Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Ethanolic Extract from Tetragonula Bee

Objective: This research aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties in vitro of three types propolis collected from the region of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Methods: Samples from three types of propolis: smooth, rough and mix were extracted with 96% ethanol. The propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) was dried and studied their antioxidant properties by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Total phenolic compounds were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu, and total flavonoid contents were also quantitatively determined by the AlCl3 colorimetric method with a microplate reader. The chemical compounds were identified by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography TOF mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS) using the MSE mode. Results: The sequence of potential antioxidant activity of PEE is smooth propolis > mix propolis > rough propolis. Which showed by EC50 value with DPPH assays are 25.54; 31.66; and 69.96 μg/mL, respectively and also showed by EC50 value with FRAP assays consecutively were 26.41; 32.10; and 34.62 μg/mL.Smooth propolis has the lowest EC50 value of all the types of propolis examined, contains total flavonoid content 791.06+13.06 mg QE/g extract and total phenolics content 426.91+61.08 mg GAE.g-1 extract. Chemical component identified by UPLC-TOF-MS using the MSE mode were (-)-Sesamin C20H18O6; Curcumin C21H20O6; 8-epiHelenalin C15H18O4; and Kushenol F C25H28O6. Conclusion: Smooth propolis which taken from inside the nest was the most potent antioxidant among of all the types of examined propolis. The antioxidant activity was influenced by the phenolic content of Propolis.

throught total flavonoid and total phenolics content.These parameters are related to the biological activity. 5l species stingless bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) produce propolis in this study belong to the genus Tetragonula, Tetragonula fusco balteata; T. laeviceps; T. biroi; T. sapiens. 6The genus is small body size.Tetragonula spp is one species of bees producing propolis honey more than other bee species. 7opolis contained one of the biological activity was well known as an antioxidant.Propolis showed the most potent antioxidant of all the bee products including honey, royal jelly, and bee pollen. 8Antioxidant activity of propolis was originated from their polyphenolic substances.The use of propolis with antioxidant capacity for prevention and treatment of diseases related to the increase of oxidative stress such as cancer, aging, and cardiovascular diseases. 4is research aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties in vitro of three types propolis collected from the region of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia.20 µL of CH 3 COOK(1M) and 140 µL of distilled water, and shaken for 60s.Incubate it 30 min at room temperature.The absorbance of was measured at λ 415 nm using the microplate reader96 well™ (Versa Max ELISA Microplate Reader, USA).Quercetin ethanolic solution (5-200 mgL −1 ) was used as standards.The calibration curve of standards (quercetin) was measured by the absorbance from microplate reader instrument and was calculated using SoftMax 6.5.1 software.The equation formula was y = 0.0366x -0.0146 and R² = 0.998, where Y is the yield of QE (total flavonoid content) and X is the absorbance of quercetin or samples.All determinations were carried out in triplicate.

Measurement of Antioxidant Activity with DPPH Assay
The microplate antioxidant activity with DPPH assay was based on the method described by Bobo Garcia (2015) 14 with some modifications.DPPH method procedure of antioxidant activity assay is in Table 2.The absorbance was recorded using a microplate reader 96 well™ (Versa Max ELISA Microplate Reader, USA).The % DPPH quenched was calculated using Equation 2, The concentration of samples resulting in 50% inhibition on DPPH was calculated, expressed as anEC 50 value (µg/ml), and obtained by using SoftMax Pro6.5.1 software.All determinations were carried out in triplicate.

Measurement of Antioxidant Activity with FRAP Assay
The microplate FRAP assay was based on the method described by Bolanos De La Torre (2014) 15 and Shinta Marlin (2017) 16 with some modifications.The FRAP reagent solution contains 10:1:1 of acetate buffer (300 mM, pH 3.6), TPTZ (40 mM dissolved with 40 mM HCl) and ferric chloride (20 mM in water).The procedure of FRAP method assay is in Table 3.The absorbance was measured at λ 595 nm using a microplate reader (VersaMax; Molecular Devices, USA).The percentage of reducing power capacity can be calculated using the Equation 3, Ts = Transmittan As = − log Ts As = As positive control − As blank FRAP solution The result was expressed as EC 50 (µg/ml), calculated using the equation of nonlinear regression by Microsoft Office Excel and SoftMax Pro6.5.1 software.EC 50 .The analysis was done in triplicate.

HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis
The analytical LC-MS/MS experiments were performed using ACQUITY UPLC I-Class System connected through a split to the mass spectrometer the Xevo G2

Samples
Tetragonula Beehives were taken from Masamba, North of Luwu district, South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia.The types of beehive were smooth (taken from inside the nest), rough (taken from outside the hive) and mix (a combination of both).

Preparation of Propolis Extracts
PEE was extracted by Muhamad Sahlan method (2013). 9The beehive sample (1 kg), from three types of propolis: smooth, rough and mix, were macerated with 5 L of 96% ethanol, allowed to stand for 16 h.After that, filtrate and residue were separated by filtration.The water was added to extract until 70 % ethanol-water v/v and incubated on water bath 50 o C for 30 mins, to separate propolis with wax.Then, the solution was frozen in the refrigerator overnight.Propolis separated with wax apparently at room temperature incubation; separate the wax and propolis by filtration.The filtrate was evaporated using rotary vacuum evaporator (Rotavapor R-205, Büchi, Switzerland) to give a viscous residue and then was dried using oven vacuum.We obtained the dried propolis ethanolic extracts and wax free.

Determination of Percentage Yield (%)
The percentage of yield was determined using the dry weight of extract (a) and soaked samples material (b) using Equation 1, The extraction yield was calculated for each type of PEE in triplicate.

Phytochemical Screening
The qualitative phytochemistry test was conducted as shown in Table 1 according to Indonesian Materia Medika(1995) 10 and Harborne (1998). 11termination of Total Phenolic Content TPC method was based on the microplate method given by Ahmad et al (2017) 12 with some modifications.A total of 25μL of the sample solution or the standard solution was mixed with 100 μL of 1:4 diluted Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and shaken for 60 s in a 96-well microplate and incubated for 4 min.Then add the mixture with 75 μL of sodium carbonate solution (100 g L −1 ), and shaken for 60s.Incubate it two h at room temperature.The absorbance was measured at λ 765 nm using a microplate reader 96 well™ (Versa Max ELISA Microplate Reader, USA).Gallic acid solution (5-300 mgL −1 ) was used as standards.The calibration curve of standards (gallic acid) was measured by the absorbance from microplate reader instrument and was calculated using SoftMax 6.5.1 software.The equation formula was Y = 0.0633x + 0.0099 and R² = 0.9947, where Y is the yield of GAE (total phenolic content) and X is the absorbance of gallic acid or samples.All determinations were carried out in triplicate.

Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
TFC was determined by the AlCl 3 microplate method given by Massoumeh Farasat (2014) 13 with some modification.A total of 20 µL of each sample or standard solution were mixed with 20 µL of 10 % AlCl 3 , Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 10, Issue 1, Jan-Feb, 2018 The source temperature was at 120°C, desolation gas flow was 1000 L/ hr, and cone gas flow 50 L/hr.Scan times was 0.250 s.Data acquisition and data processing use UNIFI® Software.

Determination of Percentage Yield (%)
The extractant from three samples of rough propolis, smooth propolis, and mix propolis, then process using rotary evaporator and oven vacuum to get dry extract and wax free of propolis ethanolic extracts.As can be seen in Table 5 obtained highest yield at Mix Propolis Ethanolic Extract (MPEE), PEE from mix propolis, equal to 20.21% with the content of propolis dry matter in PEE equal to 40.33 mg / mL.

Phytochemical Screening
Phytochemical screening of PEE showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, glycosides, tannins, terpenes and saponins and negative to anthraquinone.Here is the test results data shown in Table 4.

Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content
The TPC and TFC from three types of ethanolic extract propolis as shown in Figure 1.The yields of total phenolic content from smooth, rough and mix propolis were 426.91 +61.08 mg GAE/g extract; 269.57+ 20.37 mg GAE/g extract; and 319.51 + 6.37 mg GAE/g extract.

Measurement of Antioxidant Activity
The antioxidant activity test was performed using DPPH and FRAP assay.Antioxidant capacity was expressed as EC 50 (µg/mL) of DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP capacity.The following results are obtained as shown in Table 5.The best antioxidant activity using DPPH method was smooth propolis ethanolic extract (SPEE), PEE from smooth propolis, with the EC 50 value of 25.53μg/mL.The DPPH scavenging activity of the PEE in descending order of potency was gallic acid >smooth propolis> mix propolis> rough propolis.
From the experiments, SPEE also showed the best reducing power capacity with the EC 50 value of 26.41 μg/mL.The descending order of the FRAP reducing power of the PEE was gallic acid > smooth propolis> mix propolis> rough propolis.
A clear picture in Figure 2-5 is obtained when the TPC, TFC and antioxidant assays are compared.From Figure 2-3, It was found that TPC and TFC with EC 50 values for DPPH had weak correlation (r 2 = 0.6776 and r 2 = 0.8009, respectively).Then from Figure 4-5, It was found that TPC and TFC with EC 50 values for FRAP had high correlation (r 2 = 0.9999 and r 2 = 0.9769, respectively).

HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Analysis
The composition of a propolis ethanolic extract of Tetragonula sp was examined on Aquity UPLC and the LC-MS/MS chromatogram was shown in Figure 6-7.Tentative identification of phytochemicals in smooth propolis extract and rough propolis extract were presented in Table 6 and 7, respectively.As shown in Figure 6-7, a total of various compounds were identified by comparing molecular weight (M), and m/z fragment with the UNIFI literature data and the results were shown in Table 6-7.

DISCUSSION
The yields of propolis extract from this study seen in          The antioxidant capacity of the PEE was determined using the FRAP method, based on the reduction of potassium ferricyanide.The reducing agents in the PEE induced reduction of the ferric ions (Fe +3 ) to ferrous ion (Fe +2 ).Ion Fe +3 chelated with nucleophilic aromatic rings as specific chelators groups present in the polyphenolic compound.An increase in absorbance indicates a high reducing power. 20The reducing power capacity of the samples is probably due to the phytochemical components present in propolis extracts.
Tetragonula spp produces propolis that has large quantities of total flavonoid and phenolic compounds compared to other types of bees. 26ropolis have the highest antioxidant activity compare than other bee product. 20PLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis used to identify the primary compounds of PEE was carried out comparing the Rt, molecular weight and MS fragmentation patterns with UNIFI literature database.As shown in Figure 6, a total of 11 compounds were identified in smooth propolis extract, and the results were shown in Table 6.As shown in Figure 7, a total of 9 compounds were identified in rough propolis extract, and the results were shown in Table 7.The results of the LC-MS analysis provide major peaks determining the presence of phytochemical compounds, of Kushenol-F,, 8-epi-Helenalin, (-)-Sesamin, and Curcumin, but various com-pounds were not identified in UNIFI database, or previous research has studied chemical compound in Propolis.Tetragonula bees gather propolis from diverse resinous plant parts, and in different phytogeographic regions, its chemical composition might vary significantly. 3urcumin, 8-epi-Helenalin, (-)-Sesamin, and Kushenol-F, were found in propolis extract have antioxidant activity.Curcumin, from genus Zingiberaceae, has a unique conjugated structure shows a typical radical trapping ability as a chain-breaking antioxidant, including two methoxylated phenols and an enol form of β-diketone. 27Helenalin was an antioxidant potential, while widely considered not to be an attribute of sesquiterpene lactone due to their structure. 28The presence of phenylpropanoid compound namely lignan such as sesamin provide adefense mechanism against reactive oxygen species. 29

CONCLUSION
Smooth propolis which taken from inside the nest was the most potent antioxidant among of all the types of examined propolis.The antioxidant activity was influenced by the phenolic content of.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Regression Equation between TFC and Antioxidant Activity by DPPH assay.

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Regression Equation between TPC and antioxidant capacity by FRAP assay.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Total phenolic and flavonoid content from propolis ethanolic extract.

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Regression Equation between TPC and Antioxidant Activity by DPPH assay.

Figure 5 :
Figure 5: Regression Equation between TFC and antioxidant capacity by FRAP assay.

Table 2 : Composition of the solution to test the antioxidant activity with DPPH methods. Material Volume (μL)
Based on the measurement results, the yields of total flavonoid content from smooth, rough and mix propolis were 791.06 +13.06 mg QE/g extract; 324.43 +11.84 mg QE/g extract; and 530.86 +31.43mgQE/g extract.

Table 5
99t it yields is higher than the extraction conducted by Hasan, A. E.Z (2014).19Heobtainedfromfiveregions in Indonesia were different, yields of propolis from Makassar 1.85±0.51%w/w,Pekanbaru19.97±2.19(%)w/w,Kendal7.28±1.59%w/w,Pandeglang11.05±3.20%w/w,andBanjarmasin8.38±0.70%w/w.The propolis extraction that modified by Sahlan et al.9suitable used for propolis that is not heat resistant.In this research, the solvent used is ethanol 96%, which is semi-polar so that the active compounds with the different polarity is expected to be extracted perfectly.The active compounds are obtained while doing the stirring (mixing) a lot faster.Ethanol as organic solvents is commonly used than methanol in the pharmaceutical industry as reaction media in natural products extraction and for cleaning of equipment.The content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the different extracts obtained from Propolis Tetragonula spp in Table5shows that SPEE, smooth propolis, presented the highest TPC 426.91 + 61.08 mg GAE/g extract and TFC 791.06 + 13.06 mg QE/g extract.The results of TPC are superior to Algerian Propolis those reported by Zina Mouhoubi Tafinine (2016) 21e lower than extraction of Bolivian Propolis that obtained by Nélida Nina (2016)17ranged from 45.76 to 59.68 % w/w and yield of propolis T. incisa, T. fuscibisca and T. fuscobalteata maceration use methanol described by Paula M. Kustiawan (2014).18 20ged from 1.71 to 53.51 mg GAE g -1 , Chinese Propolis those reported by Kai Wang (2014)21ranged from 145.54+75.89 to 233.98+70.84mg GAE g -1 , Bolivian Propolis those

Table 6 : Identification of chemical compounds in smooth propolis by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS data.
16ported by Nélida Nina (2016)17ranged from 43.0±0.3 to 176.0±4.8 mg GAE g −1 , and Brazilian Propolis those reported by Mara L F Bittencourt (2015)22ranged from 31.88±0.61 to 204.30±3.80mgGAEg-1 of dry weight.Bue results of TPC are inferior to Propolis Stingless Bees (Meliponinae) those reported by Karuane Saturnino (2016) 4 ranged from 620.01 ± 6.45 to 631.29 ± 4.22 mg GAE g -1 and Argentina Propolis those reported by Ana Lilia Salas (2016)23ranged from 587 ± 20 to 593 ± 15 mg GAE/g.The results of TFC are superior to Algerian Propolis those reported by Zina Mouhoubi Tafinine (2016)20ranged from 1.25 to 49.46 mg QE g , one of the secondary metabolites belongs to a polyphenolic class, are commonly found in different parts of the plant sources, propolis and honey.24Thestrongestantioxidantactivities(lowerEC50 ) were found in SPEE, 25.54 µg/mL.SPEE samples, with highest TPC and TFC were also the high active towards DPPH, with values ranging of regression equation between TPC and TFC with AA by DPPH assay was Y = -0.2465X+25.85;R²=0.76,andY=-0.0921X+928;R²=09,respectively.The DPPH assay is based on the reaction of the DPPH radical with the hydrogen-donors molecules from PEE. Phytochemical content in PEE inhibits the oxidation of other molecules, provided depends on its concentration, and reactivity towards the reactive oxygen species.A lower EC 50 correlate better with higher DPPH radical scavenging activity, which represents the concentration of the extract to decrease 50% of the DPPH solution initial absorbance.Atioxidant potency is usually associated with the content of phenolic compounds due to their extensive conjugated π-electron systems that facilitate the donation of electrons from the hydroxyl moieties to oxidizingradical species.22From the calculation data, it is known that PEE from this research are strong antioxidant, according toJun et al. (2003),25that classification of antioxidant power are strong antioxidant with strength level (IC 50 <50 ppm), active (IC 50 50-100 ppm), moderate (IC 50 101-250 ppm), weak (IC 50 250-500 ppm), and inactive (IC 50 > 500 ppm).25TheEC50DPPHradicalscavengingactivity of Propolis in this research are inferior to Bolivian Propolis those reported by Nélida Nina (2016)17ranged from 4.54 to 48.27 µg/mL, Propolis Stingless Bees (Meliponinae) those reported by Karuane Saturnino (2016) 4 ranged from 29.81 ± 2.49 to 50.23 ± 1.60 µg/mL and Chinese Propolis those reported by Kai Wang (2014) 21 ranged from 15.49±70.59 to 28.69±71.52µg/mL,but it superior to the Brazilian Propolis those reported by Mara L F Bittencourt (2015)22ranged from 21.50 to 78.77 μg/mL.The reducing power of FRAP capacity obtained from PEE related with a lower EC 50 , the concentration to reduce 50% of the FRAP reagent initial absorbance.The reducing power obtained for the rough propolis ethanolic extract (RPEE), PEE from rough propolis, are the lowest than the other types of propolis sample.SPEE samples gave the best reducing power.The EC 50 reducing power capacity of PEE was inferior to Garcinia porrecta Laness extract those reported by Shinta Marlin (2017)16ranged from 1.33 to 19.96 μg/mL.
17, Chinese Propolis those reported by Kai Wang (2014)21ranged from 124.92+79.74 to 126.23+78.46mgQEg-1, Argentina Propolis those reported by Ana Lilia Salas (2016)23ranged from 165 ± 12 to 185 ± 15 mg QE g -1 , and Bolivian Propolis those reported by Nélida Nina (2016)17ranged from 5.5±0.6 to 57.1±2.8 mg QE g -1 .Overall, the total flavonoid contents of propolis ethanol extract from Tetragonula sp South Sulawesi Indonesia are significantly superior to another country.Flavo-noids 31shenol-F, a flavonoid compound, also indicate the complex antioxidant activity.The content of 8-epi-helenalin compounds in this research, was the first reported to be found in propolis.While sesamin has been reported by Bankova V (2000) contained in Propolis of the Canary Islands.1 Then the content of curcumin in propolis has been reported by Li Yang (2013) who examines Chinese propolis.30Thenthecompoundkushenol F has been reported to be present in Libyan propolis bySiheri et al (2016).31