Reconstruction and Scientific Explanation of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) From West Sumatra as Ethnomedicine and Source of Science Learning

Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest land in the world.1 With the existence of tropical forests, Indonesia has high biodiversity and is included in the eight mega biodiversity countries in the world, both flora and fauna.2 The distribution of flora and fauna that are owned by Indonesia reaches a very wide area and there are also several types that are endemic, meaning that these species can only grow or be found in one place.


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest land in the world. 1 With the existence of tropical forests, Indonesia has high biodiversity and is included in the eight mega biodiversity countries in the world, both flora and fauna. 2 The distribution of flora and fauna that are owned by Indonesia reaches a very wide area and there are also several types that are endemic, meaning that these species can only grow or be found in one place.
The ethnic diversity in Indonesia has resulted in various cultures, traditions and local wisdom. One of the local wisdoms is the use of the diversity around it as a medicine for various diseases. 3 So far, the efficacy of various plants has been known and has been used from generation to generation by the community as medicinal plants that have the ability to cure various diseases, it's just that people do not yet know what substances are contained in these plants. and the use of medicinal plants in Indonesia is not just knowledge about their properties but further, by proving the content of the compounds, the use of these medicinal plants can be developed in the pharmaceutical industry.
One type of medicinal plant that is the focus of this research is a type of Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Which mostly grows in the Rimbo Panti Nature Reserve Forest. Actually this Akar Kuning plant is an endemic plant from Kalimantan, especially known to have a lot of pharmacological potential, including as an antiviral. 4 The use of the Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) For the community is as a jaundice medicine, anti-malaria, and cancer medicine. In its use, ordinary people consume it once a day until the illness is healed, if the illness is quite severe, they can drink it 2 times a day. This rule applies to all diseases. of local people in understanding health or research that addresses traditional medical systems. 6 The purpose of conducting this ethnomedicine research is to see from a cultural / community point of view in the health sector, which will later be reconstructed into knowledge with scientific explanations. The need to reconstruct indigenous peoples' knowledge is known as scientific knowledge reconstruction. 7 Ethnomedicin study is one way to document and collect information about the use of plants as medicinal substances by people in West Sumatra. This article will reveal what ethnomedicin studies in Indonesia are and their research methods. It is hoped that this paper will be used as a reference in developing ethnomedicine research in Indonesia.
Documenting the use of medicinal plants is a race against time, this is due to the excessive harvesting of biological resources (over exploitation) and of course this has an impact on the loss of biodiversity in Indonesia. Kartawinata (2010) stated that the rate of species loss is in line with the rate of loss of local knowledge. 8 Besides ethnomedicine, this research also touches on ethnopharmacology, which is the study of the use of plants that have pharmacological effects that are related to treatment and health care by certain communities. 9,10

Types of research
This research is a qualitative research followed by an experiment, the qualitative method is descriptive analysis. This qualitative research uses an ethnoscience approach, 7 which is used to reconstruct and explain scientific knowledge based on people's beliefs about the Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) As a medicine for various diseases. Ethnoscience means more or less knowledge possessed by a nation or more precisely a certain ethnic group or social group, and then elevated to a proven scientific knowledge. The experiment carried out was the phytochemical test of the Akar Kuning plant extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.).

Ethnomedicine data collection
In this study, data were obtained by interview. Interviews were conducted with 3 (three) men aged 48 to 67 years. They are the natives of Palupuh who live in the vicinity of the Nature Reserve where the yellow root plant can be found. The people around this forest are accustomed to using this Akar Kuning as a medicine for various diseases. Salman is one of the local residents who believe / believe in and have used this plant as an upset stomach and tumor medicine and feel the effects or benefits of the Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.). The benefits that have been felt by Mr. Salman after consuming this Akar Kuning plant are the complaints of gastric pain he suffered slowly reduced and healed. This was also felt by other respondents, where their tumors disappeared This research is an ethnomedic research, which is research whose data is obtained through face-to-face interviews. 11 The focus of this research includes: (1) the local name Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.); (2) plant characteristics; (3) the use of Akar Kuning plants for local communities; (4) how to make extract from Akar Kuning; (5) additives for extract making. In addition, the investigation is also based on data from the results of the antibacterial activity test against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli.

Phytochemical test
The steps of this research are phytochemical test and bioactivity test of Escherichia coli root extract (gram negative bacteria). The phytochemical test procedure includes several steps. First, identification of alkaloids using Mayer and Dragendorf reagents. The extract, as a result of isolation using methanol as a solvent, was shaken. If a white or orange-red precipitate is formed after Dragendoft reagent is added, it means that Akar Kuning extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Contains Alkaloids. Second, identification of steroids and terpenoids using Liberman Buchard. If red or purplish-red fog forms, then Akar Kuning isolate (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Contains terpenoids, and if green or bluish-green mist forms, Akar Kuning isolate (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Is holding steroids. Third, flavonoid test by inserting a few drops of the water fraction of Akar Kuning isolate (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) into a test tube, then adding Mg metal powder and a few drops of concentrated HCl. If it turns pink to red (except for isoflavones), then the isolates carry flavonoids. Fourth, phenolic identification by adding a few drops of the water fraction of the Akar Kuning isolate (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Into a test tube, then adding a few drops of FeCl3. If it turns blue or purplish-blue, the isolate is declared phenolic-positive. Finally, identification of saponins by inserting 1 mL of water fraction of Akar Kuning isolate (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Into a test tube then shaken for 1-2 minutes. If temporal foam (which lasts about 5 minutes) forms, the isolate is saponin-positive.

Data analysis
The research data obtained through interviews with sources were analyzed. The data was then reconstructed based on Hempel. 12 To strengthen the reconstruction, data from the extract bioactivity test results against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli are needed. Then conclusions are made based on the experimental results.
Jisana mentions that everyone involved in the consumption process is a consumer. 12 In Law Number 8 of 1999 article 1 paragraph 2 concerning consumer protection, that consumers are users of goods or services available in society, both for the interests of themselves, their families, other people, and other creatures and not for sale. Consumer behavior is the study of processes involved when individuals or groups choose, buy, use, or manage products, services, ideas or experiences to satisfy consumer needs and wants. 13

Reconstruction of scientific knowledge based on public trust
After the research team conducted interviews with several respondents in locations where the Akar Kuning was found found in Palupuah, Kab. Agam. The observation image is arranged in Figure 1. The observation pictures are arranged in Figure 1.
The resource person answered questions based on his knowledge, namely the local name of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.), Plant characteristics, the use of the Akar Kuning plant for the local community, how to make extracts from Akar Kuning and additives for making extracts. The results of interviews with resource persons are presented in Table 1.
The results of the interviews as presented in Table 1 explain that the community consumes Akar Kuning by brewing or boiling the stem and drinking it as tea. The tea extracted from the Akar Kuning plant has a yellow color. In a scientific context, this process is referred to as a maceration process. To treat stomach pain, the dose of Akar Kuning boiled water is drunk every day until it heals. Akar Kuning is shown in Figure 2.
In previous studies, it was found that the Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr) contains chemical compounds, including saponins, flavonoids and tannins, besides that the roots also contain glycosides and alkaloids, especially the isokuinolin group, namely berberine, jatrorizin, and palmatin. There are also some minor alkaloids such as columbamine dehidrokoridalmin, homoaromolin and talifendin, and fibraleucin terpenes, and fibraurin has several activities such as    In making extracts, the ingredients used are the roots, for the process as follows: 1. Cut the Akar Kuning as big as the index finger 2. Then dry the Akar Kuning in the sun 3. After the Akar Kuning are completely dry. 4. Next, make the extract by boiling water until it boils until the water turns yellow 5. If you boil 2 cups of water, the boiled water will later become 1 cup.

How to use herbal extract from the Akar Kuning [mixed with anything]
The way to use it is as follows: 1. Boil 1 liter of water 2. Put 10 grams of Akar Kuning without any mixture 3. Wait for the water to turn yellow Note: consumed in the morning and evening after meals, the use of Akar Kuning as medicine depends on the type of illness you are suffering from. antifungal, antiasma, antibacterial, anti-tumor, anti-malarial and antiinflammatory. 13 In Indonesia, this plant has various names, including Tali Uning, Oyod Sirawan, and Katola. 14 Generally, people of Southeast Asia use this plant as traditional medicine, including to treat digestive disorders and as an anti-diarrhea and anti-bacterial which is significant for bacteria. 15 In the Southeast Sulawesi area, this decoction of A. flava stems is used as an anti-diarrheal with very visible properties. This is caused by the chemical compounds contained in A. flava, namely glycosides and alkaloids, especially the isokuinolin group, namely berberine, jatrorizin, and palmatin. 13 Furthermore, researchers from Taiwan reported that berberine, jatrorizin, and palmitin contained in the ethanol extract of Mahonia oiwakensis Hayata, were shown to inhibit inflammation in test animals induced by acetic acid, formalin, and carrageenan. 16 Phytochemical test results Currently, public knowledge is not sufficient in terms of protection. According to informants who know the exact area of this Akar Kuning plant in Palupuah and Rimbo Panti, the existence of this tree is quite a lot in the surrounding forest along with Bajakah. However, what is very worrying at this time is that there have been exploitation actions against this medicinal plant. This can be seen from the large number of orders for Akar Kuning plant Akar Kuning by India and the local community simply removing these Akar Kuning without thinking about the long-term impact that will arise if these Akar Kuning plants continue to be sent abroad. 8 How to propagate Akar Kuning plants [nursery] For nurseries that have never been done in the area around the research location, this is because the community still thinks that the Akar Kuning will always be available and will not run out.

9.
Experience using the Akar Kuning plant as medicine Based on the experience of the informant after consuming the extract from the Akar Kuning plant, it was known that the stomach disease suffered was slowly decreasing and within 2 months it was declared cured. Not only curing stomach pain, but the benefits were also felt for tumors, based on the informant's explanation within 3 months of the lumps on his body. already lost.   Based on the inhibition zone diameter category table, it can be said that the wider the formed inhibition zone indicates the greater the strength of bioactive compounds in inhibiting bacterial growth. 17 According to Setiabudy, a certain antibacterial agent can increase its activity if its antibacterial level is increased beyond the minimum inhibitory level. 18 It is known that the stems of this Akar Kuning plant contain protoberberine alkaloid compounds consisting of berberine and palmatin. The alkaloid protoberberin was stated to be active as an antibiotic against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, where in the study that acted as gram-positive was Bacillus subtilis and the one acting as gram-negative was Escherichia coli. 19 Alkaloid compounds (berberine and columbine) can interfere with the formation of cross bridges of peptidoglycan components in bacterial cells, so that the cell wall layer is not formed completely and causes death in these cells. 20 That is a scientific explanation departing from the public's belief that the Akar Kuning plant functions as a medicine for various diseases.

CONCLUSIONS
Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the Akar Kuning plant extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Has bioactive compounds that act as antibacterials and can inhibit bacterial growth.