Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn. - Karuna Modi; Mamta Shah (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, ‘Parpata’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods: M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029% w/w and 0.015-0.016% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.
Keywords: HPTLC; Lupeol; Mollugo oppositifolia; Oleanolic acid

Pharmacognostic Studies and In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Traditional Polyherbal Formulation of West Sikkim with Asparagus Spp - Arunika Subba; Palash Mandal (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Introduction: The powder mixture of the two species of Asparagaceae (Asparagus filicinus and Asparagus officinalis) was found to be used traditionally for the treatment of heart palpitation in west Sikkim. Objective: Pharmacognostic characterisation was carried out for the authentication of the powder drug which included powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical characterisation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in HP was also determined by qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals along with free radical scavenging activity of various successive solvent extracts (based on their polarity). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the powdered HP was also done. The standard software SPSS (ver. 15.0) and XLSTAT 2009 (Addinsoft) and Smith’s Statistical Package were used for different statistical analysis. Results: Powder microscopy of HP revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, tracheids, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colours were exhibited by HP on UV after reacting with different chemical reagents. The analysis values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of some active phytoconstituents. Among all the solvent extracts, acetone, heptane, ethyl acetate and benzene extracts showed higher antioxidant potential. Conclusion: The results support the use of HP as a traditional medicine and further purification should be done for the identification of bioactive phytoconstituents responsible for its antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Pharmacognostic evaluation; Phytoconstituents; Successive solvent extraction; Thin layer Chromatography

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark) - Kumar Shweta; Balakrishnan N; Lakshmi P. K; Toppo F. A; Toppo F. A; Pawar RS (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background:Ventilago calyculata Tul. (‘kevati’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15% w/w, 3.4% w/w and 11.6% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77% w/w, 2.66% w/w, 3.8% w/w, 5.8% w/w, 11.0% w/w; 2.16 ± 0.04, 4.16 ± 1.04, 9.12 ± 1.14, 7.16±1.16, 1.16±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 ± 0.55, 8.20 ± 1.12, 10.1 ± 0. 26, 6.5 ± 1.3, 0.66 ± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation. Key Words: Standardization, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.
Keywords: standardization; total flavonoid content; total phenolic content; Ventilago denticulata Willd; Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark) - Shweta Kumar; Balakrishnan Natarajan; Lakshmi Puthanparambil Kanakamma; Toppo Fedelic Ashish; Rajesh Singh Pawar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Ventilago calyculata Tul. (‘kevati’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15% w/w, 3.4% w/w and 11.6% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77% w/w, 2.66% w/w, 3.8% w/w, 5.8% w/w, 11.0% w/w; 2.16 ± 0.04, 4.16 ± 1.04, 9.12 ± 1.14, 7.16±1.16, 1.16 ±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 ± 0.55, 8.20 ± 1.12, 10.1 ± 0. 26, 6.5 ± 1.3, 0.66 ± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.
Keywords: standardization; total flavonoid content; total phenolic content; Ventilago denticulata Willd; Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.

Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton - Manisha Khaneja; Sumeet Gupta (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.
Keywords: Fruit; microscopy; Morphoanataomical; Physicochemical analysis; Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton

Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton - Bhatia M; Gupta S; Sharma A (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form. Key words:Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, morphoanataomical, physicochemical analysis, fruit.
Keywords: fruit.; Morphoanataomical; Physicochemical analysis; Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton

Pharmacognostical Standardisation and HPTLC Quantification of Gallic acid in Homonoia riparia Lour - Seena Kanniparambil Xavier; Raviraj Anand Devkar; Shilpee Chaudhary; Chandrashekara Shastry Shreedhara; Manganahalli Manjunath Setty (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Homonoia riparia Lour. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine used in the treatment of various medical conditions like urolithiasis, renal problems, and inflammation. This is the first report on the pharmacognostical standardisation and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical standardisation parameters of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Materials and Methods: The plant was studied for the morpho-anatomical characters, standardisation parameters such as ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index according to Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines. Phytochemical analysis was also performed by standard methods. Quantification of gallic acid in Homonoia riparia was carried out using HPTLC technique. Results: The detailed microscopy of root revealed the presence of cork, cork cambium, pericyclic fibres, thick walled parenchyma and starch granules. The distinguishing characters of stem are presence of sclereids, xylem, phloem, fibres. Leaf microscopy showed the presence of anomocytic stomata, bicollateral vascular bundles ensheathed by fibres. Rosette crystals are present in all the parts of the plant. Starch grains are abundantly present in root and stem but absent in leaves. Various physicochemical parameters were also determined. Phytochemical screening of the extract and HPTLC quantification of gallic acid was also performed. Conclusion: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the whole plant of Homonoia riparia which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters
Keywords: Fluorescence analysis; Gallic acid; Homonoia riparia; Microscopic evaluation; Physicochemical parameters.

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea - Govindappa Melappa; Ara Roshan; Chanduri Nithi; Thouseef Syed Mohummed; Channabasava; Chandrappa Chinna Poojari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods: Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods. The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusion: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antioxidant; Cytotoxicity; Phytochemicals; Trametes ochracea

Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea - Govindappa Melappa; Ara Roshan; Chanduri Nithi; Thouseef Syed Mohummed; Channabasava; Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra; Chandrappa Chinna Poojari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods: The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusions: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals. Key words: Trametes ochracea, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxicity.
Keywords: Anti-inflammatory; Antioxidant; Cytotoxicity; Phytochemicals; Trametes ochracea

Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves - Md. Azizur Rahman; Arshad Hussain (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105ºC was found to be 8.5% w/w, total ash value 13% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81% w/w and pH (1% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study.
Keywords: Cordia dichotoma; Fluorescence analysis; HPTLC chromatogram.; Physicochemical parameters

Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves - Md Azizur Rahman; Arshad Hussain (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105ºC was found to be 8.5% w/w, total ash value 13% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81% w/w and pH (1% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study.. Key words: Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, Physicochemical parameters, HPTLC chromatogram.
Keywords: Cordia dichotoma; Fluorescence analysis; HPTLC chromatogram.; Physicochemical parameters

Phytochemicals Having Neuroprotective Properties from Dietary Sources and Medicinal Herbs - G Phani Kumar; K R Anila kumar; S Naveen (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, anxiety, cerebrovascular impairment, depression, seizures, Parkinson's disease, etc. are predominantly appearing in the current era due to the stress full lifestyle. Treatment of these disorders with prolonged administration of synthetic drugs will lead to severe side effects. In the recent years, scientists have focused the attention of research towards phytochemicals to cure neurological disorders. Nootropic herb refers to the medicinal role of various plants/parts for their neuroprotective properties by the active phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Phytocompounds from medicinal plants play a major part in maintaining the brain's chemical balance by acting upon the function of receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Medicinal plants viz. Valeriana officinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been used widely in a variety of traditional systems of therapy because of their adaptogenic, psychotropic and neuroprotective properties. This review highlights the importance of phytochemicals on neuroprotective function and other related disorders, in particular their mechanism of action and therapeutic potential.
Keywords: Dietary sources.; Medicinal herbs; Neuroprotection; Nootropics; Phytochemicals

Phytochemicals Having Neuroprotective Properties from Dietary Sources and Medicinal Herbs - G Phani Kumar; K.R. Anilakumar; S. Naveen (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Many neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, anxiety, cerebrovascular impairment, depression, seizures, Parkinson's disease, etc. are predominantly appearing in the current era due to the stress full lifestyle. Treatment of these disorders with prolonged administration of synthetic drugs will lead to severe side effects. In the recent years, scientists have focused the attention of research towards phytochemicals to cure neurological disorders. Nootropic herb refers to the medicinal role of various plants/parts for their neuroprotective properties by the active phytochemicals including alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, etc. Phytocompounds from medicinal plants play a major part in maintaining the brain's chemical balance by acting upon the function of receptors for the major inhibitory neurotransmitters. Medicinal plants viz. Valeriana officinalis, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monniera, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng have been used widely in a variety of traditional systems of therapy because of their adaptogenic, psychotropic and neuroprotective properties. This review highlights the importance of phytochemicals on neuroprotective function and other related disorders, in particular their mechanism of action and therapeutic potential. Key words: Neuroprotection, Phytochemicals, Medicinal herbs, Nootropics, Dietary sources.
Keywords: Dietary sources.; Medicinal herbs; Neuroprotection; Nootropics; Phytochemicals

Phytochemistry, Pharmacological Activities and Intellectual Property Landscape of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: a Review - Rohan Sharadanand Phatak (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Gardenia jasminoides, the genus of Gardenia, a Chinese medicinal plant, which belongs to the family Rubiaceae is herb used since ancient times. It is also known as Fructus Gardeniae and Gardenia augusta as different synonyms, well known as Anant in Marathi language, Gandharaj in Hindi language and Zhi Zi in Chinese language. Gardenia jasminoides extracts and its main active phytoconstituents geniposide, genipin, crocin, crocetin have been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti--atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, anti-cancer, anti--apoptotic, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-microbial and miscellaneous activities. Also it has been explored its protective effect through diverse mechanisms like neuroprotective for Alzheimer’s disease, hepatoprotective, gastro-protective, retino-protective, nephro-protective, skin protective activities. This review will give new insights of Gardenia jasminoides relating to the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses. This data will also highlight the patenting trends and different assignees involved in filing patents for Gardenia jasminoides.
Keywords: Anant; Crocetin; Crocin; Fructus Gardeniae; Gandharaj; Gardenia augusta; Gardenia jasminoides; Genipin.; Geniposide

Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and intellectual property landscape of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis: a review (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Gardenia jasminoides, the genus of Gardenia, a Chinese medicinal plant, which belongs to the family Rubiaceae is herb used since ancient times. It is also known as Fructus Gardeniae and Gardenia augusta as different synonyms, well known as Anant in Marathi language, Gandharaj in Hindi language and Zhi Zi in Chinese language. Gardenia jasminoides extracts and its main active phytoconstituents geniposide, genipin, crocin, crocetin have been reported for a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-hyperglycemic, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritis, anti-cancer, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant, anti-angiogenic, anti-thrombotic, anti-microbial and miscellaneous activities. Also it has been explored its protective effect through diverse mechanisms like neuroprotective for Alzheimer's disease (AD), hepatoprotective, gastro-protective, retino-protective, nephro-protective, skin protective activities. This review will give new insights of Gardenia jasminoides relating to the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacological uses. This data will also highlight the patenting trends and different assignees involved in filing patents for Gardenia jasminoides. Key words: Anant, Gardenia jasminoides, Fructus Gardeniae.
Keywords: Anant; Fructus Gardeniae.; Gardenia jasminoides

Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma - Amit Kumar Srivastava; Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth; Nagar Hemant; Srivastava Rajnish; Deepa; Shukla Gaurav (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Anti-tussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1% histamine and 2% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83 ± 0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75% and decreases number of coughs (7.16 ± 0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16 ± 0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and anti-tussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.
Keywords: Acetylcholine; Anti-tussive; Bronchoprotection; Citric acid; Cough; Cough variant asthma (CVA); Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF); Histamine.

Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma - Amit Kumar Srivastava; Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth; Nagar Hemant; Srivastava Rajnish; Deepa; Shukla Gaurav (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Antitussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1% histamine and 2% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83±0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75% and decreases number of coughs (7.16±0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16±0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and antitussive effects against aerosol induced CVA. Keywords: Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.
Keywords: Acetylcholine; Antitussive; Bronchoprotection; Citric acid; Cough; Cough variant asthma (CVA); Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF); Histamine

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae): It’s Ethnobotany & in vitro regeneration - Pratibha Sharma; Jintu Sarma (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Objectives: Since the beginning of human civilization various herbal medicines are employed for healing human and animal. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., locally known as Patchouli (Assamese) is a very important medicinal plants belongs to mint family i.e. Lamiaceae. The main aim of this study was to collect ethnobotanical information’s and to study its in vitro regeneration results. All possible ethnobotanical literatures have been cited here. Methods: In vitro propagation was achieved from leaf and nodal explants of Pogostemon cablin on MS medium. Results: Callus development and in vitro axillary shoot formation was successfully made in MS basal medium containing BA (4.0 mg/L), NAA (2.0 mg/L)+ IAA (1.0 mg/L) and BA (3 mg/L)+IAA (1 mg/L). MS basal medium containing IBA (0.1/L) and Kn (2.5 mg/L) was best for induction of multiple shoots within 4 weeks of culture. Combination of NAA (0.1 mg/L). Kn (0.1 mg/L) and CH (100 mg/L) was best for callus induction which later on formed multiple shoots and caused elongation of roots. Micro shoots of varied length were produced on MS medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in green house for 1 month and then were transferred to the field. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pogostemon cablin has immense ethno botanical importance. For its rapid multiplication, in vitro technique was found very successful. In MS medium supplemented with Kn 2.5 mg/L and IBA 0.1mg/L found maximum multiplication rate. In this proportion rates of shoot generation, leaf, rooting, callus formation was maximum.
Keywords: Ethnobotany; in vitro study; MS medium; Pogostemon cablin.

Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. (Lamiaceae): It’s Ethnobotany & in vitro regeneration - Pratibha Sharma; Jintu Sarma (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Objectives: Since the beginning of human civilization various herbal medicines are employed for healing human and animal. Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., locally known as Patchouli (Assamese) is a very important medicinal plants belongs to mint family i.e. Lamiaceae. The main aim of this study was to collect ethnobotanical information’s and to study its in vitro regeneration results. All possible ethnobotanical literatures have been cited here. Methods: In vitro propagation was achieved from leaf and nodal explants of Pogostemon cablin on MS medium. Results: Callus development and in vitro axillary shoot formation was successfully made in MS basal medium containing BA (4.0 mg/L), NAA (2.0 mg/L)+ IAA (1.0 mg/L) and BA (3 mg/L)+IAA (1 mg/L). MS basal medium containing IBA (0.1/L) and Kn (2.5 mg/L) was best for induction of multiple shoots within 4 weeks of culture. Combination of NAA (0.1 mg/L). Kn (0.1 mg/L) and CH (100 mg/L) was best for callus induction which later on formed multiple shoots and caused elongation of roots. Micro shoots of varied length were produced on MS medium. Rooted plantlets were successfully acclimatized in green house for 1 month and then were transferred to the field. Conclusion: It can be concluded that pogostemon cablin has immense ethno botanical importance. For its rapid multiplication, in vitro technique was found very successful. In MS medium supplemented with Kn 2.5 mg/L and IBA 0.1mg/L found maximum multiplication rate. In this proportion rates of shoot generation, leaf, rooting, callus formation was maximum. Key words: Ethnobotany, in vitro study, Pogostemon cablin, MS medium.
Keywords: Ethnobotany; in vitro study; MS medium.; Pogostemon cablin

Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Anti-helmenthic activity of Achyranthes aspera Leaf extract - Kamal Hasan; Thangavelu Lakshmi; Thirumalai Kumaran Rathinam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro- Antihelmenthic activity of leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera. Background: Achyranthes aspera is an annual, stiff-erect herb found commonly as a weed throughout India. The leaf ethyl acetate extract showed high larvicidal activity on the tick larvae of Rhipicephalus. It strengthen the liver and kidneys, strengthening muscles, tendons and bones, anti-inflammatory, anti-toxin, urine laxative, normalize menstruation, hemostatic, ease childbirth. Chemical Ingredients includes Akirantin, glokosa, galactose, reilosa, ramnosa, and alkaloids. Hentriakontan, sapogenin, Betaine, ecdysterone, triterpenoid saponins. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antihelmenthic assay is performed by standard protocol. Result: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibitspotent Antihelmenthic activity. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that Achyranthes aspera leaf extract possessed marked in vitro Anti helminthic effect.
Keywords: Achyranthes aspera; Anti-helmenthic; Anti-inflammatory; Laxative; Phytochemical.

Preliminary Phytochemical analysis and In vitro Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Anti-diabetic activity of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract - Thangavelu Lakshmi; Rajendran Ramasamy; Rathinam Thirumalaikumaran (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu against the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase digestive enzymes in the pancreas and small intestine. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antioxidant assay is performed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay, Anti diabetic activity was determined by modified method of miller, the extract at different concentrations was tested for mammalian alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay under the controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance. Results: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibits potent Antioxidant activity and a concentration dependent inhibition of Alpha amylase and Alpha glucosidase. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu possessed marked in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic effect. The effect was plausibly due to the presence of phenolic contents of Acacia catechu
Keywords: Acacia catechu seed; Alpha glucosidase; Alpha-amylase; Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; FTIR Spectroscopy; Phytochemical

Quality Control Standardization and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum Root - Deepali Pandey; Apurva Joshi; S. Hemalatha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Introduction: Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum (AD) is a large climber with very stout stem belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The Plant has significant medicinal value as described in traditional system of medicine. The objective of the present study is to scientifically develop a standard monograph for AD on the basis of its pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The study includes quality control standardization as per the standard methods provided in World Health Organization for standardization of medicinal plants. Fluorescence drug analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions, quantification of some phytoconstituents and in-vitro antioxidant activity were also carried out. Quantification of Quercetin in the ethanolic extract of A. dichotoma was determined by HPTLC analysis. The ethanolic extract of root of A. dichotoma was subjected to in-vitro antioxidant activity. Results: The diagnostic characters of A. dichotoma root were evaluated on the basis of macroscopical and microscopical characters. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated such as 6.7% w/w loss on drying with; ash values (in % w/w): 13.75 total ash, 5.75 acid-insoluble ash, 3.6 water-soluble ash; Extractive values (% w/w): 12.75 water, 11.82 ethanol, 2.26 ethyl acetate, 3.13 chloroform, and 3.16 pet ether; foaming index 181.81; swelling index 3.2 ml/g; hemolytic activity 227.89 unit/gm of powder drug and crude fiber content was 19.4%. Total numbers of starch grain in 1 mg of root powder were 2,49,981. Quantification of quercetin in the ethanolic extract was assessed by HPTLC analysis and was found to contain 2.40%, w/w. Conclusion: The parameters determined in the present study may provide necessary information for identification and authentication of plant material.

Quality Control Standardization and In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum Root - Deepali Pandey; Apurva Joshi,; Hemalatha, S. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Introduction: Aganosma dichotoma K. Schum (AD) is a large climber with very stout stem belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The Plant has significant medicinal value as described in traditional system of medicine. The objective of the present study is to scientifically develop a standard monograph for AD on the basis of its pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The study includes quality control standardization as per the standard methods provided in World Health Organization for standardization of medicinal plants. Fluorescence drug analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions, quantification of some phytoconstituents and in-vitro antioxidant activity were also carried out. Quantification of Quercetin in the ethanolic extract of A. dichotoma was determined by HPTLC analysis. The ethanolic extract of root of A.dichotoma was subjected to in-vitro antioxidant activity. Results: The diagnostic characters of A.dichotoma root were evaluated on the basis of macroscopical and microscopical characters. Physicochemical parameters were evaluated such as 6.7% w/w loss on drying with; ash values (in % w/w): 13.75 total ash, 5.75 acid-insoluble ash, 3.6 water-soluble ash; Extractive values (% w/w): 12.75 water, 11.82 ethanol, 2.26 ethyl acetate, 3.13 chloroform, and 3.16 pet ether; foaming index 181.81; swelling index 3.2 ml/g; hemolytic activity 227.89 unit/gm of powder drug and crude fiber content was 19.4%. Total numbers of starch grain in 1 mg of root powder were 2,49,981. Quantification of quercetin in the ethanolic extract was assessed by HPTLC analysis and was found to contain 2.40%, w/w. Conclusion: The parameters determined in the present study may provide necessary information for identification and authentication of plant material. Key words:Aganosma dichotoma, HPTLC, in-vitro antioxidant activity, Pharmacognosy.
Keywords: Aganosma dichotoma; HPTLC; in-vitro antioxidant activity; Pharmacognosy

Quantitative Determination and Variation Tendencies of Flavonoids in Five Selaginella Plant Drugs - Weifang Long; Qi Ding; Yujie Chen; Jiqing Hu; Luyang Li; Fei Zhang; Dingrong Wan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Keywords: Amentoflavone content; HPLC; Selaginella; Total flavonoids content; UV-Vis spectrophotometry; Variation tendencies

Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed musli - Sharada Laxman Deore; Bhushan Arun Baviskar; Ashwini Suresh Rangari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Objectives: We aimed to develop, compare and optimise rapid and high yield extraction method for saponins of Safed musli using conventional extraction techniques and as well as modern microwave assisted solvent extraction method. Materials and methods: Roots of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) are extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and microwave methods. Extract further fractionated to obtain total saponins. Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is optimised using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Total saponins are estimated by High Performance Thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC) from all extracts obtained by different methods. Results: Factors namely temperature, irradiation time, irradiation power and powder size which potentially affects extraction efficiency are considered while optimizing MASE by statistical orthogonal array design procedure and saponins are quantified using HPTLC. Under developed optimum conditions, MASE showed significantly higher yield (5.11%) and drastic reduction in extraction time (4 min) than conventional extraction methods. Conclusion: Saponins of Safed musli shown highest yield in MASE and then maceration, soxhlet and sonication followed. The developed and optimised method of saponin extraction by MASE can have huge industrial applications after scale up.
Keywords: HPTLC; Maceration Saponins; Microwave assisted solvent extraction; Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication; Taguchi Design

Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed Musli - Sharada Laxman Deore; Bhushan Arun Baviskar; Ashwini Suresh Rangari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Objectives: We aimed to develop, compare and optimise rapid and high yield extraction method for saponins of safed musli using conventional extraction techniques and as well as modern microwave assisted solvent extraction method. Materials and methods: Roots of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) are extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and microwave methods. Extract further fractionated to obtain total saponins. Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is optimised using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Total saponins are estimated by High Performance Thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC) from all extracts obtained by different methods. Results: Factors namely temperature, irradiation time, irradiation power and powder size which potentially affects extraction efficiency are considered while optimizing MASE by statistical orthogonal array design procedure and saponins are quantified using HPTLC. Under developed optimum conditions, MASE showed significantly higher yield (5.11%) and drastic reduction in extraction time (4 min) than conventional extraction methods. Conclusion: saponins of safed musli shown highest yield in MASE and then maceration, soxhlet and sonication followed. The developed and optimised method of saponin extraction by MASE can have huge industrial applications after scale up. Key words: HPTLC, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Maceration Saponins, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design.
Keywords: HPTLC; Maceration Saponins; Microwave assisted solvent extraction; Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication; Taguchi Design.

Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases - R. Courtney; J. Sirdaarta; Matthews B; I.E. Cock (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia(both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally < 1000 μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases. Key words: Terminalia ferdinandiana, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baylyi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Keywords: Acinetobacter baylyi; ankylosing spondylitis; Klebsiella pneumoniae; multiple sclerosis; Proteus mirabilis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa.; rheumatoid arthritis; Terminalia ferdinandiana

Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases - R Courtney; J Sirdaarta; B Matthews; I E Cock (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies.Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia (both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally < 1000 μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.
Keywords: Acinetobacter baylyi; ankylosing spondylitis; Klebsiella pneumoniae; multiple sclerosis; Proteus mirabilis; Pseudomonas aeruginosa.; rheumatoid arthritis; Terminalia ferdinandiana

Taste Masking of Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Formulation by Pan Coating Process - Alpana Kulkarni; Shreya Rumalla; Swati Andhale; Bhanudas Kuchekar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Ayurvedic medicines and nutraceuticals are gaining popularity among physicians and patients for better therapeutic value. Lack of quality standards and problems, in preparing or testing them, are the main hurdles experienced by both the practitioners and the patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to improve the palatability of the Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Preparation (ADS) by masking its bitter taste and to standardize the taste masking procedure. In the present study Eudragit E 100 was used as an acid soluble coating material. Materials and Methods: ADS powder was converted into granules with PVP K30 as a granulating agent and the ADS granules were coated with Eudragit E 100 coating solution by pan coating process. Various IPQC tests namely flow properties, moisture content were performed on the granules before and after coating for determination of endpoint of granulation and coating respectively. The ADS powder and granules were evaluated for bitter taste. Results: ADS granules were advantageous over ADS powder since the flow properties of ADS granules were better than the flow properties of ADS powder, a prerequisite of pan coating process. Eudragit E 100 inhibited the contact in between the plant extracts and the taste buds due to insolubility of Eudragit E 100 in saliva. Sensory evaluation of taste indicated that the taste of coated granules was significantly masked. Conclusion: The bitter taste of ADS was improved successfully with Eudragit E 100 as a coating agent and the pan coating process. An attempt was made to standardize the pan coating process.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Coating; Eudragit E 100; Nutraceutical; Taste Masking

Taste Masking of AyurvedicNutraceutical Formulation by Pan Coating Process - AlpanaKulkarni; Shreya Rumalla; Swati Andhale; Ajit Kolatkar; Bhanudas Kuchekar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2015)
Background: Ayurvedic medicines and nutraceuticals are gaining popularity among physicians and patients for better therapeutic value. Lack of quality standards and problems, in preparing or testing them, are the main hurdles experienced by both the practitioners and the patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to improve the palatability of the Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Preparation (ADS) by masking its bitter taste and to standardize the taste masking procedure. In the present study Eudragit E 100 was used as an acid soluble coating material. Materials and Methods: ADS powder was converted into granules with PVP K30 as a granulating agent and the ADS granules were coated with Eudragit E 100 coating solution by pan coating process. Various IPQC tests namely flow properties, moisture content were performed on the granules before and after coating for determination of endpoint of granulation and coating respectively. The ADS powder and granules were evaluated for bitter taste. Results: ADS granules were advantageous over ADS powder since the flow properties of ADS granules were better than the flow properties of ADS powder, a prerequisite of pan coating process. Eudragit E 100 inhibited the contact in between the plant extracts and the taste buds due to insolubility of Eudragit E 100 in saliva. Sensory evaluation of taste indicated that the taste of coated granules was significantly masked. Conclusion: The bitter taste of ADS was improved successfully with Eudragit E 100 as a coating agent and the pan coating process. An attempt was made to standardize the pan coating process. Key words: Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking.
Keywords: Ayurveda; Coating; Eudragit E 100; Nutraceutical; Taste Masking.

15-Lipoxygenase inhibition of selected Philippine medicinal plants - Noemi D. Paguigan,; Christine L. Chichioco-Hernandez, (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Several extracts from Philippine medicinal plants used for asthma and other inflammatory diseases were evaluated for their ability to inhibit the action of 15-lipoxygenase. The inhibitory activity was tested spectrophotometrically using quercetin as positive control. Eleven species belonging to 11 families displayed varying inhibitory activities. Commelina diffusa and Euphorbia hirta showed the highest inhibitory activity at 51.3% and 48.5%, respectively. These plants may contain new 15-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Key words: Asthma, inflammation, lipoxygenase, medicinal plants, plant extra.
Keywords: Asthma; Inflammation; Lipoxygenase; Medicinal plants; Plant extracts

Alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hydro-methanolic (2:3) extract of seed of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq - Tushar Kanti Bera,; Kausik Chatterjee,; Debidas Ghosh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objectives: Present study investigated the effect of hydro-methanolic extract of seed of Swietenia mahagoni (HMESM) on a-glucosidase inhibition in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Oral carbohydrate tolerance tests were performed in 16h fasted normal and diabetic rats loaded with starch or sucrose or glucose at the dose of 3g/kg, 15min after administration of 250 (S1), 500 (S2), 1000 (S3) mg/kg of HMESM, vehicle (control),or pretreatment at the dose of 10 mg/kg of acarbose (Acar). Blood samples were analyzed for glucose levels at 0, 30th, 60th, and 120th min after respective treatments and the peak blood glucose (PBG) levels and area under the curves (AUC) were determined. Results: Results demonstrated that 500 mg, 1000 mg/kg of HMESM reduced and prolonged the PBG and decreased AUC simultaneously after starch and sucrose loading in normal and diabetic rats. Similarly acarbose also reduce the sucrose and starch induced blood glucose excursion, whereas it had no peak blood glucose suppressive effect after exogenous glucose load in both normal and diabetic rats. On the other hand, phytochemical study of the said extract revealed that it is rich in phenolic compounds (46.25 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g of extract) and flavonoids (231.72 mg of quercetin equivalent/g of the extract), which may may responsible for pharmacological activities. Conclusion: The HMESM may have PBG suppressive effect in post-carbohydrate challenged state as evidenced by reduced PBG and AUC. This suggest that HMESM may be used effectively as a safer alternative to control postprandial hyperglycemia especially in pre-diabetic and diabetic patients. Key words: Streptozotocin,∝-glucosidase, Postprandial hyperglycemia, Total flavono.
Keywords: a-glucosidase; Postprandial hyperglycemia; Streptozotocin; Total flavonoids

Antianaphylactic, mast cell stabilizing and antiasthmatic activity of AHR-1 (a polyherbal formulation) - Rajesh A Maheshwari,; R Balaraman,; GirishU Sailo,; Ghanshyam R Parmar,; Manoj Patel,; A K Seth (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Objective: This work was mainly aimed to study the anti-anaphylactic, mast cell stabilizing and antiasthmatic activity of AHR-1 (a polyherbal formulation) which contain various herbal extracts. Methods: The antianaphylactic activity of AHR-1 was evaluated in rats using active anaphylaxis model. Rats were then observed for onset of symptoms of anaphylaxis reaction such as increased respiratory rate, dyspnea, cyanosis and mortality. Serum IgE, leukocyte, eosinophil countand % polymorphs were calculated. Mast cell stabilizing effect was investigated by in vitro challenge of antigensensitized rat intestinal mesenteries. Antiasthmatic effect wasstudied in guinea pigs using histamine-induced bronchospasm, in which occurrence of preconvulsive dyspnea (PCD) was noted as end point. Results: Anaphylactic shock caused by intravenous antigen challenge showed 83% mortality with a significant (P<0.001) increaserespiratory symptom score.Treatment with AHR-1(250 and 500 mg/kg) reduced the mortality and respiratory symptom score (P<0.05, P<0.001), respectively. AHR- 1 (250 and 500 mg/kg) significantly and dose dependently decreased Serum IgE (P<0.05, P<0.001), AEC (P<0.05, P<0.001), total leukocytes (P<0.05, P<0.01) and % polymorphs (P<0.01,P<0.001), respectively as compared to sensitized control group. Sensitized control rats wereproduced a significant (79%) mesenteric mast cell degranulation, but pre-treatment with AHR-1 (100 and 200μg/ml) produced in a significant (p<0.001) reduction in the number of degranulated mast cells when challenged with horse serum. AHR-1 significantly increased the time of PCD (P<0.001) as compared to control. Conclusion: From these finding, we concluded thatAHR-1 is might be effective in treatment various hypersensitivity reactions like anaphylactic shock and asthma. Key words: Horse serum, AHR-1, IgE, Respiratory score.
Keywords: AHR-1; gE; Horse serum; Respiratory score

Anti-diabetic, Hypolipidemic and Anti-oxidant Activities of Hydroethanolic Root Extract of Rhus Mysurensis Heyne in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes in Wistar Male Rats - Sanwar Mal Lamba,; Kunjbihari Sulakhiya,; Parveen Kumar,; Mangala Lahkar,; Chandana C. Barua,; Babul Bezbaruah (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate the potential role of hydroethanolic root extracts  were Rhus mysurensis (HERM) in the treatment of diabetes along with its antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects was studied in streptozotocin induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Methods: In this study, the anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic and anti-oxidant activities of hydroethanolic root extract of Rhus mysurensis was evaluated by using STZ induced diabetic rats at a dose of 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg p.o. daily for 21 days. Blood glucose levels and body weight were monitored at specific time intervals, and different biochemical parameters, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein were also assessed in the experimental animals. Results: Oral administration of hydroethanolic root extracts of Rhus mysurensis (HERM) 400 and 800 mg/kg for 21 days significantly decreased the blood glucose level and considerably increased the body weight of diabetic induced rats. Daily oral treatment with HERM for 3 weeks resulted in reduced serum cholesterol, and triglycerides and improved HDL-cholesterol levels when compared to the diabetic control group. HERM significantly decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and significantly increased superoxide dismutase and catalase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats at the end of 21 days of treatment. Conclusion: Hydroethanolic root extract of Rhus mysurensis showed significant anti-diabetic, hypolipidemic and anti-oxidant activities, which provide the scientific proof for its traditional claims. The results also put forward that the HERM is promising for development of standardized phytomedicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Key words: Anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, hypolipidemic, Rhus mysurensis.
Keywords: Anti-diabetic; Anti-oxidant; Hypolipidemic; Rhus mysurensis.

Antihyperglycemic Activity and Standardization of the Bioactive Extract of Cleome droserifolia Growing in Egypt - Amira Abdel Motaal; Shahira M. Ezzat; Hesham El-Askary (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background:Cleome droserifolia herb is well known in the Egyptian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. However, a standardized active extract of the herb was never prepared for incorporation into a pharmaceutical dosage form. Materials and Methods: Comparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatographic profi les were established in order to study the ethnopharmacological use of the antihyperglycemic herb using a validated reversed phase- HPLC method which was developed for standardization of the active aqueous extract. A biologically guided fractionation of the antihyperglycemic aqueous extract was carried out in vivo using alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: The aqueous extract contained the highest percent of the total active fl avonol glycosides (78.20%) compared to the 70% and 50% ethanolic extracts (51.17 and 42.66%, respectively). The aqueous extract and its ethyl acetate fraction possessed the highest antihyperglycemic activities. A standard calibration curve, established for the major bioactive methoxylated fl avonol glycoside (kaempferol-4’-methoxy-3,7-dirhamnoside) at a concentration range of 44-174 μg/ml, showed good linearity with a correlation coeffi cient (R2) of 0.998. The recovery of the method was 100.5%. A high degree of precision (relative standard deviation values <5%) was achieved. The limits of detection and quantifi cation were 0.01 and 0.02 μg/ml, respectively, indicating the sensitivity of the method. Conclusion: The aqueous extract contained the highest percent of the total active fl avonol glycosides. The extract, standardized to contain not <1.5 ± 0.06% of kaempferol-4’-methoxy- 3,7-dirhamnoside, was tested at three different dose levels showing a 63.3% activity of that of metformin at100 mg/kg body weight. Furthermore, it raised the blood insulin level by 146.26% at this dose level. Key words: Antihyperglycemic, Cleome droserifolia, high performance liquid chromatography standardization, kaempferol-4’-methoxy-3,7-dirhamnoside, validation.
Keywords: 7-dirhamnoside; Antihyperglycemic; Cleome droserifolia; high performance liquid chromatography standardization; kaempferol-4’-methoxy-3; Validation

Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis herbs - Hasan S. Yusufoglu; Aftab Alam; Mohamad Ayman A. Salkini; Ahmed M. Zaghloul (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
The anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activitiesof the methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis(ANS) herbs were evaluated in rats against carrageenan induced inflammation and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)induced hepatic injury. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ANS, twenty male rats were divided into four equal groups. Injection of 100 μl carrageenan in normal saline into the subplantar region of the hind paw of rats clearly induced paw edema. The volume of paw edema was attenuated following oral administration of ANS. For hepatoprotective effects, twenty five rats were equally divided into five groups.The hepatotoxicity, induced by a single dose of CCl4, produced significant (p<0.001) increase of the levels of serumtransaminase, phosphatase, bilirubin and a decrease in proteins were also noticed. The oxidative stress marker such as malondialdehyde (MDA)was increased and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) was decreased in the hepatotoxic tissues. Pre-medication of CCl4-intoxicated rats with ANS at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg reversed the abnormal liver diagnostic stricture. The results showed that ANS is toxicologically safe when orally administered and possess highly significant anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities and the potentials usefulness of Anthemis scrobicularis in hepatic and inflammatory disease. Key words: Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, Carbon tetrachloride, Histopathology.
Keywords: Anthemis scrobicularis; Anti-inflammatory; Carbon tetrachloride; Hepatoprotective; Histopathology

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of roots extracts from Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch - Kun Teng,; Hong-Sheng Ruan,; Hai-Feng Zhang (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Aims: The roots of Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch (also named tengligen) have medicinal uses as anti-tumour, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we evaluated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of 95% ethanol extract and different fractions of the roots of A. arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch (Tengligen). Methods: Three conventional methods were used to carry out the antinociceptive effect: acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing, formalin induced hind paw licking, and hot plate test. In addition, the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated by carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Conclusion: From the obtained results, we found that the total ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, and n-butanol fraction all significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing and both phases of the formalin induced pain response, increased the time of response to thermal stimulation in hot plate test, and exhibited significant dose-related inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema volumes when compared with the control group. Based on our findings, we conclude that the flavonoid and saponin contents of tengligen are responsible for the antinociception and anti-inflammatory effects of Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch, respectively. Key words:Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch; antinociceptive; anti-inflammatory.
Keywords: Actinidia arguta (Sieb.et Zucc.) Planch; antinociceptive; anti-inflammatory

Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Dark Opal (Lamiaceae) - Mohammadi M; Majd A; Nejadsattari T; Hashemi M (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background: Plants used in folk and traditional medicines have been accepted as therapeutic drug development in modern medicine.Although manystudies have been focused on Lamiaceae family,few studies on medical effects of purple basil have been performed until now. Objective: Ocimum basilicum cv. dark opal was chosen for this study as it has been used in Persian traditional medicine and many Iranian dishes. It was considered important to determine the cytotoxicity effect andthe reductive capacity of the purple basil oils and extracts, as this may indicate their potential as antioxidants. Materials and Methods: The reducing power activity of both essential oils of the leaves (before flowering) and the seeds and also methanolic extracts of roots and aerial parts (stem-leaf) (collected prior flowering), and flowers were determined by utilizing of FRAP. Also the MTT assay has been used in order to consider in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oils and extracts on cancerous cell line (MCF-7). Moreover, the extracts were analyzed by HPLC to comprise the rate of some phenolic compounds. Results: The purple basil extracts have more powerful antioxidant activity than the essential oils. MCF-7 revealed to have a meaningful cell death when compared with controls, and the oils were found to be more effective than the extracts. Also the phytochemical analysis of the extracts has led to the identification of 3 phenolic compounds (Rosmarinic acid, p-Coumaric acid and Ferulic acid). Conclusion: Our study tends to validate the traditional use of this medicinal herb as complementary and alternative medicine. Key Words: purple basil, antioxidant, MCF-7, HPLC.
Keywords: 3-(4; 4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2; A549 Cell Line; Cytotoxic; Digera muricata; HeLa cell line.

Antiproliferative activity of crude extract and fractions obtained from Digera muricata on Hela cell lines of human cervix and A549 cell lines of Human Lung. - Shazia Usmani; Arshad Hussain; A.H.A Farooqui; Mohd.Arshad; Sahabjada Siddiqui; Mohd.Ahmad; Shadma Wahab (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Digera muricata (Linn.) of family Amaranthaceae is an ethanobotanically important plant species traditionally used against various disorders. Cytotoxic potential of methanolic extract and its fractions were investigated against Hela and A549 cell lines. Crude extract of Digera muricata was prepared in methanol by Continuous Hot Soxhlation technique. Crude extract was fractionated into two organic and one aqueous fraction by the help of Column Chromatography. MTT assay was used to evaluate the reduction of viability of the cancer cell lines. Cell viability was inhibited by crude extract of Digera muricata in a dose dependent manner ranging from 25μg/ml to 250μg/ml. Apoptosis assays using nucleic acid stains namely PI exclusion assay and Hoestch/PI assay were performed by the help of fluorescence microscopy. Morphological analysis was done by calculation of Apoptotic ratio and Percentage apoptosis. Our results suggests that methanolic and aqueous fraction of the extract of Digera muricata can be good source of cytotoxic compounds. Key words: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, A549 cell line, cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line.
Keywords: 3-(4; 4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay; 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2; A549 Cell Line; Cytotoxic; Digera muricata; HeLa cell line

Antistaphylococcal Activity of Xanthium cavanillesii Lactones - Cristina Olivaro; Nicole Paris; M. Pía Cerdeiras; Alvaro Vázquez (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: The genus Xanthium L., of the Asteraceae Dum. family, (tribe Heliantheae) comprises 30 species of cosmopolitan distribution, many of which, as X. spinosum and X. strumarium are used as medicinal plants. This genus has been the object of numerous phytochemical investigations being sesquiterpene lactones with guaiane or secoguaiane frameworks the main secondary metabolites. Several sesquiterpene lactones have been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity, in particular against Gram+ bacteria and in Uruguay the infusion of Xanthium cavanillesii Show (common name “Abrojo” or “Abrojo grande”) which grows wild, is used as antiseptic in popular medicine. In this work we present the results of the antibacterial analysis of several extracts, fractions and pure compounds from X. cavanillesii against both sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Compounds were isolated from X. cavanillesii aerial parts by several chromatographic and spectroscopic methods antimicrobial analysis were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) found were high for the sensitive 6538p strain when compared with common antibiotics. For the resistant strains, the pure compounds activity clearly outperformed the antibiotics, especially in the case of the multiresistant 700,699 strain with MICs of 31, 236 and 356 μg/mL for the Xanthium compounds, gentamicin and oxacillin respectively. Key words: Antimicrobial, abrojo, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sesquiterpene lactones
Keywords: abrojo; Antimicrobial; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; sesquiterpene lactones

Aqueous Methanolic Bark Extract of Oroxylum indicum Inhibited Testosterone induced Prostate Hyperplasia in Rat - Manuj Kr Bharali,; Luk Bahadur Chetry (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Oroxylum indicum is a frequently reported traditional medicinal plant known to possess antiproliferative and antitumor activity. The present study investigated the effect of crude methanolic bark extract of Oroxylum indicum on testosterone induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in rat. Adult male rats were given either corn oil or testosterone dissolved in corn oil and testosterone with aqueous methanolic bark extracts of Oroxylum indicum (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. The inhibitory effect of Oroxylum indicum on testosterone induced hyperplasia was evaluated by prostatic index and histopathological examination. Serum marker of liver injury (alanine aminotransferase, ALT and aspartate aminotransferase, AST) and liver histopathological examination were also conducted. Compared with testosterone induced BPH model group, Oroxylum indicum extract treated groups exhibited significant reduction in the prostatic index. Oroxylum indicum treated group also exhibited reduced hyperplasia of prostatic epithelium likewise finasteride treated group. Aqueous methanolic extract of Oroxylum indicum significantly inhibited testosterone induced prostate hyperplasia thus indicated the presence of efficient ingredients which can be used for the treatment of BPH. Key words: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia, Oroxylum indicum, Testosterone, Finasteride, Rat.
Keywords: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia; Finasteride; Oroxylum indicum; Rat; Testosterone

Assessment of anti hyperglycemic fractions isolated from Albizia procera stem bark chloroform extract using STZ induced diabetic albino rats - Praveen kumar P,; Ramesh A,; Prasad K (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Objective: The present Study was to identify more effective hypoglycemic fractions from chloroform extract of Albizia procera stem bark. Material and methods: Isolated fractions of Albizia procera stem bark chloroform extract were given individually to different batches of rats both normal (80 mg/kg of b.wt animals) and STZ induced diabetic rats (160mg/kg b.wt animals) after an overnight fast. The blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 hours after the treatment. Fractions were also treated to STZ induced diabetic rats by chronically (80mg/kg b.wt). Results: The fractions E of Albizia procera stem bark chloroform extract was shown maximum blood glucose lowering effect in both normal and STZ diabetic rats with acute and chronic treatment. The other fractions are also showing hypoglycemic and antihyperglycemic activity, but the effect is significantly less than that of fraction E. The antihyperglycemic activity of fractions of Albizia procera stem bark chloroform extract was compared with the treatment of glibenclamide. Conclusion: The present data confirm the anti diabetic activity of Albizia procera in Indian traditional medicine for Diabetes mellitus treatment. The anti hyperglycemic action attributed to the presence of valuable flavonoids, terpinoids in the fraction E. Key words: Albizia procera, hyperglycemia, Streptozocin (STZ).
Keywords: Albizia procera; hyperglycemia; Streptozocin (STZ)

Bioactivity of Viscum album extracts from Olive and Almond host plants in Palestine - Murad Abualhasan,; Nidal Jaradat,; Nael Abu-Hasan,; Motasem Almasri,; Adham Abu Taha,; Ahmad Rabbaa,; Noor Natsheh,; Sajed Shalalfeh,; Majdi Najib. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction:Viscum album is a semi-parasitic medicinal plant which has been used for many years as a remedy in traditional medicine. The plant is widely used in folk medicine in Palestine; mainly in the treatment of cancer, diabetes and heart disease. Since no previous reports on bio activity of this plant in association with host plant specificity in Palestine, the current study aimed at evaluating bio activity of almond and olive variants of this plant. Method: Methanolic extract ofviscum album cultivated from almond and olive host plants were tested for antioxidant, antimicrobial . Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were also used to assess anticoagulant activities of plant extracts. Result: The result demonstrated that Viscum album have an IC50 of 25.34±3.8μg/ml when hosted by olive while the IC50 was 15.37±2.2μg/ml when hosted by almond. Crude extracts of both Viscum album plants showed strong inhibition effects on the growth of the studied Staphylococcus aureus strains (ATCC 25923 and MRSA) with a pronounced effect when extracts of almond host was used. However, the effects of both host extracts were very limited or absent when tested against Gram-negative reference and clinical strains. Plant extracts of both host showed prolonged PT and PTT compared to phosphate buffered saline control solution. Conclusion: In conclusion, variations in the bioactivity of Viscum album is clearly influenced by host type and further studies required to illustrate such variations using other host plants. Key words: Viscum album, Antioxidant, Prothrombin time, Antimicrobial.
Keywords: Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Prothrombin time; Viscum album

Chemical Constituents of Dendrobium williamsonii - Pathrapa Rungwichaniwat; Boonchoo Sritularak; Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Objective: Isolation of compounds from Dendrobium williamsonii and evaluation of each isolates for its free radical scavenging, antiherpetic and cytotoxic activities. Results: Six phenolic compounds were isolated including tetratriacontanyltrans- p-coumarate (1), trans-docosanoylferulate (2), 3,3′-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (3), moscatilin (4), apigenin (5) and vanillic acid (6). Among these isolates, compounds 3, 4 and 5 exhibited recognizable DPPH free radical scavenging potential.Only 3 exhibited weak activity against Herpes simplex virus, whereas 3 and 4 showed cytotoxicity against KB and MCF-7 cancer cells. Conclusion: This study is the first report on the chemical and biological properties of D. williamsonii.Compounds 3, 4 and 5 are responsible for free radical scavenging activity of this plant. Compound 4 showed the strongest cytotoxic effect on KB cancer cells. Key words:Dendrobium williamsonii, Orchidaceae, Anti-herpetic Cytotoxicity, Free radical scavenging activity.
Keywords: Anti-herpetic Cytotoxicity; Dendrobium williamsonii; Free Radical Scavenging Activity; Orchidaceae

Chemical constituents with free-radical-scavenging activity from the leaves of Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. - Makboul A. Makboul; Ahmed A. Attia; Salwa F. Farag; Nesma M. Mohamed; Samir A. Ross (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background: Seventy percent aqueous methanolic extract of the leaves of Lantana montevidensis exhibited antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, antioxidant and analgesic activities. Previous phytochemical study of the leaves led to the isolation of various flavones, pentacyclic triterpenoids, β-sitosterol and benzoic acid. Materials and Methods: The 70% aqueous methanolic extract of L. montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. leaves was partitioned between water and n-hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, and n-BuOH, successively. By using a series of different chromatographic techniques, the CHCl3 and EtOAc extracts afforded nine compounds. The isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with literature values and/or authentic samples. The free radical scavenging activity of some of the isolated compounds was evaluated. Results: Hispidulin-7-O-glucurnoide methyl ester (1), hispidulin-7-O-glucoside (2), cinaroside (3), nepetin-7-O-glucoside (4) pectolinarigenin (5), apigenin (6), luteolin (7) in addition to salicylic acid (8) and β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (9) have been isolated. Compounds 1-4 are first report from the genus Lantana while compounds 5, 8 and 9 are first report from this plant. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral methods, including 2D NMR experiments, and confirmed by comparing with the literature data and/or authentic samples. Additionally, some of the isolated flavonoids exhibited free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion:Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. cultivated in Egypt is rich in biologically active ingredients. Key words:  Apigenin, cinaroside, free radical scavenging activity, hispidulin-7-O-glucurnoide methyl ester, hispidulin-7-O-glucoside, Lantana montevidensis, luteolin, nepetin-7-O-glucoside, pectolinarigenin.
Keywords: Flavonoids free radical scavenging activity; Lantana montevidensis.

Chromatographic studies on Benincasa hispida (thunb.) Cogn. Seed extract scrutinized by HPLC and HPTLC - Hemant D. Une,; Gaurav M. Doshi (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Background: Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. is an extensive climbing annual herb in an agricultural country like India. Lupeol, a constituent of this species, has been reported to possess good amount of pharmacological potential. Objective: In the current studies, the research team focused on determining the percentage of the lupeol present in the extract of Benincasa hispida seeds by chromatographic techniques. Materials and Methods: Shade-dried seeds of Benincasa hispida were subjected to soxhlet extraction followed by scrutinization of the lupeol contents by HPTLC and HPLC methods after carrying out preliminary phytochemical screening for the constituents present in the extract. Results: The extraction yield was found to be 1.2% (w/w). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, fixed oils and fats, tannins phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids. The amount of lupeol present in the seeds extract was found to be 0.47% w/w (HPTLC)and 6.85% w/v (HPLC) by HPTLC quantification and HPLC analysis respectively. Research studies showed a peak which coincided with the peak of standard lupeol signifying the presence of lupeol in the extract. Conclusion: The extract contains significant amount of lupeol. Key words:Benincasa hispida, Soxhlet extraction, HPLC, HPTLC, lupeol.
Keywords: Benincasa hispida; HPLC; HPTLC; Lupeol; Soxhlet Extraction

Comparative analysis of phenolic contents and total antioxidant capacity of Moringa oleifera Lam. - Swati Vyas; Sumita Kachhwah; S.L. Kothari (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction: Accumulation of reactive species higher than permissible limits in biological systems may lead to various degenerative disorders due to oxidative damage. Materials and Methods: Oxidation is a serious concern faced by the food industry causing deterioration of shelved-food quality. Antioxidant compounds like polyphenolics scavenge such free radicals and thus protect against oxidative stress. Consumption of polyphenol-rich plants as dietary component confers protection against such cellular damage. Present study explores antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of different extracts prepared from various parts of Moringa oleifera Lam. Results: Higher TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity was shown by methanolic extracts followed by aqueous, petroleum benzene and chloroform extracts. The present study suggests that all the extracts might act as radical scavengers to certain extent possibly due to presence of polyphenolic compounds. Conclusion: M. oleifera exhibits strong antioxidant activity and could serve as prospective source of natural antioxidants to food and health industries. Key words:  Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, sequential extract, oxidation.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; oxidation; sequential extract; total flavonoid content; total phenolic content

Comparative Morphological and Anatomical Study of Onosma caucasica Levin. ex M. Pop. and Onosma sericea Willd. (Boraginaceae Juss.) - Janna Vladimirovna Daironas; Fatima Kazbekovna Serebryanaya; Ifrat Nazimovich Zilfi karov (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction: Finding sources of drugs among the species of genus Onosma of the local fl ora is actual direction. Many of the species of genus Onosma are weeds, some live exclusively on dry sandy or rocky slopes. Many of the species of genus Onosma have used in ethnopharmacology as anti-infl ammatory, analgesic, and wound health remedies. The purpose of this research is morphological and anatomical study of herbs of Onosma caucasica Levin. ex M. Pop. and Onosma sericea Willd. (Boraginaceae). Materials and Methods: The objects of the study were collected in North Caucasus (Russia) in June 2011. Materials morphological study herbarium specimens were stored in the herbarium fund the Department of Botany (acronym PGFA). Materials micromorphological study were temporary slides are the leaf, stem and fl owers. Results: The morphological results were compared with the Flora of the USSR. Anatomical characters of leaves and stems of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of Boraginaceae anatomy. All results are supported by photographs. The nature of trichomes on the leaf blade has a major diagnostic value in determining the authenticity of herbs the studied species. Conclusion: The severity of downy leaf blade and the corolla, and the structure of the hair can reliably identify this type of raw material and serve as the basis for the development of the regulatory documentation for its standardization. Key words: Anatomy, Boraginaceae, morphology, Onosma.
Keywords: Anatomy; Boraginaceae; Morphology; Onosma

Comparative Studies on Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol Content and High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L) Leaves - Amrit Kumar Singh; Dharam Paul Attrey; Tanveer Naved (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background: Seabuckthorn (SBT) is a high altitude medicinal plant with vast history of use in traditional medicinal systems such as Tibetan and Chinese systems. SBT leaves have shown range of pharmacological properties suggesting their importance to be used for product development. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare 75% ethanolic extracts of male and female SBT leaves on the basis of antioxidant activity, total phenol content and high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) estimation of β-sitosterol and ursolic acid. It also involved comparison of total phenol contents of successive soxhlet extracts (pet ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and aqueous) of above leaves. Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activities and total phenol contents of the extracts were evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl free radical scavenging assay and Folin–Ciocalteu reagent based assay, respectively. Results: Male leaf extract was found to show signifi cantly higher antioxidant activity and total phenol content than that of female leaves. Furthermore, the successive extracts of male leaves showed higher phenol contents than that of female leaves. However, it was not signifi cant in case of pet ether and chloroform extracts. In HPTLC estimation, concentration of β-sitosterol in female leaf extract was observed to be less than that of male leaf extract. However, ursolic acid concentration was found to be almost same in both the type of leaf extracts. Conclusion: The results suggest the need for developing standard quality control profi le of SBT leaves, especially for product development. Key words: Antioxidant activity, 75% ethanolic extract, high performance thin layer chromatography, seabuckthorn, total phenol content.
Keywords: 75% ethanolic extract; antioxidant activity; High performance Thin layer Chromatography; seabuckthorn; total phenol content

Cytotoxicity and Oral Acute Toxicity Studies of b-mangostin Isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens - Suvitha Syam,; Ahmad Bustamam,; Rasedee Abdullah,; Mohamed Aspollah Sukari,; Najihah Mohd Hashim,; Maizatulakmal Yahayu,; Pouya Hassandarvish,; Syam Mohan,; Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction: The objective of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity and oral acute toxicity of β-mangostin isolated from Cratoxylum arborescens. Material and methods: Healthy male and female ICR mice (8 weeks) were fed orally with 250 and 500mg/kg of β-mangostin. Body weight of each animal was measured and any gross behavioral change was observed daily. Hematological and clinical biochemical parameters as well as histopathological analysis were carried out on 15th day. The level of oxidative stress was analyzed using MDA and GSH measurement.Discussion: The results showed that oral administration of the β-mangostin had no adverse effect on the growth rate, hematological and clinical biochemical parameters. Histological studies showed that the treatments did not induce any pathological changes in the liver and kidney. The compound at both the doses did not alter the oxidative stress biomarkers. The in vitro cytotoxicity of β Mangostin was investigated in HepG2, A549, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and PC3 cells. There was significant cytotoxicity in both type of breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). In conclusion, our results show that there was no treatment-related acute toxicity in mice following 14-days oral administration of 250 and 500mg/kg of β-mangostin. Conclusion: The results showed that the compound can be selected for detailed in vitro and in vivo breast cancer research. Key words: Cratoxylum arborescens, β-mangostin, acute toxicity, anti-cancer.
Keywords: Acute toxicity; Anti-cancer; Cratoxylum arborescens; β-mangostin

Development and Antifungal Evaluation of Cinnamaldehyde Containing Silver Nanoparticles against Candida albicans - Sharada L. Deore; Sharad Chaudhari; Bhushan A. Baviskar; Somshekhar S. Khadabadi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
NA
Keywords: Letter to the Editor

Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Mangiferin, Ellagic acid and Hydroxycitric acid in polyherbal formulation - Ananth Kumar Kammalla,; Mohan Kumar Ramasamy,; Agarwal Aruna,; Dubey GP,; Ilango Kaliappan (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
The US patented polyherbal formulation for the prevention and management of Type II diabetes and its vascular complications was used for the present study. The formulation consists of roots of Salacia species, leaves of Lagestroemia parviflora and fruit rind of Garcinia indica. The use of reversed phase C18 HPLC column was used and eluted with isocratic mobile phase of acetonitrile and phosphoric acid buffer solution enabled the efficient separation of chemical markers within 20min. Validation of the method was performed in order to demonstrate its selectivity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and recovery. All calibration curve shows good linear correlation coefficients (r2>0.995) within tested ranges. Three markers in this polyherbal formulation were quantified were Mangiferin (1.53% w/w), Ellagic acid (0.9655 w/w), Hydroxycitric acid (5.3% w/w). Intra and inter day RSDs of retention times and peak areas were less than 3%. The recoveries were between 95% and 102.5%. In conclusion a method has been developed for the simultaneous quantification of three markers in this polyherbal formulation. The established RP-HPLC method was simple, precise and accurate and can be used for the quality control of the raw materials as well as formulations. Key words: Polyherbal formulation, Mangiferin, Ellagic acid, Hydroxycitric acid, RP-HPLC.
Keywords: Ellagic acid; Hydroxycitric acid; Mangiferin; Polyherbal formulation; RP-HPLC

Effect of Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin isolated from Trigonella foenum graecum on T4-induced hyperthyroidism and serum lipid concentrations - Dr. Sunanda Panda (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
In this study, effect of digoxigenin-3-O-rutin isolated from the seeds of Trigonella foenum graecum on thyroid hormones and serum lipid concentrations was evaluated in L-thyroxine (L-T4)-induced hyperthyroidism in rats. Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin was administered (10mg/kg) to L-thyroxine (L-T4)-induced hyperthyroidic rats and alterations in the concentrations of serum thyroid hormones, insulin, glucose, hepatic 5′-monodeiodinase (5′DI) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity were analyzed. Antioxidant status was estimated by determining the levels of antioxidative enzymes and lipidperoxidation. L-T4 (500μg/kg, s.c./d) administration increased the serum levels of thyroxine (T4), triidothyronine (T3), glucose, insulin, different lipids, activity of hepatic 5′-DI and G-6-Pase. High lipidperoxidation level was observed both in liver and cardiac tissues with a depletion in cellular antioxidants. On the contrary, test drug (10mg/kg) treatment improved the alterations with respect to hormonal levels, lipid concentrations and lipid peroxidation towards normalcy and enhanced the antioxidant activities. Rats treated with PTU generally gave lower results compared to groups treated with the test drug. The antithyroidic role of the test compound is mediated possibly through the inhibition in 5′DI activity. Improvement in lipid profile by the test drug might have protective effect on cardiovascular health in vivo. Key words: Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin, hyperthyroidism, 5”DI, serum lipids, insulin.
Keywords: 5”DI; Digoxigenin-3-O-rutin; hyperthyroidism; Insulin; Serum lipids

Effect of Tribulus Terrestris on Learning And Memory in Wistar Rats - Natesh Prabhu; Sanjay Hadigal; Ullal sheetal D; Sushma DS; Ashok Shenoy K (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of fruits of Tribulus terrestris on learning and memory in rodents. Materials and methods: Thirty wistar rats were divided in 5 groups of 6 rats each. Baseline values for the time taken to reach reward chamber (TRC) in the Hebb William Maze and transfer latency (TL) in the T-maze were recorded on Day 1. Mean of 5 sessions was calculated for each rat. Group I was normal control, group II piracetam standard, group III, IV and V received Tribulus terrestris orally at 100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for 14 days. At the end of 14 days, each rat was tested for TRC and TL and compared with the control group. Results: Group IV showed a significant decrease in TRC when compared to group I in Hebb William Maze (p<0.0001). Group IV also showed a significant decrease in TL when compared to group I in T-maze (p<0.0001). Group III showed a significant decrease in TL when compared to group I in the T-maze (p=0.035), however there was no decrease in TRC in this group. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of fruits of Tribulus terrestris showed a dose dependent beneficial effect in learning and memory models in rats, with 200mg/kg being most beneficial. Key words: Hebb William Maze, Learning, Memory, T Maze, Tribulus terrestris
Keywords: Hebb William Maze; Learning; Memory; T Maze; Tribulus terrestris

The Effects of Topical Carvacrol Application on Wound Healing Process in Male Rats - Mehmet Y Gunal; Aylin O Heper,; Nezahat Zaloglu (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Carvacrol containing products such as Origanum onites have been used as phytotherapeutic agents in the treatment of serious skin injury. It has been suggested that carvacrol is the active component of these herbs because of its anti-microbial property. With the anti-microbial activity and as an ingredient of these herbs, carvacrol is a promising molecule for the treatment of skin injury. In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of carvacrol on healing progress after excisional skin injury. Here, Wistar-Albino rats were divided into two groups and treated with carvacrol and vehicle. Carvacrol was administrated topically at a concentration of %12.5 for the 5 consecutive days after excisional skin injury. Tissue samples were harvested on days 3rd, 8th and 12th after injury. Significant beneficial effect of carvacrol was observed at the end of the experiment. In the acute phase of the injury, carvacrol treatment increased tissue granulation and decreased wound depth moderately. These effect of carvacrol was associated with increased TNF-α. However, at the second half of the experiment the elevated level of TGF-B1 was observed as compared with control animals. The level of IL-1β was increased in carvacrol treated animals only on day 8. Here, we provide evidence that carvacrol improves wound healing by regulating pro- inflammatory molecules TNF-α, IL-1β and TGF-β1. Key words: carvacrol, wound healing, TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-β1, aromatic herbs.
Keywords: carvacrol; wound healing; TNF-α; IL-1β; TGF-β1; aromatic herbs.

Estrogenic Activity of Bauhinia racemosa extract in Female albino rats: An Investigational Study - Gautam P. Vadnere; Aslam R. Pathan; Abhay K. Singhai (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: To evaluate the effect of petroleum ether, ethanol and water extract of Bauhinia racemosa in female albino rats. Methods: Plant extracts were tested for their estrogenic activity by using ovariectomised method at two dose level: 200 mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively. Further, Plant extracts and Standard drug Ethinyl estradiol (1µg/kg) combination were tested for synergistic estrogenic activity. Results:In-vivo investigation revealed that ethanol extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg shows significance increase 325.23±5.23, 328.84±4.56 and 3.252±0.47, 3.288±0.27 in uterine wet weight and uterine weight ratio respectively in female albino rat as compared to control and petroleum ether and water extracts. Simultaneous administration of standard drug Ethinyl estradiol (1µg/kg) with ethanol extract at dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/ kg potentiates (327.36 ± 5.78, 330.95 ± 6.21 and 3.273 ± 0.64, 3.309 ± 0.49 uterine wet weight and uterine weight ratio respectively in female albino rat) the estrogenic activity as compared to individual administration of ethanol extract as a synergistic effect. Conclusion: It was observed that ethanol extract of Bauhinia racemosa produced significance estrogenic activity. Key words:Bauhinia racemosa, estrogenic activity, Ethinyl estradiol, ovariectomy.
Keywords: Bauhinia racemosa; Estrogenic activity; Ethinyl estradiol; ovariectomy.

Estrogenic Effect of Methanolic Extract of Avicennia alba Blume. Aerial Parts in Female Wistar Albino Rats - D R Kar; G Ghosh; P K Sahu (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objectives: To investigate the estrogenic effect of Avicennia alba (Blume) aerial parts as identified in the folklore recipes as a contraceptive Methodology: The estrogenic activity study of the methanolic extract was carried out by studying the histopathology of the uterus. The uterine weight and vaginal cornification were also observed. The diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of the endometrial epithelium were measured using a calibrated ocular micrometer. The estimation of total protein and cholesterol was carried out using a standard method described by Lowely et al. Results: The presence of alkaloids, anthraquinone glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, polyphenolics were detected in the aerial parts of Avicennia alba. The methanolic extract of Avicennia alba at 400 mg/kg body weight showed a significant (p< 0.05) increase in uterine weight, diameter of uterus, thickness of endometrium and height of the endometrial epithelium compared to the control. There was increase in vaginal cornification status. The histological examination of the uterus also showed estrogenic influence. A significant increase (p< 0.05) in total protein and cholesterol content in the uterus of standard and test drug treated rats was also observed. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Avicennia alba at 400 mg/kg body weight showed significant estrogenic activity and the results are in consistent with the folkloric claim reports related to oral contraceptive effect of Avicennia alba Key words:Avicennia alba, contraceptive, estrogenic activity, uterus.
Keywords: Avicennia alba; contraceptive; Estrogenic activity; Uterus

Ethnobotanical survey and phyto-anatomical studies of some common plants used for the treatment of epilepsy in some rural areas of South west Nigeria - A. Babalola Kadiri,; O. Mawoussi Agboola,; F. Olatunde. Fashina. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Aim: To survey some areas in the southwest Nigeria where epilepsy is treated with plant extracts and determine the commonest plant species that are used, for pharmacognostic analysis. Materials and Methods: Open-ended and semi-structured interviews were conducted for information from traditional medicine practitioners. Plant names given were authenticated in the herbarium and phytochemical and anatomical analyses were conducted on the plant parts that are used for treatment using standard approaches. Results: Fifty practitioners were interviewed and they gave 17 different plants; out of these, the 5 commonest ones were investigated. The plants are either used individually or in combination with other plant(s). Services may be rendered freely or by collecting a token which is supernaturally believed to have negative consequences. The practitioners engaged in out-patient and in-patient services and patients are usually totally cured. There are also some inexplicable practices such as oracle visitation, incantations etc. A total of 30 patients have been cured in the last decade by each practitioner. Saponin, steroids, tannins, flavonoids, phlobatannins and alkaloids were isolated using three different media (methanol, petroleum ether and water) and diagnostic anatomical characters of the leaf epidermis, fruit wall, bark and root of the plants are presented in a single account for the first time in the country. The plants studied were Newbouldia laevis, Securidaca longipedunculata, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Nicotiana tabacum and Senna occidentalis. Conclusion: The phytochemicals found are suggestive of the underlying medicinal potency of the plants and future work will help to establish the most active principles which will lead to development of drugs for treating the disease. The diagnostic anatomical characters can be employed in resolving doubts especially when the plant materials are in fragments. The least mentioned plant species can be saved from harvesting to conserve the rich flora diversity in the country. Key words: Epilepsy, phytochemistry, plant anatomy, south-west Nigeria, tropical forest.
Keywords: Epilepsy; Phytochemistry; Plant anatomy; south-west Nigeria; tropical forestv

Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Simarubaceae); Advances in Its Medicinal Potentials - Faramarz Majidi Wizneh; Mohd Zaini Asmawi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Eurycoma longifolia Jack is a tall slender shrub-tree which is well-reputed among the natives of South East Asia for its potent aphrodisiac effect. Its root extracts have shown important biological activities such as antitumor, antimalarial, antibacterial, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, Osteoprotective, and ergogenic which are mainly attributed to quassinoids. Commercially it is available in the form of drinks (along with other herbs), capsules, or loose powders. Based on available online databases it was realized that in spite of numerous reports on medicinal properties of E. longifolia, a review of recent developments regarding phytopharmacology, safety and toxicology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical applications was lacking. Therefore, this concise yet informative piece of work was prepared by pulling together trustworthy information from all the accessible published and unpublished scientific resources to serve as a reliable source of reference for future investigations. Key words: Malaysian Ginseng, Eurycomanone, Tongkat Ali, Quassinoids, Ergogenic, Pasak Bumi.
Keywords: Ergogenic; Eurycomanone; Malaysian Ginseng; Pasak Bumi; Quassinoids; Tongkat Ali

Evaluation of anti-cancer potential of aqueous extract of Pandanus odoratissimus (Y.Kimura) Hatus. forma ferreus, by in vivo ascitic tumor model in swiss albino mice - Gunti Gowtham Raja,; Hyma Sara Varghese,; Sarita Kotagiri,; Vrushabendra Swamy B.M (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background: India is a rich source of medicinal plants and number of plant extracts are used against diseases in various systems of medicine such as ayurveda, unani and siddha where only a few of them were scientifically explored. Objective: The objective of the present study was undertaken to perform dose dependent anti-cancer effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of P. odoratissimus roots and leaves whose scientific documentation for anti-tumor agent is lacking despite using traditionally. Materials and Methods: The anti-cancer activity of methanolic extract of P. odoratissimus (MEPO) and aqueous extract of P. odoratissimus (AEPO) were tested against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma induced liquid tumors in swiss albino mice. The degree of protection was determined by change in body weight (gm), tumour volume (ml), packed cell volume (ml), cell viability (%), hematological parameters (R.B.C, W.B.C and hemoglobin content), mean survival time (MST), % increase in lifespan (% ILS) and histopathological observation of part of peritoneal layer. Results: The treatment with AEPO 400 mg/kg, p.o. in EAC treated mice reduced tumor volume, packed cell volume, body weight, cell viability and improved all hematological parameters, mean survival time and life span. Histopathological changes showed degenerative changes of tumor cells in peritoneal layer. The anti-cancer effects of AEPO 400 mg/kg, p.o. are equally more with that of the standard drug cisplatin. Conclusion: The results suggested that aqueous extract of roots and leaves of P. odoratissimus possess in vivo anti-cancer activity comparable to cisplatin and this study scientifically validated the traditional use of this plant. Key words: Anticancer, Pandanus odoratissimus, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma.
Keywords: Anticancer; Ehrlich ascites carcinoma; Pandanus odoratissimus

Evaluation of Anti-Diabetic Activity of Methanolic Extract from the Leaves of Rotula Aquatica Lour in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats - Bhanu Priya,; Manoj Gahlot,; Punam Joshi,; Sarika Zade,; Ujwala Bagmar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract from the leaves of Rotula aquatica lour in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Diabetes was induced in rat by injection of Alloxan (120 mg/kg, i.p.). Diabetic rats were divided into different groups and methanolic leaves extract of Rotula aquatica lour (RA-ME) was administered at dose ranges of 100–400 mg/kg, p.o for 21 days. Control group received normal saline (0.9%) for 21 days. Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o) was used as standard drug. Blood samples were collected from all the groups and analyzed for serum glucose and lipid levels such as total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), proteins (TP). RA-ME was also tested for oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in normal fasted rats. Results: RA-ME (400 mg/kg, p.o) showed a significant (P<0.01) reduction of serum glucose level in Alloxan-induced diabetic mice as compared with diabetic control. RA-ME (200 and 400 mg/kg) also showed a significant reduction in serum TC, TG, and TP levels in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats. RA-ME (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o) significantly (P<0.01) increased the glucose tolerance in OGTT. Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study revealed the potential anti-diabetic activity of methanolic extract from the leaves of Rotula aquatica lour. Key words: Alloxan, Anti-diabetic, Glibenclamide, Rotula aquatica lour.
Keywords: Alloxan; Anti-diabetic; Glibenclamide; Rotula aquatica lour.

Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Five Medicinal Plants in Sri Lanka. - K. N. Mahesh,; M. N. Wickramaratne,; D. B. M. Wickramaratne (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
This study investigated on the antioxidant properties of five medicinal plants used in Sri Lanka, namely Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus spinosus, Elephantopuss caber, Amorphophallus campanulatus and Canna indica. The cold methanol plant extracts were screened for the antioxidant activity evaluating their 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in scavenging ability. The total ascorbic acid content of the extracts was also evaluated. The IC50 values of the extracts revealed that Solanum nigrum had the best DPPH scavenging activity with a value of 37.63 ± 0.11μg/ml and was better than that of the standard ascorbic acid. Amorphophallus campanulatus extract gave the highest ascorbic acid content of 143.03 ± 1.97 mg per 100 g of the extract. All five plants extract showed DPPH scavenging activity in the order of Solanum nigrum > Elephantopus scaber> Amorphophallus campanulatus> Canna indica. The plant extracts did not show a direct correlation between the ascorbic acid content to the DPPH scavenging activity. These experimental results reveals that these extracts can be utilized in future as therapeutic agent against free radical induced oxidative stress. Key words: Antioxidant activities, Ascorbic acid, DPPH, Medicinal Plants.
Keywords: Antioxidant Activities; Ascorbic acid; DPPH; Medicinal plants

Evaluation of Wound Healing Potential of Some Indian Herbal Extracts and it’s Formulation in Acne Vulgaris - S. A. Thube; M. J. Patil (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective:Butea monosperma, Barleria prionitis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Dalbergia sissoo, and Lagenaria siceraria are reported to possess anti-acne, anti-infl ammatory, anti-ulcer, and wound healing activity. The present work is aimed at evaluating the wound healing potential of these plant materials in acne vulgaris. Methodology: Individual gel formulations containing extracts of the above mentioned drugs and their polyherbal gels were evaluated by excision and incision wound model (in vivo) in Sprague Dawley rats. Results: The individual gel formulations showed signifi cant reduction in wound size when compared with the untreated group. The rates of wound closure after the application of the gels were compared with the untreated wounds. The polyherbal formulation containing all the extracts was found to be more benefi cial when compared to remaining treated groups. Healing under scab and formation of normal epithelial cells were better than other individual formulations. As well as vascular changes, cellular infi ltration, and necrosis were found less. Conclusion: From the results, it may be concluded that the plants are endowed with signifi cant wound healing activity, thereby justifying its traditional medicinal use in acne vulgaris as a separate entity and in combination. Chemical components such as tannins, fl avonoids, saponins, and alkaloids present in the extracts can be responsible for the foresaid activity. Key words: Acne, excision model, incision model, wound healing.
Keywords: Acne; excision model; incision model; Wound Healing

Hepatoprotective Effect of Calotropis procera in Isoniazid and Rifampicin Induced Hepatotoxicity - Noor Kamil; Hafi z Syed Imran-ul-Haque (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: In this study anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin) induced liver toxicity has been studied for the hepatoprotective effect of hydroethanolic extract of Calotropis procera (CP) flowers in rats. Materials and Method: Animals were divided into four groups, group Awas given normal saline (1ml/kg), group B received Isoniazid (INH) (50mg/kg) and Rifampicin (RMP)(100mg/kg) group C received INH (50mg/kg), RMP(100mg/kg) and CP(150mg/kg)orally for fourteen days. Results: Biochemical markers of liver toxicity such as AST,ALT,ALP, bilirubin and tissue histology were done inall groups. Anti-Tubercular (Anti-TB) drugs (INH 50mg/kg and RMP100mg/kg) have enhanced the ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin and histological changes in liver, whereas co-administration of anti-TB drugs with Calotropis procera has reduced these levels within the normal range. Conclusion: Findings of this study showed the hepatoprotective effct of Calotropis Proceraagainst Isoniazid and Rifampicinadministration to reduce the liver damage for chronic treatment. Key words: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Calotropis procera, Hepatoprotective.
Keywords: Calotropis procera; Hepatoprotective; isoniazid; rifampicin

High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting of Ethnopharmacological Important Seeds of Wrightia tinctoria - Rajani Srivastava; Alok Mukerjee; Amita Verma (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction:Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. belongs to family Apocynaceae commonly called as sweet Indrajao, Pala indigo plant, Dyer’s Oleander. “Jaundice curative tree” in south India. Materials and Methods: A method has been developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria for high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting analysis for identification and quantification of the marker compound. Result: The satisfactory resolution was obtained in the solvent system toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (8:2) for petroleum ether extract, toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (7:3) for chloroform extract and toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid v/v (7:3:0.1) for alcoholic extract. Conclusion: The HPTLC fingerprinting profile developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria will help in proper identification and quantification of the marker compound. Key words: High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting, Wrightia tinctoria, petether extract, chloroform extract, alcoholic extract.
Keywords: Alcoholic extract; chloroform extract; High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting; petether extract; Wrightia tinctoria

Hydrodistilled volatile constituents obtained from the roots of Operculina turpethum - Azadeh Hamedi,; Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh; Samaneh Rivaz (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Operculina turpethum (basionym: Convolvulus turpethum L.; homotypic synonym:Ipomoea turpethum L., Merremia turpethum L.) is a perennial climber from Convolvulaceae. The plant roots, which are called Turbad in Persian folk medicine, are a strong purgative and have also been used for phlegmatic disorders, burns, fevers, jaundice, cough, uterine problems, joints and muscles pain, paralysis and sciatica.[1] The plant has a wide range of applications in Ayurvedic formulations. Extracts of Turbad exhibited antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, immunodulatory and antiedema activities.[2] read more..,
Keywords: Operculina turpethum

Immunomodulatory Effect of Water Soluble Polysaccharides Isolated from Metroxylon sagu in Animal Models of Immunosuppression - Sireesha Pulla; Nagarjuna Sannithi; Siva Reddy Challa (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of water soluble polysaccharides isolated from Metroxylon sagu (PSMS) by dilute acid extraction, ethanol precipitation in rats by using three different in-vivo experimental models of immunosuppression. Methodology: Three models of immunosuppression include metronidazole (MTZ) induced immunosuppression, pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and Ethanol-induced immunosuppression. Immunological indices like humoral antibody titer values, cellular immune response, percent change in phagocytosis, serum immunoglobulins were estimated. Histopathology of spleen was done in all control and treated groups. The doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg of PSMS were administered orally to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Results: Though PSMS was demonstrated to have immunostimulatory activity in almost all three models of immunosuppression, PSMS was found to be more effi cacious against ethanol-induced immunosuppression when compared with pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and MTZ induced immunosuppression. However, dose-dependent improvement in immunological indices was evident in all three models. Conclusion: In summary, water soluble polysaccharides isolated from M. sagu stimulate the immunity in the animal models of immunosuppression. Key words: Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, oxidative stress, polysaccharides.
Keywords: Immunomodulation; immunosuppression; Metroxylon sagu; Oxidative stress; Polysaccharides

The In-Vitro Toxic Effect of The Glycoalkaloids for Some Solanum Species Against The LIM-1863 Cell Line - Ahmad Sammani; Esam Shammaa; Fawaz Chehna; Abdulkader Rahmo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background The LIM-1863 Cell Line is one of the colon cancer types considered to be responsible for a high rate of deaths, and the glycoalkaloids being natural substances existing in the Solanum species have anticancer effects. Objective This research aims at studying the effect of the glycoalkaloids on viability of the LIM-1863 cancerous cells in-vitro. Materials and Methods The glycoalkaloids in this study are extracted by the ultrasonic waves technique and detecting them by the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) in addition to incubating of the LIM-1863 cells with different concentrations of the glycoalkaloids for 48 hours and then assessing of the cell viability using the MTT assay. Results The findings showed that the glycoalkaloids have a toxic effect on the LIM-1863 cells and that half of the inhibiting concentration (IC50) of the Solanum fruits extract: (Solanum nigrum L.), (Solanum villosum Mill.) and (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) on the LIM-1863 cells have the (164.7, 35.91 and 12.14 μg/ml) values successively. Conclusion The observations indicated that the glycoalkaloids are able to inhibit the colon cancer cell proliferation. Key words:Solanum, Glycoalkaloids, TLC, LIM-1863, Viability, MTT.
Keywords: Glycoalkaloids; LIM-1863; MTT; Solanum; Viability

Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi in the medicinal plant Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae) - Fernanda P.C. Ribeiro; Hélio M Kamida; Paulo R.M. Almeida; Ana P.T. Uetanabaro; Larissa C.B. Costa; Alexsandro Branco (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
The Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant used to treat respiratory tract diseases.It is produced on a large scale for phytotherapic formulation. No studies on the endophytes of Mikania laevigata have been described in the literature. The endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of M. laevigata cultivated in a floral garden located in the south region of the Bahia state, Brazil, were investigated. After surface disinfection, the performing the isolation procedure, a total of forty endophytic fungi were obtained and grouped into different morphospecies. The fungi were characterized by molecular sequencing the ITS rDNA regions, and they were identified by comparing the results published Gen Bank sequences.The phylogenetic analyses revealed four major clades of fungi from the sequenced ITS-rDNA regions: Nodulisporium sp. (3 isolates), Hypoxylon sp.(3 isolates), Daldinia sp. (1isolate) and Xylaria luteo stromata (aunique isolate).The Xylariaceae Genus was the dominant group of fungi associated with Mikania laevigata. Key words:  Mikania laevigata, Asteraceae, Xylariaceae, Endophytic fungi.
Keywords: Asteraceae; Endophytic fungi; Mikania laevigata; Xylariaceae

Isolation of Phytochemicals From Anticancer Active Extracts of Syzygium alternifolium Walp. Leaf - B. Komuraiah; Srinivas Chinde; A. Niranjana Kumar; K.V.N. Satya Srinivas; Ch. Venu; J. Kotesh Kumar; K.P. Sastry; Paramjit Grover (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate the phyto molecules from the leaf of endemic medicinal pant, Syzygium alternifolium. The phytochemical investigation of the leaf of the plant yielded a flavonoid Eucalyptin 1 and a triterpinoid Epibetulinic acid 2 in pure state. Results: The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 µg/ml) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2. Conclusion: The hexane extract of leaves of S. alternifolium yielded compounds 1 and 2 and the structure elucidation, based on spectroscopy, revealed them as Eucalyptin and Epibetulinic acid respectively. The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 mg/mL) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2. Key Words: Syzygium alternifolium, Myrtaceae, Eucalyptin, Epibetulinic acid, anticancer activity.
Keywords: Anticancer activity; Epibetulinic acid; Eucalyptin; Myrtaceae; Syzygium alternifolium

Morphological and Anatomical Investigations of Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston - Francina Cecilia Kalaimaran,; Ravindhran Ramalingam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background:Ecbolium viride commonly known as green shrimp is a medicinal plant that grows well in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. International criteria for validation and standardization of herbal product as phytomedicine include the integration of microscopic characteristics of herbal drug to guarantee its authenticity. Objective: The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the macroscopic and microscopic characters of the leaves and roots of E. viride, used in traditional medicine for treating jaundice. Methods: Leaf and root sections of E. viride were sectioned with rotary microtome and microscopical features were examined using bright field microscope. Results: Anatomical characteristics such as crystal distribution in leaf, secondary xylem and vessel elements in root, glandular and non-glandular trichome in powder microscopy are some of the unique features of the plant with taxonomic value. The most distinguishing anatomical feature of this plant is the presence of cystolith calcium carbonate crystals. Conclusion: Morphological and anatomical parameters presented in this paper would serve as a useful gauge in ensuring quality formulations of drug preparation and in determining the genuineness of the drug. Key words:Acanthaceae, Cystolith, Ecbolium viride, Leaf microscopy, Trichome.
Keywords: Acanthaceae; Cystolith; Ecbolium viride; Leaf microscopy; Trichome.

Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies on Flowers of Aerva lanata [L.] Juss. ex. Schult - Netala Silvia; C. H. Rajeswari; D. Mounica; R. Manasa; D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background:Aerva lanata is an interesting plant used in traditional medicine for many years and used for the treatment of bladder and kidney stones. Objective: The aim was to study detailed pharmacognostic profi le of an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine, A. lanata (amaranthaceae). Materials and Methods: Flower samples of A. lanata were studied by macroscopical, microscopical characters. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and fl uorescence analysis of powder of the plant was performed according to the methods of standardization recommended by World Health Organization. Results: Macroscopically flowers are small, actinomorphic, and solitary or aggregated in cymes. Microscopically ovary was found to be bicarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular, superior; ovules one to many and campylotropous type. Powder microscopy of fl ower revealed the presence of epidermis with stomata and covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and oil globules. The investigations also included fl uorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash sulfated ash and water soluble ash; moisture content values were found to be 12.66%, 1.64%, 9.12%, 4.52%, 12%, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, fl avonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The results of the present study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identifi cation of this plant material in future investigations and applications. Key words:Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, microscopic, physiochemical, phytochemical.
Keywords: Aerva lanata; fl uorescence; Microscopic; physiochemical; Phytochemical

Pharmacognostic evaluation and chrysazin quantitation of Xyris indica flowering heads - Chuanchom Khuniad; Worathat Thitikornpong; Chanida Palanuvej; Nijsiri Ruangrungsi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objectives: The present study aimed to establish quality specification of Xyris indica L. flowering heads. The pharmacognostic parameters were investigated. Chrysazin contents were analyzed by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software compared to TLC-densitometry. Methods: X. indica flowering heads from 15 different sources in Thailand were collected. Morphological and physicochemical parameters were characterized. Chrysazin was successively extracted and determined by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software and TLC-densitometry. Results: Macroscopic study was illustrated as whole plant drawing. The microscopic study showed fragment of corolla, seeds, pollen grain and staminode. The pharmacognostic parameters revealed that the loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water content should be not more than 6.90, 2.50, 0.41, and 11.12 of % dry weight respectively while water and ethanol-soluble extractive values should be not less than 6.59 and 4.03 of % dry weight respectively. TLC fingerprint revealed clearly chrysazin yellow fluorescent band at 365 nm. Chrysazin quantitation by TLC image analysis and TLC densitometry were developed and validated. Chrysazin content was 0.022 ± 0.001 % dry weight by both methods. There was no statistically significantly difference between these methods. Conclusion: This study provided pharmacognostic specification and chrysazin content of X. indica flowering heads that can be used for basic quality control and standardization of plant material. TLC image analysis using ImageJ software showed reliable and convenient for analysis of chrysazin content in this crude drug. Key words: Xyris indica, Pharmacognostic specification, Chrysazin, Quantitative analysis, Antimicrobial activities
Keywords: Antimicrobial activities; Chrysazin; Pharmacognostic specification; Quantitative analysis; Xyris indica

Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaf and Fruit of Capsicum frutescens (Solanaceae) - Shruti V. Hegde,; Ganesh R. Hegde,; Gangadhar S. Mulgund,; Vinayak Upadhya (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Introduction: Capsicum frutescens is a well known spice. Leaves and fruits of the species are used in Ayurveda, Unani and Traditional system of medicines to cure various disorders. Therefore the study was aimed to investigate pharmacognostic parameters of C. frutescens leaf and fruit. Methods: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of morphological, microscopic characters and physicochemical parameters of C. frutescens samples using standard methods. Results: Smaller fruit size and color of C. frutescens was the distinguishing morphological character observed in the present study. The detailed microscopy of leaf confirmed the presence of rod shaped calcium oxalate crystals, oleoresin cells, pitted parenchyma and fruits with specified oleoresin, sclereid and stone cells with unicellular trichomes on persistent calyx. Physicochemical parameters like ash values, extractive values and nutritive values were determined. Fluorescence analysis of both leaf and fruit powder was determined using organic and inorganic solvents. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, carbohydrates and proteins. Conclusion: Observed pharmacognostic characters in this study may help in identification and standardization of C. frutescens leaf and fruit. Key words: African chili, Powder microscopy, Physico-chemical analysis, Thin layer chromatography.
Keywords: African chili; Physico-chemical analysis; Powder microscopy; Thin layer Chromatography

Pharmacognostic Investigation of Cynodon dactylon Pers Roots - Sumit R Deore,; Ajay G Namdeo (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background:Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. family (Graminae/poaceae) occupies its unique place and key position in ethnomedicinal practices and traditional medical (Ayurvedic, Unani, Nepalese, and Chinese) knowledge systems but according to best of our knowledge lack is done on its standardization of the herb for its quality control and authenticity. Objective: To evaluate the morphological and microscopical characters of Cynodon dactylon Pers roots collected from Maharashtra region and its phytochemical and physicochemical analysis. Methods: Microscopic, macroscopic characters and fluorescence analysis of roots samples were analyzed. The physicochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash value and extractive values of Cynodon dactylon were carried out. Results: The detailed microscopy revealed the presence wide cortex, intact epidermis, wide circular metaxylem and parenchymatous cells loaded with starch grain. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phenols and tannins. Conclusion: This is first report on the pharmacognostic studies of Cynodon dactylon and is helpful in laying down identification, standardization and pharmacopeial standards.
Keywords: Cynodon dactylon

Pharmacognostic Investigation of Valeriana hardwickii Wall. A Threatened Herb - Anant V. Bhandarkar; S. Shashidhara; M. Deepak (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Aim:Valeriana hardwickii Wall. belongs to family Valerianaceae grown in high altitude areas of north west Himalaya to Bhutan. Traditionally, the roots of the plant are used to treat insomnia; however, no reports are available regarding any pharmacognostic work on this plant. Material and Methods: The study includes morphological, microscopic and preliminary phytochemical investigations of the roots and rhizome. Anatomical studies of roots and rhizome shows the presence of diagnostic characters such as thick walled cortex cells, annular xylem fi ber, pitted xylem vessel and rhizome hair. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of petroleum ether, dichlomethane and aqueous extract revealed the presence of tritepenoids, alkaloids, irridoidal glycosides and fl avanoids. The study was carried out as per WHO guidelines. Conclusion: The outcome of this work will help the researchers to differentiate V. hardwickii from the other species of valerian. Key words: Pharmacognostic investigation, phytochemical screening, valerianaceae, Valeriana hardwickii Wall.
Keywords: Pharmacognostic investigation; Phytochemical screening; Valeriana hardwickii Wall; valerianaceae

Pharmacognostic investigations of the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum Asch. and radical-scavenging activities of five flavonoids isolated from methanol extract of the plant - Zlatina Kokanova-Nedialkova; Paraskev T. Nedialkov; Stefan D. Nikolov (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background: Chenopodium foliosum Asch. also known in Bulgarian folk medicine as “garliche” or “svinski yagodi” (swine’s berries) has been used as a decoct of aerial parts for treatment of cancer, as antioxidant and immunostimulant. This study was undertaken to investigate its phytochemical, physicochemical and radicalscavenging activities of the aerial parts of the plant. Materials and Methods: Physico-chemical parameters: moisture content, foaming index, total ash, dichloromethane, alcohol and water soluble extractive, pleliminary phytochemical screening and TLC finger print profile were determined. Three new flavonol glycosides, 3-O-ß-gentiobiosides of 6-methoxykaempferol andg omphrenol and a new gomphrenol trioside as well as the known 3-O-ß-gentiobiosides of patuletin and spinacetin, previously isolated from the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum> Asch</em., were analyzed for radical-scavenging activity using DPPH-, ABTS- free radicals. Results: The results of physico-chemical parameters showed moisture content- 6.05%, foaming index-250, total ash- 12.19% and dichloromethane, alcohol and water soluble extractive respectively 2.52%, 13.20% and 12.01%. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the aerial parts of C. foliosum reveals the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins and alkaloids/ amines. Patuletine-3-O-gentiobioside showed the highest DPPH (95.03 ± 0.09) and ABTS (87.20 ± 0.13) activity, compared to Vit C. 6-Methoxykaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside showed significant ABTS (81.09 ± 0.06) activity, but DPPH activity was lacking. The other flavonoids showed low DPPH activity, but moderate ABTS activity compared with BHT. Conclusion: The results of this study could be useful for correct identification of the plant and further standardization. In addition this study suggesting that the decoction prepared from C. foliosum could be a potential source of nutraceuticals with radical-scavenging activity. Key words:Chenopodium, phytochemical investigations, flavonoids, DPPH, ABTS.
Keywords: ABTS; Chenopodium; DPPH; Flavonoids; phytochemical investigations

Pharmacognostic studies of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) standley fruits - C.V. Panchal,; Jyotiram A. Sawale,; B. N. Poul,; Khandelwal, K. R. (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background: Lagenaria siceraria (LS) fruits belonging to Cucurbitaceae family is widely used in Indian traditional medicine for its various medicinal values. As per best of our knowledge there were no pharmacognostical reports, specifically to determine anatomical and other physicochemical standards required for its standardization. Material and Methods: In this study various standardization parameters like macroscopic and microscopic studies, physico-chemical constants, extractive values and preliminary phytochemical screening were studied and reported. Results: Different standardization parameters were reported, which would be of immense use to identify and establish the authenticity of the plant. Conclusion: Preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of Lagenaria siceraria fruits can give some useful information, which will be further used for standardization. Key words: Pharmacognostic, Bhopla, Cucurbitaceae, standardization, Lagenaria siceraria.
Keywords: Bhopla; Cucurbitaceae; Lagenaria siceraria; Pharmacognostic; standardization

Pharmacognostic study and physicochemical analysis of leaves of Terminalia arjuna - Dishant Desai; Sumitra Chanda (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: The aim of present study was to carry out Pharmacognostic and physicochemical analysis of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt. and Arn. (family;Combretaceae) leaf. Method: The present study deals with pharmacognostic characters as identification parameters of the leaves which were subjected to macro and microscopic studies. Phyto- physicochemical studies were done by using WHO recommended parameters and fluorescent behaviour of the leaf sample was also tested. Results: The microscopy study revealed the presence of anomocytic stomata, trichome, xylem fibres, calcium oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. Macroscopic study show alternate thick-coriaceous base obtuse-subcordate while margin was crenate-serrate, obtuse or sub acute at apex. Physiochemical parameters such as ash values, loss on drying, extractive values, fluorescence analysis were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Conclusions: The microscopic and physiochemical analysis of the T. arjuna leaf is useful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification. Key words: Terminalia arjuna, pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical, leaf
Keywords: Leaf; Pharmacognostic; Physicochemical; Phytochemical; Terminalia arjuna.

Pharmacognostic study of root of Combretum albidum G. Don - Ashish S. Zalke; B. Duraiswamy; Upendra B. Gandagule (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background:Combretum albidum G. Don commonly known as Buffalo calf. The C. albidum is used for diverse health ailments in traditional and folklore remedies. Objective: The present study was undertaken to lay down pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for Combretum albidum G. Don. Material and Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash, moisture content, extractive values are determined as per WHO guidelines. The microscopical features of root components are observed with Nikon labphoto 2 microscopic unit. Results: The morphologically, root are pale brown colored, cylindrical with slightly bitter in taste and agreeable odour. Distinguishingly roots showed root scares, rootlet and fibrous fracture. Microscopy of root consists of thick epidermis, periderm, and cortex with sclerenchyma cells. Vascular cylinder includes thin phloem and thick, solid and dense xylem cylinder. The prismatic calcium oxalates were observed. Powder microscopy of root revealed that fibres were fairly wide and densely packed with starch grains. The fluorescence and physicochemical standards for root were established. Phytochemically root showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, phytosterols and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: There is no pharmacognostic and phytochemical reports on C. albidum to authenticate and differentiate them from similar species. Therefore, present work was undertaken and established the pharmacognostic and phytochemical characteristics of C. albidum and diagnostic features to differentiate it. Key words: Combretum albidum, Microscopy, Macroscopy, Phytochemical, Fluorescence analysis.
Keywords: Combretum albidum; Fluorescence analysis; Macroscopy; microscopy; Phytochemical

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.: A potent medicinal herb of North–Eastern India and China - Manish Kumar,; Satyendra K. Prasad,; Damiki Laloo,; Apurva Joshi,; Siva Hemalatha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Aim:Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) is one of the perennial herb indigenous to North-East India and China. Despite the popular utilization of this herb as medicine, still no study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to scientifically establish a standard monograph on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The quality control standardization of H. cordata was done as per the methods described in the World Health Organization guidelines (2002). Results: The diagnostic characters of the H. Cordata leaf and rhizome portion were evaluated based on the macroscopical and microscopical characters. Determination of various physicochemical parameters such as water soluble ash (1.12% w/w), acid insoluble ash (4.02% w/w), sulphated ash (3.15% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (12.8% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.9% w/w), loss on drying (3.42% w/w) and crude fibres content (13.10% w/w) was ascertained. Heavy metal, microbial load, fluorescence drug analysis, and preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions were also carried out. Total phenols (45.74 mg/g tannic acid equivalent, TAE), tannins (33.29mg/g TAE), flavonoids (104.55 mg/g rutin equivalent, RE), and flavonols (17.16mg/g RE) were quantified from the ethanolic extract of the whole plant. Quantification of quercetin in the ethanolic extract was assessed by HPTLC analysis and was found to contain 4.39%, w/w. Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards will provide referential information for correct identification and standardization of this medicinal plant. Key Words: Houttuynia cordata, pharmacognosy, quercetin, HPTL.
Keywords: Houttuynia cordata; HPTLC; Pharmacognosy; Quercetin

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of the roots of Potentilla mooniana Wight - Damiki Laloo,; Satyendra K. Prasad,; Manish Kumar,; Siva Hemalatha (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background:Potentilla mooniana Wight. (PM) (Family: Rosaceae) is a plant commonly grown at the higher altitudes (1500–3660 meter) of the lower Asian continent and is traditionally used to treat gastric and mouth disorders. The present study was aimed to scientifically develop a standard monograph for PM on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: Pharmacognostically the roots were analyzed following the standard parameters prescribed under WHO guidelines and Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Results: Morphologically, the roots are cylindrical, dark brown and astringent to bitter in taste. Histologically, the root section showed the formation of secondary growth with wood formation and central lignified xylem vessels. Physicochemical standards quantified includes foreign organic matter (1.20% w/w), loss on drying (9.66% w/w), total ash (12.65% w/w), acid insoluble ash (4.65% w/w), water soluble ash (0.5% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (21.3% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.6% w/w), foaming index (142.85), swelling index (6.5), haemolytic index (37.77). Quantification of pesticide residue content and heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg was analyzed and were found to be present within the permissible limits. Powdered drug showed the presence of lignified xylem vessels with scalariform and spiral thickenings, tracheids, starch grains and fibres. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, sugars, and amino acids. Quantification of phytoconstituents were also investigated such as phenolics (84.15mg/g tannic acid equivalent, TAE), tannins (65.31mg/g TAE), flavonoids (9.53mg/g rutin equivalent, RE), flavonols (2.01mg/g RE), saponins (20.75mg/g diosgenin equivalent, DE), sapogenins (15.4mg/g DE) and carbohydrates (56.8mg/g D–fructose equivalent). TLC of the root extract was also analyzed in the present study. Conclusion: In conclusion, the diagnostic characters obtained from the roots of P. mooniana will provide beneficial information in identifying and comparing this plant from other closely related Potentilla species. Key words:Potentilla mooniana, Pharmacognosy, phytochemical, polyphenolics, heavy metal.
Keywords: Heavy metals; Pharmacognosy; Phytochemical; Polyphenolics; Potentilla mooniana

Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Stem Bark of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb - Vaibhav Srivastava; Subodh Dubey; Varun Chaddha; Gaurav Goyanar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
The present study was aimed for Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies of stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb belonging to the family Simarubaceae. The pharmacognostic investigation was carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic parameters. The extract obtained after successive Soxhlet extraction of dried and coarsely powdered stem bark using Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, phytosterols and triterpenenoids. The present investigation reflects the structural identity and chemical nature of the crude drug which could be useful in laying down pharmacopoeial standards as standardization is an important aspect in assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. Key words:Ailanthus excelsa roxb , pharmacognostic, phytochemical, structural identity
Keywords: Ailanthus excelsa roxb; Pharmacognostic; Phytochemical; structural identity.

Pharmacognostical Studies of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. - Sharma Abhishek J.; Chandra Naresh (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Context:Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. widely used in traditional as well as folk medicinal systems is locally known as Panphuti. Traditionally it is used for the treatment of kidney stones, urinary tract infection, burns and diarrhoea. Aims: In the present study, pharmacognostic studies of root, stem and leaf of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. is carried out in order to standardize the plant for its phytochemical, phyiso-chemical and pharmacognostical. Methods and Material: For standardization of plant material morphological and anatomical characterization was carried out. Physico-chemical parameters viz. ash content, extractive values, heavy metal content was carried out as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Phytochemical investigations were made to know the presence of various bioactive molecules, amino acid composition. Results: Intrastelar and extrastelar secondary growth with wood and periderm formation along with deposition of starch grains were observed in pith region of root and cortical region of stem. Calcium oxalate crystals were also present in the cortical region of the stem. Leaf lamina showed spongy parenchyma in mesophyll region and anisocytic type of stomata. Anthocyanin pigment was present below epidermal cells in petiole. Physico- chemical results can be serves as quality control data. Quantitatively carbohydrate, protein, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins and pro-antocyanidins were found to be present in root, stem and leaf part of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz. Conclusion: The results of the study could be useful in setting some diagnostic indices for the identification and preparation of a monograph of the plant. Key words:Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz., Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Physico-chemical.
Keywords: Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Kurz; Pharmacognosy; Physico-chemical.; Phytochemical.

Pharmacognostical studies on stem bark of Canarium strictum Roxb - Ragunathan Muthuswamy,; R. Senthamarai (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Aim & Background: Resin of Canarium strictum Roxb., is an imperative commodity in traditional medicine in South and South East Asia. The current study aims to establish the quality control parameters for the bark as it secreted more useful resin. Methods: Anatomical studies and physiochemical evaluation of the bark was carried out according to the standard procedure was given in WHO/QCMMP guidelines and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The anatomical studies of tissues were taken as photographs with different magnifications by using Nikon lab photo 2 microscopic Unit. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The different cell components were studied and measured quantitatively. The calcium oxalate prismatic crystals were estimated about 10×10 or 10×5μm in size. The sclereids were very long of unlimited length and 10μm in thickness. The long narrow lignified fibers has been found and estimated about 210–260μm long and about 10μm thick. The height of the ray is up to 350μm in height and 60μm in breadth. The physiochemical parameters such as total ash and acid insoluble ash (5.52% w/w, 2.66% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 4.55% w/w and alcoholic 6.05% w/w), foreign organic matter (2.4%) and loss on drying (7.09% w/w) were also estimated. An elemental analysis result shows the quantity of elements (μg/g) were present in the bark powder. Among the elements Mn-73.6, Cu-65.4, Cr-49.5 were major contents, while Pd-25.6 and Zn-35.4 were the minor contents. Conclusion: The current study report will be unique finger print for microscopical evaluation of bark of this tree and also used to differentiate the plant species among Canarium L. Key words: Burseraceae, Western Ghats, Quality control, Siddha medicine, Black dammer, Rheumatism.
Keywords: Black dammer; Burseraceae; Quality control; Rheumatism; Siddha medicine; Western Ghats

Pharmacognostical studies on the fruit of Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn. - Ragunathan Muthuswamy,; Senthamarai R (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir, Synonym: Elaeocarpus oblongus auct. non Gaertn. Elaeocarpaceae, is a tree, found throughout Western Ghats, South India. The present study indented to establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical quality control parameters of E.oblongus fruits to avoid confusion in taxonomic identification. Physicochemical evaluation of fruit was carried out according to the guidelines of WHO/QCMMP and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Non glandular unicellular trichomes found to be distinguished character of powder analysis. It was quantified to be 700 μm long and 400 μm thick at the base. Lerachysclereids were found plenty in powder. The rosettes type of calcium oxalate crystals were 15 μm in diameter. Cells of the endosperm showing darkly stained globular bodies and the cotyledon is 170 μm thick. Physio-chemical parameters such as total ash and acid-insoluble ash (2.66% w/w, 0.66% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 31.068% w/w and alcoholic 30.94% w/w), foreign organic matter (0.5% w/w) and loss on drying (12% w/w) were estimated. Qualitative analysis showed the presence of Fructose, Glucose, Flavanoids and Tannins and Sterols and Phenolic compounds and fatty acids in the fruit. The quantity of elements (μg/g) in the fruit pulp powder was estimated by elemental analysis. The result shows Mn-53.5 and Zn – 46.2 were the major contents. While Pd- 14.3, Cu- 7.5 and Cr- 4.9 were minor the contents. This study provided the pharmacognostical profile used to differentiate the other similar looking fruit from other ones of this genus. Key words: Western Ghats, Budagas, Ooty, Quality control, Elaeocarpaceae, Edible fruit.
Keywords: Budagas; Edible fruit; Elaeocarpaceae; Ooty; Quality control; Western Ghats

Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Analysis of Brassica juncea Seeds - Harita Parikh; Aparna Khanna (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction:Brassica juncea is an economically important plant that has been well-known in India for centuries for its medicinal and nutritive values. The broad spectrum of beneficial effects of the seeds perceived with this plant warrants further exploration of B. juncea seeds as a potential source for obtaining pharmacologically standardized phytotherapeutics, which could be potentially useful. The objective of the present study was to perform the pharmacognosy of mustards seeds inclusive of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis, fingerprinting by infrared spectroscopy and high performance thin layer chromatography analysis and toxicity assessment in vitro. Methods: Different sections of seeds were taken and stained with 0.1% phloroglucinol for microscopic examination. The seeds were extracted by 80% alcohol on a rotary shaker to perform phytochemical analysis and fingerprinting. The toxicity assessment of this extract was performed on human dermal fibroblast cells. Results: Microscopic examination of seeds showed characteristic features of mustard seeds. The extraction of these seeds by 20% alcohol resulted in IC50 value of 103 ± 3 μg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl radical scavenging assay. The fingerprinting analysis of this extract indicated probable presence of sinigrin, quercetin, vanillin, catechin, vitamin E and sulfur-containing compounds. This extract exhibited 50% toxicity (IC50) at 1.79 mg/mL. Conclusion: The result achieved will be used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of seed extracts for future pharmacological evaluations. Key words: Antioxidant, cytotoxicity, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high performance thin layer chromatography, microscopy, phenolics.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Cytotoxicity; Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy; High performance Thin layer Chromatography; microscopy; Phenolics

Pharmacokinetic study of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin after oral administration to rats - Madhukiran Parvathaneni,; Ganga Rao Battu,; Ravikumar Jangiti,; Keerthana Diyya (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: The present study was carried out to develop a sensitive and cost effective HPLC method for the determination of bioactive lignans (phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin) and its application in a pharmacokinetic study. Methods: Identification of lignan compounds on C–18 column was monitored at a range of 199–400nm using photodiode array detector (PDA) with methanol-water (66:34, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1ml/min. Carbamazepine was used as internal standard. Results: From the developed method LOD and LOQ values were found to be 56.14ng/ml and 169.99ng/ml for phyllanthin, and 56.04ng/ml and 169.82ng/ml for hypophyllanthin. The validated RP–HPLC method herein was applied for pharmacokinetic studies and Cmax (ng/ml) values for administered three oral doses (2.5, 5 and 10mg/kg) of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin were 0.28±0.06, 0.53±0.16, 0.98±0.22 and 0.68±0.76, 1.35±0.23, 2.45±0.33, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, developed HPLC–PDA method effectively determined the phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin in various solvent and plasma samples. This method was successfully applied in conducting their oral pharmacokinetic studies. Key words:Phyllanthus amarus, phyllanthin, hypophyllanthin, HPLC–PDA, pharmacokinetics.
Keywords: HPLC–PDA; hypophyllanthin; Pharmacokinetics; Phyllanthin; Phyllanthus amarus

Pharmacological Evaluation of Cucumber for Cognition Enhancing Effect on Brain of Mice - Manish Kumar,; Milind Parle (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Introduction: Cucumber is fruit of Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. which has been used traditionally in gastrointestinal problems, skin problems and as coolant in salad for body and brain. Cucumber is a great folk medicine used to reduce heat and inflammation. Cognitive effects of cucumber are assessed in this study. Methods: Fresh fruits of Cucumis sativus L. were ground and a paste was prepared which consisted of different concentrations of cucumber (10, 20, 30 % w/w). The three doses were given ad libitum to mice for 15 successive days. Animal models utilized were sodium nitrite induced hypoxia and object recognition task. Biochemical analysis employed estimation of acetylcholinesterase activity in brain, serum glucose levels, cholesterol levels, brain lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels and reduced glutathione levels in brain of mice. Results: 6g/kg and 9g/kg doses of cucumber significantly (P< 0.05, P< 0.01) increased frequency of entry, number of entry and duration of entry in small compartment in sodium nitrite induced hypoxia model and depicted significantly (P< 0.05, P< 0.001) enhanced exploratory activity in object recognition task model. Further, biochemical analysis indicated good potential of cucumber in cognition enhancement. 9 g/kg dose (P< 0.001) reduced brain AchE activity along with blood glucose and serum cholesterol levels. 6 g/kg dose (P< 0.01) replenished brain GSH levels and reduced lipid peroxides. Conclusion: Cucumber increased cognition in rodents. Key words: Hypoxia, object recognition task, acetylcholinesterase, glucose, cholesterol, dementia.
Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Cholesterol; Dementia; Glucose; Hypoxia; object recognition task

Physico Chemical Characterization and Anti Inflammatory Activity of Stem Extracts Of Berberis aristata DC and Cosinium fenestratum Linn in Carrageenan Induced Wistar Rats - S.Tamilselvi; Padma Venkatasubramanian; N.S. Vasanthi (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
An initial study on the physico-chemical properties of Berberis aristata and Cosinium fenestratum, both used as Daruharidra by the Ayurvedic drug industry, recorded all the tested parameters within the limits of Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India. Also, analysis of secondary metabolite of the plants was carried out focusing on the presence and quantification of berberine in the samples. Further, the potential difference in the anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous and methanolic stem extracts of the two species was compared using carrageenan induced Wistar rats model. At a dose of 25 mg/kg, the aqueous and methanolic crude extracts of both the plant species showed significant inhibition of rat paw edema at various time intervals viz.,0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes as against the control standard drug indomethacin (p<0.01, p<0.001). Key words: antiinflammation, Berberine, Berberis aristata, Cosinium fenestratum, Physico-chemical analysis.
Keywords: Antiinflammation; Berberine; Berberis aristata; Cosinium fenestratum; Physico-chemical analysis

Phytochemical Investigation, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activities of Rhizomes of Euphorbia Fusiformis - Ponnam Devendar; K.V.N. Satya Srinivas; J. Kotesh Kumar; T. Sandeep Kumar; Savita Bhagel; K.P. Sastry (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: Isolation of compounds from Euphorbia fusiformis rhizomes and evaluation of extracts and each isolates for its antioxidant and antifungal activities. Results: Five compounds were isolated including Euphol 1, β-Sitosterol 2, Caudicifolin 3, Scoparone 4 and Scopoletin 5. The occurrence of the compounds 2, 4 and 5 in the herb reported here for the first time. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant activity (IC50 = 2.781 mg/ml) and its yielded compound 3 showed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 = 3.25 mg/ml) using DPPH method. The ethyl acetate extract showed better antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Conclusion: Compounds 2, 4, 5 were isolated first time from this plant. The ethyl acetate extract showed significant antioxidant and antifungal activity against A. nigar and C. Albicans. Thus, this study concludes by demonstrating the isolation, characterization, antioxidant and antifungal properties of E. fusiformis, which may have further therapeutic value. Key Words:Euphorbia fusiformis, coumarins, antioxidant activity, antifungal activity.
Keywords: Antifungal activity; antioxidant activity; Coumarins; Euphorbia fusiformis

Portulaca oleracea extract increases lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase and paraoxonase 1 activities and enhances reverse cholesterol transport in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat - Guenzet Akila,; Krouf Djamil,; Berzou Saadia (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Background: Plant extracts are generally assumed to be more acceptable and less hazardous than synthetic compounds and could be alternative antidiabetic treatments. Portula caoleracea has been used as one of the traditional edible and medicinal plant in Algeria to treat diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of lyophilized aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea on high-density lipoproteins composition, paraoxonase (PON1) and lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Methods: Diabetes was induced intraperitonially by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (60mg/kg bw). Twelve diabetic rats, weighing 263±5g, were divided into two groups fed a casein diet supplemented or not with Portulaca oleracea extract (1g/kg bw), for 4 weeks. Results: At d28, in Portulaca oleracea treated vs untreated diabetic group, glycemia, serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerols (TG) and phospholipids (PL) concentrations were decreased significantly (p<0.05). The hypolipidemic effect induced by Portulaca oleracea extract was due to the reduction of total cholesterol (TC) in LDL-HDL1 (-51%) and C-HDL3 (-21%). Portulaca oleracea treatment improved PON1 and LCAT activities by 48%. HDL3-UC (acyl group acceptor) and -PL (enzyme substrate) were diminished respectively by 47% and 82%, whereas HDL2-CE concentrations (product of LCAT reaction) were increased by 44%. Moreover, HDL-C levels were found to be positively correlated with PON1 activity (r=0.96, p<0.05). Serum, LDL-HDL1, HDL2 and HDL3 TBARS levels were respectively, 2.9-, 2.6-, 2.4- and 2.8-fold lower in Portulaca oleracea treated than untreated diabetic groups. Conclusion: These findings reflect the potential antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic of Portulaca oleracea extract, in STZ-induced diabetic rat. Moreover, Portulaca oleracea extract restores PON1 and ameliorates the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) by enhancing LCAT activity, therefore could prevent many diabetic complications by reducing dyslipidemia and oxidative damage. Key words: Rats, Streptozotocin, Portulaca oleracea, Cholesterol, PON1, LCAT, apo A-I, lipoprotein peroxidation.
Keywords: apo A-I; Cholesterol; LCAT; lipoprotein peroxidation; PON1; Portulaca oleracea; Rats; Streptozotocin

Protective effect of cissampelos pareira linn. Extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats - D. R Ch Sekhara Reddy; G Siva Kumar; B. M. Vrushabendra Swamy; K. Phani Kumar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: To evaluate the potential nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic Cissampelos pareira (C. pareira) whole plant extract using gentamicin-induced rats. Methods: For studying acute toxicity study, single oral dose of 2g/kg hydroalcoholic extract of C. pareira was evaluated in rats by oral gavage. The nephroprotective activity was evaluated using gentamicin-induced model in rats. In-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH assay and reducing power assay. In-vivo antioxidant activity was evaluated by using glutathione and lipid peroxidation estimations in gentamicin-induced rats. Hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract was given at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. Results: For acute toxicity testing rats administered with the extract at a dose 2 g/ kg. the result showed no toxicity. Hydroalcoholic C. Pareira whole plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) significantly decrease the elevated urinary glucose levels in the urine, decrease the elevated urea and creatinine levels in blood and increase the urinary creatinine levels in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. The extract had shown significant dose dependent increase in the DPPH and reducing power activity. There were a dose dependent decreasing and increasing of lipid peroxidation, glutathione levels in hydoalcoholic extract treated groups respectively. Conclusion: This study exhibits that hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract poses nephroprotective activity which may be due to its antioxidant activity. Key words: Gentamicin, Cissampelos pareira, creatinine, urea, glucose, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, reducing power, DPPH.
Keywords: Cissampelos pareira; Creatinine; DPPH; Gentamicin; Glucose; Glutathione; Lipid peroxidation; Reducing power; urea

Protective Effects of Beetroot Extract against Phenyl Hydrazine Induced Anemia in Rats - Anupam Jaiswal; Aditya Ganeshpurkar; Ankita Awasthi; Divya Bansal; Nazneen Dubey (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Background: Anemia can be regarded as one of the oldest blood malformation known over a century. Megaloblastic anemia arises due to curtailed formation of erythrocytes, which leads to formation of a large number of underdeveloped erythrocytes. Proper nutritional supplementation may be useful in such condition. Beta vulgaris or beetroot is one of the important vegetables consumed worldwide. The aim of the present work was to evaluate anti-anemic potential of beetroot. Methods: Beetroot was extracted with ethanol. Phytochemical and phytoanalytical studies were performed on extract. Anemia was induced by phenyl-hydrazine. Animals were treated with extract throughout the study for 24 days. The red blood cell (RBC) number and hemoglobin concentration were determined every 3 days for 24 days. Results: Extract was found to be rich in folic acid, ascorbic acid, and iron. Following the induction of anemia, the number of erythrocytes and the hemoglobin concentration decreased by 62.51% and 69.64%, respectively. Administration of standard hematinic preparation and extract (200 mg/kg) resulted in signifi cant increase (P< 0.001; P< 0.01) in the number of RBCs as well as hemoglobin concentration when compared to the untreated phenyl hydrazine-induced anemic rats. Conclusion: Extract effectively raised the level of hemoglobin and erythrocyte count at dose 200 mg/kg. Vitamin and minerals found in beetroot are most likely active ingredients responsible for its hematinic effects. Still, methodical studies are obligatory to derive its effects on humans. Key words:Beta vulgaris, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, phenyl hydrazine.
Keywords: Beta vulgaris; erythrocytes; Hemoglobin; phenyl hydrazine

Protective role of Helicteres isora plant extract on plasma and tissue glycoprotein components in streptozotocin induced hyperglycemic rats - C.Elanchezhiyan; K.Kumaravel; Ahmad bhat; S.Sethupathy (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the protective role of Helicteres isora plant extract on glycoprotein metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetic rats. Helicteres isora plant extract was administered orally (200 mg/kg body weight) for 40 days to normal and diabetic rats. The effects of Helicteres isora plant extract on plasma and tissue glycoproteins (hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose) were determined. The levels of plasma glycoproteins containing hexose, hexosamine, sialic acid and fucose were significantly increased in diabetic rats when compared with normal control rats. There was a significant decrease in the level of sialic acid and elevated levels of hexose, hexosamine and fucose in the liver and kidney of STZ induced diabetic rats. On oral administration of Helicteres isora plant extract to diabetic rats showed decreased levels of plasma glycoproteins. The level of tissue sialic acid was increased whereas the levels of tissue hexose, hexosamine and fucose were reversed to near normal. The present study indicates that the Helicteres isora plant extract possesses a significant protective effect on glycoprotein metabolism in addition to its anti-diabetic effect. Key words:Helicteres isora, Diabetes, Plasma Glycoproteins, Streptozotocin.
Keywords: Diabetes; Helicteres isora; Plasma Glycoproteins; Streptozotocin

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Nyctanthes arbortristis Linn leaf extracts by HPTLC - Kayalvizhi M,; Richa Shri (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Nyctanthes arbortristis L. (Oleaceae) or “night jasmine” is cultivated for its fragrant flowers and is widely used in traditional systems of medicine as an anthelmintic, cholagogue, laxative and antimalarial. The plant has been studied pharmacognostically and certain standards are available. However there are no reports on HPTLC quality assessment of Nyctanthes arbortristis. Hence the present study involves the development of qualitative HPTLC fingerprint profile of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol extracts of leaves of N. arbortristis followed by quantitation of marker compounds â-sitosterol, â-amyrin in n-hexane extract and caffeic acid in ethyl acetate extract. The developed methods were used for comparison of plant extracts with a few commercial formulations containing N. arbortristis. These HPTLC methods can be used easily for evaluation of quality of plants collected from different sources as well as for commercial formulations containing N. arbortristis. Key words: Nyctanthes arbortristis, commercial formulations, HPTLC qualitative and quantitative evaluation.
Keywords: HPTLC qualitative and quantitative evaluation; Nyctanthes arbortristis; ommercial formulations

Role of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract on high fat diet induced hypercholesterolemia - D. Sathis Kumar,; David Banji,; A. Harani,; Ch. Pavan Kumar,; JN. Ravi Varma (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Objective: To evaluate the Antihypercholesterolemic effect of Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract by performing in vivo studies and to check out its effects by evaluating parameters like food consumption, weight gain, fecal fat excretion, serum and liver lipid &biochemical profiles. Even the study includes confirmation of activity by the histopathological studies. Methods: Animals were fed with cholesterol rich high fat diet. Food intake, Body weight and fecal fat excretion were measured. Serum and liver samples were analyzed for the estimation of lipid profiles and other biochemical parameters by using different kits. Histopathological study on liver, aorta, heart and adipose tissue was done to ensure the activity. Results: The animal group administered with methanolic extract of the plant has shown decreased levels of TC, LDL, VLDL, TG, HDL+VLDL, VLDL+LDL, LDL/TC, AI, SGOT, SGPT and elevated levels of HDL, HDL/TC in a dose dependent manner significantly (p<0.01 & p<0.05). The evaluation of liver tissue of animal groups treated with herbal extract and standard had shown increased levels of SOD, GSH and Catalase, whereas levels of SGOT, SGPT, Total glucose, HMG-CoA, lipase, amylase and percentage of monaldehyde were decreased when compared with high fat diet fed rats. Body weight and Food intake in treated groups were significantly lower than that in model control. Conclusion: It can be confered from the present studies that the Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry extract have strong activity against hypercholesterolemia and obesity suggesting a potential benefit as antihypercholesterolemic agent. key words: Boswellia ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry, High fat diet, Lipid profile, Histopathological studies.
Keywords: Boswellia Ovalifoliolata Bal. Henry; High Fat Diet; lipid profile

Screening for Antidepressant-Like Effect of Methanolic Seed Extract of Avena Sativa using Animal Models - Usha Rani K,; Maddi Ramaiah,; K Nagaphani,; V Preethi,; M Srinadh (Pharmacognosy journal, 2014)
Depression affects about up to 20% of the population across the globe.The present study was designed to screen antidepressant activity of methanolicseed extract of Avena sativa (MSEAS). An in vivo experimental methods were designed such as behavioral models like Forced swim test (FST), Tail suspension test (TST) and based on mechanism of action i.e., Antagonism of Apomorphine induced hypothermia on Swiss male albino mice. MSE AS 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o were administered daily for 7 days. Fluoxetine 25mg/kg p.o was standard antidepressant drug in behavioral models and Desipramine 20mg/kg p.o in Apomorphine induced hypothermia.The methanolicextract produces a significant antidepressant effect in both FST and TST as they reduce the immobility. It was also found, effective in antagonizing or reversing hypothermia produced by apomorphine. The Anti-depressant activity of methanolic seed extract of Avena sativa was found to be significant at low doses (100mg/kg, po). The present study clearly demonstrated that Avena sativa exerts an antidepressant effect in these two behavioral models. The flavonoid components of MSEAS might be interacting with adrenergic system in mediating the anti depressant effect of Avena sativa. Key words: Avena sativa, forced swim test, tail suspension test, Apomorphine induced hypothermia.
Keywords: Apomorphine induced hypothermia; Avena sativa; Forced swim test; Tail suspension test

Screening of Antioxidant & Antidiabetic Potential of Polyphenol rich fraction from Cichorium intybus - Rukhsana A. Rub; Areej Siddiqui; Aasmin M. Ali; Asif Shaikh; Mushtaque; Mukadam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction: Chicory(Cichoriumintybus) commonly known as kasni has health benefits such as improving liver health, digestion, boosting immune system possibly because of its water soluble dietary fibres and polyphenols. A diet rich in polyphenols and fibers helps in lowering cholesterol leading to less plaque formation, preventing blockage and risk of stroke. Owing to the fact that these polyphenols may reduce the elevated glucose the present research work was undertaken to extract the polphenols from Chicory roots and evaluate their antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. Materials and Methods: Polyphenol rich fraction of root extract was subjected to estimation of total phenolic estimation and free radical scavenging activity using various antioxidant assays. The antidiabetic potential of the polyphenol rich fraction was also estimated using Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rat model. Results: The total phenolic content of the polyphenolic fraction was found to be 30.23μg/ml. The IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assay for the polyphenolic fraction were found to be 60µg/ml and 4.2mg/ml respectively. The TEAC value was found to be 1.178 mm. Administration of polyphenol rich fraction (30 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased elevated SG from 122mg/dl to78.66mg/dl on 14th day (***p<0.001). Also a significant reduction in triglycerides (**P<0.01), total cholesterol (**P<0.01), serum LDL (**P<0.01) and serum alkaline phosphatase (**P<0.01) was observed at 30 mg/kg, p.o. However, serum HDL was found to be elevated with no change in serum insulin (*P<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the polyphenol rich fraction of Chicory roots possess a strong hypoglycemic potential probably due to their antioxidant activity. Key words: Cichoriumintybus, polyphenols, antioxidant, antidiabetic, total cholesterol.
Keywords: Antidiabetic; Antioxidant; Cichoriumintybus; Polyphenols; total cholesterol

Standardization of a polyherbal formulation (HC9) and comparative analysis of its cytotoxic activity with the individual herbs present in the composition in breast cancer cell lines - Snehal Suryavanshi,; Anand Zanwar,; Mahabaleshwar Hegde,; Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction: The present study aims to standardize a polyherbal formulation (HC9) that was previously shown to exhibit excellent antioxidant and cytotoxic activity in breast cancer cells. Here, we have compared the cytotoxic activity of HC9 with its individual components in breast cancer and non-cancerous cells. Methods: Physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluation of HC9 was performed. Qualitative and quantitative HPTLC analysis of component herbs and HC9 was done by using specific markers. The cytotoxic activity of HC9 with its individual components was evaluated in breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231) and non-cancerous cell lines (HEK-293, HaCaT and MCF-10A) by MTT dye uptake. Results: Physico-chemical results revealed that HC9 contained 7.24% total ash content, 9.52% of alcohol-soluble extractive, 0.801 specific gravity, 0.50g/ml bulk density and exhibited 7.18% loss on drying. Phytochemical results revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds, and absence of terpenoids. The individual herbs of HC9 and the formulation showed the presence of marker compounds such as picroside-I, nootkatone, 6-gingerol, matairesinol, swertiamarin, berberine, connesine and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. At 160μg/ml concentration, HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity in both MCF7 and MDA MB231 with no cytotoxicity in MCF-10A, HaCaT and HEK-293. In contrast, at this concentration, the individual herbs of HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity not only in cancerous cells, but also in non-cancerous cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that the standardized HC9 formulation was safe to non-cancerous cells and exhibited significant antineoplastic potential in breast cancer cells. Thus, HC9 could be a potential drug candidate in breast cancer. Key words: Cytotoxicity, HPTLC, physicochemical, polyherbal formulation HC9, phytochemical, standardization.
Keywords: Cytotoxicity; HPTLC; Physicochemical; Phytochemical; polyherbal formulation HC9; standardization

Sterols and triterpenes from the non-polar antitubercular fraction of Abutilon indicum - Allan Patrick G. Macabeo; Christopher A. Lee (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Introduction:Abutilon indicum Sweet (Malvaceae) is used in Filipino folk medicine as demulcent, diuretic, sedative, aphrodisiac and antidiabetic remedy. It is also effective in the treatment of leprosy. It is also used as a laxative for patients having hemorrhoids and in the treatment of coughs, puerperal disease, urinary disorders, chronic dysentery and fever. Methods: Air-dried powdered leaves of A. indicum were initially extracted with DCM-methanol (1:1) to afford a crude extract which was fractionated on a silica gel column to afford four fractions. The first fraction which showed antimycobacterial activity was further chromatographed in a silica gel column to afford bioactive fractions from which four compounds were obtained. The crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds were screened for their inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC) using the colorimetric Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) method. Results: The fractions obtained after silica gel chromatography of the crude DCMmethanol (1:1) revealed the first fraction (MIC=64 mg/mL) to exert the highest inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Further separation of this fraction afforded sub-fractions with moderately strong inhibitory activity against the test organism (MIC up to 64 mg/mL). Chromatographic purification of sub-fraction 1 afforded four compounds which were spectroscopically identified as β-amyrin 3-palmitate (1), squalene (2) and a 1:1 mixture of the sterols β-sitosterol (3) and stigmasterol (4). Evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of 1–4 showed insignificant inhibitory activity against the test organism (MIC = >128 mg/mL). Conclusion: The present results demonstrate the potential of Abutilon indicum as a plant source of compounds that may exhibit promising antituberculosis activity. While the known compounds isolated for this plant did not show antimycobacterial activity, the obtained results are considered sufficient reason for further study to isolate the metabolites from A. indicum responsible for the antitubercular activity. Key words:Abutilon indicum, Malvaceae, antitubercular, squalene, β-amyrin 3-palmitate, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol.
Keywords: Abutilon indicum; Antitubercular; Malvaceae; Squalene; Stigmasterol.; β-amyrin 3-palmitate; β-sitosterol

Study on the antioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus from the western region of Algeria - Meriem GHALEM; Salima MERGHACHE; Meriem BELARBI (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2014)
Objective: To find a new natural source of antioxidant, the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of some secondary metabolites extracted from roots of Ziziphus lotus were evaluated. Methods: The total polyphenol contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Pyrrocatechol, catechin and cyanidin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by several in vitro systems of assays, namely DPPH radical scavenging activity method, b-Carotene Bleaching assay (BCB), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay (FRA P) and Total Antioxidant capacity test (TAC). Results: The quantitative estimation showed that the roots of Z. lotus were rich in polyphenols ( 20.09 mg PE/g DW) and proanthocyannidins (1.56%) and they contained a small amount of flavonoids (0.02 mg CE/g DW). The most fractions exhibited high antioxidant activities, and some even showed higher potency than the standard synthetic antioxidants in some instances. In DPPH assay, all extracts had shown significant inhibition (58.535 – 94.730% at 1 mg/mL). In addition, the IC50 values ranged from 0.211 to 0.816 mg/mL, compared to 0.110, 0.214, 0.214 and 0.413 mg/mL for gallic acid, tannic acid, butylated-hydroxyanisol and ascorbic acid respectively. In (BCB) assay, the extracts showed strong inhibition (55.55 – 100.00% at 1 mg/mL) and the IC50 values ranging from 0.123 to 0.850 mg/mL compared to 0.433 mg/mL for gallic acid. A dose dependant curve was obtained for all extracts in the FRAP assay. However, the antioxidant potencies of ascorbic acid and extracts were comparable at low concentrations. The majority of extracts showed the highest value of antioxidant activity, based on TAC test (0.073 – 0.398 mg ascorbic acid / mg extract). Conclusion: The results indicate that Z. lotus roots could be an important sources of natural antioxidants. Key words:Ziziphus lotus, Polyphenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, b-Carotene Bleaching assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, Total Antioxidant Capacity test.
Keywords: b-Carotene Bleaching assay; DPPH radical scavenging activity assay; Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay; Polyphenol contents; Total Antioxidant Capacity test; Ziziphus lotus

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of didehydrostemofoline, stemofoline alkaloids and extracts from Stemona collinsiae Craib roots - Sumet Kongkiatpaiboon; Piyanuch Rojsanga,; Virote Pattarajinda,; Wandee Gritsanapan (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2013)
Introduction: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition is one of insect toxicity mechanisms found in many plants. Stemona collinsiae Craib, a traditional insecticidal plant, has been of interest for its AChE inhibitory activity. Methods: Powdered roots of S. collinsiae were successively extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol. The contents of major active insecticidal components, didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline alkaloids, were analyzed by HPLC. Anti-AChE activity was evaluated using Ellman’s colorimetric method and TLC-bioautography. Results: The contents of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline alkaloids in the hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extracts were 3.59 and 0.18, 40.78 and 0.74, and 1.43 and 0.09% w/w, respectively. TLC fingerprints of each extract showed major spots of didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline of which TLC bioassays indicated active AChE inhibitory activity. IC50 values on anti-AChE activities of hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts were 126.72, 73.78, and >1000 mg/ml, respectively while those of didehydrostemofoline, stemofoline, and standard galanthamine were 131.3, 102.1, and 1.30 mM, respectively. Conclusion: The AChE inhibitory activity of hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts from S. collinsiae roots and their major alkaloids, didehydrostemofoline and stemofoline, were determined. The data support the traditional utilization of this plant as a natural insecticide. Key words: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition, Didehydrostemofoline, Stemofoline, Stemona collinsiae, Stemonaceae.
Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition; Didehydrostemofoline; Stemofoline; Stemona collinsiae; Stemonaceae

Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Vitus vinifera Seed Against Breast Cancer Cells - MDA-MB-231 - Kiruthika Dhanraj; Renuka Saravanan; Sheik Abdulla Shahul Hameed; Sivakumar Ramalingam (Pharmacognosy Journal, 2012)
Objective: The aim of the present research is to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of Vitus vinifera seed on MDA-MB-231 cell line. Methods: The Vitus vinifera (Grape) seed were dried, powdered and subjected to methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extraction by cold maceration followed by preliminary phytochemical screening. The extracts of Vitus vinifera seed were subjected to assess anti-oxidant status, anti-proliferative activity by MTT assay, GC-MS analysis and apoptotic effect by determining LDH activity on MDA-MB-231. Results: Results indicated that methanolic extract of grape seed showed appreciable anti-oxidant and anti-cancer potential compared with other two extracts. GC-MS mass spectrum of methanolic extract of seed revealed the presence of Dotriacontane, Linoleic acid and Decanoic acid ethyl ester, 1,2,3, propenetriol, monocetate, and Dichloro methyl propane sulfone were detected. Conclusion: The data obtained in this work could be useful as a chemical standard in checking the genuineness of this plant source. Data of the results further depicted that the selected traditional Vitus vinifera seed could be used not only as a potential anti-cancer and good antioxidant.
Keywords: GC-MS analysis; MDA-MB-231; MTT Assay; Vitus vinifera seed

In vitro Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Neuroprotective Activity in Commiphora species: A Comparative Study - PS Dhivya; P Selvamani; S Latha; Vasudevan Mani; Nur Syamimi Mohd Azahan (Pharmacognosy Journal)
Introduction: Herbal medicines are widely used in the therapeutic intervention that could delay the onset of Neurodegenerative diseases like, Alzheimer’s disease. Despite intensive advancements in the field of research currently available therapeutic strategies are often limited due to their adverse effects. Hence there is a need for the search for novel compounds for effective medications to treat neurocognitive deficits. Objective: The present study focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and neuroprotective activity of Commiphora species plant for their possible use in Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: Phytochemical screening, TLC bioautographic and colourimetric assay was performed to quantify their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extracts of the Commiphora species. The MTT assay was carried to evaluate the neuroprotective effect against the Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in SHSY5Y cell lines. Results: The bark of Commiphora berryi, leaves of Commiphora caudata and Commiphora pubescens were found abundant in flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids. Further, the ethanol extract of Commiphora berryi (65.48% ± 0.10) showed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The Aβ25-35 induced cell damage was as evidenced at a concentration of 20μM. The neuroprotective effect of the ethanol extracts was examined in neurodegenerative cells induced by Aβ25-35. On pretreatment with plant extracts, significant improvement in cell viability was observed as 63.42 ± 2.02% (25μg/ml) for Commiphora berryi. The maximum percentage of in-vitro AChE inhibition and neuroprotective effect was effective in the ethanol bark extract of Commiphora berryi. Conclusion: The results are very rousing to continue the screening of more unexplored plant species could be used for the development of novel bioactive compounds to treat the many diseases, especially for Alzheimer's disease.
Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Aβ25-35; Commiphiora pubescens; Commiphora berryi; Commiphora caudata; Neuroprotective; SH-SY5Y Cell line