07±1.23 and 11.31±1.68%, respectively. Additionally, the validation method for quantification of rotenone content was developed. The contents of rotenone in D. elliptica stem ethanolic extract evaluated by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 0.2870±0.1242 and 0.2844±0.1209% by dried weight, respectively. The result between these two analytical methods were shown no significant difference. Conclusion: The validated methods were able to effectively quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems from various locations in Thailand which could be used for the specification of this raw material with reference to its chemical marker. Thus, this study provides the necessary and adequate information for authentication and standardization of D. elliptica stems.
Keywords: Quality evaluation; TLC-densitometry; TLC-image analysis

Pharmacognostic Specifications, RP-HPLC Analysis of Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Morus alba Linn. Leaves in Thailand - Phimkun Aiyarakanchanakun; Chanida Palanuvej; Nijsiri Ruangrungsi; Anuchit Phanumartwiwath (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Morus alba Linn. leaves have been widely used as herbal medicine with therapeutics and contain chlorogenic acid as a bioactive phenolic compound. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic specifications of M. alba leaves and the method validation for quantification of chlorogenic acid content. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic- and microscopic characteristics, physicochemical parameters combined with quantification of chlorogenic acid in M. alba leaves collected from 15 sources throughout Thailand and their antioxidant activity were reported in this study. Results: The physicochemical parameters of M. alba leaves were determined by indicating water content (7.97 ± 0.35%), loss on drying (4.55 ± 0.21%), total ash (14.38 ± 0.25%), acid-insoluble ash (6.21 ± 0.37%), water-extractive value (16.14 ± 0.50%) and ethanol-extractive value (8.61 ± 0.39%). In addition, the chlorogenic acid contents in M. alba leaves were found to be 0.4159 ± 0.1958 g/100g dry weight. The ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited their antioxidant activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (326.09–467.55 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study showed the establishment of pharmacognostic study of M. alba leaves and validation of the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) quantitative analysis of their chlorogenic acid contents, which are applicable to be a reference for quality control and standardization of M. alba leaves.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Chlorogenic acid; Morus alba; Pharmacognostic specification; Quality control

Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves and Fructus of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl) - Kolomiets Natalia Eduardovna; Korolev Stepan Alexandrovich; Isaykina Nadezhda Valentinovna; Abramets Natalia Yurievna; Kudryavtseva Darya Vladimirovna; Boev Roman Sergeevich; Zhalnina Ludmila Vladimirovna; Ali Abdujalil Kaid Hasan; Bondarchuk Ruslan Anatolevich (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: The state quality assurance system ensures the confidence of consumers that the product meets its quality requirements. In this study, pharmacognostic standards of the leaves and fructus of burdock are specified for the first time. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by using the microscope Carl Zeiss. The UV spectrum were measured on an SF-2000 spectrophotometer. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are heart-shaped, broad-heart-ovate-shaped with a spaced emarginatedserrate or whole edge, with a wide, wedge-shaped, rounded, uneven base, acute apex, green on the outer surface, grayish slightly pubescent on the inner surface. The fructus are obovate or wedge-compressed, slightly curved, the color is brown/black with spots, or variegated with black spots on a gray background. The microscopic examination of the leaves revealed the presence of epidermis, large submerged and non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type, 2 types of simple unbranched multi-cellular and glandular capitate trichomes; essential oil glands. Microscopic examination of the leaf petiole revealed the presence of 2 types of simple multi-cellular trichomes, epidermis, angular collenchyma, bicollateral bundles, parenchyma. The stomatal index value is 8.28±0.81 per 1cm2. The microscopy of the fructus revealed the presence of elongated cells of the pericarp epidermis; mesocarp; endocarp; endosperm with aleurone grains and drops of fatty oil. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of revealed the presence of polysaccharides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic acids. Conclusion: Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, extractive value, ash content) were also specified. These specific data are important for establishing diagnostic indicators for standardization, identification, preparation of new quality standards.
Keywords: Analitical standarts; Arctium lappa L.; Fructus; Leaves; Pharmacognostic standarts; Phytochemical analysis.

Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves of Hyptis Suaveolens Linn. (Labiatae) (Poit) - Eleje Oboma Okonta; Peculiar Feenna Onyekere; Patience Ngozi Ugwu; Helen Ogechukwu Udodeme; Vincent Obisike Chukwube; Uchenna Estella Odoh; Christopher Obodike Ezugwu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The pharmacognostic standards of fresh, powdered and transverse sections of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaf were carried out to determine its macroscopic, microscopical (both qualitative and quantitative), analytical standards and phytochemical profile. The macroscopy revealed a simple leaf, oppositely arranged along the stem with a dark green colour on the outer surface and pale green on the inner surface, ovate in shape and bilateral base, acute apex with a serrate margin. The qualitative microscopy of the powdered leaf shows xylem vessels parenchymal cells with diacytic type of stomata. Also epidermal cells with stoma wall, polygonal parenchymatous and collenchymatous cells making up the cortex with starch grains; non-glandular uniserate, multicellular septate trichome, irregular shaped prisms of calcium oxalate crystals and small bundle of mucilage cells. The quantitative microscopy of the leaf showed the values of palisade ratio, stomatal number (upper and lower epidermal stomatal index (upper and lower surface), vein-islet number and vein termination number to be 5.10, 50stomata/mm2, 80 stomata/mm2, 12.33, 23.14, 35/mm2 and 20/mm2 respectively. For the analytical standards; 9.90 %, 1.67 %, 0.38 % 6.39 %, 0.61 % w/w, 1.16 % w/w, 11.70 % and 7.25% were obtained for total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, water soluble extractive value, moisture content and fibre content respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis on Hyptis Suaveolens leaves showed presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. These specific standards obtained are of importance in the establishment of diagnostic indices for the standardization, identification and preparation of monograph on the plant.
Keywords: Analytical standards; Hyptis Suaveolens L. (Poit); Macroscopy; microscopy; Pharmacognostic standards; Phytochemical analysis

Pharmacognostic Studies on the Leaves of Annona muricata Linn - Gouri Kumar Dash; Mohd Haziq Bin Hashim; Abdul Karim Russ Hassan; Ravindran Muthukumarasamy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Annona muricata Linn. (Family: Annonaceae) is a well-known traditional and natural medicine over the world; in Malaysia it serves as a treatment for many kinds of diseases. Studies have been reported that A. muricata can be used to treat diseases due to its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anthelmintic, analgesic, hypotensive, antiinflammatory, and has immune enhancing properties. Despite having several medicinal functions and properties, however there is no standardization parameters have been reported in the literature for the leaves of A. muricata. Methods: Therefore, through this research study, the macroscopical and microscopical characteristics, physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves were investigated. Results: Based on the observation of the transverse section of the leaves, the presence of upper cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade cells, vascular bundle, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibers, lignified vessels, xylem vessels, collenchyma, lower epidermis, lower cuticle and parenchyma served as important key differentiating features for the studied plant. The powder microscopy revealed the presence of pieces of trichrome, collapsed uniseriate multicellular covering trichrome, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibres, xylem vessels, paracytic stomata and fragment of epidermis showing cell and palisade cell. Calcium oxalate crystals were also observed even though the captured image was slightly unclear. The phytochemical screening of the leaves was carried out using four different extracts which showed the presence of steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins carbohydrates and proteins, respectively. Conclusion: Based on this research finding, the pharmacognostic standardization of the plant can be established thus, providing ease in identifying and determining the purity and quality of the investigated plant.
Keywords: Annona muricata; Fluorescence analysis; Macroscopy; microscopy; Physicochemical parameters; Preliminary physiochemical screening

Pharmacognostic Study of Collection and Study of its Hepatoprotective Activity - Lubsandorzhieva PB; Rendyuk TD; Dashinamzhilov Zh.B; Dargaeva TD; Ferubko EV (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The aim of this work is pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation consisting of elecampane rhizomes and roots (Inula helenium L.), fruits of rose (Rosa sp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), leaves of pepper mint (Mentha piperita L.) and cowberry leaves (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), spiny eleuterococcus rhizomes and roots (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Maxim., low cudweed herb (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.s.l.) as well as determination of its hepatoprotective activity. Materials and methods: An electron microscope, HPLC and methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia were used in pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation. The hepatoprotective, antioxidant and choleretic activities of the herbal formulation were studied in vivo model of liver damage induced by tetracycline hydrochloride and 40% ethanol. Results: The content of biologically active substances (BAS) collected: essential oils - at least 0.30%; flavonoids in terms of luteolin - not less than 1.0%; ascorbic acid - not less than 0.5%; tannins - not less than 3.0%; arbutin - at least 0.4%; eleutheroside B - not less than 0.01%.It has been found that the course administration of herbal formulation to white Wistar rats with liver damage eliminates the prooxidant effect of tetracycline and ethanol, reduces the manifestation of cholestasis and increases the rate of bile secretion for 1-3 hours. Conclusion: The herbal formulation has hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant, choleretic effect and stimulates regenerative and antitoxic processes in the liver in rats with a model of combined liver damage induced tetracycline and ethanol. The obtained research results argue the possibility of using herbal formulation for prevention and complex treatment of liver diseases.
Keywords: Hepatoprotective activity; microscopy; Phenolic compounds; standardization

Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemical Compounds: Overview of Pouteria Genus - Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah; Irda Fidrianny; Rika Hartati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Species of Pouteria are widely spread in various countries. Pouteria is one of the genus that have diverse pharmacological activities. This review includes an overview of the species from Pouteria, phytochemical methods used in isolation of compounds from Pouteria, and their pharmacological activities. The trends in the pharmacological activity of Pouteria is antioxidant activity, antidiabetic and antimicrobial activities. However, information on its use as a traditional medicine from Pouteria was poor. Chemical compounds that have been widely isolated from Pouteria genus included phenolic acid, other phenolics non flavonoid, flavonoids, and terpenoids derivative. The most widely reported chemical compounds from Pouteria are terpenoid derivatives. Further research is needed for the mechanism of action based on the pharmacological activites of chemical compounds.
Keywords: Pharmacological activities; Phytochemical compound; Pouteria genus

Pharmacological Potential of the Stinging Plant Tragia Species: A Review - Narasimhan S (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Tragia is well known in the botanical world a stinging plants. Apart from this, the genus also occupies an important constituent of alternative systems of medicine as well as ethnobotany. Among the various species of Tragia, the most studied and experimented species is T. involucrata. This genus is used for several ethnobotanical uses such as cancer, diarrhea, constipation, scorpion bite, rheumatism, whooping cough and diabetes. Apart from this the genus is also an important constituent of ayurvedic and siddha medicines. Owing to these properties several researches has been conducted to validate the traditional uses, finding out new uses and understanding the phytochemical profile. Alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids and tannin are present in the genus Tragia. Calcium oxalate and shellsol is responsible for the stinging property. Various species of Tragia has been validated for its important properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities. All these properties has been related to the occurrence of secondary metabolites. However the exact lead metabolite for the pharmacological properties has to be identified. Based the experimentally proved pharmacological properties, Tragia possesses significant potential on a medicinal species.
Keywords: Alkaloids; Antibacterial; Nanoparticles; Pharmacological activities; Phytochemistry; Tragia

Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Armenian Flora - NK Shaboyan; AV Moghrovyan; KH Dumanyan; NH Ghukasyan; AA Altunyan; NI Arshakyan; AM Ghazaryan; GR Ulikhanyan; AL Ginosyan; AS Dadayan; NB Chichoyan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Armenian flora is stood out by the variety of its medicinal and edible plants. Here small plants as well as trees and shrubs are met. Cotinus coggygria of Armenian flora is used in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition of Armenian flora’s smoke trees leaves’ essential oil and antiradical activity of ethanol extract of leaves and branches of smoke tree. Methods: The aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Antiradical activity of essential oil from leaves and branches was determined by using appropriate methods. Results: The total amount of flavonoids has been determined in the leaves of the smoke tree by miricetin. This analysis revealed that the flavonoid amount in ethanol extract of C. coggygria, growing in Armenia, was 0,94%. In volatile oil of Smoke tree leaves 22 compounds were determined. The results demonstrated that in the essential oil of leaves of Cotinus from Armenian flora predominated Germacrene D, Linalool, formate, ά –Terpineol sesquiterpenes and diterpene alcohol Thunbergol. Ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Smoke tree showed antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that C. coggygria from Armenia flora contains various bioactive compounds and the extracts of leaves pronounced higher antioxidant activity and recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.
Keywords: Antiradical activity; Cotinus coggygria Scop.; DPPH; Essential oil; Ethanol Extract

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Anti-Microbial Activities of Suaeda vermiculata n-Hexane Extract in Comparison to the Plant's Hydrodistilled Volatile Oil - Mohsen S Al-Omar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Suaeda vermiculata, a halophyte found in central Saudi Arabia, used as a remedy for jaundice, liver diseases, and viral infection. Study aim: Chemical identification and biological evaluation for the n-hexane extract of S. vermiculata. Methods: An assay of the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials and contents of the volatile oil and n-hexane extract of the plant’s aerial parts were analyzed through GC-MS analysis. Results: A total of 24 constituents representing 73.74 % of the n-hexane extract were identified wherein bornyl acetate, γ-elemene, and phytol were major ratio. The n-hexane extract inhibited DPPH-radicals inhibitions at 27% efficiency at 10 mg/ml concentration which was lower than the volatile oil DPPH-reactivity. The antimicrobial activity of n-hexane extract was relatively weaker than the volatile oil, except against Candida albicans that showed IZD values of 19 mm with MIC value at 5.2 mg/ml for the volatile oil while IZD value of 26 mm and MIC at 4.7 mg/ml was observed for the n-hexane extract. Conclusion: Despite high extractive value, the n-hexane as a solvent is not recommended for extraction as the oxygenated-terpenic components, considered responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were not fully extracted. The n-hexane extract which showed potent inhibition of C. albicans can be a source for further investigation for bioactivities of its constituents.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; antioxidant activity; n-hexane extract; Suaeda vermiculata; Volatile oil

Phytochemical and Biological Characterization of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus - MA Alfaro Jiménez; A Zugasti Cruz; SY Silva Belmares; JA Ascacio Valdés; CA Sierra Rivera (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Parthenium hysterophorus is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat health issues and which could be a source of phytochemicals with possible antioxidant activity without causing cytotoxic effects. Hence, this work was designed to evaluate its phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. Methods: The aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of P. hysterophorus flowers were obtained by decoction and ultrasound, respectively. Their phytochemical composition was determined by colorimetric tests and RP-HPLC-MS analysis. Their cytotoxic activity was tested by a hemolysis assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical (-OH) scavenging assays. In addition, the effect of the extracts on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) from human erythrocytes, was evaluated. Results: The phytochemical screening of the AE and EE by colorimetric test showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, and carbohydrates. In addition, the RP-HPLC-MS analysis identified some phenolic compounds such as flavonols, methoxyflavonols, flavones, methoxyflavones, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The hemolysis assay showed non-cytotoxic activity by AE, but EE exhibited a hemolytic effect. Furthermore, the AE and EE showed significant antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals in the TEAC, DPPH and -OH scavenging assays. Moreover, the SOD activity only showed a significant increase by AE. However, the two crude extracts increased the CAT activity, at the highest concentrations. Conclusion: P. hysterophorus has phytochemicals with antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in vitro.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Cytotoxicity; Parthenium hysterophorus; Phytochemicals

Phytochemical Composition and Antibacterial Activities of Syzygium polyanthum Methanolic Leaves Extract - Noor Zarina Abd Wahab; Nur Saidatul Aqilah Ja’afar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Since a long time ago, Syzygium polyanthum has become traditional herb for health, and thus many studies done to confirm the medical effectiveness. Objectives: This present study was conducted to evaluate phytochemical compounds and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of S. polyanthum leaves. Materials and Methods: In the present study, standard methods of determination were used to determine the phytochemical compounds of S. polyanthum. The methanol extract of S. polyanthum leaves were subjected for antimicrobial activity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against five bacterial strains by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition. Diameters of the zone of inhibition were compared with standard antibiotics. Results: Phytochemical analyses qualitatively reveal the presence of alkaloids, saponin, terpenoids and steroid. The extract was found to exert antibacterial activity against four tested bacteria which are S. aureus, S. pyogenes, MRSA and K. pneumoniae except for E. coli. The zones of inhibition shown by the disc diffusion method for S. aureus were between 8.6 to14.0 mm, S. pyogenes were between 8.4 to 12.0 mm, MRSA was between 10.0 to 13.2 mm and K. pneumoniae were between 8.0 to 10.6 mm. Meanwhile, there was no zone of inhibition was observed for E. coli. The MIC was determined ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 mg/ml against all the tested bacteria. The highest value of MIC showed by S. aureus, S. pyogenes, MRSA and K. pneumoniae which is 6.25 mg/mL. Conclusion: The tested leaves extract showed promising antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, terpenoids and steroid in methanolic leaves extract qualitatively and these compounds could be responsible for antibacterial properties of leaves extract of S. polyanthum.
Keywords: Syzygium polyanthum; Phytochemical; Antibacterial

Phytochemical Constituents and In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Various Extracts of Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) Leaves - Muhamad Dea Firdaus; Nina Artanti; Muhammad Hanafi; Rosmalena (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common degenerative disorders. For therapeutic use, herbs are commonly used in Indonesia for T2DM treatment, one of them is (Cosmos caudatus) kenikir’s leaves. In previous studies, kenikir's leaves have high antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. However, a comparison of antidiabetic activity from many extracts of kenikir's leave is remain unclear. This study will compare the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of various kenikir’s leave extract. Kenikir’s leaves are extracted by maceration methods for three days using three different solvents: boiling water, 50% ethanol, dan ethanol 100%. Then, phenolic and flavonoid content will be measured, as well as antioxidant properties by DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, and antidiabetic properties by α-glucosidase inhibition assay, also LCMS/MS will be used to predict the compound from each extract. The result shows that 50% ethanol extract has highest phenolic and flavonoid content than others. It also has significantly higher antioxidant (p<0.05) and antidiabetic (p<0.05) properties than others. Meanwhile, LCMS/MS result of 50% ethanol extract predicts 6 chemical component, that quercetin is the most dominant compound. 50% ethanol extract of kenikir’s leaves is superior from other extracts on phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and antidiabetic properties.
Keywords: α-glucosidase

Phytochemical Profiling and Chemical Marker Compounds Identification in Helichrysum caespititium: A Chemometrics and 2D Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) Perspective - Kokoette Bassey; Patience Mamabolo; Mmamosheledi Mothibe; Freddy Muganza (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Helichrysum caespititium is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. Hitherto, only 2 compounds- caespititin and 2-methyl-4-[2’,4’,6’-trihydroxy-3’-(2-methylpropanoyl)-phenyl] but-2-enyl acetate have been reported from this species. Phytochemical profiling of the plant and identification of chemical markers are limited. Objectives: Determining phytochemical profile of H. caespititium and identifying the major marker compounds in its extracts. Methods: A two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) was used to analyze H. caespititium extracts (acetone, methanol, and dichloromethane). The marker compounds from the generated phytochemical fingerprints were identified using Column plots and chemometrics orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Polar acetone, methanol, and non-polar dichloromethane extracts were analyzed separately. Results and Discussions: A total of 135 (12 from acetone, 13 from methanol, and 110 from dichloromethane extracts) compounds were identified in H. caespititium. An OPLSDA score plot with R2 = 0.81 grouped the polar compounds into 2 clusters as phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, while a contribution plot from the score plot then nominated benzene[(methoxymethoxy)]methyl, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)penet- 1-ene, isoeugenol, and 3 4-dihydroxymandelic acid as marker compounds in the polar extracts. In a second plot with R2 = 0.67, the corresponding contribution plot accentuated 2-methyl-5- (fur-3-yl) pent-3-en-2-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dihexyl-1-(4- methylphenyl)-5(2-dimethyl aminothenyl)-1H-tetrazole, and 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone as the marker compounds in the dichloromethane extract. Conclusion: This study recommends the use of the marker compounds as quality standard of raw materials and commercial products containing extracts or other forms of the South African H. caespititium.
Keywords: Chemical markers; Chemometrics; GCxGC-TOF-MS; Helichrysum caespititium; Phytochemical profiling

Phytochemical Profiling of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult and its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotection Linked Enzyme Inhibitory Properties - Swati Som; Justin Antony; Palanisamy Dhanabal; Sivasankaran Ponnusankar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Exponential expansion in the usage of herbal medicines was observed in recent decades due to the increasing importance of the traditionally used natural remedies. In order to identify bioactive components of medicinal value, in the present study, we aimed to screen different extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult for health beneficial effect by exploring its biological properties and phytochemical profile. Methods: By using sequential extraction method, H. indicus roots were extracted with various solvents based on low to high polarity. Subsequently, quantitative phytochemical profiling, antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities were tested by using standard protocols. The MTT assay was carried out in SHSY-5Y cell lines to evaluate anti-inflammatory effect. Results: Methanol extract displayed highest phytochemical content with high concentration of terpenoid (59.82±0.97 mg LE/g of extract) and saponin (15.03±0.45 mg DE/g of extract). All the extracts exhibited concentration dependent pharmacological activities. In comparison, methanol extract produced highest activities with IC50 of 15.21±0.31 and 11.36±0.39 μg/ml against NO and DPPH radical scavenging assays respectively. Also, methanol extract showed maximum inhibition against acetylcholinesterase (IC50=17.46±0.49 μg/ml) and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=31.05±0.39 μg/ml), however, aqueous extract displayed highest potency against monoamine oxidase-B inhibition (IC50=24.60±0.45 μg/ml). At 12.5-100 μg/mL concentrations, methanol and aqueous extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect on SH-SY5Y cells and dose dependently suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 production. Conclusion: Collectively, H. indicus could act as a disease modifying therapeutic in pharmaceutical industries by utilizing it as alternative therapy for the management of oxidative stress and its related disorders.
Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Antioxidant; Butyrylcholinesterase; Hemidesmus indicus; Monoamine oxidase

Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Organic Extracts from Cleoserrata serrata (Jacq.) Iltis. - María del Carmen Juárez-Vázquez; Alejandro Zamilpa A; Rosalba León-Díaz; Mariano Martínez-Vázquez; Adolfo López-Torres; Julieta Luna-Herrera; Lilian Yépez-Mulia; Francisco Alarcón-Aguilar; María Adelina Jiménez-Arellanes (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Cleoserrata serrata is used in Mexican-south traditional medicine to treat chicleros ulcer. The phytochemical profile and the anti-inflammatory effect from four extracts obtained by maceration proccess and of the primary fractions from two extracts are described. In addition, the antioxidant, leishmanicidal and antimycobaterial activities and LD50 from active extracts are reported. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in TPA and carrageenan assays. Ethyl palmitate and γ-sitosterol were detected in Hexanic and CH2Cl2 extracts. Same compounds and stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one, palmitic acid, phytol acetate and phytol were detected in primary fractions from CH2Cl2:EtOH extract. In this and in MeOH extracts a polyphenolmixture was obtained. The MeOH extract was subjected to acid hydrolysis, and kaempferol, quercetin and scopoletin were detected in organic-phase. Polyphenol-mixture and organic-phase (IC50=3730 and 2338 μg/mL) showed moderate antioxidant activity; meanwhile MeOH extract exhibited scarce activity. In carrageenan model, Hexanic extract and polyphenol-mixture showed ED50=131.46 and 64.89 mg/ kg, respectively. Three extracts were active but not-dose-dependent. In TPA-model, CH2Cl2 extract and polyphenol-mixture showed ED50 <0.79 mg/ear, and three extracts were active, however the effect was not-dose-dependent. CH2Cl2:EtOH showed antimycobacterial and leishmanicidal activities. The LD50 was >2 g/kg for all extracts.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory Effect; Antimycobacterial activity; antioxidant activity; Cleoserrata serrata; DL50; Leishmanicidal activity; Organic extract

Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Seedling Extracts from Inca Peanut Plukenetia volubilis - Darunee Puangpronpitag; Puangpaka Tankitjanon; Adisak Sumalee; Ampa Konsue (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Plukenetia volubilis L., Inca peanut is an oleaginous plant, widely cultivated as commercially in South East Asia, especially in Thailand. The oil from the seed plant is a greatest interesting a natural source. Objectives: The aims of this study were investigated phytochemical screening, to evaluated the total flavonoids and phenolic compound contents as well as antioxidant activities of seedling extract from P. volubilis. Methods: The dried P. volubilis seedlings of 21 days growing period were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous (ASS), 50% ethanolic (HESS), and 95% ethanolic (ESS) extracts. The phytochemical screenings were determined on total phenolic compound (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents. The antioxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy radical scavenging (DPPH), 2,2 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: The results found that the ESS were significantly highest amount on total phenolic compound (23.0809±0.8632 mgGE/gExt ) and flavonoid (466.3839±1.5580 mgQE/gExt) contents. In this study, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.016±0.0003 mg/mL) and Trolox (IC50 =0.044±0.0008 mg/mL) as standard substances were showed more potent than all of the extracts from P. volubilis seedlings. Surprisingly, the ESS has more potent on free radical scavenging higher than different solvents; DPPH=0.007± 0.001 (IC50=mg/mL), ABTS= 1.4065± 0.0505 (IC50=mg/mL),and FRAP= 74.4960± 2.6067 (mg=TE/gExt). Conclusion: the plant seedling extracts composed with high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compound contents possess valuable to antioxidant activities. The seedling extracts from the plant could apply to supplementary food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and horticultural industries. Next study, chemical compositions, the major active compound(s), and biological activities will be clarified.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Flavonoids; Inca peanut seedling; Phenolic compounds; Phytochemical screening; Plukenetia Volubilis

Phytochemicals A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Control Oral Biofilm - Mruthunjaya Kenganora; Sushma Rudraswamy; Jai Shankar Puttabuddi Hombarvalli; Nagabhushana Doggalli (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Humans and micro-organisms have co-evolved having a synergetic relationship with their resident microbiome. The mouth features a diverse microbiota that grows on oral surfaces as functionally and structurally organized biofilms. The oral biofilms are accountable for causing a wide range of chronic diseases and owing to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria it has really become tough to treat with efficacy. Operative control of oral biofilm and the resulting infectious diseases epitomizes a significant universal challenge. For this kind of therapeutics, natural herbal products are perfect candidates because of their unique properties. The current review presents a novel approach to control and eradicate oral biofilm by the phytochemicals. Research on phytochemicals is zealously focused on health promotion, disease prevention, and also on the development of novel therapeutic interventions.
Keywords: Dental plaque; Medicinal herbs; Microbial resistance; Oral biofilm; Phytochemicals; Plant extracts; Quorum sensing

Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities Evaluation of Origanum vulgare (L.) Stem Bark Extracts - Rosmalena; Putu Ayu Widyastuti; Fatmawaty Yazid; Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati; Islamudin Ahmad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The present study aimed to evaluate phytochemical and antioxidant activity (in vitro and in vivo) of Origanum vulgare (L.) ethanolic extract. The phytochemical test was assessed using the Clule method in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging assay using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as an artificial free radical activity. In vivo test was conducted to evaluate the effect of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in blood plasma during maximum physical activity treatment. In vivo test was done using 25 male Sprague Dawley rats in pre and post-test control group design. The phytochemical test of O. vulgare ethanol extract was showed some compounds, such as a flavonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid/steroid, essential oil, and tannin, then in ethyl acetate and hexane. In vitro assay showed that O. vulgare extract has strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 133.47 μg/mL. While in the in vivo test, the most effective dosage is 20 mg/200 gr B.W., represented by a significant decrease of MDA level (0.509 nmol/mL) before and after treatment. So, the ethanolic extract of clove has potency as an herbal antioxidant because of the low level of IC50 and can decrease the MDA level.
Keywords: 2; 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; antioxidant activity; Malondialdehyde; Origanum vulgare (L.); Phytochemical

Phytochemicals Screening, GC/MS Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes Methanolic Extract - Alfi Rumidatul; I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha; Endah Sulistyawati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Methods: The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was α-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85%. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC50) was 12.60 ppm. Conclusion: F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Falcataria moluccana; GC/MS; Methanolic extract; Phytochemical

Phytochemistry and Biological Evaluation of Daphne gnidium L. Butanol Extract - Amira Horchani; Fadwa Chaabane; Mahassen Barboura; Imen Mokdad-Bzeouich; Aimen Abbassi; Amine Trabelsi; Leila Chekir-Ghedira (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae) has been used in the Mediterranean basin to treat skin diseases, rheumatism and toothache. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of butanol extract from the D. gnidium leaves. Methods: A quantitative analysis by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD) was performed. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by using three different assays: 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), deoxyribose degradation assay and Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) assay. The butanol extract was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. In addition, its effect on the production of NO and lysosomal activity in vivo was assessed. Results: The HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of daphnetin. The butanol extract had a remarkable antioxidant activity in the different systems tested. Furthermore, it has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the xyleneinduced ear edema and reduced the number of abdominal constrictions in mice indicating analgesic effect. It also was found to inhibit (NO) production and lysosomal activity in vivo. Conclusion: These findings support the daphne use in traditional medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations to elucidate its mechanism of action are required.
Keywords: Analgesic; Anti-inflammatory; Antioxidant; Daphne gnidium; Lysosmal activity; Nitric oxide production.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Boehmeria Genus: An Update Review - Muhammad Ikhlas Arsul; Muhamad Insanu; Irda Fidrianny (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Boehmeria is a genus that has the potential to be natural medicine and also has benefit in industry. This genus consists of 82 plants that includes numerous species, subspecies, and varieties. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Boehmeria genus based on research studies. Methods: The reference articles have DOI and were obtained through database from such as Science Direct and PubMed website to ensure their validity and reliable contents. This literature study was made by using minimum 50 literatures from the last 10 years. Results: There are 16 species of Boehmeria genus confirmed to have chemical compounds, and 9 species of which reported to exhibit pharmacological activity in the form of extracts and single compound isolates. Conclusion: Based on this study, it was known that some Boehmeria species contained abundance of Boehmeriasin A, boehmeriasin B, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, (Z)-9,10,11-trihydroxy-12 octadecenoic acid, catechin, β-sitosterol, rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, naringin and hesperidin. Boehmeria genus had various activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-hepatitis B.
Keywords: Anticancer; Biological activities; Boehmeria; Boehmeriasin; Chemical compound

Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators: A Review - Carmen R Silva-Correa; Jorge L Campos-Reyna; Víctor E Villarreal-La Torre; Abhel A Calderón-Peña; María V González Blas; Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz; José L Cruzado-Razco; William Antonio Sagástegui- Guarniz; Luz M Guerrero-Espino; Julio H (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail–flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)- dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.
Keywords: Analgesic; Antinociceptive; Extract; Natural product; Pain

Potential Inhibition by Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract on Ki-67 Expression in Distal Colon Mouse - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Elvan Wiyarta; Ari Estuningtyas; Nurhuda Sahar; Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen; Aryo Tedjo; Alfred Pakpahan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Ulcerative colitis (UC) has been an important aspect of an incurable chronic inflammatory disease over the last few decades. To find useful therapies for UC, one of which is herbal therapy, many researches have been conducted. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian indigenous herb, is considered to be the alternative therapy for UC. Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is then used in this research to determine its effect on UC by using Ki-67 as a marker of proliferation. PMLEE was created from dry PM content undergoing maceration. The animals were classified into six categories: normal, positive control, negative control and PMLEE group (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected for 7 consecutive days into BALB/c mice that were caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). DSS is used for modeling UC in the colon tissue of mice. All mice were terminated and then stained with anti-Ki-67 after their colons were extracted. Subsequently, the stained parts were analyzed with ImageJ based on the color intensity produced by the results of H-score. Based on H-score, PMLEE 300mg and 200mg has significantly decreased the expression of Ki-67 compare to the negative control (p=0.001 and p=0.01). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference from PMLEE 300mg and 100mg (p=0.002). It then concludes that PMLEE is related to Ki-67 expression in cells, as it was inversely proportional in this analysis.
Keywords: Dextran sodium sulphate; Inflamation; Ki- 67; Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa)

The Potential Interaction of Ethionamide-Thyroid Hormone Receptor Induces Hypothyroidism - Ronny Lesmana; Firyali Rahmani Shidqi; Hanna Goenawan; Iwan Setiawan; Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo; Farida Suhud; Nasrul Wathoni (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Hypothyroidism is a common side effect found in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis taking ethionamide. The mechanism of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism is potentially caused by the structure of ethionamide compounds chemically similar to thioamide, such as propylthiouracil (C7H8N2S), which inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis. However, hypothyroidism is caused not only by a lack of production but also by signaling alteration. Thyroid hormone action is mediated by thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulate their target genes. Unfortunately, there are limited studies on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs. Objective: In the present study, we want to elaborate on the potential interaction of ethionamide with TRs which might alter the thyroid hormone genomic regulation. Methods: Molecular docking studies were used to evaluate the potential interaction between ethionamide with TRα and TRβ. Results: The molecular docking results on TRα showed more than one hydrogen bond–steric interaction formed from the ethionamide–amino acid residue interaction. Ethionamide–TRβ interaction showed more than one steric interaction, but the hydrogen bonds are not visualized. The docking score between ethionamide and TRα is −7.373 kcal/ mol and higher than its interaction with TRβ. Conclusion: These findings indicate that ethionamide can interact with TRα and TRβ. However, the ethionamide–TRα interaction is stronger than ethionamide–TRβ interaction. Our study reports a novel mechanism of action of ethionamide-induced hypothyroidism.
Keywords: Ethionamide; Hypothyroidism; Molecular docking; TRα; TRβ

Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Essential Oils in Memory and Learning Impairment - Carmen R. Silva-Correa; Jorge L. Campos-Reyna; Víctor E. Villarreal-La Torre; Abhel A. Calderón-Peña; William Antonio Sagástegui-Guarniz; Luz M. Guerrero-Espino; Anabel D González-Siccha; Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz; María V. González-Blas; José L. Cruzado-Razco; Julio Hilario-Vargas (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Memory and learning is negatively affected by many factors. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder that occurs gradually, a sickness that is increasingly common, and multiple scientific articles suggest that essential oils improve memory and learning and are useful in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. This review aims to conduct a critical collection of current information on research into both memory and learning impairment, as well as essential oils that are able to avoid this neurodegenerative disease. Currently, different animal models have been useful for the study of neurodegenerative problems that alter memory and learning, experimental pharmacological, genetic and toxicological models that can simulate specific cognitive deficit syndromes. In addition, research in this review show several essential oil compounds that present positive results in animal studies, but still lack human clinical trials. Therefore, the assessment of the safety and efficacy of these phytochemical compounds in diseases that cause memory impairment and learning, remain a promising area for future research.
Keywords: Alzheimer disease; Animal model; Essential oil; Learning; Memory; Neurodegenerative diseases

Potential of Ethanolic Extract from Ripe Musa balbisiana Colla Fruit Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as An Antioxidant and Anti-Gout - Candra Irawan; Andita Utami; Erna Styani; Imalia Dwi Putri; Ratna Komala Putri; Avisani Dewanta; Annisa Ramadhanti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 ± 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 ± 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 ± 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout.
Keywords: Anti-gout; Antioxidant; Musa balbisiana Colla; Phenolic content; UAE

Potential of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract to Upregulate the Expression of Caspase-3 in Mouse Distal Colon after Dextran Sodium Sulphate Induction - Kusmardi Kusmardi; Elvan Wiyarta; Ari Estuningtyas; Nurhuda Sahar; Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen; Aryo Tedjo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a part of incurable chronic inflammatory disease that has gained importance over the past few decades. A lot of research has been done to find effective treatments for UC, one of which is herbal medicine. Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian native plant, is thought to be an alternative therapy for UC because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this research, Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is used to assess its effect on UC by using Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker. PMLEE was made from dried material of PM that undergo maceration. Animals were separated into six groups: normal, negative control, positive control, and PMLEE groups (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected to BALB/c mice that have been induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 7 consecutive days. DSS is used to model UC in mice colon tissue. All animals were sacrificed and their colons were collected then stained with anti-Caspase-3. The stained sections were subsequently examined with ImageJ based on color intensity which generated H-Score as the results. Based on H-Score of each group, PMLEE 300mg has significantly upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 compare to the negative control (p=0.015). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference between PMLEE doses. Therefore, it concludes that PMLEE is able to upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 in colon cells as in this study it was directly proportional. Key words: Mahkota Dewa, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ulcerative colitis.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Inflammation; Mahkota Dewa; Ulcerative colitis

Preclinical Safety Evaluation of Acute and Subacute Intranasal Administration of Polyphenols-based Cinnamon Bark Extract in Laboratory Rats - Prasad Thakurdesai; Pallavi Deshpande (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Polyphenols-based standardized cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) bark extract (IND02) demonstrated efficacy against allergic rhinitis in animal models and human clinical study. Objectives: To assess the acute and subacute intranasal toxicity of the IND02 nasal solution (IND02-NS). Methods: Acute and 28-days subacute toxicity using the intranasal route of administration of IND02-NS was evaluated using Wistar rats as per Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines. For acute intranasal toxicity study, a single dose of 100 μg/rat/day was administered in five male and female rats and observed for the incidence of mortality and signs of toxicity for 14 days. For a 28-days subacute intranasal toxicity study, doses of 20, 50, and 100 μg/rat/day were administered to a group of five male and female rats. Results: The IND02-NS did not show mortality or treatment-related adverse signs during acute (limit dose of 100 μg/rat/day) and subacute intranasal (28-days repeated dose of 20, 50, and 100 μg/rat/day with 14 days of reversal period) administration. The IND02-NS showed a maximum tolerated dose greater than 100 μg/rat during the acute intranasal toxicity study. The no-observed adverse effect level of IND02-NS was 100 μg/rat/day in rats during the subacute intranasal toxicity study. Conclusion: IND02-NS was found safe at 100 μg/rat/day during acute and subacute (28 days repeated dose) for nasal administration in rats.
Keywords: Intranasal toxicity; Maximum tolerated dose; Noobserved- adverse-effect level.; Polyphenols; Standardized cinnamon bark

Preclinical Trial of Propolis Extract in Prevention of High Salt Diet- Induced Hypertension - Ade Heri Mulyati; Ahmad Sulaeman; Sri Anna Marliyati; Mohamad Rafi; Al Mukhlas Fikri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Propolis has been widely reported as having various biological activities. However, Indonesian propolis seems to be less explored. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the antihypertensive activity of Indonesian propolis in rats. Materials and Methods: Hypertension was induced by high-NaCl (8%) diet for 3 weeks. A total of 36 rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group (SD), high-NaCl diet group (NaD), high-NaCl diet group + captopril (25 mg/ kg) (PD), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago (NaDP1), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung (NaDP2) and high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi (NaDP3). Propolis was daily administered at dose of 200 mg/ kg on hypertensive rats for 1 week. Blood pressure and body weight were weekly measured. Moreover, routine urine analysis, haematological parameters and lipid profiles at week 4 were determined. Results: The results showed that high-NaCl diet successfully induced hypertension in rats after 3 weeks of intervention. However, the diet did not cause weight gain (p>0.05). All Indonesian propolis samples significantly reversed either systolic or diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive rats. From urine analysis, propolis from Riau Archipelago and Lampung showed diuretic effect. The haematological analysis mainly showed no significant difference compared standard diet group. Furthermore, LDL and HDL concentrations were significantly improved by propolis from Lampung and South Sulawesi, respectively (p<0.05). In addition, we only found significant decrease in relative weight of liver in all groups administered with high-NaCl diet (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that all Indonesian propolis possessed antihypertensive activity.
Keywords: antihypertension; Blood pressure; High-NaCl diet; Stingless bee propolis

Preliminary Phytochemical Studies, GC-MS Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and its Polyherbal Formulation - Shalini K; Ilango K (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Novel polyherbal formulation (PHF) is the utilization of more than one herb in the preparation of herbal medication. The thought is found in the conventional system of medicine where the variety of herbs in a specific proportion of illness. Because of synergism, polyherbalism presents a few advantages which aren’t accessible in single herbal medication. It is utilized in these medications for the treatment of numerous sicknesses including antioxidants. Objective: To develop a phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of Novel Polyherbal formulation for In vitro antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical, preliminary phytochemical, quantitative phytoconstituents, and In-vitro antioxidant activity of all the individual extract and polyherbal formulation was done by chemical method. Identification of phytoconstituents with the aid of Gas chromatography – Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Results: Macroscopical study and physicochemical examination, for example, ash value, extractive value, loss on drying, and pH were reported to A. racemosus, B. variegata, C. bonducella, S. asoka, and S. racemosus and novel polyherbal formulation. Qualitative phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, gums & mucilage, carbohydrates, steroids, proteins & amino acids, fats & fixed oils, glycoside, phenols, and saponins. Quantitative estimation such as TAC, TFC, TGC, TSC, and TPC was showed positive results. All the individual extract and PHF were subjected to GC-MS analysis. All the individual extract and polyherbal formulation displayed strong antioxidant activity. Conclusions: To conclude the PHF was reported that high level of bioactive contents present and strong antioxidant activity in contrast to the preferred ascorbic acid. The GC-MS uncovered the presence of bioactive compounds and these compounds are suggested to treat antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative activity, and antifungal activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; GC-MS analysis; Macroscopical; Phytochemical; Polyherbal formulation

Preparation of Euyrycoma Longifolia Jack (E.L) Tongkat Ali (Ta) Root Extract Hydrogel for Wound Application - Maryam Riyadh Yaseen; Ghasak G Faisal; Azliana Abd Fuaat; Khairunisa Ahmad Affandi; Batoul Alallam; Mohd Hamzah Mohd Nasir (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: It is undeniable that a lot of patients worldwide suffer from different types of wounds. The complex process of wound healing has a severe effect on the life quality of patients as well as causing an economic load on healthcare institutions. Although the availability of various therapies for managing patients with acute and chronic wounds for the past decade, these therapies are usually expensive and accompanied by undesirable side effects. Hence, the discovery of a new arsenal for wound healing remains a hot topic of research. Recently, plants and their by-products have garnered remarkable attention as a source of therapeutic agents to treat wounds. This is because medicinal plants provide a rich reservoir of phytochemicals that could potentially become affordable and effective therapeutic agents. Eurycoma longifolia Jack or Tongkat Ali (TA), is one of the well-known traditional plants of Malaysia, it has been scientifically proven to have medicinal properties. Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymer networks that can imbibe a significant number of fluids. In comparison to other systems developed for herbal medicines delivery, a unique power possessed by hydrogels is the high-water absorption ability. This ability has favoured the loading of herbal formulations, which are in general hydrophilic in nature, into hydrogels. Objective: The aim of this study is to prepare Eurycoma longifolia Jack (E.l.J) Tongkat Ali (TA) roots hydrogel for wound application. Methods: Authentication of Eurycoma longifolia Jack roots was done by microscopic examination using methylene blue and Lugol’s iodine solution. Root extraction by Soxhlet technique. In vitro cytotoxicity of ethanol extract of the roots was evaluated in human primary gingival fibroblasts cells. The ethanolic extract was loaded into hydrogel as a suitable dosage form for further wound healing studies. Results: The crude herbal drug sample, TA present the same microscopical characters to that of E. longifolia Jack tap root. Ic50 was 118.5 μg/mL. The hydrogel was prepared using 2% xanthan gum and ethanol extract of TA was loaded successfully for its later application as a wound healing agent.
Keywords: Eurycoma longifolia Jack; Hydrogel; Microscopic examination

Production of Secondary Metabolites and its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity During the Growth Period of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Gall Rust Sengon Plants - Alfi Rumidatul; Noor Rahmawati; Sopandi Sunarya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: In our previous study, secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from gall rust sengon showed their bioactive activity against antibacterial and antioxidant, but only gave little effect to antifungal activity. Endophytic fungal culture extracted from gall rust of sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes) has the ability on inhibiting Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. To increase the production of bioactive compounds, this research was focused on isolates which produced the highest activity compounds, and sought the optimal fermentation conditions in the production of bioactive compounds. Methods: The fermentation process was carried out on PDB liquid media for 21 days, under shaker conditions, at room temperature, and sampling measurements were hold every 3 days. Bioassay were carried out against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. Results: The early stages fungal growth was adaptation stage, continued by 1-6th days of exponential growth period. Day 6-12th was stationary growth and day 15-21th were cell death periode. The highest secondary metabolite production was achieved at stationary periodes, that was occured at days 9-15th and high antibacterial activity was produced on days 9-12th. Conclusion: The best production secondary metabolite that has high activity was at day 9-12th.
Keywords: Antibacteri; Antioxidant; Endophytic fungi; Gall rust; Secondary metabolite

Prognostic Factors in Predicting Primary Brainstem Hemorrhage Patients: An Experience in Indonesia’s Rural Hospital - Namira Khairunnisa; Feda Anisah Makkiyah; Tashya Anggraeni Sinaga; Rahmah Hida Nurrizka (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Primary brainstem hemorrhage is a rare type of hemorrhagic stroke with a very high reported mortality rate in Indonesia. Aim: This study aims to demonstrate the mortality rate of cases in one of Indonesia’s rural hospitals. To help reduce the mortality rate, the prognostic factors of several cases were studied. These steps are needed to be able to predict the prognosis of primary brainstem hemorrhage patients and to give a better explanation to the family of the patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken with collecting medical and radiological records from January 2018 to August 2020. A total sampling technique was done, and 340 patients were diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke during that period. Only ten patients met the inclusion criteria and were included as the study samples. Statistical analysis using SPSS 22 and the Spearman correlation test adjusted for each variable. Results: Low prevalence of primary brainstem hemorrhage (7%). There were correlation between GCS score, brainstem hemorrhage location, and length of stay with the patient’s prognosis. Conclusion: Understanding these prognostic factors would reduce the prevalence of this primary brainstem hemorrhage and to ease the process of explaining the patients’ condition to the family.
Keywords: Brainstem; Factor; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Primary; Prognosis

Protective effect of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrininduced reprotoxicity in male Wistar rats - Amel CHOUABIA; Samir DJEMLI; Cherif ABDENNOUR; Leila MALLEM; Labiba KAHALERRAS; Fatma Zohra ARKOUB; Narimene BOUABDALLAH; Abdelkrim TAHRAOUI (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically active compounds with therapeutic properties that, over time, have been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrin-induced toxicity. Methods: 30 male rats weighing approximately 240 g were divided into equal six groups; the control group received tap water, the positive control received the aqueous extract of sage leaves (SLE) at a dose of (0.5g/kg bw), the groups treated with cypermethrin (Cyp1) at 8.33 mg/kg bw and (Cyp2) at 25 mg/kg bw, and the groups treated by cypermethrin combined with aqueous extract of sage SLE+Cyp1 (0.5g/kg bw+8.33 mg/kg bw) and SLE+Cyp2 (0.5g/kg bw+25 mg/kg bw) for four days/week. After 4 weeks of oral administration, epididymal seminal fluid was analyzed via the CASA system, in addition to the histological study testis and epididymis. Results: The obtained results showed a decrease in the absolute weight of the reproductive organs, with a significant decrease in sperm concentration, motility and speed in the cypermethrin-treated group compared to the control. Histological study of the testes and epididymis indicates an alteration in the stages of spermatogenesis in groups Cyp1 and Cyp2 compared to the control. However, the above-mentioned parameters were maintained almost normal in the groups that received the aqueous extract of sage with both doses of cypermethrin. Conclusion: it can be demonstrated that SLE has been shown to protect rats from cypermethrin-induced reprotoxicity.
Keywords: Cypermethrin; Histology; Rats; Salvia officinalis; Spermatozoa; Toxicity

Protective Potential of Canthium dicoccum Methanolic Extract Against Hepatic Injury in Rats - Ravi Kumar Vakkalagadda; Parameshwar Ravula; Kondapuram Parameshwar; Kaspa Saraswathi; P Sindhuri; Rajala Srikala; Kosika Sandeep (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The methanolic extract of leaves of C.dicoccum was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity since it is reported to cause oxidative stress in the animal thereby altering the enzymatic levels. Fresh leaves were collected, shade dried and extract was prepared by cold maceration followed by drying in a rota-vapour using methanol to obtain MECD as a sticky semi-solid mass. Thirty rats were taken and divided into 5 equal groups where, Group I, II, and III served as Normal Control, Negative control (PCM 3g/kg), and Positive control (Silymarin 200mg/kg) respectively; whereas, Group IV and V served as test groups where the rats were pre-treated orally with MECD 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for six days before administering PCM. On the 8th day all groups except Group I was administered with PCM (3g/kg). 48 hours post PCM induction, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were obtained via retro-orbital sinus plexus and then the rats were sacrificed. The serum was assessed for the evaluation parameters like AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels. Apart from these; SOD, CAT, and MDA levels were also evaluated and it was concluded that treatment with MECD restored the levels to normal thereby exhibiting hepatoprotective activity. Moreover, histopathological evaluation was carried out to assess the liver for inflammation, infiltration, or necrosis where the MECD treated rats showed promising results.
Keywords: Antioxidant enzymes; Canthium dicoccum; Hepatoprotective activity; Liver markers; Paracetamol.

Proximate Composition and Antioxidant Activities of Vegetable Milk from Lotus Seeds (Nolumbo nucifera) - Ace Baehaki; Rinto; Muhammad Hendri; Sabri Sudirman; Jeny Pusphyta Buana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
This study aims to proximate composition and antioxidant activities of vegetable milk from lotus seeds (Nolumbo nucifera). The research method in this study used a randomized block design with 3 levels of treatment with 3 repetitions, the treatments used were: A0 = 100% soybean (Control), A1 = boiling temperature 80⁰C, A2 = boiling temperature 90⁰C, A3 = boiling temperature 100⁰C, B1 = boiling time 10 min, B2 = boiling time 30 min and B3 = boiling time 50 min. The test parameters carried out were proximate composition (water, ash, protein, fat, carbohydrates, and antioxidants) and antioxidant activiy. The results showed the ash content of the lotus seed until the boiling time of 90 min increased, but when the temperature was increased to 100⁰C, the ash content decreased. The fat content of lotus seed milk decreased with increasing boiling time. The protein of vegetable milk from lotus seeds tend to increase with the duration of boiling. The result showed the soy milk has the highest activity (control). For lotus seed milk, the highest activity was in lotus seed milk with boiling temperature treatment of 80⁰C and boiling time for 10 min.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Lotus seeds; Nolumbo nucifera; Proximate; Vegetable Milk

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of 70% Ethanol Extract from Ruta angustifolia for Developing Anti-Hepatitis C Agents - Tutik Sri Wahyuni; Adita Ayu Permanasari; Lidya Tumewu; Aty Widyawaruyanti; Achmad Fuad Hafid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Medicinal plants are potential sources for drug candidates. It possesses with various metabolites which have many pharmacology effects. Ruta angustifolia is one of medicinal plants that has been used traditionally for liver disease. Previous study it has been demonstrated to inhibit hepatitis C virus under in vitro cell culture. It decreased protein NS3 level and gave synergistic effect in combination with simeprevir and telaprevir. This plant provides a prospective candidate to develop as anti-HCV Objective: This study evaluates the phytochemistry screening for qualitative assay and determine the concentration of rutin as marker compound for developing R. angustifolia extract as anti-HCV agent. Materials and Methods: R. angustifolia leaves were extracted with 70% of ethanol. Extract and rutin were analysis their anti-HCV activity by in vitro culture cells of Huh7it. The concentration of rutin was determine by TLC densitometry. Results: The 70% ethanol extract of R. angustifolia dan rutin exhibit anti-HCV activities with IC50 value of 2.9 ± 0.8 μg/ml and 28.1 ± 5.6 μg/ml, respectively. Screening phytochemistry demonstrated to contain flavonoid, terpenoid, alkaloid and polyphenols. TLC densitometry analysis yield the concentration of rutin in extract 0.06 %. Conclusion: Extract of 70% ethanol of R. angustifolia has a potential anti-HCV activity. Extract of R. angustifolia may provide a good candidate for developing anti-HCV agents.
Keywords: Hepatitis C Virus; Infectious disease; Medicinal plants; Medicine; Ruta angustifolia; Rutin

Quantification of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Myricetin in Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, and Brazilin in Caesalpinia sappan L. by HPLC Method - Eem Masaenah; Berna Elya; Heri Setiawan; Zahra Fadhilah; Varda Arianti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin are bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini, and Caesalpinia sappan plants that have potential as medicinal ingredients. Objectives: To determine the levels of andrographolide in A. paniculata herb extract (APE), myricetin in S. cumini leaf extract (SCE), and brazilin in C. sappan wood extract (CSE) as marker compounds for extract quality control using the HPLC method. Methods: The separation was carried out on a reverse-phase C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm). The isocratic was prepared from methanol - water (50:50 v/v); 0.1% orthophosphoric acid - methanol (60:40 v/v); and 0,3% acetic acid - acetonitrile (85.5: 14.5 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL/min for andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin determination, respectively and detection using UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm, 369 nm, and 280 nm, respectively. Results: The linear regression for andrographolide was y = 14113x + 5948.8 (r2= 0.9994); myricetin was y = 87766x – 138895 (r2=0.9996); and brazilin was y = 18520x – 42668 (r2=0.9992). The andrographolide content in APE was found to be 14.4686 %. The myricetin content in SCE was found to be 0.3190 %. The brazilin content in CSE was found to be 2.1280 %. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for the analysis of the APE, SCE, and CSE. This method can be used for the identification and quantification of andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin in herbal raw materials or herbal products containing these three extracts.
Keywords: Andrographis paniculata; Caesalpinia sappan; HPLC; Marker compounds; Quality control; Syzygium cumini

Reconstruction and Scientific Explanation of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) From West Sumatra as Ethnomedicine and Source of Science Learning - Skunda Diliarosta; Sudarmin; Annisa Efendi; Dwisari Dillasamola; Biomechy Oktomalioputri; Rehani Ramadhani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest land in the world, this makes Indonesia rich in diversity of flora and fauna. This diversity produces a variety of cultures, traditions and local wisdom. One of the local wisdoms of the people of West Sumatra is the use and utilization of the biodiversity around it as a medicine for various diseases. The type of medicinal plant that is the focus of this research is the type of Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.). This research is an educational research conducted using an ethnoscience approach, meaning that it is based on the indigenous knowledge of the local community. This study aims to reconstruct knowledge from a cultural / community perspective in the health sector. which later will become a knowledge with scientific explanation. The data were obtained through direct observation to the research location regarding indigenous knowledge about the Akar Kuning plant and also based on laboratory test data on antibacterial activity carried out in the biology laboratory of Semarang State University. All data obtained will be analyzed and also strengthened by various sources. The analysis concluded that the Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Plant contains bioactive compounds that act as antibacterials, thus inhibiting bacterial growth. This is evidenced by the inhibition zone diameter data produced during laboratory tests showing the results that the Yellow Root plant extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.)
Keywords: Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.); Ethnoscience; Reconstruction; Scientific explanation

Repairing of Renal Tubules in Diabetic Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Diabetes After Administration of Golden Sea Cucumber (Stichopus hermanii) - Herin Setianingsih; Satria Erda Wisnumarta; Sareh Arjono Tjandra (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
This study aims to analyze the improvement of the histopathological picture of renal tubules in diabetic rats after being given golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii). This research uses experimental design laboratories with a post-test only control group design method. The sampling used simple random sampling with 25 white rats divided into five groups, namely groups that were given standard feed without STZ-induced, STZ-induced group, STZ-induced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 4.25 mg/kg BW for 21 days, STZinduced group and given golden sea cucumber extract at a dose of 8.5 mg/kg BW for 21 days, and STZ-induced group and given gold sea cucumber extract at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW for 21 days. The data on the observation of each group's kidney histopathology was carried out at the end of the session. The results of the analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis Test showed significant results, the Mann-Whitney Test showed significant differences between the STZinduced group and the golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW (x=7.4 mg/dl) decreased significantly (p=0.001) compared to the STZ-only-induced group (x=12.6 mg/dl). Administration of golden sea cucumber extract (Stichopus hermanii) at a dose of 12.75 mg/kg BW of rats for 21 days lowered the degree of tubular damage to the kidney rectus of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) male streptozotocin-induced strains.
Keywords: Diabetic rat; Stichopus hermanii; Tubular injury

Repurposing of FDA Approved Alkaloids as COVID 19 Inhibitors; in silico Studies - Ehab M Mostafa; Mohammed Gamal; Mohammed M Ghoneim; Shaimaa Hussein; Ahmed H El-Ghorab; Mohamed A Abdelgawad; Arafa Musa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Alkaloid drugs were permitted for using as a treatment of numerous diseases. Colchicine, codeine, piperine, papaverine, ergometrine, theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are recognized safe alkaloids and used for many human disfunctions. The chemical structures of alkaloids have flexible chemical moieties with various electronic and chemical characters. COVID-19 is a horrible disease as result from that the discovering of potent drugs from previously FDA approved drugs is the main objective of this study. Methods: docking studies were used for discovering the interactions of alkaloids with protease proteins. The nature of selected alkaloids structures was utilized for advance insights studies to predict new medical applications. Results: Docking studies for alkaloids were completed and the obtained outcomes, displayed that all tried alkaloids have great attraction with the five protease proteins, the energy docking score ranged from -2.9516 (for colchicine with 5R82) to -24.7449 (for ergotamine with 5R80) kcal/mol with 1-5 variable interactions bond. Conclusion: Among the tested drugs, papaverine and ergometrine revealed high docking scores for all five proteins (score ranged from, -14.1058 to 23.1619 for papaverine and, -4.7900 to 24.7449 for ergometrine) and number of interactions with all tested proteins are two to three for papaverine but for ergometrine are two to five.
Keywords: Alkaloids; COVID-19; Docking study; FDA; Natural drugs

A Review of the Traditional Uses, Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of Centaurea benedicta L. - Gagan Tiwana; Jiahe Fua; Lanping Lu; Matthew J Cheesman; IE.Cock (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Centaurea benedicta L. is an annual herbaceous plant which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is commonly known as blessed thistle, holy thistle, St Benedict’s thistle or spotted thistle. Traditionally, it has been used to treat bubonic plague and possesses diuretic, galactagogue, liver-strengthening and wound healing properties. Recent research studies have investigated its anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and other therapeutic properties. Several studies have also reported its antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial pathogens. However, most of these studies were preliminary and only tested relatively high concentrations of the extracts. Additionally, most studies screened a limited number of pathogens. Cnicin is the main chemical compound present in C. benedicta and it has been widely investigated. However, few other compounds from this plant have been identified and/or investigated, and further phytochemical studies are warranted. Interestingly, pure cnicin has good anticancer activity, whilst the crude extracts lack cytotoxic properties. Phytochemical analyses of C. benedicta extracts reveal the presence of multiple flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and lactones, although few specific phytochemicals within these phytochemical classes have been identified. A limited number of research studies have determined the toxicity profile of C. benedicta in order to evaluate its safety for human use. Substantially more detailed studies are required to rigorously investigate the therapeutic properties and phytochemistry of C. benedicta, which may ultimately lead to the development of new plant-based therapeutic medicines.
Keywords: Asteraceae; Blessed thistle; Flavonoids; St Benedict’s thistle; Tannins; Terpenoids

A Review on Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Nephelium Lappaceum L. - Wan Nor Iffah Husna Wan Mustaffa; Wan Hafizah W. Jusof (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs in the majority of people worldwide. The number of cases in many countries has been increasing year by year. In Malaysia, the statistics show that the number of diabetic case in 2019 was 3.6 million and expected to increase in 2025 by 7 million. This disease can develop as a result of oxidative stress production in the body. Nephelium lappaceum was claimed traditionally being used to treat diabetes mellitus. This research is conducted to review the available literature regarding the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Nephelium lappaceum extracts and constituent that contributes to this activity. Methods: The studies included in this review have been selected using several databases including Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct and Pubmed. The keywords used in database search were “Nephelium lappaceum”, “antioxidant” and “antidiabetic” and covered the period from 2007 onwards. Results: This review revealed that Nephelium lappaceum extracts have good antioxidant and antidiabetic activities when tested using various methods. These activities are due to the presence of several phytoconstituents in the extract. Conclusions: In conclusion, Nephelium lappaceum possess antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. It has the potential to be developed as an antidiabetic and antioxidant agent which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases, including diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Diabetes mellitus; Nephelium lappaceum L.; Phytoconstituents; Rambutan

Role of Capsaicin in the Repair of Cellular Activity in Mice Liver - Mohammad Sukmanadi; Mustofa Helmi Effendi; Faisal Fikri; Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
This study aimed to determine the capsaicin efficacy on Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells in mice liver induced with aflatoxin B1. A total of 20 mice were used as sample, assigned into four group i.e. (T0) administered 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) administered 0,5 ml of capsaicin + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. All treatment were done for a month then followed by liver dissection for hematoxylin eosin staining. The differential cells counted then analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test (p<0,05). The cell determination showed that Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells decreased significantly (p<0,05) in T3 group compared to T2 group. Meanwhile, the T1 group showed similar (p>0,05) with T0 group. It can be concluded that capsaicin has a potential effect to improve cellular activity in mice liver with aflatoxin B1 toxication.
Keywords: Aflatoxin B1; Animal; Capsaicin; Fibroblast.; Kupffer cell; Stellate

Role of Spices in Offering Natural Immunity to Fight Various Diseases - T Sudhakar Johnson; D. B. Anantha Narayana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Adequate nutrition intake is one of main factors to strengthen immunity. Traditional and cultural practices of food consumption involve use of several spices in limited quantities as part of food. Spices have offered versatile biological effects due to presence of valuable biochemicals. The aim of the present paper is to review published scientific evidence on potential role of spices in offering innate and adaptive immunity to human body. It has been demonstrated that, turmeric, one of the widely used spices, acts as an anti-viral agent through inhibition of viral entry into cells, suppression of viral replication and modulation of cytokines. A field study revealed that nations with higher consumption of spices have shown lesser COVID-19 cases and higher recovery rates. Further, spices also have shown to possess antioxidant activity superior or equivalent to ascorbic acid and are known to regulate inflammation processes. Evidence generated from the published literature is compelling to arrive at a conclusion that consumption of spices might improve immunity there by offering protection against various diseases including COVID-19. It is also noted that there are lesser number of human clinical trials in this area which warrants immediate attention to provide scientific evidence to immunity offered by spices.
Keywords: COVID-19; Diet; Immunity; Nutrition; Spices

Separation and Quantification of Sinensetin, Imperatorin and Total Tannin Content as Active Phytoconstituents of Methanol Extract of Imperata cylindrica Root from Kendari - Diah Dhianawaty; Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna Syamsunarno; Resti Gradia Dwiwina; Raden Anita Indriyanti; Ruslin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract harvested from Kendari had anti-hypertensive activity stated in a study on hypertension rat models at the doses 60 and 90 mg/kg-bw. The extract also contained phenolic compound 1.53% (GAE) and flavonoid 1.17% (QE) and had antioxidant activity IC50 0.32 mg/mL. Aim of the study was to determine the active secondary metabolites in the extract. Materials and Method: Sinensetin and imperatorin in the extract were separated on silica gel 60 column, eluted with a gradient eluent system as follows (1) n-hexane- ethyl acetate (3:7); (2) n-hexane – ethyl acetate (2:8); (3) ethyl acetate -MeOH (8:2), and (4) methanol. Imperatorin and sinensetin in fractions were identified and quantified by HPLC method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture as follows, 0.1% formic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 400 C. The total tannin was determined by spectrophotometry method with Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-Phenanthroline at wave length 510 nm. Results: Imperatorin and sinensetin were identified in fractions 5 to 9. The concentrations of sinensetin and imperatorin in Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract were of 32.348 and 37.014 mg/kg extract, respectively. The total tannin content was 1.06 % (w/w) (TAE). Conclusion: Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract from Kendari had active phytoconstituents, namely sinensetin, imperatorin, and tannin.
Keywords: Imperata cylindrica; Imperatorin; Sinensetin; Tannin

Single Factor Effect of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Citric Acid-Glucose Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction on Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves - Herman; Arsyik Ibrahim; Bakti Puji Rahayu; M Arifuddin; Yuspian Nur; Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo; Maryono; Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati; Laode Rijai; Islamudin Ahmad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Applying green chemistry principles in the exploration of an active secondary metabolite from natural products has continued to experience a significant increase in the last decade, mainly natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) usage. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil (Rubiaceae family) is a native of East Kalimantan, which is traditionally used as an herb to treat headaches and inflammation by drinking boiled water a few leaves. On the other hand, this plant has an addictive effect. This study aims to determine the single factor effect of NADES citric acid–glucose-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to obtain the yield of total polyphenols content (TPC) from M. speciosa leaves. Dried powder of M. speciosa leaves was extracted using NADES citric acid-glucose based MAE method with some different conditions such as NADES (citric acid-glucose) ratio (4:1, 5:1, 6:1 g/g), solid-liquid ratio (10:1, 15:1, 20:1 mL/g), microwave power (90, 270, 450 Watts), and extraction time (15, 20, 25 min). The determination of TPC was performed using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and gallic acid as a standard with different concentration levels. The absorbance measured using spectrophotometer UV-VIS at 746 nm to obtain a regression formula of Y = 0.0022X–0.00095, where R2 = 0.9977. Based on the result, the best of single factor condition effect was obtained the TPC value including NADES ratio of 248.69 mg GAE/g sample (5:1 g/g citric acid-glucose), a solid-liquid ratio of 146.93 mg GAE/g sample (15:1 mL/g solvent-sample), microwave power of 192.20 mg GAE/g sample (270 Watts), and extraction time of 358.59 mg GAE/g sample (15 min). The single factor effect of NADES citric acid-glucose-based MAE shows a difference in TPC value based on various conditions of this method.
Keywords: Citric acid-glucose; Microwave-assisted extraction; Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil; Natural deep eutectic solvent; Total polyphenols content

Single-Dose and Combined-Dose of Nanoparticles from Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) and Sappan Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Induced Apoptosis and Necrosis in HeLA Cells - Okid Parama Astirin; Adi Prayitno; Anif Nur Artanti; Elisa Herawati; Afiyati Nur ‘Aini Saad; Ajeng Dara Firstlia (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Apart from the medical advancement of chemotherapy, various plants were known as beneficial for cancer therapy because they can kill cancer cells selectively without damaging the normal cells. Here, we showed that nanoparticles formulated from chloroform fraction of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves and ethyl acetate fraction of sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) have anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects on HeLa cervical cancer cells. Methods: The cytotoxic effect was evaluated using a single dose of each nanoparticle and a combined dose to obtain a synergistic effect. The mechanism of induced cell death via apoptosis or necrosis pathway was evaluated using flow cytometry by incorporating Annexin V and propidium iodide. Results: Synthesis of nanoparticles from the extract of soursop leaves (nano-SL) and extract of sappan wood (nano-SW) yielded particle sizes ranging from 248 to 317 nm. Nano-SL and nano-SW decreased the viability of HeLa cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 63,32 μg/ml dan 40,88 μg/ml, respectively. The combined dose of 1/8 IC50 from both nanoparticles showed a strong synergistic effect, as shown by the combination index value of 0.13 based on the same mode of action and different modes of action. In HeLa cells treated with a combined dose of nanoparticles, the total apoptotic cells increased two times greater than that in control cells. Conclusion: Nano-SL and nano-SW induce apoptosis and necrosis in HeLa cells. Combined-dose of both nanoparticles produced a synergistic effect that could reduce the amount of the required individual dose while increasing the total effect.
Keywords: Annona muricata L.; Apoptosis; Caesalpinia sappan L.; HeLa cells; Nanoparticles; Necrosis

Specific and Non-Specific Parameters Standardization of Ethanolic 96% Extract of Kersen Leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) - Aristha Novyra Putri; Revita Saputri; Karunita Ika Astuti; Ika Puspita Sari; Teuku Nanda Saifullah Sulaiman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
(Muntingia calabura L., commonly known as “Kersen” in Indonesia, which is a plant that grow in anywhere. Kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has been used empirically as a medicinal plant because it contains many potential compounds. This study aims is to standardize and Phytochemical screening the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.). Standardization of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) consist of two parameters that is specific and non specific. The specific parameters include organoleptic test, water and ethanol extractable material, identification of compound content. Whereas non specific parameter include water content, density extract, acid insoluble ash content, mold & yeast contamination, total ash content, microbial contamination, and metal contamination such as Pb and Cd. The result showed that the organoleptic properties of ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) are dark green color, distinctive smell and has a slightly bitter taste. Content of water solvent and ethanol solvent of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves is 60.67% and 12.1%. Phtyochemical screening results of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves contains saponins, fenol, flavonoid, steroid. The non specific parameters of the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves are water content of 8.88%; density extract of 0.815 gr/mL, total ash content of 2.27% ± 0.15; acid insoluble ash content 0.05% ± 0,04; mold and yeast contamination of <1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; microbial contamination of <1.0 x 100 CFU/gr; Pb level of 0.07 ppm ± 0.03 and Cd level of <0.001 ppm. Based on these result that the ethanolic 96% extract of kersen leaves (Muntingia calabura L.) has met the predetermined requirements.
Keywords: 96% Ethanolic extract; Muntingia calabura L. leaves; Non-specific parameters.; Specific parameters; standardization

Standardization Extracts and Simplicia of Limau Sundai Peel (Citrus x aurantiifolia 'sundai'), Determine Content of Nobiletin and Antibacterial Activity Test - Elidahanum Husni; Friardi Ismed; Awaliana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: One type of oranges typical of West Sumatra, which is widely used as traditional medicine is sundai lime (Citrus x aurantiifolia 'sundai'); Aims: therefore, it is necessary to standardize extracts and Simplicia, determine the content of nobiletin, and antibacterial activity test. Methods: The standardization method was used refer to Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. TLC Densitometry was used to determine the content of the nobiletin, and the diffusion method to antibacterial activity test. To get a good standardization, the sundai lime was taken from three regions: Bukittinggi, Pariaman, and Solok. Results: From these three regions, conclusions drawn from the macroscopic fruit peel slices were uneven and had distinctive odors. The outer surface is brown, and the inner surface is yellowish-white. From the microscopic was identified fragments in sundai lime peels consisting of hair covering, ladder-shaped transport, parenchyma with secretion cells, oxalate crystals, and parenchyma tissue and stomata. Water-soluble extract content of Simplicia ≤ 24.90 %, and ethanol-soluble extract content ≤ 17.66 %. Non-specific parameters are loss on drying ≤ 5.65 %, total ash content ≤ 5.14 %, and acid insoluble ash content ≤ 0.80 %. The specific parameters were crude extract, black, characteristic odor, Rf of nobiletin was 0.75. Rendement extract ≥ 18.80 %. Non-specific parameters of extract were water content ≤ 18.37 %, total ash content ≤ 3.93 %, and non-acidic ash content ≤ 0.27 %. The nobiletin content in the sundai lime extract Pariaman was 0.33 %, Solok 0.59 %, and Bukittinggi 0.47 %. The antibacterial test with diffusion method in three regions has moderate activities as concentrations of 20% and 15%. Conclusion: Sundai lime had Antibacterial activity.
Keywords: Antibacterial activity; Citrus x aurantiifolia('sundai'); Nobiletin; standardization; Sundai lime peel fruit; TLC Densitometry

Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Bulbs and Total Flavonoid Content from Three Locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia - Rahmi Muthia; Helmina Wati; Wahyudin Bin Jamaludin; Kartini; Finna Setiawan; Muhammad Fikri; Abdul Wahhab (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) is a typical plant of Kalimantan which is traditionally used by the Dayak community as a medicinal plant. Dayak onion bulbs have been proven had many pharmacology activities. Objective: This study aims to determine the nonspesific and specific parameters of 70% ethanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Total flavonoids was also quantified Methods:. Eleutherine bulbosa Urb was extracted with maseration method used etanol 70 % as solvent. Determination of non-spesific includes by determined specific gravity, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, residual sovents, heavy metanol contamination, microbial contamination, mold and yeast contamination. Determination of specific parameters included extract identity, organoleptic extract, water/ethanol soluble content, chromatography profile. Total flavonoid content were quantified with colorimetric method. Results: there were no significance difference between nonspesific and specific parameters Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three different locations. Measurement of total phenol content and total flavonoid content respectively form South Borneo were ; 6,499 ± 0,5248 mg QE/g extract, from central borneo were 7,585 ± 0,0437 mgQE/g extract, and from east borneo were 5,035 mg ± 0,3887 mgQE/g extract. Conclusion: it can be concluded that bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three locations have characters to similar between each other and bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb form central borneo had the highest total flavonoid content.
Keywords: Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.; Flavonoids; Non-specific parameters; Specific parameters; standardization

Study of Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack) Leaf Extract Activity as an Immunostimulators With In vivo and In vitro Methods - Dwisari Dillasamola; Yufri Aldi; Fatma Sri Wahyuni; Rauza Sukma Rita; Dachriyanus; Salman Umar; Harrizul Rivai (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack.) contains polysaccharides, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols which have pharmacological activity as immunostimulants. Objective: This study aimed to see how the effect of Sungkai extract as an immunostimulant agent was carried out in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using two methods, namely in vivo and in vitro. In vivo research method was conducted to test the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, the percentage of leukocytes, and the total number of leukocytes. This study used 30 male white mice as the test animals that were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups. Each group was consisting of 6 mice which were given different treatments. The negative control group was given with the 0.5% NaCMC suspension, the mice test substance group was given with the suspension of Sungkai ethanol extract with various doses of 800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW, and lastly the comparison group was given with the Stimuno in a dose of 50 mg/kg orally for 7 days. On day 8, blood was taken from the mice's vein to count the number and percentage of its leukocytes, then followed by the intraperitoneal injection of a Staphylococcus aureus bacteria suspension. After 1 hour of administration of the bacterial suspension, the peritoneal fluid was taken to be observed for its activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. The in vitro research method was used to test the viability and immunostimulatory activity of RAW 264.7 cells with the Sungkai extraction at the concentration of 1.10, 100 g/m. This cell viability test using the microtetrazolium (MTT) method aims to see whether the Sungkai sample used is safe and not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells by observing at the cell viability value that should exceed >90%. The concentration of Sungkai extraction at 1.10, 100 g/mL was found to be safe and non-toxic to RAW 264.7 cells with a viability value of >90%. Thus, this concentration of Sungkai extraction can be performed for its immunostimulatory activity test on LPS induced of RAW 264.7 cells by observing their levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. (proinflammatory cytokines) were compared with the LPS alone as a control using the sandwich ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. Results: The observations were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan's follow-up test (significance was taken at p<0.05). The results showed that variations in concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) on the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, along with the total leukocyte cells. The percentage of leukocytes showed that the cells had a significant increase (p<0.05). It was found that the Sungkai extraction on 1.10, 100 g/mL could significantly increase the concentration of TNF- and IL-6 (p<0.05) which were tested by one-way ANOVA and followed by Duncan's post hoc test. Conclusion: Sungkai leaf extract (Peronemacanescsens Jack.) in a dose of800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW has an immunostimulant effect both in vivo and in vitro.
Keywords: Cell viability; immunostimulant; Jack); LPS (lipopolysaccharide); Macrophages; MTT (Microtetrazolium); Phagocytosis; RAW 264.7 cells; Sungkai (Peronema canescens; total and percentage of leukocytes

Study of the Making of Hydrolizate Protein Powder of Rebon Shrimp as a Food Nutrition Enhancement Ingredient - Suparmi; Dewita; Desmelati; Taufik Hidayat (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Rebon shrimp protein hydrolyzate has the potential to be used as a protein powder as a nutritional supplement. The aim of this study was to determine the best protein hydrolyzate concentration as a raw material for protein powder. The research was carried out in two stages, each of which was related. The first stage was made of protein hydrolyzate using 2 treatments, namely enzymatic hydrolysis (15% papain) and fermentation using 10% L plantarum bacteria. The parameters observed included yield, amino acid profile and fatty acid profile. The second stage was determining the best concentration of 5 level (6%, 7%, 8%, 9%) protein hydrolyzate, as a binder was added gum arabic and dextrin (1: 0.5) the amount of 8% (w / v). observed parameters, organoleptic values, physical characteristics and degree of brightness. The results of this research can be concluded that the hydrolyzate of rebon shrimp protein with the best concentration is 9%. can be used as a protein powder as a nutritional supplement with the addition of gum arabic binder and dextrin (1: 0.5) with a yield value of 73.191% and a total amino acid of 46.70%. The content of fatty acids produced The fatty acids contained are mMyristic acid 0.264%, palmintic acid 6.361%, stearic acid 0.678%, oleic acid 16.704% (Omega 9) and linoleic acid 0.084% (Omega 6). Organoleptic value of protein powder, namely taste 8.6, aroma 8.4, appearance 8.8, texture 8.5, with the characteristics of a bright yellowish white color, not fishy aroma, fine texture and very savory taste (umami), the brightness value at the level of 97.82%.
Keywords: Acetes erythreaeus; Dextrin; Gum arabic; Hydrolyzate; L plantarum sp

Styrylpyrone Derivative from Goniothalamus sp.: A Powerful Drug for Fighting Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 - Syaza Safia Fouzi; Noor Zarina Abd Wahab; Leong Chee Yan; Nazlina Ibrahim (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The emergence of drug resistance towards Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) has encouraged scientists to develop novel lower toxicity and highly effective anti-HSV drugs. Styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) is a bioactive compound isolated from the roots and leaves of Goniothalamus sp. It is believed that this compound possesses antiviral properties against HSV-1. Objective: This paper introduces the interaction of SPD towards HSV-1 through in silico study of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking is a computational tool which is used to study the molecular interaction between two or more structures. ADME/T properties of the SPD were generated using the SwissADME online tool in which SPD was found to have a good pharmacokinetic profile. Results: Molecular docking study revealed that SPD has a high docking score of -7.9 Kcal/mol. SPD has a strong affinity with the thymidine kinase (PDB id: 1OF1) producing hydrogen bond and non-polar interaction at the target point of amino acid residue. Conclusion: Molecular docking analysis provides new insight into the structure-based design of SPD compounds with better antiviral activity against HSV-1.
Keywords: Antiviral; Herpes Virus type 1 (HSV-1); in silico approaches; Molecular docking and Styrylpyrone derivative.

Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Bitter Melon PULP (Momordica Charantia L.) on Liver Function and Histopathological Changes in Wistar Rats - Welly Ratwita; Maman Djamaludin; Hindun Sa’adah; Salsabilla Maharani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is a plant that used as herbal medicine. It contains bioactive components which have hypoglycemic activity, immunomodulators, cancer chemoprevention, antiviral, antimicrobial, and inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of liver damage by macroscopic and microscopic examination. The sample consisted of 40 rats divided into 4 groups, Group 1, control group, was only given aquadest and pellets. Group 2-4 were treated with ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw during 28 days. On the 29th day, the termination was carried out, aspartate and alanin aminotransferase (AST/ALT) being measured, the liver being observed for the macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Kruskal-Wallis test showed there was no significant difference in relative organ weight (p = 0.177), liver macroscopy morphology (p = 0.207). Microscopic observation for liver fibrosis using Metavir scoring system showed highest mean liver fibrosis score in dose 1000 mg/kgbw. Kruskal-Wallis test for microscopic changes showed significantly difference in male rats (p = 0.001) and female rats (p = 0.002). Based on these study, we conclude that ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp at a dose of 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw affect liver function significantly. But there’s no subchronic toxicity effect on relative organ weight and macroscopic changes in liver morphology. Otherwise there was subchronic toxicity effect on changes in the microscopic structure of the liver characterized by the formation of fibrosis in the liver portal triad of experimental animals.
Keywords: Histopathological changes; Liver function; Momordica charantia L.; Subchronic Toxicity

Subchronic Toxicity of Lunasin Targeted Extract (ET-Lun) from Soybean Seed (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): Perspective from Liver Histopathology, SGOT, and SGPT Levels in Sprague Dawley Rats - Numlil Khaira Rusdi; Weri Lia Yuliana; Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih; Andon Hestiantoro; Kusmardi Kusmardi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Lunasin Targeted Extract (ET-Lun) has a pharmacology effect in inhibiting inflammation by decreasing COX-2 and iNOS expression. ET-Lun could increase apoptosis and decrease dysplasia (p > 0,05). In addition, ET-Lun could decrease EGFR expression in breast cancer rats. The acute toxicity showed ET-Lun has LD50 more than 5000 mg/kg BW and was practically non-toxic. Objective: this study aimed to determine the subchronic toxicity of ET-Lun. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n=40) were divided into 4 groups, the control group and treatment group ET-Lun dose of 250 mg/Kg BW, 500 mg/kg BW, and 750 mg/kg BW. The ET-Lun was administered for 90 days. On the 91st day, the animals were dissected and examined for SGOT-SGPT levels, liver histopathology, and diameter of the central vein. Results: The SGOT-SGPT levels showed no significant difference between the treatment group and the control group (p > 0.05). On microscopic observation, there was no change or damage to the liver of rats in each group. The diameter of the central vein of the rat liver shows no significant difference between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: The ET-Lun does not produce adverse effects in liver rats after subchronic treatment.
Keywords: Liver; Lunasin; SGOT; SGPT; Soybean; Subchronic Toxicity

Synergistic Efficacy of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Bactericidal Properties of the Aerial Essential Oil of Laggera crispata - Ololade Zacchaeus S; Anuoluwa Iyadunni A; Adeyemi Adewale F; Uyaboerigha Daubotei I (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
This study was undertaken to provide more scientific information about the phytochemical composition of Laggera crispata known for its medicinal uses. Essential oil was isolated by hydro-distillation, analysed using GC-MS, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and other established biochemical assays were used for the study. The GC-MS analysis of the aerial essential oil of L. crispata showed the presence of 35 medicinal organic compounds making up 84.4% of the oil. The most abundant component was a phenolic compound called 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (54.5%). The other major terpenoids present in the oil were α-humulene (6.9%) and (+)-sabinene (5.9%). The TPC, TFC, TAA and TAC values of the aerial essential oil of L. crispata were 172.75±0.00 μgmg-1 GAE, 48.69±0.00 μgmg-1 QE, 61.85±0.00 μgmg-1 AAE and 726.92±0.00 μgmg-1 AAE respectively. DPPH IC50 and AAI values of the essential oil were 1.5 μgml-1 and 26.7. The essential oil displayed varying inhibitory activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging from 08-30 mm. The in vitro pharmacological activities added scientific support to the use of L. crispata in alternative and complementary medicine. The essential oil of L. crispata grown in Nigeria will play beneficial roles in human and animal health and therefore a research on this plant might be of great value in drug industries.
Keywords: Aerial essential oil; Antibacterial; Antioxidant; Asteraceae; Laggera crispata; Secondary metabolites

Synthesis of Novel pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4-one Derivatives and Assessment as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents - Usama Fathy; Rasha S Gouhar; Ahmed Younis; Dina H El-Ghonemy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective: Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the serious global health problems of the 21st century that threatens the efficient treatment and prevention of an everincreasing range of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Therefore, it would be favorable to find promising agents with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity combined in one molecule. Key findings: Pyrimido[4,5-b] quinolines are biologically active compounds that are known to rely primarily on the functional group’s existence and location. Quinolinbenzo-[ 1,3]oxazin-4-one (3) was prepared and played as electrophilic interface/mediator for the synthesis of many compounds, such as pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline, quinoline-carboxamide and oxoquinazolin-acetamide by reacting with nucleophilic reagent. Summary: Results revealed that pyrimido[4,5-b] quinoline derivatives (17b, 9d and 9c) are the most potent compounds that displayed significant antimicrobial activity along with compounds 17a, 29b, 5, 19, 23b, and 25b that appeared to be more promising as antioxidant agents than ascorbic acid.
Keywords: antimicrobial agent; Antioxidant agent; Benzoxazinones; Pyrimidoquinolin; Quinoline

Syzygium Cumini Leaves Extract from West Sumatra Indonesia Alleviate Oxidative Stress by Decreasing Malondialdehyde Level and Enhancing Catalase Activity in Rat Induced by Lead Acetate - Rauza Sukma Rita; Elmatris Sy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Introduction: Lead is one of the most dangerous heavy metals in the environment. Contaminated drinking water, battery manufacturing, lead paints, and industrial pollutants are all sources of lead exposure. Lead exposure can cause oxidative stress and is related to many health problems. To prevent oxidative stress caused by lead, the body needs additional antioxidants from the outside body. Syzygium cumini leaf is abundant in antioxidants, which help to minimize oxidative stress caused by lead. Methods: The rats were divided into three groups: negative control, positive control (lead acetate 40 mg/kg BW, 30 days), and treatment (lead acetate 40 mg/kg BW and Syzygium cumini leaves extract 150 mg/kg BW, 30 days). At the end of the experiment, blood was collected and prepared to measure malondialdehyde and catalase activity. Results: The leaf extract of Syzygium cumini reduced serum malondialdehyde levels while increasing catalase activity. Conclusion: Lead exposure induces oxidative stress, which can be reduced by Syzygium cumini’s leaves.
Keywords: Catalase activity; Lead acetate; Malondialdehyde; Rat; Syzygium cumini’s leaves

Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp Ethanol Extract Decreased Malondialdehyde Level in Type 2 Diabetic Patients - Tri Widyawati; M. Aron Pase; Milahayati Daulay; Imam Bagus Sumantri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Beside conventional oral antidiabetic, many diabetic patients used plant as an alternative medicine. One of the plants is Syzygium polyanthum Wight. Walp. Previous study showed that ethanolic extract of Syzygium polyanthum (Wight.) Walp leaves (EESP) is safe to be consumed by healthy volunteer. Aim: The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of EESP on malondialdehyde (MDA) level in type 2 diabetes mellitus volunteers. Materials and Methods: EESP was obtained by maceration then formulated in capsules (weight of 350 mg). A total of 12 volunteers were randomly given EESP or Placebo/ Pl (amylum) once daily for 14 days in conjunction with metformin 500 mg twice daily. Hemoglobin (Hb), liver and kidney function and MDA were measured at the beginning and at the end of the study. Results: After 14 days administration of EESP, Hb 12.52± 1.23 (g/dL), SGOT 24.16±13.57 (U/L), SGPT 27.50 ± 20.52 (U/L), ureum 23.12±13.27 (mg/dL), creatinine 0.71 ± 0.23 (mg/dL) while MDA 1041.63 ± 615.66 ng/mL in EESP treated group. The reduction of MDA level in EESP-treated group (24%) were higher than Pl-treated group (16%). Conclusion: S. polyanthum leaf extract is potential as antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus; Extract; Malondialdehyde; S. polyanthum

Therapeutic Implication of Honey against Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury via Enhancing Antioxidant Potential and Maintenance of Liver Tissue Architecture - Saleh A Almatroodi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
The current study was undertaken to examine the possible hepatoprotective effect of natural honey against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in mice. A significant increase in the serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST) and alkaline phosphatase activity was noticed in mice exposed to CCl4. In addition to this, a significant decrease in total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) was observed in CCl4-induction group. However, treatment with honey (400 mg/kg b.w, 4 times/ week) clearly demonstrates significant hepatoprotective activities by lowering the liver marker enzymes towards the normal reference range and restores the antioxidant enzyme levels(p<0.05). The effect of CCl4 was also noticed microscopically by alteration in liver tissue architecture. The administration of liver toxicant causes, hemorrhage, congestion, necrosis, edema and remarkable blood vessel dilation. Moreover, honey exhibited protective action against this haloalkane in tissue architecture as the severity of liver tissue alteration was significantly reduced (p<0.05). The expressional pattern of P53 protein in groups treated with CCl4 only as well as honey plus CCl4 was statistically insignificant. In conclusion, this study reveals that natural honey has a remarkable protective effect against CCl4-induced liver toxicity at antioxidant enzyme, histological and protein expression level.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Carbon tetrachloride; Histopathological alteration; Honey; Liver toxicity

Tinospora Sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Stem Modulate The TNF-Alpha Expression In HCT- 116 Tumour Cell, Besides the Inhibitory Effect on Cervical, Colon and Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis H37Rv - Sreelakshmi Bada Venkatappa Gari; Ramalingam Peraman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: The present study was designed to evaluate TNF-Alpha experession, anticancer and antitubercular properties for the stem extracts of Tinospora sinensis (TS). Objective: natural product research is widely used for identifying hit molecules for life threatening diseases including cancer, tuberculosis and drug resistant infections. Materials and Methods: There were three polarity dependant solvent extracts obtained through cold maceration process using ethanol (ELTS), ethyl acetate (EATS) and n-hexane (NHTS), respectively. The extracts were subjected to MTT assay for their anticancer potential against HeLa (cervical cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HCT116 (colon cancer) cell lines, and based on the results, NHTS was subjected to flow cytometry for TNF-Alpha expression in HCT-116 cells. The antitubercular activity for the extracts was performed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (Mtb) by luciferase reporter phage (LPS) assay method. Results: The result of anticancer screening revealed that n-hexane extracts showed the significant inhibition (p<0.05) on HCT-116 cells with the IC50 of 177.4 μg/ml, whereas EATS and ELTS were equally active on HeLa with the respective IC50 of 236 and 277 μg/ml. The NHTS was significantly effective on decreasing (P<0.05) TNF-Alpha expression (31.27 MFU) in HCT-116 cells and is closely active with standard simvastatin (26.7 MFU) against the control (7.06 MFU). The antitubercular activity results revealed the equi-potency of both NHTS and EATS on Mtb with growth inhibition of 84 % at 100μg/ml. The GC-MS analyses of NHTS confirmed the presence of Berberine, palmatine, tembertarine, magniflorine, choline and tinosporin. Conclusion: Overall, we scientifically support the traditional use Tinospora sinensis stem in the treatment of cancer and immune diseases.
Keywords: Anticancer; Antitubercular; HCT-116; Immunomodulatory; Tinospora sinensis; TNF-Alpha

Total Phenol Content and Gastric Anti-Ulcer Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez. Bark - Abhel A. Calderón-Peña; Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz; Carmen R. Silva-Correa; Víctor E. Villarreal-La Torre; María V González-Blas; Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano; Marco L Salazar-Castillo; Maricielo Vaella-Alarcón; Franco Huaccha-Cáceres; Jonatam León-Soto; Whendy Alaya-Davirán; Anabel D. González-Siccha; et al. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Objective: Determine the content of total phenols and evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez. in mice with induced gastric ulcer. Material and Methods: The bark of Persea caerulea was macerated in 70% ethanol and the phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The female Mus musculus Balb/c specimens were distributed in the following groups: White Control Group, without indomethacin dosing; Negative Control Group, dosing with indomethacin; Positive Control Group treated with ranitidine at a dose of 50 mg/kg; Groups P. caerulea treated with extract at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Gastric ulcer was induced with indomethacin orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg, the procedure was repeated 12 hours later; Gastroprotective treatment was administered 60 minutes after each dose of indomethacin, 6 hours after the last dose, sodium pentobarbital was euthanized and the stomach was resected to determine ulceration using the Marhuenda Scale. Results: Higher percentages of gastric ulcer inhibition were obtained in the P. caerulea 100 mg/kg (80%) and P. caerulea 200 mg/kg (85.71%) groups. Conclusions: Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz & Pav.) Mez., At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight, has a gastric antiulcerative effect which is related to its content of total polyphenols.
Keywords: Gastric ulcer; Indomethacin; Mice

Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Extracts - Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati; Berna Elya; Yesi Desmiaty; Ayun Erwina Arifianti; Islamudin Ahmad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Background: Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays an essential part in the process of melanin synthesis. High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or high stimulation of melanocytes could cause excessive melanin pigments to lead to hyperpigmentation. Objective: This study aimed to find potential natural skin lightening ingredients from Garcinia latissima Miq. Methods: Stem bark, fruits, and leaves of Garcinia latissima Miq. were extracted with successive maceration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm using 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. Results: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test at a concentration of 100 ppm showed that the bark ethyl acetate extract 15.94% ± 7.70, bark methanol extract of 28.94% ± 5.73, fruit n-hexane extract 25.16% ± 10.22, fruit methanol extract 23.26% ± 9.10; and leaf methanol extract 30.59% ± 0.63 with kojic acid inhibition 65.07%. Conclusion: Methanol extract of leaf from Garcinia latissima Miq was the most active extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor.
Keywords: Extract; Garcinia latissima Miq.; Succesive maceration; Tyrosinase

Verbascum Thapsus (Mullein) Versatile Polarity Extracts: GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profiling, Anti-bacterial Potential and Anti-oxidant Activity - Ali Nadeem; Bashir Ahmed; Hira Shahzad; Lyle E. Craker; Tudor Muntean (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Verbascum thapsus is naturally grown in the Himalayas and widely used in herbal teas and traditional herbal medicine for its anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was designed to majority of leaf extracts from Verbascum thapsus. All extracts were analysed for phytochemical properties, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemical investigations and GC-MS analysis was used for identifying phytochemicals. DPPH assay, Kirby’s Disc Diffusion method (KDM), 96 well test, and Resazurin test were performed for antioxidant and antimicrobial investigation. Results indicate that verbascum thapsus grown in Pakistan is rich in alkaloids and phenols. Noteworthy antibacterial activity was observed against S. sonnei, L. lactis, B. subtilis, C. freundii, K. oxytoca, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica. GCMS analyses of V. thapsus extracts revealed the presence of medically important bio compounds including Hexadecanoic acid, methyl es and Stigmasterol (antibacterial activity), 2(5H)-Furanone (appetite suppressant), 3-Hydroxy-.beta.-damascone (anti-inflammatory properties), Squalene (antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, eczema), Vitamin E and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (antioxidants). Antioxidant radical scavenging activity was determined from acetone extract of V. thapsus. This study concludes remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant potential in Verbascum Thapsus leaf extracts
Keywords: Microbiology; Verbascum Thapsus; GC/GC-MS; plant biotechnology

Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition Activity and ADMET Properties of Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco) Leaves Metabolites: Phytochemical Screening and in silico Studies - Nisa Naspiah; Mohammad Rizki Fadhil Pratama; Sukardiman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2021)
Indonesia, with its biodiversity, is overgrown by various kinds of plants that have medicinal potential, including Terap (Artocarpus odoratissimus Blanco). The leaves of A. odoratissimus are empirically used by local people of Borneo Island to treat gout. The purpose of this study was to determine the antigout activity of the active compound from A. odoratissimus leaves through xanthine oxidase inhibition using the molecular docking method and to determine the ADMET properties of these compounds. Phytochemical screening showed that A. odoratissimus leaf extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, and phenolics. The results of TLC showed that A. odoratissimus leaf extract contained steroid and flavonoid compounds in the form of stigmasterol and rutin. The results of molecular docking showed that flavan-3-ol provided the lowest bond-free energy against xanthine oxidase with a ΔG value of -8.3 kcal/mol, lower than allopurinol and hypoxanthine as reference ligands. Flavan-3-ol interacts with xanthine oxidase through hydrogen bonding with amino acid residues in the form of Arginine 912 and Lysine 1045. The prediction of ADMET properties from flavan-3-ol shows that the compound can be absorbed and has good permeability. Overall, the flavan-3-ol found in A. odoratissimus leaves shows the potential to be developed as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor for use in gout therapy.
Keywords: Artocarpus odoratissimus; Molecular docking; Xanthin Oxidase

The Ability Free Radical Binding of Dengen’s Stem Bark Extract (Dillenia serrata) From Luwu District Indonesia - Santi Sinala; Ismail Ibrahim; Alfrida Monica Salasa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart disease is one of the diseases caused by free radicals. Dengen (Dillenia serrata) is one of Indonesia's endemic local plants that has the potential to bind free radicals. So far, only limited to the use of fruit and consumed directly. This study aims to determine the ability of dengen stem bark extract to bind to free radicals expressed in IC50. In the initial research, the total content of polyphenols in dengen stem bark extract was 444.8 mg GAE / g or 44.48%. Dengen stem bark is extracted by maceration using 70% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) values using the DPPH method, and measured at a wavelength of 516 nm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark is made in 5 concentration series, namely 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark has a very active antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 48.33 ppm. Whereas for comparison vitamin C has an IC50 value of 15.448 ppm. From the results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of dengen bark has the ability to bind free radicals with IC50 48.33 ppm
Keywords: Dengen; Ethanol Bark Extract; Free Radicals; IC50

Activity of Kincung Flowers (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) on Total Leukocytes and Percentage of Leukocytes in Allergic Male White Mice - Yufri Aldi; Elidahanum Husni; Relin Yesika (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Kincung Flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) is a native herbal plant in Southeast Asia that traditionally used to many diseases, especially in Indonesia. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the activity of kincung (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) on the total number of leukocytes and differential leukocyte cells in allergic mice. Material and Methods: The semi-solid extract of Kincung flower (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) was made by the maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The animals used were 20 male white mice that have allergies of skin that treated with 20% albumen antigens given on the first day 0.2 mL/20 g intraperitoneally, then on the seventh day are given antigens with the same dose subcutaneously. Allergic mice indicated by redness at the injection site. It divided into four groups: the negative control group and three dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg/kg). On the seventh day after administration of the extract, observed the value of total leukocytes and differential leukocyte cells in mice. Results: The results after administration of extracts in 3 dose groups (100; 300; and 1000 mg / kg) and the negative control group showed sequentially the total number of leukocytes was: 3.95; 4.73; 6.01; and 3.6 x103/μL and the percentage of leukocytes consisting of lymphocytes: 67.6%; 62.0%; 56.8% and 70.0%, neutrophils: 22.4%; 29.2%; 36.8% and 20.0%, eosinophils: 6.4%; 5.8%, 4.2% and 6.6%, monocytes: 3.6%; 3.0%, 2.2% and 3.4%, and basophils: 1.8%; 1.4; 0.8% and 2.0%. It concluded that kincung flowers could increase total leukocytes significantly (p<0.05), decrease lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils significantly (p<0.05), increase neutrophils significantly (p<0.05), and reduce monocytes insignificantly (p>0.05). Conclusion: Kincung flowers (Etlingera Elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.) can be used as an immunomodulator and decreasing the percentage of basophil cells, and eosinophils can used as an anti-allergic drug.
Keywords: Allergies; Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm; Kincung Flower; Leukocyte Percentage; Mice; Total Leukocytes

Acute Diuretic Activity of the Aqueous Ethanol Root Extract of Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. In Rats - Imane Zakariya; Omar Elhamdaoui; Zineb ibn lahmar Andaloussi; Abdelhak Chergui; El Amine Ajal; Khalid Taghzouti; Rachid Nejjari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: This study was undertaken to justify and validate a very frequent traditional use of a very well-known and widely used plant by a large part of the Moroccan population. It’s about Corrigiola telephiifolia, and the activity in question is the diuretic activity. Methods: The aqueous ethanol root extract of CMethods:orrigiola telephiifolia (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 700 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats. The urinary excretion rate and pH, and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the positive control groups received the diuretic drugs hydrochlorothiazide at dose 10 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that hydrochlorothiazide induced significant diuresis and electrolytes excretion at 1, 6 and 24 h after the treatment. Both the higher doses of the extract produced a significant increase in urine volume than the control from the first hour until the end of observation. However, the lowest dose increased significantly only at 24 h after the treatment. With regard to the electrolyte excretion, the tested doses of CTRE which have shown a significant increase in Na+, K+ and Cl-excretion in comparison to normal control rats, are 400 and 700 mg/kg bw. Conclusion: These findings collectively indicate that the extracts of C. telephiifolia have a potential to induce diuresis markedly, and providing evidence, for its traditional use.
Keywords: Corrigiola telephiifolia; Diuretic activity; Diuretic plants; Kaliuresis; Urine electrolytes

Acute Toxicity Tests of Fermented Robusta Green Coffee Using Zebrafish Embryos (Danio rerio) - Tedjo Narko; Marlia Singgih Wibowo; Sophi Damayanti; Indra Wibowo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Green coffee beans are coffee beans of coffee fruit that have not yet been roasted. The use of green coffee beans as a weight-loss agent has been widely used worldwide, but nowadays there is a new way to enjoy coffee by adding kombucha culture to it, or what is known as kombucha coffee. The development of this fermented product preparation still requires a more in-depth study, one of which is related to the toxicity of the kombucha green coffee preparation. Objective: This research was aimed to determine LC50 values for robusta green coffee fermented with kombucha culture using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos using an in vivo method. Methods: This study observed the development of 20 zebrafish embryos administered one of five different concentrations of kombucha coffee preparation 24 hours up to 96 hours, with the experiment repeated three times. The percentage of embryo deaths was observed and analyzed using a probit model for LC50 concentration and analyzed using IBM SPSS Ver 23. Results: An LC50 for kombucha green coffee of 1294.29 ppm was obtained. Statistical tests on the concentration of kombucha coffee extracts were not significant differences with p-values > 0.05. Conclusion: The LC50 of robusta green coffee extract using zebrafish embryos of 1294.29 ppm included in the safe category.
Keywords: Green coffee; Kombucha; Toxicity; Zebrafish embryos

The Alkaloid Fraction from Melicope latifolia Leaves Inhibits Hepatitis C Virus - Dwi Susiloningrum; Adita Ayu Permanasari; Myrna Adianti; Lidya Tumewu; Tutik Sri Wahyuni; Mulyadi Tanjung; Aty Widyawaruyanti; Achmad Fuad Hafid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a major health problem, which infects approximately 170 million people among worldwide population. Moreover, there is no vaccine available to prevent HCV infection and the current anti-HCV drugs have not covered all the various genotypes and subtypes. Meanwhile, medicinal plants have been widely used to treat a variety of infectious disease. Our previous study reported that ethanol extract of Melicope latifolia has been shown to exert anti-HCV activity towards a number of different virus genotypes with mainly inhibition mechanism at the entry step. Further separation was needed to purify and identify the active anti-HCV constituent using bioactivity-guided isolation method. Materials and Methods: In vitro Anti-HCV assay was performed using hepatocyte cell line (Huh7it) and HCV genotype 2a (JFH1). The purification of M. latifolia ethanol extract (B1F) was done by liquid-liquid fractionation, vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The active fraction was further identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and the major constituent was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra data analysis. Results: The fractionation of M. latifolia leaves ethanol extract resulted an alkaloid fraction (B1F D2H.3) containing a major constituent N-methylflindersine. This alkaloid fraction was active to reduce HCV JFH1 with an inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 6.21 µg/mL, a cytotoxicity concentration (CC50) value of 82.64 µg/mL, and a selectivity index value of 13.31. Conclusion: An alkaloid fraction of M. latifolia (B1F D2H.3) was known to have major compound named N-methylflindersine. This alkaloid fraction exhibited strong anti-HCV against JFH1 in vitro. The results indicated that this alkaloid fraction may a good candidate for anti-HCV agent.
Keywords: Anti-HCV; Melicope latifolia; N-methylflindersine

Ameliorative Effect of the Oral Administration of Chuquiraga spinosa in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Induced with 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) - Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo; Oscar Herrera-Calderon; Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo; Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas; Abdur Rauf; Renán Hañari-Quispe; Linder Figueroa-Salvador; Victor Fernández-Guzmán; Ricardo Ángel Yuli-Posadas (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: To determine the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats. Methods: 36 female Holztman rats were divided into 6 groups. I) The negative control group received physiological saline (PS). II) ChS-200 group received 200 mg/kg of ChS. III) DMBA group was induced with DMBA (20 mg/Kg) dissolved in PS and administrated orally for 15 weeks. IV) DMBA + ChS-50 group, V) DMBA + ChS-250 group, and VI) DMBA + ChS-500 group, which received the extract orally for 15 weeks after DMBA induction. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test was carried out to compare the mean value of different groups Histopathological analysis was evaluated by using Image J software. Results: Hematology showed that the triglyceride level was significantly lowered (P< 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased (P <0.01) in groups III, IV and V. Also, ChS extract significantly lowered the C reactive protein (CRP) level (P <0.01) and malondialdehyde level (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the frequency of DMBA-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (P<0.01). Conclusions: Chuquiraga spinosa showed an ameliorative effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats as well as antioxidant, antitumor and antigenotoxic properties.
Keywords: Anticarcinogenic agent; Antioxidant; Breast tumor; Phytochemical; Preventive medicine; Toxicity

Analysis of GABRB3 Protein Level After Administration of Valerian Extract (Valeriana officinalis) in BALB/c mice - Erwin Mulyawan; Muhammad Ramli Ahmad; Andi Asadul Islam; Muh Nasrum Massi; Mochammad Hatta; Syafri Kamsul Arif (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Valeriana officinalis is most commonly used as traditional medicine. Valerenic acid is the primary component of Valerian officinalis which inhibits the catabolism of enzyme induced breakdown of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in sedation. The aim of this study is to determine the level of GABRB3 protein, as part of major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, after administration of Valerian extracts in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study using animal model with post test-only controlled group design. Twenty healthy adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, negative control group (Aquadest), positive control group (Diazepam 0.025 mg/10 g), first treatment group (Valerian extract 2.5 mg/10 g) and second treatment group (Valerian extract 5 mg/10 g). The drugs were administered via gastric gavage for seven consecutive days. The blood was drawn from each mice on the first day (before treatment) and on the seventh day of experiment (2 hours after treatment). The blood sample was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the GABRB3 protein level. Results: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice after administration of Valerian extract was increased significantly in both treatment group (p <0.0001). The highest increment in protein levels was found in the first treatment group with an increase of 2.988 μmol/L, compared with the second treatment group with an increase of 2.146 μmol/L. Conclusion: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice were increased after administration of Valerian extract. Administration of higher dose does not yield in higher GABRB3 protein level nor sedative effect.
Keywords: BALB/c mice; Diazepam; GABRB3 protein; Valerian extract

An Analytical and in-vivo Study to Evaluate the Effect of Triphala Kaṣāya Vāsita Godhūma (Triticum aestivum grains soaked in Triphala Kaṣāya) on its Glycemic Index compared to Raw Godhūma (Raw Triticum aestivum grains) - Sujithra M; Vimala KS; Sabitha M; Priya S (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Diabetes is generally referred to as a Metabolic Disorder or a Lifestyle Disorder, that is mainly characterized by the symptom of Hyperglycemia caused by the defective insulin secretion, congenital or acquired. Diabetes requires management of diet and lifestyle with or without medications to keep the blood sugar under control. Foods with medium Glycemic Index (GI) is best preferred for Diabetics, because high GI foods will rapidly increase the blood sugar level, and low GI will cause grave health issues. In practice, wheat is the highly recommended diet for diabetics as the GI is medium in comparison to rice that belongs to a high GI group. But wheat causes digestive problems, and flatulence in addition to the Gluten allergy that many people suffer from. However in Āyurveda, the Classical Text Aṣṭāṅga Hṛdaya (AH) mentions in Prameha Cikitsa Adhyāya (Chapter on Treatment of Diabetes) that Godhūma (grains of Wheat - Triticum aestivum L) has to be kept soaked in Triphala Kaṣāya (Decoction prepared with the fruits of Terminalia chebula, T. bellerica and Phyllanthus emblica) and then dried and powdered before being used as a diet for a diabetic. The grains of Godhūma were kept soaked in Triphala Kaṣāya and then dried and powdered. A comparative analytical study was done for the two samples- treated wheat grains (Triphala Kaṣāya Vāsita Godhūma) and untreated/raw wheat grains. An In vivo study was also done to assess the GI value of both the samples of wheat. The analytical and In vivo study results prove that while the GI is still maintained within medium range, the allergen gluten is completely eliminated, total fat and total protein have reduced while still maintaining the nutritive value, in the treated sample when compared to the raw sample. Based on the results obtained from the analytical and in-vivo study, it can be concluded that Triphala Kaṣāya Vāsita Godhūma becomes even more compatible and healthy for a diabetic, in gluten allergy and discomforts caused by wheat consumption, in comparison to the untreated wheat grains.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Diabetes; Gluten; Glycemic index; Godhūma; Prameha; Triphala kaṣāya

Anatomical Characteristics of Leaves and Flowers of Cornus sanguine subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Jav. - Victoria Vladimirovna Fedotova; Dmitry Alexeevich Konovalov (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Jav. is a widespread plant of the Caucasus (Russia). This is a small decorative tree with a large mass of raw material of leaves and flowers, which contain phenolic compounds. Currently, this plant is used in traditional medicine in some countries. Materials and Methods: C. australis leaves, and flowers were collected during the flowering period on the Mount Mashuk in Pyatigorsk, Stavropol region, Russia in June 2019. The anatomical structure of C. australis is considered in accordance with the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia XIV. Results: There are heavily sinuous walls of cells of the upper and lower epidermis in microscopy of the leaves of C. australis, stomatal anomocytic type, Т-shaped trichomes, two types of mesophyll: palisade and spongy. In the vascular system of the leaf and petiole, there are two vascular bundles: small and larger. In the small vascular bundle, the xylem is located from the abaxial surface, the phloem – from the adaxial surface, in the big vascular bundle on the contrary. The lower epidermis of the petal and sepal is covered with T-shaped trichomes. Conclusion: Obtained anatomical signs are necessary for identification, authenticity, standardization for the use of C. australis as raw materials for pharmaceutical purposes.
Keywords: Collenchyma; Cornus sanguinea subsp. australis (C.A.Mey.) Jav.; Cross-section; Mesophyll; Stomatal anomocytic type; Vascular bundle; Т-shaped trichomes

Anti-arthritic Property of Sahacharadi Kashayam Against Freund's Complete - P Praveen Kumar; K Prabhu; Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao; Mallika Jain; K Kalaivani; Shruthi Dinakar; Sampad Shil; N Vijayalakshmi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The available modern molecular drugs for the therapy of Rheumatoid arthritis are beset with several side effects and alternative drugs are urgently needed. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of Sahacharadi Kashayam (SK), an Ayurvedic formulation, against Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) - induced arthritis in rats. Methods: In this experimental trial, SK was administered at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml/kg body weight orally to adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic rats. The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated by using paw volume, haematological parameters and arthritic biomarkers. The efficacy of the Kashayam was compared with the standard Leflunomide (10 mg/kg) drug. Results: Significant reduction in paw volume and thickness by SK (0.5 ml dose) has been found and there was considerably improvement in haematological parameters and arthritic markers in CFA rats till 14 days. After 14th day SK treatment with doses (1.0 and 1.5ml), however, reoccurrence of inflammation and pathological changes were observed in rats. Conclusion: The study clearly indicated the anti-arthritic role of SK. Future studies, however, are warranted to provide a new approach in relation to the therapeutic dose and treatment period of SK which may eventually lead to the development of a new category of the anti-arthritic agent.
Keywords: Anti-arthritic activity; Arthritis; Biomarkers; Sahacharadi Kashayam

Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Black Mulberry (Morus nigra) Fruits Extract Against Streptococcus mutans - Arif Budiman; Diah Lia Aulifa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Black mulberry was a member of the plant groups from genus Morus, which contains the highest total phenolic compounds compared to other species. It could be a potential source of antimicrobial agents. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the fruits extract against Streptococcus mutans. Methods: Agar diffusion and microdilution methods were used for evaluation of the antibacterial activity and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract. Protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells induced by the extract was analyzed spectrophotometrically. The morphological change was determined using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: Black mulberry (BM) fruits extract showed antibacterial activity against S. mutans with MIC value of 8 mg/mL, as well as contributed to the aforementioned leakage. Meanwhile, cellular membrane damage was observed, indicating that the extract might inhibit growth of the bacteria. Conclusion: BM extract could be a potential raw material for herbal medicine, especially anticaries which has antibacterial activity.
Keywords: Black mulberry fruits extract; Cellular membrane damage; Streptococcus mutans

Anticancer Activity of Ruellia britoniana Flower on Cervical HeLa Cancer Cells - Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri; Ade Arsianti; Fona Qorina; Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa; Norma Nur Azizah; Rista Putrianingsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Cervical cancer ranks 4th in terms of the mortality rates and incidence of all cancers in women (GLOBOCAN 2018). In last decade, there is a significance progress in cancer therapy followed by an increase in the cost of cancer treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have therapeutic innovations that are expected to reduce the cost of cervical cancer therapy. One therapeutic innovation that is currently being intensively carried out is herbal medicine. Some researchers have found that some plant extracts have anti-cancer properties that can be an alternative treatment for cancer, such as some plants with the genus Ruellia, such as Ruellia tuberosa and Ruellia squarrosa. However, research on the anticancer activity of the species of Ruellia brittoniana, especially the flowers, is still limited. Objective: Aim of this study is to examine anti-cervical cancer activity of R. brittoniana flower. Methods: R.brittoniana flowers were obtained from Depok, West Java, Indonesia. The flowers are extracted gradually with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol solvents. The extracts were evaluated for anticancer activity by MTT method. Results: IC50 values for ethanol extract, ethyl acetate extract and n-hexane extract of R. brittoniana flowers are 116.55 ppm, 52.62 ppm, and 123.09 ppm, respectively, which indicating that ethanol extract has moderate anticancer activity, while ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract of R. brittoniana flowers have weak anticancer activity. Conclusion: Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extract of R.brittoniana flowers have a potential to become natural anti-cervical cancer.
Keywords: Anticancer; Cervical HeLa cells; Ruellia brittoniana

Anticholesterol Activity of Okra Fruit Extract (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) and Its Nanoemulsion in vivo - Ratna Djamil; Deni Rahmat; Sarah Zaidan; Maya Nur latifah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Okra fruit has phytosterol, pectin that has the potential as an anticholesterol. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain 70% (v/v) ethanol extract of okra fruit and its nanoparticles and to evaluate their anti-cholesterol activity in vivo. Material and Methods: Okra fruit was extracted by kinetic maceration and the produced extract was tested for phytochemical screening and anti-cholesterolemi activity in vivo. The nanoparticles was prepared using a cosolvention method. In this study, DDY white mice was divided into 5 groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (simvastatin), the extract (400 mg /kg BW), and the nanoparticles (~ 400 mg /kg BW) group. All groups except normal were fed for 14 days with high cholesterol diet. After 14 days, the induction of hypercholesterolemia was stopped and simvastatin was administrated to positive control and the test groups were treated with the extract and the nanoparticles for 7 days. Measurement of total cholesterol level was carried out by cholesterol stripe test method. Results: The nanoparticles used demonstrated particle size of 134.7 nm and zeta potential of -26.72. The results showed a decrease in total cholesterol levels in positive control, the extract and the nanoparticles group as many as 48.68%; 32.44% and 42.95%, respectively. Conclusion: The nanoparticles can increase the activity of the extract.
Keywords: Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench; Hypercholesterolemia; Nanoparticles; Okra fruits; Total cholesterol level

Antidiabetic Activity with N-Hexane, Ethyl-Acetate and Ethanol Extract of Halodule uninervis Seagrass - Ace Baehaki; Herpandi; Susi Lestari; Muhammad Hendri; Febri Ariska (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
The purpose of this research was to observe the antidiabetic activity from N-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol extract of Halodule uninervis seagrass. The antidiabetic activity with extract concentrations of 125 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm from seagrass extract with ethanol solvent showed that it had the ability as an anti-diabetic agent stronger than seagrass extract with n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. Calculation of IC50 of Halodule uninervis seagrass with ethanol extract was 74.99 ppm and ethyl acetate was 1,517,05 ppm. Glukobay as control was 0.27 ppm.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Extract; Haludule uninervis; Seagrass

Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect Combination Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC. and Momordica charantia L. Extract in Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Rats - Heru Sasongko; Ratih Guswinda Lestari; Adi Yugatama; Yeni Farida; Sugiyarto (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruit extract have total flavonoids and some metabolite from its contains. The use of a single dose in the treatment of diabetes is often considered to lack a strong effect. Giving a combination of the compound is a solution to provide a synergistic effect in treatment. Material and Methods: Rat were divided into eight groups (normal, negative control, glibenclamide as a positive control, and five dose extract group). The single dose mountain papaya extract (MPE) and bitter melon extract (BME) were given at 174 mg/kg b.w of MPE, and 380 mg/kg b.w of BME in oral administration. Combination of MPE:BME (25:75, 50:50, 75:25)% or (87:190; 44:285 and 130:95) mg/kg b.w in oral administration. Induction of diabetes used alloxan dose of 150 mg/kg b.w intraperitoneally. The treatment was performed for 21 days with a frequency of once a day. Blood sugar level was measured at pretest, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. At the end of the test, measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA statistic. Results: The single and combination of MPE-BME showed an decrease in blood glucose levels significantly compared with the negative control (p ≤ 0.05). The same results from measurements of levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology. Conclusions: Based on the research, a combination of the MPE-BME had antidiabetic and antioxidant activity, but the activity was not significantly different from both single-dose extract (p> 0.05).
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Flavonoids; Momordica; Synergistic; Vasconcellea

Antidiabetic Constituents from Helminthostachys zeylanica (L) Hook (Ophioglossaceae) - Fania El Ridhasya; Novia Rahim; Muhammad Almurdani; Rudi Hendra; Hilwan Yuda Teruna (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The roots of tunjuk langit (Helminthostacshys zeylanica) have been used traditionally in some villages in Indonesia, particularly in Riau Province. Objective: In this study we reported two flavonoids and their antidiabetic activity. Material and methods: Isolation of the metabolites was based on polarity fractionation method. Purification processes were conducted by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopy characteristics, including FTIR and 1D/2D NMR. Results: The isolated compounds were identified as ugonin J and K. The antidiabetic activity was measured by α-glucosidase inhibitor assay. The antidiabetic activity of ugonin J was found at IC50 273,13±0,402 ppm and Ugonin K was found at IC50 138,21±0,263 ppm (moderately active). Conclusion: Therefore this plant can be used traditionally as antidiabetic medicine.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Helminthostacys zeylanica; Ophioglossaceae; α-glucosidase

Anti-Elastase, Antioxidant, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content of Wuru Ketek (Myrica javanica Reinw. ex Bl.) from Tangkuban Perahu, West Java - Indonesia - Varda Arianti; Berna Elya; Iskandarsyah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The presence of elastase and ROS can cause skin aging, phenolic compounds and flavonoids can be used to inhibit elastase activity and as an antioxidant. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the anti-elastase, antioxidant activities, TPC and TFC of extracts from Myrica javanica. Methods: In this study, the leaves, stems and fruit of Myrica javanica were macerated with 96% ethanol. The extracts obtained were analysed for anti-elastase and antioxidant activities. It was also evaluated for TPC and TFC. Result: IC50 anti-elastase on leaves extract (LE), stems extract (SE), and fruits extract (FE) respectively showed 64.71 ppm, 197.49 ppm, and no activity. The anti-elastase result of three extracts are lower if compared with Myricetine (9.54 ppm). SE showed highest DPPH and TPC value (IC50=16.36 μg/mL; 307.00 mgGAE/g dry weight) and LE showed highest FRAP and TFC value (421.68 Mol/gram; 15.80 mgQE/g dry weight). Conclusion: In summary, anti-elastase and antioxidant activity are influenced by differences in the content of compounds in the extract.
Keywords: Anti-Elastase; Antiaging; Antioxidant; Myrica javanica; TFC; TPC

Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Oxidant of Rubus Fraxinifolius Stem Methanolic Extract - Yesi Desmiaty; Fadlina Chany Saputri; Muhammad Hanafi; Rini Prastiwi; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Some Rubus were reported had anti-skin aging activity. Rubus fraxinifolius was one of Rubus genus which lives in Indonesian highland. Objective: This study was to examine elastase, tyrosinase, and oxidant inhibitory activity of R. fraxinifolius stem (RFS) extract. Methods: Extraction was done by a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. Elastase inhibition activity was determined, which based on the formation of p-nitroaniline. Tyrosinase inhibition activity evaluated based on inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by the sample with L-DOPA as substrate. The activity of antioxidant was determined using the DPPH radical scavenger method. LC-MS was used for prediction of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Results: The RFS extract yield was 9.03 %. The RFS extract revealed inhibition activity against elastase and tyrosinase with IC50 128.85 ppm, and 155.19 ppm, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity gave IC50 63.04 ppm. Total phenolic content of the extract was 387.99+3.21 mg GAE/g extract. The LC-MS analysis showed the presence of at least 13 different organic compounds in RFS extract, which might contribute to the bioactivity. Conclusion: Therefore, this experiment further proved that RFS extract might be useful as a natural product ingredient of anti-photoaging skincare products because of its ability to inhibit elastase, tyrosinase, and as an antioxidant.
Keywords: Anti-Elastase; Anti-tyrosinase; Antioxidant; Rubus fraxinifolius stem

Antifungal Activity of Neolignan Derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri Against Pathogenic Fungus Microsporum gypseum - Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa; Muhaimin Muhaimin; Syamsurizal Syamsurizal; Harizon Harizon; Tiana Milanda; Imam Adi Wicaksono (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) known as iron wood. It was known as wood source which fungi and insect resistant. These effects were interconnected with secondary metabolites contained within. Methods: Eusideroxylon zwageri wood powder was macerated with methanol and fractinated with n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate. Eusiderin I and Compound B were isolated from n-hexane fraction, while Compound C were isolated from dichloromethane fraction. Eusiderin I, compound A and Compound B were characterized using melting point, UV spectroscopy and compared with previous data. Antifungal activity test was conducted with Microsporum gypseum using paper disc method. Results: A research on antifungal activity of Neolignan derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri against pathogenic fungus Microsporum gypseum had been carried out. Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C were isolated from wood of Eusideroxylon zwageri. All three compounds are white crystals with melting point in such 99-100 oC, 110-112 oC, 98-99 oC, respectively and UV spectrum data is similar to reference. The antifungal activity test of Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C from Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to phatogen fungus of Microsporum gypseum showed that with five different concentrations (5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm), Eusiderin I was a potent antifungal because it had a strong activity in inhibiting the Microsporum gypseum growth. The 5 days incubation test result showed that 50 ppm Eusiderin I could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth. The 100 ppm Eusiderin I gave the most effective inhibition precentage because it could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth (= 93.9%). Conclusion: Based on this data, Eusiderin I can be indicated an antifungal candidate.
Keywords: Antifungal; Eusiderin; Eusideroxylon zwageri; Microsporum gypseum

Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Punica granatum peels Ethyl Acetate Extract on Fludrocortisones Induced Hypertension in Wistar Rats - Rafik Monir; Asmaa S Abd Elkarim; Mohamed Fouad Shalaby; Alsayed Ahmed Zaki; Samah Shabana (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) has several medicinal properties. Pomegranate juice has been reported to be an effective source of high amounts of phyto-constituents with many health and nutritional benefits. This work assessed the possible effect on blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate of P. granatum peel ethyl acetate extract (PGE) at a dosage of 400 mg / kg / day on hypertension-induced fludrocortisone Wistar rats. PGE therapy substantially lowered the B.P of hypertensive rats treated with salt fludrocortisones, but the mean blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive rats were not altered. In isolated aortic strip, the contractile reactions to noradrenalin of PGE-treated hypertensive rats have been substantially reduced. The active fraction was purified by successive chromatographic techniques resulted in isolation of quercetin and ursolic acid, this bioactive mixture induced a significant decrease in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats as compared to hypertensive control rats at a concentration of 10 mg/kg.
Keywords: Hypertension; Punica granatum; Quercetin; Ursolic acid

Antihypertensive, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Indonesian Traditional Medicine - Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff; Hermanus Ehe Hurit; Sri Teguh Rahayu; Muhammad Unggul Januarko; Putu Gita Maya WM (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Indonesian people have long used herbal medicine (jamu) to overcome various diseases, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are two diseases that are directly related and require proper and thorough management. Objectives: The present study investigated the antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities ethanol extracts of Indonesian traditional medicine (jamu). Material and Methods: Jamu was extracted by maceration using ethanol. Antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity investigated by measurement of ACE inhibitor, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and antioxidant activity at a concentration ranging from 125-1000 μg/mL, respectively, by in vitro method. Cytotoxic evaluation of the extract was carried out using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Results: measurements of ACE inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant activity showed that herbal extracts had ACE inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 292.15 μg/mL, 36.13 μg/mL, and 24.43 μg/mL respectively. Ethanol extract of herbal medicine (jamu) exerts a cytotoxic effect on larvae of shrimp Artemia salina with an IC50 value of 215.04 μg/mL. Conclusion: Jamu extract has antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity in vitro and cytotoxic effects.
Keywords: ACE inhibitors; Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; Antioxidant; Cytotoxic; Jamu

Antihypertensive Assay-Guided Fractionation of Syzygium polyanthum Leaves and Phenolics Profile Analysis Using LCQTOF/ MS - Azlini Ismail; Erlena Nor Asmira Abdul Rahim; Muhammad Nor Omar; Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract that contains gallic acid as the major phenolic compound has shown significant antihypertensive effect, however the amount of gallic acid was inversely-related with magnitude of this effect. This study aimed to conduct bioassay-guided fractionation of S. polyanthum leaves with gallic acid as a reference compound, and to screen for other possible compounds responsible for the antihypertensive effect. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The most active crude extract was fractionated using column chromatography and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) (n=3). Crude extracts and the derived fractions were intravenously administered into pentobarbital-anaesthetized Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (n=5) for recording of blood pressure parameters. Liquid Chromatography-Quadruple Time-Off-Flight/Mass Spectrometry was used for determination of chemical composition. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis using GraphPad® PRISM Version 6. Results: Fractionation of aqueous S. polyanthum leaves extract (ASP) afforded nine fractions, later combined into three fractions (F1ASP, F2ASP, and F3ASP) based on the thinlayer chromatography profiles. ASP has the highest TPC while F2ASP has the lowest TPC. All fractions exhibited significant antihypertensive property, but F2ASP was the most active fraction. Few phenolics with related antihypertensive effects such as 1-galloyl glucose (a gallic acid-derivative majorly found in F2ASP and F3ASP), and other compounds such as polydatin, sesamol, brazilin, eugenol, ellagic acid, kukoamine A, and cyclocurcumin were found across all active fractions. Conclusion: These phenolics may partly contribute to the antihypertensive effect of S. polyanthum leaves, thus further isolation study is recommended.
Keywords: Antihypertensive; Bioassay-guided; LCMS; Syzygium polyanthum; Total phenol content (TPC)

Anti-Inflammation of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) Against Hemorrhoids in Mice Induced by Croton Oil - Nurul Qurrota Ayun; Kusmardi; Nurhuda; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Hemorrhoids are rectoanal venous plexus swelling that causes inflammation, pain, and bleeding. Plants with phenolic compounds are known to improve venous tone and anti-inflammation. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) known contain phenolic compounds and have been used to cure inflammation. However, studies on anti-inflammatory soursop leaves for hemorrhoids are still limited. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of Soursop Leaves Ethanol Extract (SLEE) on the histopathological features and expression of COX-2 and TNFα in rectoanal tissue. Methods: Swiss mice 20 weeks induced 3 times with 6% croton oil through the anus. SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg and aspirin as a positive control were given orally for 7 days. Histopathological examination of the rectoanal tissue of mice was assessed by counting cell necrosis, inflammation, vasodilation, and edema using hematoxylin-eosin. Positive cells expressing COX-2 and TNFα were counted on inflammatory epithelial cells using immunohistochemistry. Results: Administration of SLEE at all doses showed different levels of inflammation, necrosis, vasodilatation and edema in histopathology of rectoanal tissue P <0.00. All three doses of SLEE show significant anti-inflammatory effects on hemorrhoidal tissue. SLEE doses of 200, 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased COX-2 P <0.05 compared to negative controls, and SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased TNFα P <0.05 compared to negative controls. Conclusions: SLEE can reduce inflammation and has the potential to be developed as a natural remedy for hemorrhoids.
Keywords: Annona muricata; COX-2; Croton oil; Hemorrhoid; TNFα

Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Major Compounds of the Mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) Formula - Orapan Ayameang; Ruchilak Rattarom; Catheleeya Mekjaruskul; Wanida Caichompoo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) formula is a Thai traditional medicine, which consists of 4 medicinal plants, including Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. (D) Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Z), Suregada multiflora Baill. (S) and Siphonodon celastrineus (S). The DZSS formula has been used in an oral dosage form for the treatment of muscle pain. However, the phytochemical profiles and the pharmacological activities of the combined DZSS formula have not been clearly investigated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profiles and the anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of the formula (50% and 95% ethanolic extracts) were prepared by using soxhlet extraction and which were analyzed by using HPLC. The anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula was tested for its inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells macrophage.The cytotoxic effect of the formula was determined by using the MTT assay. Results: The 95% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula exhibited a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity with the IC50 of 40.08 ± 2.78 μg/mL. The 95% ethanolic extract possessed a more potent anti-inflammatory activity than that of the 50% ethanolic extract and with no cytotoxicity. HPLC analysis indicated that the 95% ethanolic extract also had a higher yield of genistein and compound D, which are obtained the amount of 0.71 ± 0.00 and 18.89 ± 0.24 mg/g extract, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the 95% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula possessed a significant anti-inflammatory activity but which is still required to investigate about biological activity in vivo and clinical study.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; Compound D; Derris scandens; genistein; HPLC; Nitric Oxide (NO)

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Nigella sativa oil Mediated Silver Nanoparticles - Sheik Shehensha; M Vijaya Jyothi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Aim: The aim of the study was to employ Nigella sativa oil in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and to assess the anti-inflammatory activity of the Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles. Background: The introduction of Nanoparticles (NPs) has transFigured many fields like medicine, nutrition and electronics. The usage of nanotechnology in medicine particularly for drug delivery is revealed to have numerous benefits. Nanoparticles are being used to decrease toxicity and side effects that drugs may impose to the patient. Nigella sativa is considered as a miracle seed. It has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and antihypertensive activity. Plant mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles is simple and eco-friendly method. This work therefore was aimed to synthesize Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. Materials and Methods: Nigella sativa oil mediated silver nanoparticles were synthesised by short term (1 day) interaction of Nigella sativa seed extract (1 ml) with 2mM AgNO3 solution and centrifuged to obtain silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Further the oil mediated AgNPs were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity by in vitro and in vivo methods. Results: Nigella sativa oil mediated AgNPs were biofabricated with ease and exhibited good anti-inflammatory activity compared to standard. Conclusion: This study concludes that Nigella sativa seed oil mediated silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant. Hence, it may be used in many medicinal applications to treat inflammation.
Keywords: Anti- Inflammatory effect; Nigella sativa; Rananculaceae; SEM analysis; Silver nanoparticles

Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect of Arrow Root Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles - Twinkle Francis; S Rajeshkumar; Anita Roy; T Lakshmi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Nanoparticles serve to reduce toxicity, enhance bioactivity and improve targeting. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are explored because of it’s unique characteristics and various known therapeutic benefits such as antioxidants activities and reducing risk of cancer. In this study, arrow root which is a starch obtained from tapioca or cassava is mediated with SeNPs and studied for it’s anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effect. The plant extract of arrow root was prepared and mixed with the sodium selenite solution. The solution is kept in a magnetic stirrer while being observed for any colour change. The synthesis of nanoparticles is observed using UV-vis spectrophotometry. Then the anti-inflammatory activity is observed using albumin denaturation assay and cytotoxic analysis conducted on brine shrimp nauplii. The results showed that there was a lower toxicity rate of SeNPs and significant anti-inflammatory activity which concludes that these nanoparticles can be used in various drug designing aspects in future.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Brine shrimp; Green synthesis; Selenium nanoparticles

Antimalarial Activity of Flavonoid Compound Isolated from Leaves of Artocarpus altilis - Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati; Aty Widyawaruyanti; Hilkatul Ilmi; Mulyadi Tanjung; Tri Widiandani; Siswandono; Din Syafruddin; Achmad Fuad Hafid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Artocarpus altilis leaves extract has previously been reported as a potential antimalarial drug. Inhibition concentration (IC50) against P. falciparum and effective dose values (ED50) against P. berghei have been reported at 1.32 μg/ml and 0.82 mg/kg, respectively. The aim of this study is to identify the active compound from the ethanol extract of A. Altilis leaves against P. falciparum. Materials and Methods: The isolation of the active compound from the ethanol extract of A. altilis were conducted using chromatography methods, and the chemical structure of the isolated compounds was determined based on NMR and MS spectra data. Antimalarial assay was determined using microscopic method against P. falciparum 3D7 and molecular docking studies was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker version 5.5 program. Results: A flavonoid compound, class of dihydrochalcone was finally isolated from A. altilis and identified as 1-(2,4-dihydroxy phenyl)-3-[8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3- pentenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl]-1-propanone (Compound-1). Antimalarial activity test revealed that the compound strongly inhibited P. falciparum growth, with IC50 value of 1.05 μM. An in silico study to determine the mechanism of action of the compound revealed the existence a 3.BPF receptor that possesses a cysteine protease inhibitor of falcipain-2. Conclusion: Compound-1 were isolated from the leaves of A. Altilis is a good candidate of new source in the development of antimalarial drugs. An animal study using this compound is recommended before a clinical trial.
Keywords: Artocarpus altilis; Cysteine protease inhibitor; Dihydrochalcones; P. falciparum 3D7

Antimalarial Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Entandrophragma angolense Bark on Plasmodium berghei Infection in Mice - Raceline Gounoue Kamkumo; Abel Narcisse Messi Betene; Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou; Jean Hubert Donfack; Marius Jaurès Tsakem Nangap; Albertine Ngako; Roberto Fokou; Mariscal Brice Tchatat Tali; Florence Ngueguim Tsofack; Théophile Dimo; Fabrice Fekam Boyom (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Research for new antimalarial drugs remains a permanent quest for the control of malaria. Objective: The present study investigates the effects of the aqueous extract of Entandrophragma angolense bark on P. berghei-induced malaria in mice. Methods: Eight weeks old mice, were intraperitoneally infested with 200 μl of blood, containing 1x106 P. berghei-infected-erythrocytes. Parasitaemia was determined using a 10% giemsa stained blood smear read under optical microscope (x100). The infected animals were randomized into 5 groups of 10 animals each and daily treated for 5 days with the plant extract at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg. The normal control and malaria control received water while the chloroquine control was treated with 10 mg/kg of chloroquine. Body weight, parasitaemia and survival time were monitored daily during treatment and follow up periods. Five animals from each group were sacrificed under anaesthesia at the end of treatment (d8) and after the follow up period (d28). Venous blood was used for haematological and biochemical tests. Organs (liver, kidneys and spleen) were also collected for biochemical and histological analyses. Results: Administration of the aqueous extract of E. angolense bark to infected mice significantly inhibited parasite development (p <0.001) with ED50 estimated at 25.32 mg/kg. The extract prevented animal from death, body weight loss, anaemia, leucocytosis, high transaminases (ALT and AST), high bilirubin, creatinine and MDA levels, oxidative stress and anatomical alteration in organs as compared to the malaria control. Conclusion: The E. angolense bark possesses antimalarial properties, supporting its use in traditional medicine to treat malaria.
Keywords: Antiplasmodial activity; E. angolense; Malaria infection; Mice; P. berghei

Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Momordica Charantia: A Review - Víctor Eduardo Villarreal-La Torre; William Sagástegui Guarniz; Carmen Silva-Correa; Lizardo Cruzado- Razco; Raúl Siche (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon) is a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, mainly in Asia, India, China and Brazil, where it is traditionally used as a medicinal plant, and the fruits of some varieties of M. charantia are consumed as food. Studies have determined that this plant contains a great diversity of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential like charantin, α-momorcharin and MAP30, and highlighting its properties as antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antihyperglycemic and anticancer. Review shows the complete botanical description of the plant (fruits, leaves, stem, etc.), the bioactive chemical compounds reported in the plant species, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts or fractions of M. charantia, emphasizing the antibacterial and antifungal activities, with respective values of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) reported according to the methodology used in each study. The review seeks to update the phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of M. charantia, which would be useful for researchers in their search for new chemical compounds of the plant, studies of its safety and efficacy, as well as the evaluation of its possible synergistic action in combination with other antimicrobials, in order to find new therapeutic alternatives against bacterial resistance.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Charantin; Cucurbitaceae; Cucurbitane; Phytochemicals

Anti-microbial and Phytochemical Studies of Mussaenda frondosa Linn. Leaves - S. Shanthi; R. Radha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Mussaenda frondosa L (Rubiaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of White leprosy, eye troubles, skin infections, tuberculosis, jaundice, ulcers, wounds, cough and Bronchitis. The current study investigated antimicrobial effects of Mussaenda frondosa L against bacteria and fungus. In addition, Phytochemical profiling of the methanol extract of Mussaenda frondosa was done using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The antimicrobial activity of Methanol (MEMF), Ethyl acetate (EEMF), Chloroform (CEMF) and Hexane (HEMF) extracts of Mussaenda frondosa leaves were tested against nine bacterial and four fungal strains. The Methanol extract showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity than hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate extracts which could be attributed to the presence of phenols, flavonoids and the other bioactive compounds identified through phytochemical screening. The findings in the present study offer a scientific support to the ethno medicinal use of the plant by the traditional healers.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Antifungal; Extract; High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC); Mussaenda

Anti-migration and Anti-invasion Abilities of Methanolic Leaves Extract of Clerodendrum Inerme on Lung Cancer Cells - Malatee Tayeh; Poonsit Hiransai; Hathaichanok Kommen; Ramida Watanapokasin (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Clerodendrum inerme is a folk medicinal plant used in the treatment of various illnesses such as a cough, scrofulous infection, venereal infection, skin diseases and tumors. It exhibited many pharmacological effects including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-oxidant and anticancer properties. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of methanolic extract of C. inerme leaves on migration, invasion and adhesion activities on human lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and methods: Cytotoxicity, cell motility, migration, invasion and adhesion abilities were detected by MTT, wound healing, trans-well mobilization, modified Boyden chamber and cell adhesion assay, respectively. Results: The results demonstrated that up to 400 μg/mL methanolic leaves extract has low toxicity on A549 cells showing more than 50% cell viability. At non-cytotoxic and sub-toxic doses (200 and 400 μg/mL) of methanolic leave extract significantly suppressed cell motility, migration, invasion and cell adhesion compared with the untreated control. Conclusion: These results suggested that methanolic leaves extract of C. inerme inhibited migration, invasion and adhesion of A549 cells. These findings showed new therapeutic potential for C. inerme in anti-metastatic therapy.
Keywords: Anti-invasion; Anti-migration; Clerodendrum inerme; Human lung adenocarcinoma

The Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia stipulata Korth Woods and Leaves by FRAP Method - Rini Prastiwi; Berna Elya; Muhammad Hanafi; Yesi Desmiaty; Rani Sauriasari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Phenol compounds and flavonoids are known have antioxidant activity. Sterculia genus has secondary metabolite rich of phenols and flavonoids. Objective: The aim of this study of the activity antioxidants of Sterculia stipulata Korth. Woods and leaves by FRAP method. Materials and methods: Extraction done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol extract was determined antioxidant activity using the FRAP method and also determined the total phenols content, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening. Results: The antioxidant activity of wood extract was 4.74 ± 1.03 FeEAC (mol/g) while leaves extract 41.17 ± 1.99 FeEAC (mol/g). Total phenols content for wood extract 16.46 ± 3.51 mg GAE/g, for leaves extract 141.62 ± 10.54 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoids content for woods extract was 27.99 ± 0.62 mg QE/g for leaf extract 41.45 ± 5.83 mg QE/g. The compounds of woods and leaves are the same; it is consist of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and negatives for anthraquinone. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leaves of Sterculia stipulata Korth. is greater than its wood activities.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Flavonoids; FRAP; Phenols; Sterculia stipulata Korth

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Assay Against Fish Pathogen Bacteria of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. Leaf Extract - Bianca Priscilia; Media Fitri Isma Nugraha; Hessy Novita; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. (local name: tombe uwa) is a plant endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, and grows around lakes or aquatic environments where fish live. Based on phytochemical screening in previous studies, i.e. methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., the methanol extract gives positive results containing polyphenol compounds in the flavonoid group which have been known to have strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Objective: To test the effectiveness of the comparison of the natural content in the compounds (antibacterial and antioxidant properties) and the total content of phenol in Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., which was extracted using two methods, i.e. maceration and Ultrasonic- Assisted Extraction (UAE), in fish-disease bacteria. Method: The leaves were separated to be extracted with two different methods: maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). Extracts were first screened qualitatively for antioxidant activity and then quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antibacterial activity was determined by the paper disc diffusion method and microdilution. Results: 70% Ethanol in leaves extract of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. The extract which has the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test is the extract from UAE extraction with IC50 value of 9.81512 μg/mL and ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) value of 1.661.3 μmol/gr. UAE method also has a higher potential in antibacterial activity based on the diffusion method of paper discs and microdilution with the MIC obtained as much as 390.6 μg/mL. Conclusion: the UAE extraction method is better at scanning polyphenol compounds compared to the conventional maceration extraction method. Therefore, the results of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity using the UAE method are better than the maceration method.
Keywords: Aeromonas hydrophila; Edwardsiella ictaluri; Flavobacterium columnare; Maceration; Phytochemical compound; Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction

Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Mempening (Lithocarpus bancanus) Leaves - Muhammad Almurdani; Adel Zamri; Titania T Nugroho; Jasril Karim; Yum Eryanti; Rudi Hendra; Hilwan Yuda Teruna (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Lithocarpus bancanus or commonly called as mempening in Talang Mamak Tribe, Indonesia is a plant that is used as a traditional medicine. Objective: This study aim to evaluated antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of L. bancanus leaves extract. Material and Methods: The methanol extract was obtained by maceration of the leaves. The n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were prepared by successive partition process of the methanol extract. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity), and ABTS (2,2’-azonobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Total phenolics were estimated based on the Folin–Ciocalteu method, while, aluminum chloride methods were employed to estimate total flavonoids. Antidiabetic activies was determined by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase method. Results: antioxidant activity assay against DPPH radical as well as the total phenolic and flavonoid content of L. bancanus leaves showed that the methanol extract possessed IC50 value of 39.469 ± 0.273 μg/mL with total phenol and flavonoid were 11.426 ± 0.432 mg GAE/g dry weight sample and 15.423 ± 0.213 mg QE/g respectively. The FRAP, CUPRAC and ABTS values of methanol extract were 3494.302 ±0.456, 26665.501 ± 5.940 and 2857.977 ± 0.715 μM TE/g dry weight sample respectively. Antidiabetic activity of methanol extract with IC50 value of 30.565 ± 0.331 μg/mL. Conclusion: It could be concluded that leaves of L. bancanus have antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Lithocarpus bancanus; Talang Mamak Tribe

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Strobilanthes kunthianus against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats - Geetha Balasubramaniam; Mahendran Sekar; Maithili Varadarajan; Shrishailappa Badami (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus Nees T Anders (Neela kurinji) is a shrub in the grasslands of Nilgiris, Western Ghats in India. It is well known for many biological properties including antioxidant. However, there is no in-vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities has been carried out previously on S. kunthianus. Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic flower extract of S. kunthianus (MFESK) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: The Wistar rats were divided into six groups comprising six animals to each. Group I was served as normal control and group II as CCl4 treated. Both these groups were received sodium CMC (0.3%, 5 ml/kg). Groups III, IV and V animals were treated with MFESK at different dose levels (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg). Group VI was treated with standard silymarin (100 mg/kg). All these treatments were given orally for eight consecutive days. On the 8th day of treatment, except the normal group I, all the other group of animals from III to VI were received CCl4 in liquid paraffin (1:1, 1 ml/kg, i.p., single dose) after 1 h of the vehicle. On the 9th day, the animals were anesthetized and blood was collected from the abdominal artery, then the serum was separated and used for the biochemical estimations. Serum marker enzymes such as ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, CR, TP, TC, TB and albumin were measured using Ecoline kits by using autoanalyzer. Further, blood serum and the supernatant solution of homogenized liver and kidney were used for the estimation of antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and TBARS by spectrophotometrically. Results: The administration of CCl4 caused a significant increase (P<0.001) in the levels of ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, TC, TB and TBARS and decrease in the levels of CR, TP, Albumin, CAT and SOD in serum. A significant (P<0.001 and P<0.01) restoration of these values towards the normal level was observed in all the three tested doses of MFESK. Similar results were observed for CAT, SOD and TBARS in both liver and kidney tissues. These results designated the strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of MFESK. The histopathological investigation of liver and kidney tissues also confirmed the observed activities. Conclusion: These findings afford incitement for the development of a novel hepatoprotective herbal drugs.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Carbon tetrachloride; Hepatoprotective; Hepatotoxicity; Liver disease; Strobilanthes kunthianus

Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Strobilanthes kunthianus against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats - Geetha Balasubramaniam; Mahendran Sekar; Maithili Varadarajan; Shrishailappa Badami (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus Nees T Anders (Neela kurinji) is a shrub in the grasslands of Nilgiris, Western Ghats in India. It is well known for many biological properties including antioxidant. However, there is no in-vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities has been carried out previously on S. kunthianus. Objectives: The present study was aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic flower extract of S. kunthianus (MFESK) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rats. Materials and Methods: The Wistar rats were divided into six groups comprising six animals to each. Group I was served as normal control and group II as CCl4 treated. Both these groups were received sodium CMC (0.3%, 5 ml/kg). Groups III, IV and V animals were treated with MFESK at different dose levels (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg). Group VI was treated with standard silymarin (100 mg/kg). All these treatments were given orally for eight consecutive days. On the 8th day of treatment, except the normal group I, all the other group of animals from III to VI were received CCl4 in liquid paraffin (1:1, 1 ml/kg, i.p., single dose) after 1 h of the vehicle. On the 9th day, the animals were anesthetized and blood was collected from the abdominal artery, then the serum was separated and used for the biochemical estimations. Serum marker enzymes such as ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, CR, TP, TC, TB and albumin were measured using Ecoline kits by using autoanalyzer. Further, blood serum and the supernatant solution of homogenized liver and kidney were used for the estimation of antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and TBARS by spectrophotometrically. Results: The administration of CCl4 caused a significant increase (P<0.001) in the levels of ASAT, ALAT, ALP, TGL, TC, TB and TBARS and decrease in the levels of CR, TP, Albumin, CAT and SOD in serum. A significant (P<0.001 and P<0.01) restoration of these values towards the normal level was observed in all the three tested doses of MFESK. Similar results were observed for CAT, SOD and TBARS in both liver and kidney tissues. These results designated the strong antioxidant and hepatoprotective nature of MFESK. The histopathological investigation of liver and kidney tissues also confirmed the observed activities. Conclusion: These findings afford incitement for the development of a novel hepatoprotective herbal drugs.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Carbon tetrachloride; Hepatoprotective; Hepatotoxicity; Liver disease; Strobilanthes kunthianus

The Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Properties and Phytochemical Profile of Clusia latipes Extracts - Ronald Silva-Rivas; Natalia Bailon-Moscoso; Luis Cartuche; Juan Carlos Romero-Benavides (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes has increased more rapidly in low and middleincome countries than in high-income countries. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), which is the most common form of diabetes, is caused by the inefficient use of insulin in the body and is characterized by disrupted insulin action or secretion. Also, oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of disease. The goal of this study is to identify the antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of Clusia latipes, an endemic species of Central and South America. Methods: The antioxidant and hypoglycemic capacity of the extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the leaves and stems of Clusia latipes were evaluated. From the most potent extract, the phytochemical study was carried out and fractionated. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), while hypoglycemic capacity was measured by alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Results: The extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity are the extracts with the highest α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Inhibitory activity increased in samples extracted with medium polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol) solvents. Phytochemical screening of these extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids/xanthones, quinones, saponins, and tannins. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was detected in the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from leaf methanol extract, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.90 μg/ml. The major constituent isolated from the same fraction was isoquercitrin.
Keywords: DPPH; Phytochemical screening; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; α-glucosidase inhibitory activity

Antioxidant and the Efficacy of Sophora secundiflora and Methoxyisoflavones in the Immune Function of Pigeons Vaccinated against Paramyxovirus Serotype-1 - Howaida Ibrahim Abd-Alla; Magda Tohamy Ibrahim; Hanan Anwar Aly Taie; Marwa Abas Hasan; Nagwa M M Shalaby (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: The present work investigated the effect of oral administration of hydroalcoholic (70% aqueous ethanol) extract (TeE) of Sophora secundiflora leaves and its organic fractions n-hexane (HeE), ethyl acetate (EaE) and n-butanol (BuE) and major isolated methoxyisoflavones 1 and 2, on the cellular and humoral immune responses to live attenuated avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) vaccines in pigeons. Methods: The structures of six isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of chromatographic, chemical, and spectroscopic methods. The samples antioxidative and radical scavenging capabilities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation and ferric reducing power were determined. Total phenolic, tannin and flavonoid contents of EaE extract were evaluated. Results: Six compounds were isolated. Three were the methoxyisoflavones5- 7-dihydroxy-4′-methoxyisoflavone (1), 7-hydroxy-4′methoxyisoflavone (2), 5,4'-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-isoflavone (3), along with isorhamnetin (4) and two quercetin derivatives quercetin 3-glucoside (5) and quercetin 3-rutinoside (6) were isolated. The hydroalcoholic extract, fractions and 4'-methoxyisoflavones showed radical scavenging effect in the order of EaE > TeE > BuE >compound 1>compound 2> HeE. Stimulation of both sero-responses was observed, especially this of EaE. The results showed an increase of macrophage cells, lymphocyte and antibody titers in blood. Conclusion: The presence of 5-hydroxyl group at A-ring may be important to show the immunostimulant and antioxidant activity of compound 1vs compound 2. The present results showed the potential abilities of EaE as antioxidant and immunomodulator agent and these would impart healthy economic benefits in vaccinated birds.
Keywords: Antiradical effect; Immune; Isoflavones; Paramyxovirus; Pigeons; Sophora secundiflora

Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson Fruit Pericarps - Moragot Chatatikun; Pitaksit Supjaroen; Patcharaporn Promlat; Chantanapa Chantarangkul; Sutida Waranuntakul; Jiraphat Nawarat; Jitbanjong Tangpong; Jitbanjong Tangpong (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major cause for hyperpigmentation, and to prevent this natural products are increasingly being explored as potential skin whitening agents. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, anti-tyrosinase activity and the inhibition of melanin content in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells of an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson fruit pericarps. Methods: The aqueous extract was prepared by extraction with distilled water at 105oC for 60 min. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps had a phenolic (26.33 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g plant extract) and flavonoid content (9.31 ± 0.40 mg QE/g plant extract). The aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC50 of 40.72 ± 1.83 μg/mL) and cellular tyrosinase activity (at a concentration of 125 μg/mL) in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. The Garcinia atroviridis extract also suppressed melanin content at concentrations of 31.25-125 μg/mL. Correlations of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities were 0.8673 and 0.9468, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings show that an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps is a source of natural compounds and antioxidant capacity which can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Thus, aqueous extracts of Garcinia atroviridis may be a potential source of skin whitening agents for hyperpigmentation.
Keywords: B16F10 cells; Garcinia atroviridis; Melanin; Tyrosinase activity; α-MSH

Antiurolithiatic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Piper cubeba Dried Fruits: An in-vitro and in-vivo Study - S Suman; SV Suresh Kumar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Piper cubeba is a well-known traditional plant used in unani medicine belonging to the Piperaceae family and has been examined for the treatment of urolithiasis produced by calcium oxalate. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba (EEPC) dried fruits was subjected to phytochemical analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting. An in vitro antiurolithiatic analysis took place through conductometric titrations of CaCl2 with Na2C2O4. Acute toxicity studies conducted as per OECD guidelines. Urolithiasis was established in rats by supplementing 28 days with 0.75% ethylene glycol in the ingesting water. Beside ethylene glycol, EEPC (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was given orally from 15 - 28 days, serum and urine were collected from individual animals and biochemical parameters like BUN, creatinine along with uric acid in serum as well as calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine the kidney homogenate have been measured on 28th day. Kidney sections have been organized and histopathologically tested for calcium oxalate crystals. Results: Phytochemical analysis of EEPC disclose the presence of phenolics, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids and HPTLC fingerprinting shows the presence of 7 terpenoids, 2 flavonoids when scanned at 540nm and 366nm. In vitro studies showed reduction in CaOx crystal aggregation and promoted nucleation after treatment with EEPC. In vivo studies also showed reduction in elevated levels of serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid, and levels of calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine and kidney homogenate as compared to disease control rats. The results were supported by histopathological studies. Conclusion: The EEPC have shown significant antiurolithiatic activity by reducing calculi.
Keywords: calcium oxalate; Ethylene glycol; Flavonoids; HPTLC; Terpenoids; Urolithiasis

Antiviral Activity of Indonesian Medicinal Plants against Hepatitis B Virus - Tutik Sri Wahyuni; Adita Ayu Permanasari; Aty Widyawaruyanti; Hak Hotta; Chie Aoki-Utsubo; Achmad Fuad Hafid (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects more than 300 million people globally and is a common cause of liver cancer. Current therapy using reverse transcriptase inhibitors require long-term treatment and the potential risk of development of drug-resistant viruses remains an important issue to be considered. Hence, the development of new drugs is critical. Traditional medicinal plants used for the treatment of infectious diseases may provide a viable option for the discovery of anti-HBV drug candidates. Objective: This study examined anti-HBV activity of 31 kinds of Indonesian plants. Materials and Methods: Crude extracts of various part of plants, leaves and stem, were obtained using dichloromethane and ethanol solvent. The effect on viral entry was examined by determining levels of HBsAg expression in the supernatants of HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells by ELISA. The effect on HBV replication was determined by measuring HBV DNAs amounts in Hep38.7-Tet cells by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: The extracts of Phyllantus niruri leaves and Curcuma xanthorrhiza showed reduction of strong HBsAg production from HepG2-NTCP cells with IC50 values of 170.48 and 270.51 μg/mL, respectively. Treatment of HepAD38.7-Tet cells with P. niruri and C. xanthorhiza at the highest concentration while avoiding cytotoxicity reduced extracellular HBV DNA levels by 70% and 30 % of the untreated control respectively. Conclusion: P. niruri inhibited both the entry and HBV replication, thus P. niruri is a promising candidate for anti-HBV drug development.
Keywords: Curcuma xanthorhiza; Hepatitis B Virus; Medicinal plants; Phyllanthus niruri

Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb Stem Bark - Nadilla N Atikasari; Muhammad Hanafi; Berna Elya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb. Material and method: stem bark of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol subsequently. The ethyl acetate extract was fractioned. Then, the fractions were subjected to arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid assay. Correlation was considered by statistical analysis. Result: Out of eight fractions, two fractions have no activity. Two fractions (3 and 6) have strong activity in arginase with inhibition 90.72 % and 91.41% respectively. Fraction 3 and 6 have strong antioxidant activity with IC50 25.98 μg/mL and 48.01 μg/mL respectively. Statistical analysis shows arginase inhibitor activity was not related with antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in this plant. Conclusion: Activity in arginase inhibition of fraction from ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb are not related to antioxidant, total phenolic and flavonoid content.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Arginase; Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb; Flavonoid

Assessment of the Impact of Wild Stinkhorn Mushroom Extracts on Different Cancer Cell Proliferation and Study of Primary Metabolites - Ribhu Ray; Amrita Pal; Santanu Paul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: Present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of wild mushroom Phallus sp. on cell proliferation of both normal and cancer cells. This study also looked at anti-oxidant potentiality of methanolic extract and also unravels the phytochemical profiling of both extracts. Methods: Anti-proliferative activity was assessed by MTT assay on different human cancer cell lines such as MCF-7, MOLT-4, REH and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMC isolated from a healthy donor. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used for comparative assessment of phytochemical constituents of both extracts. The anti-oxidant profile of methanolic extract was also evaluated by DPPH and ABTS•+ assays. Results: Results indicated that the both methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Phallus sp. showed appreciable anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with IC50 of 8.544±2.812 μg/mL and 35.279±2.863 μg/mL respectively. Both of the extracts also showed its moderate impact on human B cell precursor leukemia cell line (REH) with IC50 of 25.987±2.696 μg/mL for methanol and 51.484±1.480 μg/mL for ethyl acetate extract respectively. No effect was observed in MOLT-4 cell line. Methanolic extract was selected as better anti cancer extract over ethyl acetate extract. No significant anti-proliferative activity was observed in normal PBMC by both extracts. GC-MS analysis indicated that 43 and 114 compounds were identified from methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. Among them nine compounds shared its existence in both of the extracts. Different derivatives of ergosterol and several fatty acid esters ware identified as major components from both of the extracts. Methanolic extracts of the Phallus sp. showed its effectiveness on both of DPPH and ABTS•+ free radical, and result indicated that it contain more flavonoid content than phenol. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Phallus sp. show very specific anti-proliferative effect on MCF-7 with moderate anti-oxidant activity and holds a great promise for isolation of bio molecules for treating Breast Cancer. Several derivatives of ergosterol identified as probable anti-cancer compound.
Keywords: ABTS•+; GC-MS; MCF-7; MTT Assay; Phallus

Beautyberry (Callicarpa arborea) as an Antiparasitic Agent Against Raillietina echinobothrida, an Intestinal Tapeworm - P.B. Lalthanpuii; Kholhring Lalchhandama (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The beautyberry (Callicarpa arborea Roxb.) is member of the family Lamiaceae and is native to Asia. It is used in different traditional medicines for the treatment of debilitating ailments including cancer, dermatitis, diabetes mellitus, gastritis, helminthiasis, and pyrexia. A couple of pentacyclic triterpenes and phytosterols have been reported from this plant. Objective: We aimed to investigate the antiparasitic potentials of C. arborea bark extract. We used an intestinal tapeworm, Raillietina echinobothrida, for its convenience in handling and established nature as a model helminth parasite. Materials and Methods: The extract of the stem bark was prepared using methanol. Tapeworms were treated in vitro with varying concentrations of the extract. Survival values were statistically analysed. Treated tapeworms were fixed and processed for scanning electron microscopy. Results: C. arborea bark extract showed dose-dependent antiparasitic similar to that of albendazole. Scanning electron microscopy revealed damaging effects all over the body of the tapeworm. There was general shrinkage of the tegument on the scolex, neck region and strobila. Microtriches were completely removed throughout the tegument. Suckers and rostellum on the scolex were also deformed. Conclusion: Our data shows that C. arborea is a promising source of antiparasitic principles.
Keywords: Callicarpa arborea; Scanning electron microscopy; Tapeworm; Tegument

Bioactivity and Extraction Method with Ultrasonication of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Anti Aging Drinks - Buavaroon Srichaikul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Flowers health drinks currently are one of the popular demand globally in Thailand and all over the world. There are plenty of substandard or over claimed of antioxidant content labeled at health drink bottles. The consumers do not obtain enough health benefits anti-oxidant contents which are destroyed by heat during their production process. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the optimization of extraction including water, 40 % and 50% ethyl alcohol using maceration and ultra-sonication method to obtain the highest antioxidant activity compared with DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods were investigated including total phenolic and flavonoid contents by HPLC in different period of time. The analysis of acute toxicity in white wistar rats by oral administrating of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flowers extract was testing for after 24 h and 14 d. Results: It was found that Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drink consisted of high contents of gallic acid, catechin and rutin by HPLC method. Nelumbo nucifera Linn flowers Highest Total Phenolic compound in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts with sonicating with 50% ethanol was 0.954639 ± 0.109672. Highest Total flavonoids in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts macerating in 50 % ethanol at day 5th was 1.100275 ± 0.777271.and the sonication with 40% ethanol was 0.394283+/- 0.51175. Conclusions: The result of acute toxicity analysis showed no toxicity. Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drinks which are safe as a health drink for consumers. The further market analysis with sensory test should be essential for further research.
Keywords: Acute toxicity; Flavonoids; Flower extract drink; HPLC; Nelumbo nucifera Linn.; Phenolic content; Ultra sonication Extraction

Biological Activity of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 Extracts, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Medicinal Herb, Ocimum sanctum Against Foodborne Diarrhea-Caused Bacteria - Taufiq MMJ; Darah I (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Foodborne disease is a serious public health problem worldwide and most of the disease is related to food spoilage by bacteria. Thus, there is a need for the discovery of a natural antibiotic to inhibit these foodborne bacteria. Materials and Methods: Disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays were performed to access the antibacterial activity of the fungal extracts against test bacteria. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to study the structural degeneration of bacterial cells exposed to the extracts. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 demonstrated favorable antibacterial activity towards all test bacteria with inhibition zone ranged from 15.0 mm to 26.0 mm. All test bacteria were resistant to hexane and butanolic extracts. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the ethyl acetate extract between 62.5 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL whereas minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was in the range of 125 μg/mL to 2000 μg/mL. The SEM micrographs exhibited major abnormalities that occurred on the bacterial cells after exposure to the extract with alteration in their morphology and cell death beyond repair. Conclusion: The extracts of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 may be an effective antibacterial agent to treat foodborne bacteria.
Keywords: Foodborne disease; Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae; Minimum bactericidal concentration; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Scanning electron microscope

Black Horehound (Ballota nigra Linn) Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells (PC-3) Through Intrinsic Signalling Cascade - Selvaraj Jayaraman; Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal; Vishnupriya Veeraraghavan; Poonguzhali Sivagnanam; Divya Ravikumar; Sumetha Suga Deiva Suga; Kavin Mozhi James; Surapaneni Krishna Mohan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. The disease varies widely in its clinical aggressiveness. Ballota nigra Linn (Black horehound) is a three-foot, perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae and it has been shown to have various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, neuro-sedative, antibacterial, insecticidal and anticholinesterase activities. However, the elucidation of B.nigra for its anticancer activity in prostate cancer has not been studied so far. Methodology: Prostate cancer PC3 cells were treated with different concentrations of B.nigra (50, 100, 200 & 400μg/ml) for the analysis of Bcl-2, Phosphorylation of Bcl2 (p-Bcl2) and tumor suppressor protein p53, Case pase-3 and caspase-9 in PC3 cells. Results: The B.nigra ethanolic leaf extract reduced the levels of anti apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, p-Bcl2) and increased the level of tumor suppressor protein p53, caspase-3 and 9 significantly (p<0.05). Conclusion: Results of the study show that B.nigra has potential anticancer activity by modulating intrinsic activity of apoptotic signaling in PC-3 cells. Thus, B.nigra may have a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Ballota nigra; Intrinsic pathway; PC3; Prostate cancer

Blending of Chorella Patin And Microalga Fish Oil as an Associated Chorella as Potential Health Food - Dewita; Syahrul; Taufik Hidayat; Mery Sukmiwati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: The use of health food supplements based on functional food components at this time has become a necessity for the community to maintain their health at optimum level. Functional food from fishery products is a food that is considered effective, because in addition to alternative food sources, the nutritional content is very good for health. This study aimed to produce high nutritional health food supplements from raw materials of Chorella enriched with catfish oil. The method used in making high nutritional health food supplements is a microencapsulation experimental method with different formulations. Methods: The experiment used organoleptic test, chemical component test with amino acids (HPLC) and Fatty acids (GC). Result: The results showed that the best formulations based on the profiles of amino acids, fatty acids and standard AAE per day, especially oleic and linoleic essential fatty acids were B formulations (2% Chorella, and 1% fish oil. Conclusion: The formulations B from the sample conducted in this research was the best formulations based on protein content, fat, essential amino acid profiles and essential fatty acids.
Keywords: Catfish oil; Chorella; Health food supplements

Botanical Pharmacognosy of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell - Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Backgound: B. monnieri (Linn.) Pennell is a slender, creeping and mat forming herb well adapted to grow in both terrestrial and submersed conditions. It is an important medicinal plant belongs to the family Plantaginaceae and espoused as a source for the Ayurvedic drug brahmi. Objectives: The present study aims to delineate the morphological and histomorpho diagnostic profile of the stem, root and leaves of brahmi and analyze their qualitative and quantitative anatomical peculiarities to support the pharmacobotanical characterizations using digital, stereo and polarized microscopic techniques. Results: Cross section of lamina had shown a homogeneous mesophyll fails to differentiate into palisade and spongy tissues. Lamina was amphistomatic which contained three different types of stomatal complexes vz., diacytic, anisocytic and anomoteracytic. The mean number of stoma per square millimeter of leaf area was found to be higher in adaxial surface (656.9/mm2) than abaxial (433.3/mm2) with a corresponding stomatal index of 15.2 and 9.4 respectively. Adventitious root in cross section gave ‘spokes in a wheel’ appearance and shoot cortex architecture had shown honey-comb pattern of aerenchyma chambers. Vascular bundles were many, conjoint and closed, where a centra solid core of xylem encircled by phloem. Crystal ideoblasts of calcium oxalate were observed in characteristic tissues of epidermis of the leaves, mesophyll, cortical tissues of stem, and intervening walls of the file of cells of diaphragms in stem and adventitious roots. Conclusion: The above delineated anatomical characteristics in conjunction with aerenchyma in root and shoot tissues as an effective water tolerance mechanism to thrive prolonged submergence in water logged conditions could provide valuable tags as useful markers for pharmacological identification of the taxon.
Keywords: Aerenchyma; Anisocytic stomata; Calcium oxalate crystals; Plantaginaceae; Stomatal index

Caesalpinia sappan L. Wood is a Potential Source of Natural Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors - Helmi; Nanang Fakhrudin; Arief Nurrochmad; Ari Sudarmanto; Zullies Ikawati (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: A decrease in cAMP and cGMP levels in the brain is linked to human cognitive problems. The degradation of cellular cAMP and cGMP is attributed to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which constitute a superfamily of enzymes. The inhibition of PDE1 is a promising mechanism to increase cAMP and cGMP levels associated with cognitive disorders. Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) wood is a natural coloring agent usually consumed as a traditional refreshment or drink by people in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. However, scientific evidence regarding the inhibitory activity of CS wood against PDE1 has yet to be obtained. This study aimed to investigate the potency of CS wood as a PDE1 inhibitor. Methods: The ethanol extract of CS wood and its fractions were evaluated in vitro by using a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase assay kit. The presence of brazilin in the extract and fractions was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. In silico assay was performed using MOE software to obtain insights into the interaction between compounds in the CS wood and the enzyme. Results: Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate soluble fraction effectively inhibited the PDE1 activity. Interestingly, brazilin, the major compound in CS wood, also exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The in silico assay revealed that the interaction between tetraacetylbrazilin and brazilin with the PDE1B active site involved hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. Conclusion: Ethanol extract, ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and brazilin inhibited the PDE1 activity. CS wood and its chemical constituent could be developed as natural cognitive enhancers.
Keywords: Brazilin; Caesalpinia sappan L.; Herbal cognitive enhancer; Phosphodiesterase inhibitor; Phytotheraphy; Tetraacetylbrazilin

Capsaicin Bioactive in Cabai (Capsicum Annum L.) as Anticancer Through Inhibition of over Ekspresi Protein Target RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) on Hepatocyt Cell Mice (mus musculus) - Mohammad Sukmanadi; Sri Agus Sudjarwo; Mustofa Helmi Effendi; Pudji Srianto; Aulanni’am; Rr Sri Pantja Madyawati; Mirni Lamid; Hani Plumeriastuti (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Chilean plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Screening of components in Capsicum Annum L. against the target proteins AKT1 and MAPK1 is needed as an initial stage of drug discovery. Further screening of Capsaicin compounds for oncogenic proteins produced in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis signaling. In silico data that have been obtained, Capsaicin in chili (Capsicum Annum L.) has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with energy and potential activity score (Pa) 0.690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptotic agonists, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity. Statistical data using Kruskal Wallis obtained information that Capsaicin can inhibit the expression of AKT 1 and MAPK 1 on mice hepatocyte cells induced by AFB1 in vivo administration, therefore it can be a candidate for anticancer drugs.
Keywords: AKT1; Anticancer; Capsaicin; Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); MAPK1

Characteristics of Turbinaria conoides and Padina Minor As Raw Materials For Healthy Seaweed Salt - Nurjanah; Asadatun Abdullah; Seftylia Diachanty (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Seaweed is one of the abundant biological resources in Indonesia and contains secondary metabolites. This study was aimed to determine the characteristics and antioxidant activity of brown seaweed salts that fits the standard hence it can be applied as a functional salt preparation for hypertensive patients. Objective: The study consisted of identification of raw materials, yield analysis, the levels of Na and K, heavy metals, NaCl and antioxidant activities using the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and the Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Materials and Methods: The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with different types of seaweed as a parameter (Turbinaria conoides and Padina minor), temperature (400C and 550C), and time (10 and 30 minutes) with 3 replications. Results: The results demonstrated the interaction between different types of seaweed, temperature and heating time had a significant effect on the level of 5% (P < 0.05) on yield, the ratio of Na:K and functional salt NaCl. A functional salt FRAP antioxidant activity of T. conoides ranged from 39.12 to 55.31 μM trolox/g and CUPRAC ranged from 98.50 to 113.95 μM trolox/g, while the functional salt from P. minor has FRAP antioxidant activity ranging from 18.19 to 24.67 µM trolox/g and CUPRAC 40.05-53.05 µM trolox/g. Conclusion: Seaweed T. conoides and P. minor can be used as raw materials for functional salt preparations for hypertensive patients.
Keywords: CUPRAC; DPPH; FRAP; Functional salt; Hypertension

Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Elettaria cardamomum Extract - Faiza MOULAI-HACENE; Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI; Soumia KEDDARI; Abdelkader HOMRANI (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Cardamom, also known as Elettaria cardamomum, a venerated perennial herb like the "Queen of Spices" belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. She holds various pharmacological activities due to its phytochemicals it contains such as; phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols. Methods: The study included the determination of the chemical composition of Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract (EEC) by HPLC/UV and evaluated their antimicrobial potential against ten pathogenic reference strains using two complementary techniques: the method of diffusion from solid discs and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Results: The results obtained from chemical identification of the EEC showed the presence of polyphenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, etc.) and many flavonoids (kaempferol, chrysin, galangin, pinocembrine, quercetin, etc.). The results of the antimicrobial effect showed that the extract reacted positively on almost all the microbial strains tested. The EEC extract significantly inhibited the growth of microbial strains, with a broader antimicrobial spectrum with extensive action with inhibitory zones between 8 and 33 mm in diameter. Thus, this extract revealed a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity on these microbial strains used. However, the inhibitory potential of the cardamom extract was variable compared to their MIC ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 mg of dry extract/mL. Therefore, the strains least susceptible to EEC are Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Conclusion: This activity is due to the phenolic compounds produced by the EEC extract. This extract can be used for the development of plant medicines against microbial infections and fungal infestations.
Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Chemical composition; Elettaria cardamomum; Pathogenic strains

Chemical Composition and Content of Polysaccharides from the Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) Rhizomes - Tikhomirova EA; Sorokina AA; Bubenchikova VN; Kostikova EN; Zhilkina VYu; Bessonov VV (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the composition and content of the polysaccharide complex and polysaccharide fractions from yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) rhizomes growing in Russian Federation (Moscow region). Materials and Methods: Traditional pharmacognostic methods were used in the analysis of polysaccharides as biologically active substances. The total amount of polysaccharides was determined by a gravimetric procedure with alcohol precipitation. Fractions of polysaccharides were isolated by sequential changing of solvents. The content of monosaccharides was determined by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography with refractometric detection (HPLC-RID) after acid hydrolysis. HPLCRID procedure was performed using Chromatograph Agilent 1260 Infinity, Sugar-Pak column (300×6.5 mm), and isocratic elution mode. Results: Polysaccharide complex was isolated, the total content of polysaccharides in the rhizomes of I. pseudacorus was determined, as well as their distribution by fractions (water-soluble polysaccharides, pectic substances, hemicellulose A, hemicellulose B), the composition of individual sugars (glucose, xylose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose) was determined for each fraction. Conclusion: In our experiment polysaccharide complex was first identified and described in detail for I. pseudacorus grown in Moscow region.
Keywords: Hemicellulose; Iris pseudacorus L.; Pectins; Polysaccharides; Water-soluble Polysaccharides; Yellow iris

Chemical Composition and Some Biological Activities of the Methanolic Encephalartos ferox Fruit Extract - Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo; Sidney Tsolanku Maliehe; Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu; Rene Khan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Although literature reports the therapeutic properties of Encephalartos ferox, there are limited pharmacological studies of its fruit. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing and in vitro cytotoxic activities of the methanolic E. ferox fruit extract. Methods: The chemical constituent of the methanolic fruit extract was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using the broth dilution method. The standard 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to evaluate the scavenging activities of the extract. Anti-quorum sensing activity was assessed against biosensor strain- Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472). Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was investigated using the tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. Results: The extract revealed eight volatile compounds with cis-Vaccenic acid (87.06%) and 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (5.21%) as the major components. Antibacterial activity against all tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration range of 1.56 - 12.5 mg/mL was observed. The DPPH and ABTS assays demonstrated scavenging activities with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.09 mg/mL and 0.003 mg/mL, respectively. The extract also displayed strong anti-quorum sensing activity with 93% inhibition of violacein production at 25 mg/mL. A half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5370 μg/mL was computed in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: The extract has potential to be used as a source of therapeutic compounds in pharmaceutical applications.
Keywords: Anti-quorum sensing; Antibacterial; Antioxidant; Cytotoxicity

Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinale) and Emprit Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) Essential Oils - Diki Prayugo Wibowo; Ria Mariani; Siti Uswatun Hasanah; Diah Lia Aulifa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) is a spice plant, which is extensively used worldwide, and morphologically classified into three types, including the red, “gajah” or “elephant”, and “emprit” ginger (common name in Indonesia). In addition, the extract and essential oils possess antibacterial pharmacological activities, due to the inherent constituents. The aim of this research, therefore, was to analyze the chemical constituents, test antibacterial activities, and observe the mode of action of elephant and emprit ginger rhizome essential oils. Methods: Essential oils isolation was conducted using water and steam distillation method, while microdilution method was adopted in the testing for antibacterial activities against Gram positive and negative bacteria. Furthermore, the mode of action was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: The antibacterial activity demonstrated antibacterial activities in the essential oils of elephant and emprit ginger rhizome, with minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) value of 250-1000 μg.mL-1 and minimal bacterial concentrations (MBC) value of 500-1000 μg.mL-1, while chemical evaluation showed the presence of 45 and 38 constituents, respectively. Conclusion: Both essential oils possess antibacterial activities against Gram positive and negative bacteria, with different strengths, which are based on chemical composition. Conversely, SEM micrographs demonstrated the ability for elephant and emprit ginger rhizome essential oils to change the morphology of bacteria.
Keywords: Antibacterial; Chemical constituents; Elephant ginger; Emprit ginger

Chemical Constituents from Diospyros discolor Willd. and their Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity - Norhafizoh Abdul Somat; Zaini Yusoff; Che Puteh Osman (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Diospyros discolor is commonly known as ‘buah mentega’ and traditionally used to treat various diseases. Many compounds especially triterpenes in Diospyros sp. were reported to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes in vitro and in vivo. D. discolor was reported to contain triterpenes, yet to be investigated for their AChE inhibitory activity. D. discolor leaves extract showed high (95.80 ± 1.57 %) AChE inhibitory activity at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. Objective: The aim of the present study is to identify chemical constituents from D. discolor and their AChE inhibitory activity. Materials and Methods: The leaves and stem barks of D. discolor were air dried, powdered and successively extracted using n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol. The solvents were evaporated to obtain dried crude extracts. The compounds were purified using exhaustive chromatographic procedures and their structures were determined by analyses of spectral data. The AChE inhibitory activity was carried out using Ellman’s method. Results: A new flavonol, 7,4’-dihydroxy-5,3’,5’-trimethoxyflavonol (1), along with five known flavonoids (2-6) and six known triterpenes (7-13) were isolated from the leaves and stem barks of D. discolor. Selected compounds were evaluated for AChE inhibitory activity, in which stigmast-4-ene- 3-one (7) showed the lowest inhibition concentration with an IC50 value of 11.77 ± 2.11 μM. Conclusion: A new flavonol (1) and twelve known compounds were identified and characterized. Even though D. discolor extracts showed high percent inhibition against AChE enzyme, the isolated compounds showed moderate inhibition.
Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Ebenaceae; Flavonoid; Triterpenes

Chemical Fingerprint by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS, GC-MS Analysis and Anti-Oxidant Activity of Manasamitra Vatakam: A Herbomineral Formulation - Srikalyani V; Ilango K (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Manasamitra Vatakam is a classical ayurvedic herbo mineral formulation used for the treatment of neurodegerative properties and epileptic disorders. The wide range mixture of herbal extracts and minerals were used in the formulation. Aim: The aim of the study implies in performing the chemo-profiling, chromatographic fingerprint analysis by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS for the selected formulations of Manasamitra Vatakam followed by the identification of bioactive compounds by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, to evaluate the diffusion and dilution methods for the determination of anti-bacterial activity in the methanolic extracts of Manasamitra Vatakam (MMV). Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity was performed by both diffusion and dilution methods whereas the antioxidant activity was performed by free radical scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay method. Results: The estimation of bioactive constituents showed positive results by qualitative analysis. Antibacterial activity of MMV was evaluated against two-gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, two gram negative Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia by disk diffusion (0.078-10μg mL-1), broth dilution (0.078-10μg mL-1) and broth micro dilution method (0.39-50μg mL-1) respectively. The bioactive constituents were analysed by GC-MS analysis for the methanolic extract of the formulation. Conclusion: To conclude, the formulation was found abundant with phenolic and flavonoid compounds by HPLC-ESI-MS analysis, the bioactive compounds identified are responsible for the anti-bacterial activity. The broth microdilution method performed by resazurin method was observed as the fast screening, sensitive and accurate method for the quantitative determination of antibacterial activity.
Keywords: Classical formulation; Diffusion and dilution methods; Heavy metals; MIC; Phytochemicals

Chemical Profile and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Euphorbia paralias and Euphorbia geniculata (Euphorbiaceae) from Egypt - Afaf E Abdel Ghani; Sayed AA El-Toumy; Wagdi IA El-Dougdoug; Ahmed M Mansour; Wafaa HB Hassan; Hanaa M Hassan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia were used traditionally to treat several health disorders and diseases. Objective: the aim of this study is evaluation of secondary metabolites and hepatoprotective activity of the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias (Ep) and Euphorbia geniculata (Eg). Materials and Methods: UPLC-ESI-MS/ MS technique was used for identification of the secondary metabolites. The hepatoprotective potential of the two plants was evaluated for the first time in male rats with thioacetamide induced liver injury. Results: A total of 32 secondary metabolites were identified in the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of both species. Ellagitannins such as tetragalloyl hexoside, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and flavonoids such as kaempferol-3-O-β-(6''-galloyl-Oglucopyranoside), quercetin glycosides (glucoside and arabinoside) were found to be the major components in Ep whereas flavonoid glycosides including quercetin rutinoside, quercetin glycosides (glucoside, arabinoside and rhamnoside) and kaempeferol glycoside derivatives were highly abundant in Eg. Administration of thioacetamide resulted in marked elevation in liver enzymes, elevation of lipid profile and alteration in oxidative stress parameters. While pretreatment of rats with Ep and Eg ethyl acetate fractions significantly attenuated the hepatic toxicity through reduction of liver biomarkers, improving the redox status of the tissue and so brought down the serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile nearly toward the normal levels. Conclusion: The studied fractions show hepatoprotective potential with promising value as hepatoprotective drugs of natural origin in comparison with silymarin as the standard hepatoprotective drug.
Keywords: Euphorbia; Hepatoprotective; Polyphenolics; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS

Chemometric Analysis of Arbutin Derivatives from Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) - Yusnita Rifai; Mukhriani; Yulia Y Djabir; Gemini Alam (Pharmacognosy Journal,, 2020)
Introduction: Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera were reported to have antioxidant activities due to their polyphenolic phytochemical contents. Arbutin may be included as active compounds in the plants. The chemometric analysis is used to identify the similarity of functional groups found in arbutin and that are in Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera. Materials and Method: The ethanol extracts of Paderia foetida and Vitis vinifera were subjected to compound partition and characterization. Then a liquid-liquid partition is carried out using n-hexan and water solvents, followed by ethyl acetate and water partitions. This procedure is carried out continuously until the top layer is cleared. Partitioned compounds were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy to identify functional groups. Furthermore, it was analyzed using the chemometric method (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis). Results: From the results of FTIR spectroscopy, functional groups in Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera were identical to functional groups found in arbutin. PCA Analysis was achieved using principal component accounting an eigenvelue about 99,3 % of the total variance. Conclusions: CA analysis showed that compounds in Paederia foetida (Euclidean distance 0.537) and Vitis Vinifera (Euclidean distance 1.157) may be similar with arbutin.
Keywords: Arbutin; Chemometrics; Paederia foetida; PCA; Vitis vinifera

Chemopreventive Action of Garcinia Mangostana Linn. on Hepatic Carcinoma by Modulating Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan; Sardar Hussain; Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna; Gayathri Rengasamy; Surapaneni Krishna Mohan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Ornithine decarboxylase and alpha -L- fucosidase over-expression is associated with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The objective of this study was to elucidate the action of Garcinia Mangostana fruit extract (GME) on these overexpressed enzymes and apoptotic proteins in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats. The cancer was induced using DEN to the experimental rats and treated with GME (400 mg/ kg) to find its anticancer property. The lysosomal enzymes such as alpha-L-fucosidase, beta- D-glucosidase, ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xl and H3 thymidine incorporation assay were done to prove GME’s chemo preventive property. DEN induction caused significant increase in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase; lysosomal enzymes and increased cell proliferation with decreased apoptosis were observed. In contrast, the groups with GME treated rat’s elicited significant (P < 0.001) reduction in ornithine decarboxylase, lysosomal enzymes and decreased cell proliferation with increased apoptosis. GME has effective chemo preventive property and can serve as an anticarcinogenic therapeutic drug against hepatocellular carcinoma.
Keywords: Diethyl nitrosamine; G. Mangostana extract; Hepatocellularcarcinoma; Ornithine decarboxylase

Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Costus speciosus (Koen) J.E. Sm. Germplasm Collected from Eastern Ghats of India - Manish Kumar; Ankita Misra; Akanksha Srivastava; Pushpendra Kumar Shukla; L M Tewari; Sharad Srivastava (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Costus speciosus is an erect perennial herb belonging to family Costaceae, an important medicinal plant widely used in several indigenous medicinal formulations. Objective: A comparative evaluation of Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological potential of Costus speciosus for the validation of traditional claims and quality parameters for industry. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical studies were performed as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and quantification of diosgenin was done through HPTLC. In vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase inhibition assay based on starch iodine method and in vitro anti-inflammatory were done by using inhibition of protein denaturation assay. Results: The pharmacognostical standards were also laid down for each sample. Morpho-anatomical characters had no distinct variation in all the collected samples of Eastern Ghats. The quantification of diosgenin (without hydrolysis of samples) in the collected germplasm varies significantly from 0.002 to 0.076 % on dry weight basis. The maximum content was recorded in NBCS-06 from Patiya, Bhubaneswar and was identified as distinct chemotype with high metabolite content. IC50 value of Costus speciosus extract in starch-iodine assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 6 (87.54 μg/ml) and inhibition of protein denaturation assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 11 (73.91 μg/ml), respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that the Costus speciosus germplasm possess potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity and comparative pharmacognostical parameters will be useful in collection of location specific potential samples for industrial usage along with quality control of raw materials.
Keywords: Anti-diabetic; Anti-inflammatory; Costus speciosus; Diosgenin; HPTLC

Comparative Study on Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical Investigations and Quantification of Vasicine Content in the Extracts of Adhatoda vasica Nees and Adhatoda beddomei CB Clarke - Nandhini S; Ilango K (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Adhatoda, a perennial shrub of family Acanthaceae are well-known medicinal plant for the treatment and management of respiratory disorders such as asthma and bronchitis. Adhatoda vasica and Adhatoda beddomei are the species of Adhatoda, has been widely used in Indian system of medicine. Although, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations were reported on A. vasica, there has been comparative investigations on different Adhatoda species are lacking. Objective: The study was undertaken to compare the pharmacognostical and phytochemical parameters of two species of Adhatoda for rapid identification and authentication of the plants. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical features were studied by macroscopic, microscopic studies and physicochemical analysis such as determination of foreign matter, ash value, extractive value and loss on drying. Phytochemical investigations were analysed using phytochemical screening, bioactive content determination, HPTLC fingerprint analysis and estimation of vasicine content by HPLC analysis. Results: Microscopic study differentiated the pharmacognostical features between two species by demonstrating the anatomical characteristics. Powder microscopy of A. vasica revealed the presence of diacytic stomata, glandular and non-glandular trichomes whereas rod shaped crystals were seen only in A. beddomei. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical investigations revealed the presence and estimation of various phytoconstituents in both the species. HPTLC fingerprint profiling evaluated the number of constituents present in the extracts and HPLC analysis revealed high content of vasicine in A. vasica extracts when compared to A. beddomei. Conclusion: The present study provides the useful information to differentiate the plant species and can serve as a diagnostic tool for the standardization and identification of adulterant in the crude drug market.
Keywords: Adhatoda beddomei; Adhatoda vasica; HPTLC fingerprint; Pharmacognosy; Vasicine

Comparison of Cytotoxicity between Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol Extract of White Turmeric (Kaempferia rotunda) Rhizome Extract Against HeLa Cervical Cancer Cell Activity - Surya Dwira; Ariska TP; Fadilah Fadilah; Norma Nur Azizah; Linda Erlina (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Aim: The aim of this study is to compare between ethanol and ethyl acetate rhizome extract of K.rotunda against HeLa cervical cancer cell in vitro. Material and Methods: Methods used in this research are test the chemical compound of extracts using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical screening test, also cytotoxicity test using MTT assay. Result: Ethyl acetate extract contains flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and triterpenoid, while ethanol extract have flavonoid, triterpenoid, and alkaloid. In addition, ethanol extract has strong cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 16,939 μg/ml) while ethyl acetate extract has moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 127,9 μg/ml). Each of extracts showed significant results (p ≤ 0,05) although when compared between concentrations there are several concentrations that are not significant and also small coefficient of determinant values caused by various confounding factors. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of K.rotunda rhizome extract has the higher cytotoxicity activity compared to ethyl acetate extract of K.rotunda rhizome extract against HeLa cervical cancer cell.
Keywords: Anti cervical cancer; HeLa; in vitro; Kaempferia rotunda

Composition and Genoprotective Effect of the Flavonoidal Content of Lepidium sativum L. Methanolic Seed Extract against Cyclophosphamide- Induced DNA Damage in Mice - Iman AA Kassem; Ayman A Farghaly; Neveen S Ghaly; Zeinab M Hassan; Marian Nabil (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Lepidium sativum L. (Family Brassicaceae) is known to possess different pharmacological properties. Objective: The genoprotective role of flavonoids of L. sativum methanolic seed extract (LSF) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced DNA damage, in somatic and germ cells of mice, as well as characterization of the flavonoidal content were carried out in this study. Chromosomal aberration analysis in somatic and germ cells were also included. Materials and Methods: Six mice groups were used for this study. Group 1 served as a negative control. Group 2 received oral LSF (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for 5 consecutive days. Group 3 served as a positive control by receiving a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) CP dose (20 mg/kg b.wt.). The three other groups were orally administered 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. LSF, respectively, for 5 consecutive days. On the last day of treatment, the three groups received i.p. injection of CP (20 mg/kg b.wt.). Flavonoids were identified using spectral analysis. Results: LSF inhibited DNA aberrations in mice caused by cyclophosphamide dose dependently in the three groups with significant difference in the two groups that received doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. The chromosomal aberrations inhibitory indices were calculated as 18 and 31 in mice somatic cells and 27 and 48 in germ cells, respectively. LSF was found to contain the flavonoids kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside. Conclusion: LSF inhibited the DNA damage induced by CP in somatic and germ cells of mice dose-dependently. The antioxidant properties associated with flavonoids might account for the genoprotective activity.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; Chromosomal abberations; Flavonoids; Lipidium sativum

Computational Evaluation of ADMET Properties and Bioactive Score of Compounds from Encephalartos ferox - Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe; Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo; Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Plant based products are recognised as sources of drugs for treatment of diseases. Objective: The study aimed at predicting the physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and toxicity of the compounds identified from the methanolic Encephalartos ferox fruit extract. Methods: The physicochemical, pharmacokinetics properties and bioactive scores of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and Molinspiration computational tools. Drug-likeness of the compounds was evaluated based on the Lipinski rule of five (Ro5). In silico mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and inhibition of human ether-a-go-go-related (hERG) gene were also investigated using PreADMET web tool. Results: The physicochemical properties showed the compounds, except 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester to adhere to Ro5. The evaluation of their inhibitory effects profile in several cytochrome P450 isoforms indicate that all the compounds are not the inhibitors of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 whereas some inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. The drug-likeness evaluation employed Ro5 as a filter and all compounds complied with it except for 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester. About 50% of the tested compound were found to be safe as they did not exhibit antimutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, the risk of inhibition of hERG gene revealed to be low to medium risk depending on the compound. Conclusion: The calculated physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties suggest that most of the compounds are safe and have promising oral bioavailability.
Keywords: Bioactive score; Compounds; Pharmacokinetic; Drug-likeness; Toxicity

Condensed Tannins Content and their Influence on the Antioxidant Activity of Bark Hydroethanol Extract of Piliostigma reticulatum (Dc) Hochst and its Fractions - Serigne Ibra Mbacké DIENG; Céline Mathieu; Abdou SARR; Kady Diatta-Badji; Alioune Dior FALL (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Consumption of natural products from plants is implicated in the reduction of the occurrence of diseases related to oxidative stress. Piliostigma reticulatum is a plant well known to traditional practitioners in Senegal where leaves and bark are often used against many diseases, such as ulcers, boils, syphilitic cancer, toothache, gingivitis and diarrhea. Aim: This study compared hydroethanol extract from the plant bark and its fractions by assessing their total phenol contents, antioxidant activity and the influence of condensed tannins on their activity. Method: barks were extracted by a moderate decoction with ethanol-water followed by a silica column fractionation with successively ethyl acetate, methanol and water. For this study, assays were carried out before and after precipitation of tannins by BSA and PVPP tests. Total phenol and condensed tannins of hydroethanolic extract and its fractions were performed by Folin Ciocalteu and hydrolysis methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and CUPRAC tests. Results: Tannins precipitation leads a light decrease of total phenol and condensed tannins contents of samples. Total phenol content of hydroethanolic extract was 51.2 mg GAE/g vs 3.2 after BSA test and 1.7 after PVPP test whereas condensed tannins content obtained 72.2% vs 4.2% and 2.3% after precipitation. Antiradical activity was lost following the elimination of tannins with IC50: 5.33 ± 0.04 mg/l vs 78.86 ± 0.92 after BSA and > 500 after PVPP. Conclusion: This results showed the condensed tannins would be in charge of antiradical and reducing activities of plant barks and PVPP precipitated much better the tannins from those extracts than BSA.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Bark; Piliostigma reticulatum; Precipitation; Tannins

Correction of Toxic Liver Damage with a Multicomponent Herbal Extract in an Animal Experiment - Ferubko EV; Nikolaev SM; Dargaeva TD; Rendyuk TD (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Digestive diseases constitute a significant part in the overall structure of human diseases. Herbal cholagogues are indicated for a treatment of chronic liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts diseases. The aim of the work is to determine the choleretic effect of a new multicomponent plant extract. Materials and Methods: Multicomponent plant extract was obtained from the following types of plant materials: 300 g of immortelle flowers (Helichrysum arenarium L.), 100 g of tansy flowers (Tanacetum vulgare L.), 100 g of rose fruits (Rosa sp.), 100 g of leaves of common nettle (Urtica dioica L.), 50 g of mint leaves (Mentha piperita L.), 50 g of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). The extract was standardized by the total flavonoid content. It was calculated and expressed in terms of luteolin and isosalipurposide standards (total flavonoids content: not less than 4% and 15% respectively). The animal experiments being done in 80 nonlinear male rats with initial body weight 180-200 g. In order to study a choleretic effect of multicomponent herbal extract, naive rats recieved the single experimental dose of 250 mg/kg. Pharmacotherapeutic activity was studied in white rats with CCl4-induced hepatitis. Results: Studies indicate a pronounced choleretic effect of the studied plant extract, that is comparable with the effect of “Allochol” in intact rats experiments. The course administration of a per os (peroral) multicomponent plant extract in a dose of 250 mg/kg to white non-linear rats with tetrachloromethane liver damage has a choleretic effect: it increases the rate of bile secretion, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of cholates with bile, and also the excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin. Conclusion: The obtained research results argue the feasibility of using a multicomponent plant extract containing biologically active substances of phenolic nature in the prevention and comprehensive treatment of liver diseases.
Keywords: Choleretic effect; Experimental hepatitis; Multicomponent extract

Correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo Antihyperglycemic Effect of Ocimum Sanctum, Trigonella Foenum Graecum and Curcuma Longa - Inbaraj SD; Muniappan M (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
This study is carried out to investigate the correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo studies which demonstrates the antihyperglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum graecum, Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa extracts. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum, methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum, ethyl acetate rhizomes extract of Curcumina longa are prepared and supplied by Sami labs, Bangalore, India on request. in-vitro studies such as alpha glucosidase inhibitory and DPP-IV inhibitory activity were done for all the three extracts as per previous studies. After Institutional animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155–215 g) were divided into 5 groups. Each group consists of randomly assigned 6 albino rats. The placebo (Normal saline) control group, Standard (Vildagliptin) group and 3 above mentioned extract groups. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were collected for blood sugar estimation at -30 (before extract),0, 15, 45 minutes and blood sugar levels were done by enzymatic assay. Results: The maximum alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 100 μg/ml by Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 68% with IC50 value of 57.25, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was 65% with IC50 value of 59.55, Curcuma longa was 72% with IC50 value of 56.79 when compared to the Acarbose (STD) of 94% with IC50 values of 42.78. The maximum % of DPP IV inhibition at 320 μg/ml of Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 77.84% with IC50 value of 52.26, Ocimum sanctum extract was 86.98% with IC50 value of 46.08 and Curcuma longa was 76.47% with IC50 value of 55.06 when compared to the Vildagliptin (STD) was 80.15% with IC50 value of 22.98. The OGTT results of Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) shows reduction in blood glucose (p=<0.05) at 15 minutes and significant reduction (p=<0.001) at 45 minutes and Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p=<0.001) at 15 minutes when compared to control. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract shows significant alpha-glucosidase and DPPIV inhibitory activity which correlates with the antihyperglycemic effects by in-vivo oral glucose tolerance test. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: Curcuma longa; GLP-1; Glucagon; Insulin; Ocimum sanctum; Trigonella foenum graecum; Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A Critical Review on Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Aspects of Euryale Ferox Salisb. - Roopal Mittal; Shailesh Sharma; Amit Mittal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: One of the relished dry fruits known by the names of Makhana, Phool Makhana, Gorgon Nut and Fox Nut in the Indian continent, Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) is the only plant that belongs to Euryale genus. It is found in abundance in Mithila, Darbhanga and Madhubani region of Bihar state. Since ages, in Ayurveda and Chinese practices, it has been used for the treatment of the renal disorder, chronic diarrhoea, excessive leucorrhea and hepatic dysfunctioning. Its bio-active compounds act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiischaemic, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-melanogenic, anti-cytotoxic. Methods: The information has been collected from various scientific journals, reviews, books, reports and patent databases. Results: This review summarizes the isolated bioactive compounds in different extracts, patented compounds/formulations with pharmacological activities, present in different parts of Euryale ferox Salisb. Hence, it has been used as a remedy for numerous ailments since long and also proves itself as a panacea for humanity.
Keywords: Anti-aging; Anti-cytotoxic; Anti-diabetic; Cerebrosides; Ethnobotanical; Euryale ferox

Cytotoxicity of Lactobacillus plantarum KK518 Isolated from Pak-Sian Dong (Thai Fermented Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.) Against HepG2, MCF-7 and HeLa Cancer Cells - Vijitra Luang-In; Worachot Saengha; Benjaporn Buranrat; Sutisa Nudmamud-Thanoi; Arjan Narbad; Supaporn Pumriw; Wannee Samappito (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Pak-Sian Dong is a fermented vegetable product of Thailand prepared from aerial parts of Pak-Sian (Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC.). Lactobacillus plantarum KK518 was isolated from Pak-Sian Dong and already assessed for its probiotic attributes. Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the untapped cytotoxic effects of L. plantarum KK518 extract against HepG2 (liver cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HeLa (cervical cancer) cells. Materials and Methods: The bacterial extracts were prepared from whole cultures; containing cells and broths using ethyl acetate as extracting solvent and the dried extracts were redissolved in ethanol before use. Cytotoxic, antiproliferative and antimigratory effects of the bacterial extracts on three types of cancer cells were determined using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetra zolium bromide (MTT) assay, clonogenic formation and wound healing assays, respectively. Results: L. plantarum KK518 extract showed the highest cytotoxicity at 90.88% at 1,000 μg/mL against HeLa cells (IC50 of 371.97 μg/mL) over 48 h of exposure. Anti-colony formation test showed that the bacterial extracts at 600, 800 and 1,000 μg/mL over 48 h led to a complete inhibition of colony formation of HeLa cells; however the highest IC50 of 418.52 μg/mL was found in HepG2 cells suggesting that HepG2 was least affected by bacterial extract. Likewise, HepG2 cells seemed to be most resistant to antimigratory effects as observed by highest relative area of the wound at most time intervals and most extract concentrations. Conclusion: L. plantarum KK518 offers a potential use as a bio-therapeutic with chemopreventive effects against cervical, breast and liver cancers.
Keywords: HeLa; HepG2; L. plantarum KK518; MCF-7; Pak-Sian-Dong

Cytotoxicity of Selenium-Enriched Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) Seedlings Against Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 Cancer Cells - Vijitra Luang-In; Worachot Saengha; Benjaporn Buranrat; Anut Chantiratikul; Nyuk Ling Ma (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The Selenium-enriched Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) seedlings (Se-KS) have been known for its antioxidant activities, however its cytotoxic effects on various cancer cells are yet to be reported. Objective: The objective of this work was to study the cytotoxic effects of Se-KS on Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Freeze-dried seedlings were ground and incubated in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH 7.0 for 1 h at 37°C and extracted with dichloromethane to obtain total isothiocyanate (ITC) content which was quantified using the 1,2-benzenedithiole (BDT)-based cyclocondensation assay. The extracts from fresh seedlings were used to determine the cytotoxic effect on Caco- 2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Results: Se-KS was found to contain total ITC content at 1.02 mmol/100 g dry weight (DW) which was significantly lower than that of 7-day old broccoli microgreens (1.60 mmol/100 g DW) as reference Cruciferous vegetables. In addition, Se-KS extract exhibited cytotoxic effects in a dose- and time-dependent manners. The lowest IC50 value of 82.83 μg/mL at 72 h was derived from HepG2 cells and the highest IC50 value of 164.00 μg/mL at 72 h was from MCF-7 cells suggesting that the Se-KS extract was most effective against HepG2 cells. Cancer cells showed signs of apoptotic bodies over 72 h and DNA fragmentations at 24 h indicating that the Se-KS extract was able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells in addition to cytotoxic effect. Conclusion: Thus, Se-KS could be a novel source of organo selenium with chemopreventive benefits for functional food development.
Keywords: Caco-2; HepG2; Isothiocyanate; Kale; MCF-7; Selenium

Cytotoxicity of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata) against Cervical HeLa Cancer Cells - Fona Qorina; Ade Arsianti; Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa; NadzilaAnindya Tejaputri; Norma Nur Azizah; Rista Putrianingsih (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Cervical cancer is the cancer with highest prevalence and the leading cause of women death in Indonesia. Current treatments available for cervical cancer are chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and nuclear therapy. Unfortunately, these treatments still have several limitations due to serious side effects, development of resistance, and very expensive price. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective and low-cost therapy to treat cervical cancer. One of which is by utilizing natural sources available in Indonesia such as soursop (Annona muricata) leaves which has been used in folk medicine as a treatment for various diseases, including cancer. However, studies about its cytotoxicity against cervical cancer in Indonesia are still limited. Objective: The aim of this research is to analyze the potency of A.muricataleaves extracts originated from Indonesia as a novel alternative treatment for cervical cancer. Materials and Methods: A.muricata leaves obtained from Serpong, West Java, Indonesia were grounded and macerated in three different solvents with various polarity, namely ethanol (polar solvent), ethyl acetate (semipolar solvent) and hexane (non-polar solvent). Subsequently, the extracts were diluted into 8 various concentrations. Cytotoxicity of A.muricataleaves extracts against HeLa cervical cancer cells were determined by MTT assay and expressed by IC50 value. Results: The results showed that three extracts of A.muricata have strong cytotoxicity against cervical HeLa cells. The highest cytotoxic activity was shown by etanol extract with an IC50 of 35.51 μg/mL, followed by ethyl acetate (IC50: 5.91 μg/mL), and hexane (IC50: 8.39 μg/mL). Conclusion: A.muricata leaves extracts are potential to be developed as a novel alternative therapy for cervical cancer.
Keywords: Annona muricata; Cytotoxicity; HeLa cells; Soursop

Determination of Polyphenolic content and Antioxidant Activity from Various Extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn Root: An in vitro Approach for Selection of Appropriate Extracting Solvent - Monika Bhalodiya; Jayant Chavda; Nilesh Patel; Ravi Manek; Ajay Patel; Sheetal Faldu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate extraction capacity of different solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, water, 60% aqueous methanol, 60% aqueous ethanol and 60% aqueous acetone) and its effect on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant assay. Methods: Extraction was performed from dried root powder of Boerhavia diffusa using various solvents at 25˚C on magnetic sirr (300 rpm). Extraction yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using gallic acid, quercetin as standards. Antioxidant potential determines by using various in vitro methodologies such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay. Result: The 60% aqueous methanol showed the highest extracting yield, in contrast, toluene and hexane showed the lowest yield. Highest total phenolic content (239.8±0.25 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (131.1±4.20 mg QCE/g), were found from methanolic extract. While, acetone extract showed highest tannin content. The Methanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The highest correlation was found between phenolic content and the antioxidant assay. It seems that phenolic contents are responsible for free radicle scavenging activity. From the observation, it concluded that methanolic extract rich with polyphenolic content and acetone extract showed the highest amount of tannin content.
Keywords: ABTS; Boerhavia diffusa; crude extract; DPPH; Free radicles; total phenolic content

Determination of Sugar Profile in Viburnum Fruits and its Dosage Forms by HPLC-RID - Bokov DO; Sergunova EV; Marakhova AI; Morokhina SL; Plakhotnaia ON; Krasnyuk II; Bessonov VV (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: In the Russian Federation, the viburnum fruits are used to obtain infusions and syrups as medications. This medicinal herbal raw material contains a large number of biologically active substances: vitamins, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, iridoids, carbohydrates, organic acids, lipids etc. The research aimed to study one of the biologically active substances group responsible for the formation of the organoleptic properties of aqueous extracts–monomeric carbohydrate composition and content. Materials and methods: Dried viburnum (guelder-rose) fruits, an aqueous infusion based on it, and viburnum syrup of industrial manufacture (Russia) were purchased from the pharmacy and prepared for research. For HPLC analysis of monomeric sugars Agilent 1260 Series HPLC system equipped with autosampler/injector, four-channel gradient pump, column thermostat, refractive index detector), software (ChemStation Version B.01), column (Waters Sugar-Pack I, 10 μm, 300 × 6.5 mm) were used. Isocratic elution was performed using purified water (with the addition of Ca-EDTA 0.05 mg/ml) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column was maintained at 80°C, the refractive index detector – at 35°C. The injection volume was 10 μL, analysis time – 20 min. Results: The main free carbohydrates of viburnum fruits and preparations based on them are glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total content of simple sugars in the viburnum fruits is 28.393 ± 0.528%, in the infusion – 0.499 ± 0.015%, in the syrup – 69.736 ± 1.551%. The characteristic ratio of glucose: fructose: sucrose in dried viburnum fruits is 8.1:5.4:1, in infusion – 7.0:5.7:1, and in syrup – 9.2:8.8:1. The sugars' degree of passing into infusion is 74.34%. Conclusion: The composition and content of carbohydrates determined by HPLC-RID are an important characteristic data. It can be used for viburnum fruits Russian pharmacopoeial standardization along with the quantifying total content of organic acids.
Keywords: Guelder-rose; HPLC-RID; Monomeric carbohydrates; Viburnum fruits

Determination of the Chemical Composition of Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum L.) Herb Extract by GC-MS - Zaichikova SG; Bokov DO; Kiselevskii MV; Antsyshkina AM; Bondar AA; Prostodusheva TV; Shchepochkina OYu; Gegechkori VI (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The research is devoted to the study of the Lady’s bedstraw (Galium verum L.) herb ethanol extract composition using the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Materials and Methods: Air-dried G. verum L. herb was used for ethanol extract preparation. Hewlett Packard 6890, 5973A GC/MSD System equipped with an HP-5MS quartz capillary column with geometric dimensions of 30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm was used for GC-MS analysis. Results: It was established that the Lady’s bedstraw ethanol extract is rich in biologically active substances that determine its wide spectrum of pharmacological action. 15 compounds were identified by comparing with library mass spectra. Conclusions: G. verum L. is a promising source of crude herbal drugs. In the future, after additional pharmacognostic studies, G. verum L. herb can be recommended for implementation in the State Pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation.
Keywords: Ethanol Extract; Galium verum L.; Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; Lady’s bedstraw

Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract Sesewanua Leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) With Maceration Method Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry - Zulfiayu Sapiun; Paulus Pangalo; Arlan K Imran; Prisca Safriani Wicita; Rizka Puji Astuti Daud (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Sesewanuwa (Clerodendrum fragrans Wild) is one of the plants with abundant flavonoid content in the leaves. The characteristic flavonoids with the two benzene ring groups cause the process of finding an appropriate extraction technique. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained from maceration extraction methods. Method: This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47%.This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Conclusion: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47%.
Keywords: Maceration; Quercetin; Sesewanuwa; total flavonoid; UV-Vis spectrophotometry

Development and Evaluation of New Choleretic Agent - Ferubko EV; Rendyuk TD; Dargaeva TD; Nikolaev SM (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: The aim of the research is the determination of pharmacological activity during the development of the optimal way of a new choleretic agent obtaining. The multicomponent herbal medicinal product under the code name Hexaphyte (herbal multicomponent dry extract) is developed. It contains the following species of medicine plant raw materials: Helichrysum arenarium L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Rosa sp., Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in the ratio of 6:2:2:2:1:1. Materials and Methods: Herbal tea was extracted three times with hot water at the temperature of 75-85ºС; water extracts were combined, filtered and dried. Hexaphyte was standardized by the content of phenolic compounds – sum of flavonoids in terms of luteolin standard and isosalipurposide standard. Phenolic compounds (flavonoids) are dominating substances (35-37%) in the obtained extract. The obtained multicomponent medicine under the code name Hexaphyte was administered per os in the experimental and therapeutic dose of 250 mg/kg to the laboratory animals having experimental induced damages of gallbladder and liver. Results: In Hexaphyte the content of the flavonoid sum (CFS) referred to luteolin standard at a wavelength of 350 nm was not less than 4%; CFS referred to isosalipurposide standard at a wavelength of 315 nm was not less than 15%. It was revealed in the results of the realized experiments that it has a choleretic effect superior in a number of indicators to the activity of the Allochol reference drug. The pharmacotherapeutic effect of Hexaphyte at experimental damages of gallbladder and liver is due to the presence of biologically active substances, mainly of phenolic nature. Conclusion: The obtained results of the research argue the feasibility of using the developed multicomponent medicine Hexaphyte containing biologically active substances of phenolic nature in the prevention and complex treatment of hepatobiliary system diseases.
Keywords: Choleretic activity; Choleretic herbal medicine Hexaphyte; Experimental damage of liver and gallbladder; Preclinical studies

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating HPLC Method for Determination of Caffeic Acid, Vitexin and Rosmarinic Acid in Thunbergia laurifolia Leaf Extract - Nanthakarn Woottisin; Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon; Sophida Sukprasert; Korbtham Sathirakul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Thunbergia laurifolia has been a popular herb used in Thai traditional medicine for detoxification and as antipyretic. It contains rosmarinic acid (RA), caffeic acid (CA) and vitexin as major compounds. In order to control the herbal quality, the stability indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed and validated. The stability study of compounds in T. laurifolia leaf extract was investigated. The chromatographic separation was performed using a reversed-phase C18 column and mobile phase consisted of 0.5% acetic acid and methanol using a gradient elution with 1.0 mL/min flow rate. The detection wavelength was set at 330 nm. The method was validated for its linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Forced degradation of three compounds in extract showed that they were stable in oxidative condition, but highly labile under alkaline hydrolytic conditions. All three compounds in T. laurifolia leaf extract were stable at room temperature at least 3 months while a remarkable decrease of RA, vitexin and CA in the extract were found in accelerated condition. This finding could be applied for predicting the storage recommendation and expiry of T. laurifolia extract and its related pharmaceutical products.
Keywords: Force degradation; Phenolic compound; Phytochemical screening; Stabilityindicating method

The Development of Phyllanthus emblica Extract in Ethosomes for Hair Loss Prevention - Pornpun Laovachirasuwan; Wutthichart Fuangbangluang; Atchariyaporn Phanichanaphan; Issarapong Nasomroop; Methin Phadungkit (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Hair loss is not a serious health problem but leads to decreased self- confidence, personality, and psychological problems. According to Thai traditional medical wisdom, Phyllanthus emblica has the property to prevent hair loss. Ethosomes are a drug delivery system, which can increase drug delivery to deep skin layers and enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient. Objective: This research aims to develop ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract with beneficial properties. Materials and Methods: Phyllanthus emblica was extracted by a maceration method with 95% ethanol as a solvent. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antioxidation activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. Ethosomes were formulated by a cold method and their properties were observed. Results: The results showed that the total phenolic content of Phyllanthus emblica extract was 406.37±2.39 mg GAE/g extract. The IC50 of antioxidant activity was 7.05±0.17 μg/ml. Ethosomes with 0.03% of Phyllanthus emblica extract, 2% of soya phosphatidylcholine, and 20% of ethanol had the highest percentage of entrapment efficiency (65.26%±1.80%). The ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract was the spherical shape and white colloid. The particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and pH of ethosomes were 0.43±0.00 μm, 0.44±0.03, -10.40±0.28 mV, and 4.06±0.03, respectively. Conclusion: The ethosomes of Phyllanthus emblica extract had good properties and area possible alternative product for hair loss prevention.
Keywords: Entrapment efficiency; Ethosomes; Phyllanthus emblica

Diversity of Pteridophyta in Lubuak Mato Kuciang Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat - Skunda Diliarosta; Rehani Ramadhani; Dewi Indriani (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Padang Panjang city located at an altitude of 650 to 850 meters above sea level, so that weather cold and cool. Temperatures range from 17 °C to 26.1 °C and with 3,295 mm/ year of rainfall. This area is rich in the diversity of flora and fauna. Pteridophyta is one of the flora that has a unique diversity of species and has the potential for tremendous utilization such as ornamental plants, medicines and vegetable plants. The study was conducted in the Lubuak Mato Kuciang area of Padang Panjang City, West Sumatra, which is currently being developed for tourism. The aim of this study obtain collect data and information about the diversity of ferns in Lubuk Mato Kuciang. The activities of the study are conducted to collect species as much as possible. Identification of fern species was carried out in the Laboratory of Educational Science. Mathematics and Science Faculty. Padang State University. The identification of flora was analyzed descriptively. The identification species results were obtained through descriptive analysis. The results of this study obtains that there were 21 species of fern that include 11 families. They were namely; Selaginellaceace including Selaginella sp, Selaginella plana Hieron and Selaginella wildenowii; Lomariopsidaceae family including Neplholepisbiserrata; Pterisvittata L; Adiatumpedatum; Cyatheaceae family, including Cyatheacontaminans; Gleicheinaceae including Gleichenialinearis; Marrattiaceae family including Marrattiafraxinea; Lindsaeaceae family including Sphenomeris chinensis; and Dryopteridaceae family including Nephroletis cordifolia.
Keywords: Diversity; Identification; Lubuk mato kuciang; Pteridophytha

Drug of Action Cassia Alata Leaves Extract as Antiviral to Dengue Virus Serotype-2 in vitro - Marissa Angelina; Muhammad Hanafi; Franciscus D Suyatna; Beti Ernawati Dewi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background and Objectives: Dengue viruses (DENV) is a mosquito-borne members of the Flaviridae family.To date, more than 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of infection, and approximately 20 million infections were reported annually. Currently, There is no specific antiviral treatment available for DENV infection. Natural products possess a wide range of biological and biochemical potential. Among them, plants are one of the most important sources for discovering new drugs for therapy. Our previous study, showed that Cassia alata has potency as antiviral to DENV, however drug of action still unclear. Materials and Methods: We explore the drug of action of C. alata leaves exract and its fraction through time of addition studies and effect of solvents wtih the dose based on the previous study. Results: The most effective inhibition druf of action was determined by focus assay. Meanwhile the toxicity was measured by MTT assay. These studies demosntrated that ethanol extract of Cassia alata 1 mg/ml showed strong inhibition in both early step (receptor and attachment to host cells) and post infection with inhibition 96.04 % and 99.16 %.Compared with those fractions, Cassia alata ethanol extract has strongest inhibition DENV in every step of virus replication. Conclussion: Cassia alata ethanol extract has strongest inhibition DENV in every step of virus replication with the average of inhibition more than 95 %. Ethyl acetate and hexane has strongest inihibition with the average of inhibition 100 %.
Keywords: Antiviral; Cassia alata; Dengue virus; Early step; Post infection

Effect of Afghan Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Aqueous Extract on Withdrawal Signs in Morphine-Dependent Rats - Elham Akbari; Kawsar Alami; Dawood Hossaini; Mohammad Latif Nazari; Mohammad Hossein Salehi; Meysam Sajjadi; Sayed Yousof Mousavi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Opioid dependency, as a global problem is accompanied with serious personal, economic, social and hygienic disorders. Synthetic drugs beside their efficacies, have numerous adverse effects. As the medicinal plants have low costs and adverse effects, and they are also affective on different stages of dependency treatment, they attracted the attention of the researchers in the field of medicine. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Afghan saffron on the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats. Methods: Rats divided into 5 groups (1 Normal Saline, 1 Morphine, and 3 Extract groups). The rats that received morphine and extract became morphine-dependent by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine hydrochloride for 7 days (2.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg doses twice daily on 1st to 6th days respectively, and a single dose of 50 mg/kg on 7th day). The extract groups received 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg doses of the saffron aqueous extract by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration simultaneously with morphine. Two hours after the administration of the last dose of morphine, Naloxone (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected and withdrawal signs were noted for 30 minutes. Results: The results showed that the administration of the saffron aqueous extract (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased most of the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats (P<0.05). Conclusion: Afghan saffron aqueous extract can alleviate the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats.
Keywords: Aqueous extract; Crocus; Morphine dependence; Withdrawal signs

Effect of Afghan Senjed (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Leaves Aqueous alcoholic Extract on Blood Glucose Level of Diabetic Rats - Hamida Sadat; Kawsar Alami; Sayed Yousof Mousavi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, which affects many people throughout the world. The inefficacy and multiple side effects of most synthetic anti-diabetic drugs are reported by various studies. Thus, many researchers are focused on the use of medicinal plants as safe and potent anti-hyperglycemic drugs. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the effect of Afghan senjed (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) leaves aqueous alcoholic extract on blood glucose level of diabetic rats. Methods: Rats were divided into 6 groups: normal, diabetic, metformin and Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves extract (EALE) groups, which received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses of extract for 15 days. Diabetes was induced by single dose intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ). During treatment, the effect of single and repeated oral administration of EALE on blood glucose level of diabetic rats was evaluated. On last day, the effect of EALE on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also assessed. Results: All doses of EALE showed significant reduction in blood glucose level, an improvement of glucose tolerance and enhancement in body weight. Conclusion: EALE possessed an antihyperglycemic property in diabetic rats.
Keywords: Blood glucose level; Diabetic rats; Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves; Glucose tolerance; Streptozotocin

The Effect of Carthamus tenuis Extracts on the Cell Proliferation of Different Tumor Cell Lines - Maissa’ Taleb Shawagfeh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Carthamus tenuis is one of the medicinal plants that was used traditionally to treat skin diseases, hemorrhoids, abortion, infertility. It also showed an immunosuppressive role as well as antifungal, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory activity. Although this plant is widespread, there are few studies about its medical applications. Objectives: This study was done to explore the anticancer activity of this plant. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were dried, grinded and extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The extracts were applied in different concentrations to cell cultures of breast (MCF-7), colon (HT-29), prostate (PC-3) and colorectal (CaCo-2) cell lines and fibroblast (MRC- 5) was used as a control. The anticancer activity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2- yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium (MTT) reduction assay that was measured by spectrophotometer. Results: The results showed that methanol extract significantly (p<0.05) have the highest inhibitory activity on MCF-7, HT-29, PC-3, and CaCo-2 with IC50; (25.52 μg/ml), (17.37 μg/ml), (25.77 μg/ml), (24.49 μg/ml), respectively. Followed by ethyl acetate extract that moderately inhibit cell growth of PC-3 and CaCo-2 with IC50; (28.99 μg/ml) and (21.45 μg/ml), respectively. n-hexane extract showed no significant inhibitory effect on all cell lines; IC50 (125.52 -152.34 μg/ml) when compared to Tamoxifen drug activity as a positive control. Conclusion: Results of this study showed the anticancer activity of the plant extracts in four different kinds of cancers that need further study.
Keywords: Anticancer; Carthamus tenuis; IC50; Methanolic extract; MTT

The Effect of Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.) Consumption on the Treatment of Gastritis in Male Wistar Rats - Buavaroon Srichaikul (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Gastritis or /and gastric ulcers are one of the most common symptoms which occur in a large amount of the population. It results in a very high amount of medication expense. This study investigated the prevention and treatment of gastritis or /and gastric ulcer actions using white log mushroom (Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.). Methods: White wistar rats were induced with 100 % absolute alcohol to be effective for gastritis and /or ulceration within rats. The gastric lesions of white wistar rats were investigated and calculated the lesions of stomach areas under microscopic method. The results were calculated and a comparative study among white wistar rats. Ulcer prevention and ulcer healing properties were administrated though a dose of 250 mg/kg of L. squarrosulus extract and L. squarrosulus compared with 50 mg/kg of Ranetidine. Results: It was found that Lentinus squarrosulus, (Mont.) consisted of Beta-glucan was the active ingredient creating a healing effect. It showed a result of 100% healing effect in gastritis and/or ulcers in which it had similar healing effects between extracted solutions of white log mushroom (250 mg/kg body wt.) The healing activity also showed the equivalent effect compared to Ranetidine 150mg. Conclusions: Extracted solution of white log mushroom showed prevention and treatment efficacy in gastritis and/ or ulcer are equivalent to Ranetidine 150 mg. A similar dose of 250 mg/kg of L. squarrosulus extract and L. squarrosulus snack can prevent and heal ulcers and is more effective than Ranetidine.
Keywords: Beta glucan; L. squarrosulus; Ranetidine 150 mg; Ulcer healing; Ulcer prevention

Effect of Phaleria macrocapa on Atrophy and Apoptosis of Intestinal Mucous Cell and Phalerin Concentration at Portal Vein and Systemic Circulation in Adenocarcinoma Mice following Adriamycine and Cyclophosphamide Treatment - Titik Sumarawati; Ignatius Riwanto; Soeharyo Hadisaputro; Edi Dharmana; Taufiqurachman Nasihun (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Introduction: Chemotherapy has been proven capable of reducing breast cancer cell progression; however the adverse effect also emerging. Thus, diminish those adverse effects with botanical product Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) as adjuvant therapy is necessary. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PM treatment in combination with adriamycine and cyclophosphamide (AC) on intestinal apoptosis and their correlation with phalerin concentration in systemic circulation. Methods: In the experimental study, 30 female mice with adenocarcinoma were assign into 5 groups: Neg-G, only given aquadest; Portal vein group (PMV-G) and systemic circulation groups (PMC-G), were administered PM 0.146mg/day; Portal vein group (PMACV-G) and systemic circulation group (PMACC-G), were administered Phaleria macrocarpa 0,146 mg orally, Adriamycine 0,013 mg and Cyclophosphamide 0,0156 mg singgle dose intravenously. Phalerin concentration was measured by HPLC methods at minute 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 after treatment. At the end of study, intestinal mucous cell apoptosis was identified by TUNEL methods. Results: independent t test analyses showed that index of apoptosis of intestinal mucous cell were significant higher in PMAC-G compared to that of Neg-G and PM-G, p < 0.05. In contrary, phalerin concentration in PMAC-G was significant lower compared to that of PM-G, p < 0.05. The Pearson analysis indicated the inverse correlation (r= -736, p>0.05) between apoptosis index with phalerin concentration. Conclusion: Treatment of PM in combination with AC has been proven able to increase intestinal mucous cell apoptosis and decrease phalerin concentration. However, the inverse correlation didnot exist.
Keywords: Apoptosis; Atrophy; Concentration; Phalerin

Effect of Solvent on the Phytochemical Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Gymnema sylvestre - Sundarapandian Subramanian; Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath; Sathish Kumar Karuppannan; Saravanan M; Kantha Devi Arunachalam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
The medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre found in the Indian subcontinent and Srilanka is known for its anti-diabetic, diuretic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties. The current study is focused on the phyto compound extraction efficiency of different solvents like ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, benzene and chloroform by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of Gymenma sylvestre. From the results, it is concluded that G. sylvestre leaves extracts contains more than 38 phyto compounds with natural antioxidants potential. Further analysis of the extract will help in identifying the effective compounds which can be of potent use in the pharmacological field.
Keywords: Chromatography; Cold maceration; Gymnema sylvestre; Medicinal plants; plant constituents

Effect of Solvents on Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum (L.) Extracts - Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath; Sathish Kumar Karuppannan; Darul Raiyaan GI; Mohamed Khalith SB; Sundarapandian Subramanian; Kantha Deivi Arunachalam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Cardiospermum halicacabum (C. halicacabum) is a common medicinal herb found in India and other Asian countries. It has various medicinal properties such as antimicrobial, pain relief, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, anticancer etc. It is commonly used for treating diabetes, arthritis, limbs stiffness, rheumatism, lumbago, earache, fever. Type of solvent and polarity intensively affects the antioxidant activity of the extracts due to the solubility of the phytocompounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids in various solvents. Materials and Methods: In this study, different solvents like, ethanol, methanol, chloroform and petroleum ether were used for the extraction of C. halicacabum. Cold maceration method was followed for extraction. The crude extracts were screened preliminary and then confirmed using Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to determine the chemical composition of each extract. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl) method was used for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of different crude extracts of C. halicacabum. Results: The results showed that there is significant influence of solvent type in preserving various phytocompounds of the C. halicacabum leaves extract. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity of different crude extracts was in the order of ethanol > methanol > petroleum ether > chloroform extract.
Keywords: Cardiospermum halicacabum; Cold maceration; DPPH; GC-MS; Medicinal plants; Phytochemicals; Radical scavenging activity

Effect of Uncaria gambir and Uncaria sclerophylla on Pulmonary- Thromboembolism Mice - Aditya Sindu Sakti; Astari Rachma Nityasa; Fadlina Chany Saputri (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Background: Previous studies on virtual screening on P2Y12 receptor of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) have showed that Roxburghine B, the compound which is found in Uncaria species, can inhibit the receptor function. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of Uncaria gambir and Uncaria sclerophylla extract on survival rate and bleeding time as antithrombotic in vivo. Methods: Animal subjects (ddY strain mice) were divided to two different experimental group (survival rate and bleeding time). U. gambir and U. sclerophylla were given to the mice orally in three different dose (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg/20 g BW and 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg/20 g BW, respectively) for seven days. Results: U. gambir and U. sclerophylla able to prolong bleeding time from test subjects equivalent to ASA as standard. The results show the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclussion: Both of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla prevent pulmonary thromboembolism on mice subjects represent by the increased of survival rate. Antithrombotic effects that were observed suggested was provide by their antiplatelet activity.
Keywords: Antithrombotic; Bleeding time; Pulmonary thromboembolism; Survival rate; Uncaria gambir; Uncaria sclerophylla

Effects of Beta-Carboline Alkaloids of Peganum Harmala on Induced Rat Ileum Contractions - Amjad T Shatarat; Sawsan Abuhamdah; Eman Alefishat; Mohamed K Al-Essa; Rima Altaweel R; Faisal Mohammed; Darwish Badran; Hanan Jafar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae popularly known as Wild Syrian rue, a well-known plant in folk medicine for many pharmacological uses including antispasmodic activity. Chemical composition of the plant showed that the most important constituents of this plant are betacarboline alkaloids such as harmalol, harmaline, and harmine. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effects of these three major harmala alkaloids on induced rat ileum contractions, induced by acetylcholine, BaCl2 and KCl. Of these three harmala alkaloids, harmalol and harmaline produced a concentration-dependent spasmolytic activity, which was found to be reversible (i.e. disappeared after tissue wash-up. Both alkaloids inhibited acetylcholine and KCl-induced ileum contractions but BaCl2 -induced contractions were only inhibited by harmalol but not harmaline. Harmine did not show any inhibitory activity.
Keywords: Harmaline; Harmalol; Harmine; Ileum; Peganum Hermala L; Rat; Spasmolytic; β-Carbolines alkaloids

Effects of Pearl Grass Extract Capsules on Osteoarthritis Subject - Nita Sari Wijaya; Katrin Basah; Anton Bahtiar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2020)
Pearl grass extract, a standardized bioactive polar extract of the herbs of Hedyotis corymbosa, is preclinically proven to have an activity to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis properties in an animal model. The current clinical study has evaluated the efficacy and safety of Pearl grass extract of osteoarthritis subjects. This research was a pilot study of osteoarthritis subjects using Parallel double-blind study design. Subjects have normal renal and liver function, above 50 years of age, and has a sign and symptoms of osteoarthritis included in the study. In the treatment, Pearl grass capsules were given as one capsule once daily for eight weeks, throughout the study, the weekly assessment to evaluate the adverse event. Thirty subjects of mean age 55.90 ± 3.7 years were evaluable. Pearl grass extract capsules did not change renal and liver function in 56 days treatment. Pearl grass capsule markedly reduced the consumption of analgesic drug compared with placebo groups. Pearl grass capsules also decreased pain scale better compare with placebo.
Keywords: Clinical efficacy; Pearl grass extract capsules; Quercetin; VAS scale; WOMAC scale