@article {2571, title = {Abelmoschus esculentus Ameliorates Stress-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction via Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Mechanisms in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {302-309}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if there were any effect of Abelmoschus esculentus on chronic stress induced memory loss. Methods: The Swiss Albino Mice (n=30) were divided into five groups, namely control, chronic stress (90 days), chronic stress and ethanolic extract of Abelmoschus esculentus(200mg/kg body weight), and Chronic stress followed by diazepam (2mg/kg body weight), Chronic stress followed by diazepam (2mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract of abelmoschus esculentus (200mg/kg body weight). At the end of the experimental period (90 days), animal blood was collected retro-orbitally to analyze the cortisol, Brain tissue was homogenized, and antioxidants and Acetylcholine esterase level was estimated. Results: The Results of the data indicated that administering stress for a duration of 90 days led to a noticeable decline in spatial learning abilities in mice. Our findings indicate that combination of Abelmoschus esculentus and diazepam showed there was an significant improvement in retaining memory. Conclusion: Study indicated that Abelmoschus esculentus shows promise as a viable treatment option for conditions of stress related memory impairment.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus, Acetylcholine esterase, chronic stress, Malondialdehyde, Morris water maze, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.100}, author = {Shabina Komath Chenoly and Vinodini NA} } @article {2497, title = {Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Sampilnorov Wurile}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {203-210}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sampilnorov Wurile (SW) is a traditional medicinal preparation containing 29 plant-, mineral-, and animal-derived components. It is used for cerebrovascular ischemia, retinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities of SW. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed in C57BL/6 mice based on OECD-423 guidelines, with oral doses ranging from 500 to 6,000 mg/kg body weight. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats following OECD-407 guidelines, with daily oral doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg of SW daily for 4 weeks. Clinical signs, mortality, body weight, and physical condition were monitored. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were conducted on day 29. Results: No mortality or significant clinical signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 6,000 mg/kg, suggesting an oral median lethal dose exceeding this level. Subchronic toxicity assessment revealed no clinical signs of toxicity or mortality. SW at 300 and 600 mg/kg had no significant effects on serum biochemical parameters or vital organ histology compared to controls. Conclusion: SW exhibited no acute toxicity at doses up to 6,000 mg/kg and showed no adverse effects in a 28-d subchronic toxicity study. These findings support its safety at tested doses.

}, keywords = {Acute and subchronic toxicity; biochemistry; blood test; histopathological analysis; Sampilnorov Wurile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.25}, author = {Li ChangSheng and Chimgee Tserendash and Maral-Erdene Gerelt-Od and Batdavaa Batbayar and Uyangamaa Altankhuyag and Mend-Amar Batbaatar and Narankhajid Myadagsuren and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Enkhmaa Gonchig and Yeruult Chultemsuren} } @article {2488, title = {Analgesic Effect of the Chloroformic Extract of Aniba canelilla {\textquotedblleft}canelon{\textquotedblright} Bark in BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {231-235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background. Some diseases can cause intense pain, where pharmacological treatment with opioid analgesics is necessary, as in cancer. Despite advances in cancer treatment, pain is still a common symptom. Treatment is usually based on the use of opioids, but there is still some rejection because of their adverse effects or because of the delay in access to them. To evaluate the analgesic effect of Aniba canelilla "canelon" bark in mice to validate the above and consider it an alternative to existing palliative treatment in cancer patients. Methodology. The analgesic effect was evaluated according to the method of Koster et al. using 50 BALB/c mice distributed in groups of 07 mice each. Comparison was made with the standards Tramadol 50 mg/kg and Paracetamol 500 mg/kg administered orally, and acetic acid 0.8\% was used intraperitoneally as a pain inducer. Results. The potent analgesic effect of the chloroformic extract of Aniba canelilla at 200mg/kg was observed, with an analgesic percentage of 98.87\% with a mean number of writhes of 28.29 {\textpm} 5.44, being statistically significant to the other treatments (p\<0.01). Conclusions The analgesic effect of the chloroformic extract of Aniba canelilla at 200mg/kg was determined.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Aniba canelilla, Pain, Palliative}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.29}, author = {Jesus Rojas Jaimes and Juana E. Chavez-Flores and Jenny Estela Villalobos and Ashley Mantilla Aliaga and Roxana Miranda Sanchez and Zulema Suricachi Cerron} } @article {2481, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {236-243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.30}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqis B and Indar I and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2547, title = {Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Chuquiraga spinosa Less. and Baccharis genistelloides (Pers.) Lam. in a Rat Model of Transient Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {620-631}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Background: Cerebral ischemia, a leading cause of disability and mortality, is strongly related to oxidative stress and inflammation, highlighting the need for neuroprotective antioxidant and cytokinemodulating agents. Objective: To characterize the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG), individually and in combination, in a rat model of cerebral ischemia{\textendash}reperfusion. Methodology: Phytochemical screening and GC-MS were performed with antioxidant assays (ABTS{\textbullet}$^{+}$, DPPH{\textbullet}, FRAP). Neurological deficit was assessed (Bederson scale), while histopathology, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, NOx), and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) were measured. Groups included Normal (no ischemia), Ischemia (oral placebo), Citicoline 300 mg/kg, ChS 500 mg/kg, BaG 500 mg/kg, and the oral combination ChS 500 + BaG 500 mg/kg, all administered for seven days prior to ischemia induction. Results: ChS had higher total phenolic content than BaG (p = 0.0079). GC-MS identified 23 compounds in ChS and 17 in BaG. The combination displayed greater antioxidant activity than either extract. At 24 h, ChS 500 mg/Kg and the combination reduced severe neurological deficit to 17\% (vs. 83\% in ischemia). Histopathology revealed less neuronal damage with the combination, comparable to ChS 500 mg/Kg. All treatments decreased MDA levels; the combination also enhanced GSH and CAT and significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β. Conclusion: ChS and BaG extracts exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. Their combination shows synergistic antioxidant activity against free radicals and enhances the modulation of inflammatory cytokines, supporting a greater neuroprotective potential.

}, keywords = {Cerebral ischemia; neuroprotection; antioxidants; Chuquiraga spinosa Less.; Baccharis genistelloides (Pers.) Lam}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.77}, author = {Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Miriam Palomino- Pacheco and Carlos Orlando Garcia-Bustamante and Edwin Cesar Cieza-Macedo and Jessica Yolanda Huarcaya-Rojas and Jaime David Torres-L{\'e}vano and Julio Jose Pena-Galindo and Esther Obdulia Franco-Soto and Juana E. Chavez-Flores and Robert Armando Cardenas-Orihuela} } @article {2490, title = {Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Edible Moroccan Truffles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

Background and objectives: Truffles have a unique nutritional profile and are known to play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems. Mediterranean countries, including Morocco, are the location of an abundant harvest of truffles. This study investigated the chemical composition and the nutritional value of edible Moroccan truffles. Materials and methods: We studied the nutritional profile, and we performed a phytochemical screening of Tirmania pinoyi, Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia oligosperma, Terfezia rosea, and Terfezia arenaria collected from different areas from Morocco. Results and conclusions: The results showed that the truffles that we analyzed are a good source of carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fibers. The phytochemical screening that we performed afterwards revealed that these Moroccan truffles contain numerous secondary metabolites such as saponins, alkaloids, sterols, coumarins, and tannins. These results demonstrate the nutritional value of these truffles that can support a healthy and well-balanced diet. The secondary metabolites that we detected in our samples can make an important pharmacological contribution that could be the subject of future investigations for therapeutic purposes.

}, keywords = {Fungi, Morocco, Nutritional Value, Phytochemical screening, Truffles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.26}, author = {Lamyae Yachi and Soukaina Bennis and Madiha Alami Chentoufi and Mohamed Yafout and Brahim Mojemmi and Amal Ait Haj Said and Mustapha Bouatia} } @article {2549, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Dexmedetomidine versus Fentanyl Added to Hyperbaric Levobupivacaine for Subarachnoid Block: Effects on Sensory-Motor Blockade and Analgesic Duration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {638-641}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Introduction : Adjuvants to local anesthetics enhance the quality and duration of spinal anesthesia while reducing postoperative analgesic requirements. Opioids like fentanyl are effective but associated with significant side effects, whereas dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic agonist, has shown promise as a non-opioid alternative. Objective : To compare the effects of intrathecal dexmedetomidine and fentanyl, when added to levobupivacaine, on sensory and motor block characteristics, duration of analgesia, and complications in patients undergoing elective total abdominal hysterectomy. Methods: In this prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 60 ASA I{\textendash}II female patients aged 18{\textendash}65 years were allocated into two groups (n = 30 each). Group D received 15 mg 0.5\% hyperbaric levobupivacaine with 5 μg dexmedetomidine, and Group F received 15 mg 0.5\% hyperbaric levobupivacaine with 25 μg fentanyl intrathecally. Block onset, duration of sensory and motor blockade, time to first rescue analgesia, hemodynamic changes, and side effects were recorded. Results: Demographic variables were comparable between groups. The onset of sensory and motor block was significantly faster with fentanyl, while dexmedetomidine prolonged the duration of sensory block (458.83 vs 358.07 min, p \< 0.001), motor block (287.33 vs 217.33 min, p \< 0.001), and time to rescue analgesia (95.5 vs 55.5 min, p \< 0.001). Hypotension was the most common complication in both groups, without significant difference between two groups. Pruritus was observed only in the fentanyl group, while bradycardia was rare and not significant in the dexmedetomidine group. Conclusion: Intrathecal dexmedetomidine, as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine, provides prolonged sensory and motor block and superior postoperative analgesia compared to fentanyl, with fewer side effects. It may be considered a preferable adjuvant for spinal anesthesia in total abdominal hysterectomy

}, keywords = {abdominal hysterectomy, Dexmedetomidine, Fentanyl, levobupivacaine, spinal anesthesia, subarachnoid block}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.79}, author = {Neethi T P and Prashanth Kumar C and Chaitra Uppangala and Barbara Coelho and Nayanatara Arun Kumar} } @article {2562, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Annona Muricata L, Momordica Charantia L. and Launaea Taraxacifolia Willd. from Benin: A Flow Cytometric Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {727-732}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {727}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is rising worldwide, causing approximately 9.7 million deaths in 2022. Treatments are costly, have significant side effects, and are sometimes unavailable in Benin. Medicinal plants offer promising avenues for new therapeutic agents. Objective: This study uses flow cytometry method to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Annona muricata (Annonaceae), Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) and Launaea taraxacifolia (Asteraceae), three plants from the Beninese pharmacopoeia known for their anti-cancer properties. Materials and Methods: The leaves of A. muricata, L. taraxacifolia and whole plants of M. charantia were collected in southern Benin. Extracts were prepared by aqueous decoction and sequential extraction with solvents of increasing polarity (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol). The phytochemical profiles of the extracts were determined using TLC and tube tests. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated on THP-1 cancer cells and PBMC healthy cells. After treatment with the extracts, cell viability was measured by flow cytometry after staining with Thiazole Orange and Hoechst 33258. Results: The dichloromethane extracts of A. muricata and M. charantia, and the ethyl acetate extract of M. charantia and L. taraxacifolia showed significant cytotoxic effects on THP-1 cells. Their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 139.6 μg/mL, 72.89 μg/mL, 81.88 μg/mL and 106.3 μg/ mL, respectively. These extracts also demonstrated good selectivity toward normal cells. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, anthracene glycosides and triterpenes in the active extracts. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the cytotoxic potential of three medicinal plants from the Beninese pharmacopoeia which may serve to develop further new anticancer therapies.

}, keywords = {Benin, Cancer, Cytotoxicity, Plant extracts, selectivity, THP-1 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.91}, author = {Habib Ganfon and Axel Ahouansou and Celia Dechavanne and Callinice Capo-Chichi and Latifou Lagnika and Agnes Aubouy and Sebastien Dechavanne and Achille Massougbodji} } @article {2559, title = {Designing, Developing and Deploying Smart Nutrition Education Intervention to Promote Nutrition Related Knowledge among School Children: A Cluster Randomized Control Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {703-713}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {703}, abstract = {

Introduction: School-children undergo rapid growth with high nutritional needs. Adequate nutritionalknowledge promotes healthy eating making nutrition-education essential. This study assessed the impact of a digital platform-based smart nutrition-education intervention on nutritional-knowledge among 10-14-year-old school-children in Mangalore. Methods: The study was conducted in five private schools with 596 children equally assigned to intervention and control-clusters (n=298 each). An orientation preceded baseline assessment. Intervention-cluster received a six-month digital program with two educational videos per month on nutrition, diet-planning, physical-activity, lifestyle, and personal-hygiene. Data were collected at baseline, post-intervention and six-month follow-up; control-cluster were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Within-group differences were analyzed using Friedman/Wilcoxon (Bonferroni) test, between-group Mann-Whitney U test with effect sizes Kendall{\textquoteright}s W and r. Analyses were performed in SPSS 27 (p\<0.05). Results: At baseline, median nutritional-knowledge scores across all topics were similar between intervention and control-clusters with negligible effect-sizes (r) 0.001-0.024 and p\>0.05. The intervention-cluster showed significant improvements across pre-test, post-test and follow-up (p\<0.001) with pre-test to post-test (r=0.86-0.89) and pre-test to follow-up (r=0.84-0.89); a small decline from post-test to follow-up (r=0.20-0.62). The control-cluster showed no significant change (r=0.03-0.08, p\>0.05). At follow-up intervention-cluster scored higher than controls across most topics (r=0.05-0.35, p\<0.05) except {\textquotedblleft}The food group system and its importance{\textquotedblright} (r=0.051, p=0.210). Conclusions: The digital platform-based intervention significantly improved and sustained nutritional-knowledge among school-children. Its cost-effective, accessible and user-friendly design enables integration into educational systems, adaptation to other health programs and may support therapeutic dietary strategies. Future research should assess its translation into behavioural and health outcomes.

}, keywords = {Child, Health-Education, Internet-Based Intervention, knowledge, Nutritional-Sciences, Schools}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.88}, author = {Poulomi Chatterjee and Abhay Nirgude} } @article {2472, title = {Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri Tovar on Glycemia in BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {February 2025}, pages = {63-70}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is associated with many complications. While there are many drugs available to control blood glucose levels, many people cannot access them due to economic reasons. Object: The aim of this study was to determine the hypoglycemic effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri in mice induced with hyperglycemia. Methods: The mice were divided into 6 groups: the first group served as a control group and was administered only physiological saline solution; the second group was induced to hyperglycemia with Alloxan. The following three groups were induced with Alloxan and additionally administered ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri at different concentrations of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg respectively. The last group was administered Alloxan and glibenclamide. The glucose levels were measured for each group at 2, 4, and 24 hours after administering the extracts. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Chuquiraga weberbaueri showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and steroids. The ethanolic extracts (100 mg/kg at 2 hours and 250 mg/kg at 2 and 4 hours) demonstrated a decrease in blood glucose compared to the control group. In the toxicity test, the comparison between the control group and the {\textquotedblleft}extract{\textquotedblright} treatment group showed that no conclusive results were observed with respect to the chuquiragua extract. Interpretation: The results of the study showed that the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri showed the effect of reducing blood glucose in BALB/c mice.

}, keywords = {Hypoglycemic Agents, Mice, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.8}, author = {Angel Armando Marin Raico and Rosa Isabel Florez Carrasco and Jesus Eduardo Rojas Jaimes and Juana Elvira Chavez Flores and Jose Arenas Gamio} } @article {2544, title = {Effectiveness of Radish (Raphanus sativus) Extract In Reducing Tnf-α and Nitrit Oxida levels in Tipe II DM Mice Models with Traumatic Brain Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {597-601}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {597}, abstract = {

Introduction: The devastating effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are fatal, and there is no effective treatment for primary brain injury, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Nitric oxide (NO) is a compound that causes systemic vasodilation; a decrease in NO reduces cerebral blood flow after TBI. There is an increase in TNF-α levels demonstrated by mononuclear cells surrounding the traumatic lesion in the rat brain. Raphanus sativus (radish) is a root vegetable belonging to the Brassicaceae family, which has anti-diabetic effects by lowering blood glucose levels, reducing lipid peroxidation, and improving brain function, thereby protecting against neurotoxic effects associated with oxidative stress in experimental mouse models. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of radish extract (Raphanus sativus) in reducing TNF-α and nitric oxide levels in a rat model of type II diabetes mellitus with traumatic brain injury. Method: This study was an in vivo laboratory experimental study with a post-test only control group design. The study population consisted of 25 Wistar rats, which were then induced with diabetes and subjected to a modified Feeney Model closed head injury. After complete data collection, KGD and ELISA assessments were performed, followed by data analysis. Results: There were significant differences (p\<0.05) in serum NO and serum TNF-α levels between the normal group, the 100 mg/kg radish extract group, the 300 mg/kg radish extract group, and the 500 mg/kg radish extract group compared to the negative control group. This indicates that radish extract, starting at a dose of 100 mg/kg, can reduce serum NO and serum TNF-α levels. Conclusion: Radish extract (Raphanus sativus) is effective in reducing TNF-α and nitric oxide levels in a Wistar rat model of type II DM with traumatic brain injury.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Nitric oxide, Raphanus sativus, TNF-α, Traumatic Brain Injury, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.74}, author = {Muhammad Chairul} } @article {2474, title = {Effects of Citrus aurantifolia Root Ethanolic Extract on Lipogenesis in Palmitate-Induced Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {77-83}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {77}, abstract = {

Introduction: Citrus aurantifolia (lime) is mostly found in tropical and subtropical region. The lime peel and lime juice extracts have antioxidant, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the pharmacological effects of the lime root remain widely unknown. Thus, the current study investigated the effects of Citrus aurantifolia root ethanolic extract (CA) on lipogenesis induced by palmitic acid (PA) in HepG2 cells. Methods: The PA-induced lipogenesis in HepG2 cells was used for measuring lipogenic gene expression and lipid accumulation of CA. Phytochemical content was also determined in CA. Results: In PA-treated group showed the state of hepatic lipid accumulation with increased lipogenic gene, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element binding protein1c (SREBP1c) as compared to the control group. Interestingly, administration of CA (5-10 μg/mL) effectively reduced lipid storage and significantly decreased the expression of these lipogenic gene in PA-treated cells. Notably, CA treatment increased the gene expression of fatty acid oxidation, carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). Furthermore, this study found that the major bioactive component from CA was nordentatin (coumarin group). Conclusions: The results indicated that the CA treatment might be a useful agent for improving abnormal lipid metabolism in obesity-related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

}, keywords = {Citrus aurantifolia, Lipid metabolism, Lipogenesis, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Obesity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.10}, author = {Urarat Nanna and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot and Linda Chularojmontri and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Suvara Wattanapitayakul and Wanwisa Suwannaloet} } @article {2528, title = {In-Silico Study of Bioactive Compounds from Moringa oleifera Fruit as Anti Premature Senescence Agents in Cardiac Cells: A Study on the p53 Protein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {497-505}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Background: Cellular senescence, characterized by irreversible cell cycle arrest, contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms involving oxidative stress and activation of p53-mediated signaling. Moringa oleifera, widely recognized for its antioxidant properties, has demonstrated anti-aging effects; however, the specific bioactive compounds within its fruit and their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the potential of M. oleifera fruit-derived compounds as anti-premature senescence agents targeting the p53 protein using in-silico molecular docking approaches. Methods: Bioactive compounds from M. oleifera fruit were screened via molecular docking against the human p53 protein, with Nutlin-3 used as a positive control. Binding affinities, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions were analyzed to determine ligand{\textendash} receptor interactions. Results: Niacin and oxalic acid exhibited stronger binding affinities ({\textendash}5.90 and {\textendash}6.00 kcal/mol, respectively) compared to Nutlin-3 ({\textendash}5.64 kcal/mol). Niacin formed stable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions with key residues within the p53 active site, suggesting a capacity to modulate p53 activity. Oxalic acid demonstrated the highest binding affinity but lacked hydrogen bonding, indicating potential instability despite strong interaction. These findings support previous studies highlighting M. oleifera{\textquoteright}s role in ROS suppression and p53 modulation, pointing to its therapeutic relevance in mitigating cellular aging. Conclusion: Niacin and oxalic acid from M. oleifera exhibit promising binding characteristics as modulators of the p53 pathway. Their anti-senescence potential warrants further validation through molecular dynamics simulations and biological assays. This study supports the development of natural compound-based therapeutics for age-related cardiac degeneration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, cellular senescence, in silico, Molecular docking, Moringa oleifera, p53 protein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.62}, author = {Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Ichwan Baihaki and Maria Selvester Thadeaus and Yuni Setyaningsih and Mila Citrawati} } @article {2516, title = {Interpersonal Communication Training as an Effective Strategy to Optimize Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) Utilization in Preventing Maternal and Neonatal Deaths}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {399-406}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Maternal mortality remains a global health problem, with approximately 800 deaths every day, mostly due to complications such as bleeding, where severe anemia is a major predisposing factor. Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) is now recommended as a substitute for blood supplementation tablets due to its more complete nutritional content. However, utilization of MMS still faces challenges, including low knowledge of pregnant women, negative perceptions of side effects, and misinformation. Education by health workers, especially midwives, is key to overcoming these barriers. Interpersonal communication training is a relevant strategy to improve midwives{\textquoteright} ability to deliver information effectively and build positive relationships with pregnant women. Although MMS has begun to be implemented, studies related to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training in the context of MMS education are still limited in Indonesia. This study aims to fill this gap and strengthen the role of midwives in antenatal care. Objective: To assess the effect of interpersonal communication training on the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplementation on midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Methods: This study was conducted in September 2024 in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, involving 74 coordinating midwives and village supervisors. The design used was a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest to evaluate the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training on improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Knowledge was measured using a questionnaire, while skills were assessed through a post-training observation checklist. All instruments were tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis included Wilcoxon test to compare pretest and posttest scores, Spearman test to see the relationship between knowledge and skills, and Mann-Whitney test based on midwives{\textquoteright} characteristics. Path analysis was conducted within a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework with directly observed variables. Results: The results showed that the score before the intervention was 10.80 and after the intervention was 15.23, which means there is a difference in scores between before and after the intervention. The statistical test results showed a p value (0.000) \<0.05, which means that there is an effect of interpersonal communication training in the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) on the knowledge and skills of midwives. Conclusion: Interpersonal communication training for midwives is effective in improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills.

}, keywords = {Interpersonal Communication, knowledge, Midwives, Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation, Skills, Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.50}, author = {Rabia Zakaria and Veni Hadju and Rahayu Indriasari and Mardiana Ahmad and Muhammad Arsyad and Nurmala Sari and Fatmawati Mohamad and Juli Claudia and Siti Choirul Dwi Astuti and Rahma Dewi Agustini and Magdalena M.Tompunu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2509, title = {Metabolomic Study on Indonesian Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Cultivation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {331-341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {331}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia has been one of the largest tea producers in the world with one of the reputable plantations in Ngargoyoso region, Java Island in which the plantation specified in five green teas variants, TRI 2024, TRI 2025, Gambong, Kiara and Chinruan. Despite their premium quality, there were limited metabolites information related to varieties, altitude, and plucking position existed in Ngargoyoso. Objective: this research aimed to investigate metabolite profiling affected by varieties, plucking positions and altitudes in the tea plantation grown in Ngargoyoso, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) grown in the plantation are five varieties TRI 2025, Gambong, TRI2024, Kiara and Chinruan in Ngargoyoso. Results: 1H NMR metabolomics protocol successfully identified TRI 2025 variety to have higher levels of theanine, catechins and caffeine than other varieties. The young leaves plucking position showed a higher level of catechin, EGCG, caffeine, theobromine, and L-glutamine than the older ones. While green tea at 1159 masl contains a higher level of theanine, L-glutamin, α-glucose, β-glucose, quinic acid, and succinic acid than those at 899 masl. This makes the TRI 2025 variety at the young position can be recommended to be the best quality in taste and benefits. Conclusion: Present study might suggest the tea quality based on metabolites profiling both for taste and benefits.

}, keywords = {Tea leaves; Camellia sinensis; metabolite profiling; 1H-NMR; Indonesia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.43}, author = {Dinar S. C. Wahyuni and Raissa. K. Putri and Anik Arniyanti and Sasha H. Audita and Syaiful Choiri and Saptono Hadi and Rita Rakhmawati and Estu R. Nugraheni and Soerya D. Marliyana and Yudi Rinanto and Ari Satia Nugraha and Ahmad Ainurofiq} } @article {2523, title = {Moringa oleifera Fruit Secondary Metabolites Role in Sarcopenic Obesity via Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Protein: An In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {450-457}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Background: Sarcopenic obesity (SO) refers to the coexistence of sarcopenia and obesity, pathogenic interaction between loss of skeletal muscle and function and fat-mass accumulation. Fat mass and obesityassociated (FTO) protein is one of the proteins that involved in pathophysiology of SO. Moringa oleifera is one of potential drug candidates for degenerative diseases due to its various bioactive metabolites from most parts of this plant. Objective: An in silico study, employing computational methods to simulate molecular interactions through molecular docking, aims to investigate the potential of Moringa oleifera fruit secondary metabolites to interact with FTO protein. Methodology: This study was carried out the molecular docking analysis of Moringa oleifera fruit secondary metabolites that was retrieved from database and have been screened for drug-likeness and toxicity for FTO protein inhibitor candidates. Molecular docking was using Pyrx v0.8, AutoDock 4.2.6 by AutoDockTools 1.5.7, and BIOVIA Discovery studio client 2025 as visualization tools. Results: This study showed 9 bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera fruit is bioavailable and safe for oral drugs according to Lipinski Rule of 5 (RO5) and Oral Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50). Molecular docking results showed riboflavin is the most potential compound as FTO protein inhibitor as its strongest affinity and interaction in active site compared to FTO protein native ligands 3-methylthymidine (DT). Conclusion: Therefore, Moringa oleifera fruit is potential for SO therapy candidates through regulation of FTO protein activity.

}, keywords = {and riboflavin, FTO protein, Molecular docking, Moringa oleifera fruit, sarcopenic obesity (SO)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.57}, author = {Mila Citrawati and Assyafiya Salwa and Yuni Setyaningsih and Cut Fauziah and Tiwuk Susantiningsih} } @article {2542, title = {The Photoprotective Effect of Cucurbita moschata Seed Extract on Rat Skin Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {588-596}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Photoaging induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is characterized by DNA damage, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, and collagen loss. This study evaluated the photoprotective effects of topical pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata) extract cream against UVB-induced skin damage in Wistar rats. CPD (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer), MDA (malondialdehyde), MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) levels, and collagen density were assessed. UVB exposure significantly increased CPD, MDA, and MMP- 1 levels while reducing collagen density. Treatment with pumpkin seed extract cream, particularly at 10\% concentration, markedly reduced CPD and MDA levels (P <= 0.05), indicating potent DNA repair support and antioxidant activity likely attributable to phenolic and flavonoid compounds. MMP-1 levels were significantly decreased, approaching normal values, suggesting inhibition of collagen degradation through anti-inflammatory and anti-matrix degradation mechanisms. Histological examination revealed higher collagen density and more organized collagen fibers in treated groups compared with negative control and placebo. These findings indicate that Cucurbita moschata seed extract cream exerts strong photoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen-preserving effects, with the 10\% formulation showing the greatest efficacy.

}, keywords = {collagen density, CPD, Cucurbita moschata, photoaging, UVB radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.73}, author = {Dewi Sartika and Gusbakti Rusip and Linda Chiuman and Ermy Girsang} } @article {2573, title = {Preclinical Safety Assessment of a Polyherbal Formulation: Acute, Subchronic, and Mutagenic Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Introduction: Before market approval, novel herbal medicines and bioactive compounds require rigorous genotoxicity and safety evaluations. A polyherbal formulation derived from Dasiphora fruticosa, Cynara scolymus, and Rosa acicularis has previously demonstrated antioxidant and nephroprotective properties. However, comprehensive toxicological and mutagenicity evaluations are needed to support its clinical development. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities and mutagenic potential of this polyherbal formulation. Methods: Acute oral toxicity was assessed in C57BL/6 mice using a two-phase protocol based on Lorke{\textquoteright}s method. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats following OECD guideline 407, with daily oral administration of the polyherbal formulation at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days. Mutagenicity was assessed using the Muta-Chromoplate (Ames test) kit according to OECD guideline 471. Results: Acute toxicity evaluation determined that the median lethal dose (LD50) of the polyherbal formulation exceeds 5,000 mg/kg, categorising it as practically nontoxic. The subchronic toxicity assessment revealed that doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg had no significant effects on body and organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters, and histopathological features compared with the controls. Furthermore, the Ames test confirmed that the polyherbal formulation had no mutagenic activity. Conclusions: The polyherbal formulation exhibited no acute toxicity at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg, and no adverse effects were observed in a 28-day subchronic toxicity study. Furthermore, its favourable safety profile was further confirmed by its lack of mutagenic potential. Collectively, these findings provide a robust foundation for continued preclinical and clinical development of the polyherbal formulation

}, keywords = {acute toxicity; mutagenicity; phytochemicals; polyherbal formulation; safety evaluation; subchronic toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.102}, author = {Enkhmaa Gonchig and Chimgee Tserendash and Maral-Erdene Gerelt-Od and Batdavaa Batbayar and Mend-Amar Batbaatar and Perleidulam Bunddulam and Enerel Yeruult and Narankhajid Myadagsuren and Otgonbat Altangerel and Yeruult Chultemsuren} } @article {2535, title = {A Prospective, Multi-centre, Open label, Single arm Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in Participants with Amlapitta (Symptomatic Gastritis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {545-551}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {545}, abstract = {

Introduction: The multi-center clinical study was conducted to revalidate the efficacy and safety of Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis) in a larger sample size in improving Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale Score, PPDS score, EPS score, and safety. Methods: The study was a multi-centric, open-labeled, single-arm, prospective clinical trial in participants with Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis). Participants with the presence of Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis), as diagnosed by the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale Score >= 5 were included in the study. Participants were advised to take Amlapitta Mishran Suspension in a dose of 15 ml twice daily for 14 days. The study involved three visits. The investigator recorded the Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale (ASRS) Score, Post Prandial Distress Syndrome (PPDS) Score, and Epigastric Pain Syndrome (EPS) Score at screening visit (Visit 1), baseline visit (Visit 2) and final visit (Visit 3). The p\<0.05 was considered statistically significant measured by paired t-test or Wilcoxon Signed Rank test. Results: In the multi-center study 204 participants completed the study. At final visit, a statistically significant (p\<0.001) reduction was reported in mean Total ASRS score, PPDS score, and EPS score as compared to the baseline scores. The individual ASRS, PPDS, and EPS variables also exhibited significant reduction (p\<0.001) at the final visit. None of the participants reported any adverse events during the study. Conclusion: Amlapitta Mishran Suspension treatment for 14 days effectively and safely reduced the clinical symptoms of Amlapitta (symptomatic gastritis) assessed by Amlapitta Symptom Rating Scale, Postprandial Distress Syndrome and Epigastric Pain Syndrome scores.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Gastritis, Symptom scores}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.68}, author = {Paresh G. Koli and Yashashri Shetty and Reetu Sharma and Bal Krishan Sevatkar and Anaya A. Pathrikar and Hemant S. Paradkar and Mukesh B Chawda and Sangam S. Narvekar and Megha L. Nalawade and Pawankumar R. Godatwar} } @article {2435, title = {Analysis of the Impact of Muscle Mass Changes in Stroke Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1359-1364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Stroke has become an increasingly prevalent health issue every year. Malnutrition is one of the complications that arise in post-stroke patients. Reduced physical activity, intake disturbances, and comorbidities experienced by stroke patients can trigger malnutrition. Additionally, factors such as age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), and stroke type accelerate the onset of malnutrition. One of the signs of malnutrition in stroke patients is a change in body composition, characterized by muscle mass loss due to inflammatory responses and catabolic reactions, which lead to increased caloric needs in stroke patients. This study aims to investigate the changes in muscle mass in stroke patients at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. This is an observational study with a cross sectional design conducted at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital from November 2023 to April 2024. The sample size was 49 patients diagnosed with stroke, receiving medical care on the first day at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital. This study evaluates factors such as age, sex, stroke type, BMI, smoking habits, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hyperuricemia, hypertension, kidney disorders, and respiratory diseases, in relation to changes in fat-free mass, fat mass, visceral fat, and phase angle, to assess the correlation with muscle mass changes. Data analysis will be approached using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with Partial Least Square (PLS). The results show that various risk factors affect body composition changes, contributing to muscle mass changes by up to 84.1\%. In conclusion, the decline in muscle mass in stroke patients is influenced by various factors, in addition to reductions in visceral fat and phase angle, which indicate a tendency toward malnutrition risk.

}, keywords = {Body Composition, Dr. Kariadi, Muscle Mass, Stroke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.219}, author = {Rivan Virlando Suryadinata and Hertanto Wahyu Subagio and Khairuddin and Darmonoss and Febe Christianto} } @article {2313, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {671-678}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {671}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.107}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqi and Indar and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2247, title = {Assessment of Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Trigonostemon reidioides Extracts on Mouse Fibroblast (L929) Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {302-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {302}, abstract = {

Background: Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib is a plant traditionally used for its whitening properties, although previous studies have reported some adverse effects associated with its use. Objectives: The objective of this study were to investigate the antityrosinase activity, antioxidant activity, and toxicity on Mouse Fibroblast (L929) Cells of the T. reidioides extracts. The antityrosinase activity was determined using the dopachrome method, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. The cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay. Results: The results revealed that the ethanol extract exhibited strong antityrosinase activity, with an IC50 value of 5.38 μg/ml. Furthermore, Fraction 3 and Fraction 4, which were further separated from the ethanol extract, demonstrated high antioxidant activity, with IC50 values ranging from 1.65 to 2.10 μg/ml. The hexane extract, as well as Fraction 4 and Fraction 5, exhibited low toxicity, with IC50 values ranging from 11.82 to 40.12 μg/ml. Conclusions: These findings indicate that Fraction 4 and Fraction 5 of T. reidioides possess potent antityrosinase and antioxidant activities, while displaying low cytotoxicity against the mouse fibroblast (L929) cell line. Therefore, Fraction 4 and Fraction 5 hold considerable potential for further development as skin whitening agents derived from T. reidioides extracts.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Antityrosinase activity, Cytotoxicity activity, Trigonostemon reidioides (Kurz) Craib}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.45}, author = {Issara Chummalee and Methin Phadungkit and Pornpun Laovachirasuwan} } @article {2377, title = {Berberine Mitigates Betel-Nut Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis, Enhances Chemosensitivity to Cisplatin and Reduces Cisplatin- Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice Exposed to an Aqueous Extract of Betel Nut}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1021-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1021}, abstract = {

Background: There is a considerable correlation between the use of betel-nut (BN) as a chewing substance and the development of various malignancies. Objective: The bioactive phytocompound berberine was tested as monotherapy or in combination with cisplatin to reduce BN-induced carcinogenesis in mice. We also examined how berberine affected cisplatin-induced toxicity. Methods: Swiss Albino mice were exposed to aqueous extract of betel-nut (AEBN) at a dose of 2 mg ml-1 in drinking water, for 16 weeks. Following this, the mice were given a combination of AEBN and berberine (10 mg kg-1) for 8 weeks. Control mice were given drinking water without AEBN for 24 weeks. For the combination treatment, mice that had been exposed to AEBN (2 mg ml-1) for 16 weeks were given AEBN+sodiumchloride+cisplatin (5 mg kg-1) +berberine (10 mg kg-1) for 2 weeks. Histopathology, oxidative stress, proliferation, apoptosis, oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity were assessed in tissues retrieved at treatment endpoints. Results: Berberine monotherapy reduced tissue dysplasia, liver nodulation, oxidative stress, proliferation (Ki-67 and Cyclin D1) markers, Akt/mTOR signaling, and pP53 (Ser-15) levels and apoptosis in AEBN-treated mice to levels comparable to cisplatin alone. Berberine with cisplatin decreased nephrotoxicity, fur shedding, and cancer phenotype more than cisplatin alone. Conclusion: The study results imparted a new therapeutic approach in developing more effective and less harmful cancer treatments.

}, keywords = {AEBN, Berberine, Betel-Nut, Chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.165}, author = {Kasturi Bhattacharjee and Moumita Nath and Yashmin Choudhury} } @article {2215, title = {Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Essential Oil and its Potential Against Stress, Anxiety, and Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {100-107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {100}, abstract = {

Introduction: This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L essential oil on stress, anxiety, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a study was conducted where 128 participants were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Stress, anxiety, and sleep quality were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS{\textendash}10), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). In addition, cortisol was measured. Results: Chemical analysis showed thatα-Bisabolol oxide A exhibited the highest concentration at 30.42\%, followed by α -Bisabolol (10.94\%), α-Bisabolone oxide A (9.82\%), and spathulenol (8.83\%). Stress, anxiety, sleep quality, and cortisol scores decreased in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). Important effect size was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.203; Δ = 1.246), while medium effects were observed for stress (d = 0.701; Δ = 0.633) and sleep quality (d = 0.888; Δ = 0.732), while cortisol showed small changes (d=0.374; Δ=0.357). Conclusion: The study showed the potential of Chamomile essential oils to reduce stress and anxiety levels and improve sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oils, Matricaria chamomilla, Sleep quality, stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.14}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Julio V{\'\i}ctor Campos-Flori{\'a}n and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n} } @article {2223, title = {A Comparative Study of the Biometric, Germinative, and Physicochemical Characteristics of Fruits and Oils of Three Cannabis Strains (Cannabis sativa L.var indica) Cultivated in the Rif Region of Morocco}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {156-166}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {156}, abstract = {

Background: Cannabis sativa var indica is the variety grown in the northern reliefs of Morocco, exclusively for resin and narcotics production. Despite the extensive research on the botany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Rif{\textquoteright}s cannabis, there is limited comparative research on the fruits and oils of different strains cultivated in the region. Objective: This study examined the biometric, germinative and physicochemical properties of three cannabis strains grown in the Western Rif region of Morocco. Materials and methods: three cannabis strains (Beldiya, Khardala and Critical) were characterized by their biometric parameters (weight, length and width), germinative and physicochemical properties. Results: The study revelated that there are notable differences in the biometric properties and germination rates of the achenes of the strains studied. Additionally, significant variations were observed between the strains with regards to their oil yield, as well as the levels of polyphenols and flavonoids. The results also revealed a correlation between biometric parameters, germination rate and phytochemical content. Conclusion: The oils of all strains studied were extra virgin, and the Beldiya strain{\textquoteright}s fruit oil was found to be particularly rich in polyphenols and flavonoids, making it a potentially useful ingredient in nutrition and health applications. Overall, this study provides useful information for researchers and growers interested in the cultivation and use of cannabis fruits and oils in various industries.

}, keywords = {Biometry, Cannabis strains, Fruit, germination, Oil, Rif}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.22}, author = {Abdelhak Chergui and El Amine Ajal and Imane Zakaria and Rachid Nejjari} } @article {2455, title = {Evaluating the Efficacy of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1219-1216}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Background: In this current state, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is more prevalent in the population, and metformin is used as a first-line medication for treating it, but gradually prevalence and incident rate of T2DM is increased. There was an upsurge in the utilization of alternative therapies in managing of diabetes. Especially in diabetes, Herbal medicines are considered safe and reliable by the majority of the population. This research aims to estimate the safety and efficacy of poly herbal metabolite compounds of Cresvin beta capsules in adults with T2DM. Methods: In this study, 60 T2DM patients aged 18-60 years were randomly assigned to Groups A (30), receiving Metformin 500 mg twice a day after food, and Group B (30), receiving Cresvin beta capsule 500 mg twice a day, after food in a prospective, randomized and open-label clinical study. The in-silico simulation study was performed on selected plants major compounds on target protein Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (1K3A). Results: The Cresvin beta is found to be safe and effective in the management of T2DM. The FBS, PPBS and HbA1c were significantly lowered (p\<0.001) in posttreatment in both the Metformin and Cresvin beta capsules. Similarly, the levels of IGF1, adiponectin, EL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α showed significant alteration (p\<0.001) after the treatment. The alterations found in the post-treatment results of Cresvin beta, including the reduced levels of creatinine and triglycerides, express the efficacy. Conclusion: The research results conclude, that the Cresvin beta capsule would be one of the suitable choices for increasing the efficacy in the management of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes; Cresvin beta; Cardiovascular complications; Insulin resistance; Metformin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16s.234}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2251, title = {Evaluation of the Acute Toxicity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {323-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

Background: Ginger has pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-neuroinflammatory, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in rats. Materials and Methods: The extract was administrated at doses of 300 and 2000 mg/ Kg/day to female and male rats. Changes in body weight were determined during the 14-day treatment period, and on the last day of treatment, blood was drawn, and euthanasia was performed, removing organs for histological analysis. Biochemical parameters were measured. Results: The body weight of the research specimens not show statistically significant variation. In the liver, mild lymphocytic portal inflammation and moderate hepatic steatosis occurred at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day. The kidneys exhibited a mild infiltration around the renal tubules and glomeruli at the same dose. The brain showed a slight increase in the count of astrocytes with focal glial reaction at the highest dose. The stomach and heart also showed mild inflammatory processes at the dose of 2000 mg/kg/day. In biochemical parameters, statistically significant differences were observed between the dose of 2000 mg/Kg/day and the control group. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Z. officinale in rats revealed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, brain, stomach, and heart, besides changes in biochemical parameters at doses of 2000 mg/Kg/day.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity test, Biochemical parameters, Histopathology, Rats, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.49}, author = {V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Juana E. Chávez-Flores and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Julio Hilario-Vargas and Maria J. Abanto-Vaella and C{\'e}sar D. Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez and Yuri F. Curo-Vallejos and Marco L. Salazar-Castillo and Icela M. Rodriguez-Haro and Flor Soriano-L{\'o}pez and Renato Cueva- Veneros and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {2228, title = {Evaluation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, Insulin, glucose, HbA1c\% and HOMA-IR as Predictors for Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {195-201}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Objective: Comparison of the blood level of TNFα in patients with and without type 2 diabetes who have cardiovascular diseases. Examine the connection between the amount of serum TNFα and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes who have cardiovascular diseases. Method: The present study included 60 patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with a mean age of 56.02{\textpm}1.395 years and an age range of (40 - 80)years and 60 patients with cardiovascular diseases and diabetes (CVD and DM) with a mean age of 59.20{\textpm}1.478 and an age range of (40-80) years, Who visited Al-Basrah Teaching Hospital in Basrah. in addition, the study included 60 healthy controls mean age of healthy control subjects was 54.72{\textpm}1.405years. All patients in this study were diagnosed by specialized doctors and the diagnosis was verified by clinical and laboratory tests, during the period from September 2022 to September 2023. All Subjects signed a written informed consent form. The BMI was calculated as body weight (kg) and was divided by squared height in meters. Results: The results of this study showed an increase in the level of glucose, haemoglobin A1c\%, insulin, and HOMA IR (in CVD and DM patients as compared with DM patients and control and there was a significant difference in concentrations among study groups (p-value \<0.0001). Also, The results of this study showed an increase in the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in CVD and DM patients as compared with DM and control and there was a significant difference in concentrations of TNFα among study groups (p-value \<0.0001). Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, it can be inferred that TNFα and HbA1c have the potential to serve as practical and straightforward indicators for predicting the coexistence of insulin resistance, dysglycemia, and Cardiovascular Diseases in seemingly healthy individuals within the young (\<50 years) Al-Basra community.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes Mellitus and Inflammation, HOMA-IR, Insulin, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.27}, author = {Haider Nasser Jabber and Bassem Charfeddine and Hamed Jaddoa Abbas} } @article {2373, title = {Juglans regia L.: Source of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Anticancer Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {998-1003}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {998}, abstract = {

Background: Juglans regia L., commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}walnut{\textquotedblright}, belongs to the Juglandaceae family, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic medicinal properties. Objective: Describe the anticancer potential of the bioactive compounds present in Juglans regia L. Method: Recent scientific studies were reviewed on the effects of bioactive compounds from Juglans regia L. on inhibiting tumor growth and cancer development in several experimental models. To do this, a scientific literature search was carried out, using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. Results: Regarding the selected articles, it was found that some bioactive compounds from Juglans regia L. exhibit mechanisms of anticancer action, among which the following stand out: induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis, and modulation of cell signaling pathways related to cell proliferation and survival. Conclusion: It is concluded that Juglans regia L. contains active metabolites with potential anticancer effects.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Antitumor, Apoptosis, Cancer, Juglans regia L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.161}, author = {Carla Y. Requejo-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Elmer M. Roncal-Alayo and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Walter E. Janampa-Castillo and Jos{\'e} E. Alvarez- Trujillo and Glenda J. Vela-Urbina and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a E. Cotrina-Le{\'o}n and Julio A. Casta{\~n}eda-Carranza and Deivy Y. Dionicio-Rosado} } @article {2423, title = {Potential Molecular level Impact of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1297-1304}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing prevalence rate over the past few decades. Despite the availability of medications to prevent and reduce disease severity, T2DM prevalence and incidence continue to rise annually. Understanding genetic heritage{\textquoteright}s impact on therapeutic responses is improving, with pharmacogenetics being used to better comprehend the therapeutic variability of T2DM. This study aims to compare the effects of metformin and Cresvin beta capsules containing Pterocarpus marsupium, Withania somnifera, Salacia reticulata, Gymnema Sylvestre, Curcuma longa, Vitis vinifera and Piper nigrum (Black pepper extract) on diabetic and immune-related gene expression in T2DM patients. Methods: Sixty patients were divided into two groups: metformintreated (group A, n=30) and Cresvin beta -treated (group B, n=30). Anthropometric, biochemical, and hematological parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Gene expression levels were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain from DNA extracted from whole blood samples. Results: After 3 months, metformin significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and HbA1c levels (p\<0.001). Cresvin beta also significantly reduced FBS (p\<0.01), PPBS (p\<0.001), and HbA1c (p\<0.001). Gene expression analysis showed significant changes in SIRT1, AKT, SLC2A4, IL-6, and TNF-α in both groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that Cresvin beta reduced glycemic levels and improved SIRT1, Pi3k, Akt, and SLC2A4 gene expression while decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine gene expression in T2DM patients.

}, keywords = {anti-diabetic efficacy, Ayurveda, Cresvin beta, Metformin, Sirtuin 1, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.209}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2340, title = {The Protective Effects of UV-blocking Spectacle Lenses and Class 1 UV-blocking Contact Lenses (Senofilcon A) on Superoxide Dismutase-2 and Catalase Expression in Lens Epithelial Cells Following UVB Radiation Exposure: An Experimental Study in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {785-790}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {785}, abstract = {

Introduction: To determine SOD2 and CAT expression in lens epithelial cells with the protection of UVblocking spectacle lens and UV-blocking contact lenses after UVB radiation. Methods: 32 eyes of Rattus norvegicus mice were subjected to UVB radiation from Philips PL-S 9W/01 narrowband 311 nm lamps at a distance of 18 cm for 30 minutes. Divided into four groups: a control group, P1 group exposed to radiation, P2 group wearing UV-blocking spectacle lens, and P3 group wearing UV-blocking contact lens. The mice were euthanized three days later and had their eyes removed. Immunohistochemistry analysis was used to evaluate the expression of SOD2 and CAT. Results: P1 demonstrated a statistically significant SOD2 expression (p=0.002) compared to the control group. Neither P2 nor P3 exhibited significant differences in SOD2 expression (p=0.693; p=0.365). The SOD2 of the P1 group was significantly different compared to the P2 and P3 groups (p=0.007; p=0.023). No statistically significant difference between groups P2 and P3 (p=0.606). The CAT levels in the P1 group significantly differed from the control group (p=0.001). The differences between the P2 and P3 groups and the control groups were statistically insignificant (p=0.894; p=0.120). CAT P1 group had a significant difference with P2 and P3 groups (p=0.001; p=0.033). No statistically significant difference was observed between groups P2 and P3 (p=0.154). Conclusions: UV-B exposure decreases the expression of SOD2 and CAT. Both protection can provide equally good protection.

}, keywords = {CAT, epithelial lens, SOD2, UV-blocking contact lens., UV-blocking spectacles, UVB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.130}, author = {Made Dessy Gangga Ayu Cinthiadewi and Nurwasis and Muhammad Firmansjah and Djoko Legowo and Ni Putu Ayu Reza Dhiyantari and Rifat Nurfahri} } @article {2331, title = {Vaccinium corymbosum: Phenolic Compound Content and Effect of Fruit Extract on Blood Glucose in Healthy Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {716-725}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the context of the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the search for natural compounds with potential impact on glycemic regulation has become a crucial area of research. Among the numerous options available, Vaccinium corymbosum extract, commonly known as "blueberry", has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich composition of phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and the activity of Vaccinium corymbosum ("blueberry") fruit extract on glycemia in healthy mice. Methods: The Folin-Ciocalteau method was applied in order to quantify the phenolic compounds and the BE was administered to 25 mice distributed in six groups: control, negative control, experimental-D1- D2-D3, which were administered the BE in doses of 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. respectively; and insulin group; which were subjected to the glucose tolerance test (GTT) taking blood samples after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Results: The total phenolic content (TPC) amount found in the berries was 3.79{\textpm}0.06 GAE/dry weight (mg/g) and 18.96{\textpm}0.28 GAE/solution (mg/L). Statistically significant differences were observed between the three doses of BE and the negative control during GTT as well as induced a significant reduction in area under the curve (AUC) compared to the negative control. Conclusions: the three doses of the BE decreased glucose levels being the dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. the one that produced a statistically significant decrease with respect to the doses of 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. during GTT.

}, keywords = {Animal studies, Blueberry, Hypoglycemic Effect, Insulin, Phenols, Type 2 Diabetes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.121}, author = {Susana Rubio-Guevara and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano-Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Matilde Farias and Nayly Chinchay and Claudia Guerrero and Josue Flores and Edgar Vilela and Sidny Nunez and Janina Sernaque and Felipe Pacherres and Gabriela Mena and Maria Trillo and Julio Amayo and Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo} } @article {2278, title = {Vitamin D and Wound Recovery: Illuminating the Path to Enhanced Healing in Diabetic Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {485-491}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {485}, abstract = {

Wound healing is a highly coordinated biological event as a response to injured skin. It commonly takes 14 days for a wound to be completely healed. However, the duration of wound healing may vary between individuals due to certain factors. One major factor that delays the wound-healing process is Diabetes Mellitus. Delayed wound healing with poor prognosis commonly occurs in diabetic patients. Chronic hyperglycemia may affect macrophage polarisation, which is essential in the wound healing mechanism. The macrophage polarisation enables the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to switch to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Thus, pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype prevails persistently in diabetic wounds, while the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype remains deficient. It results in significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines triggered by the M1 phenotype. Prolonged wound healing times increase the risk of infection, which can lead to more severe complications. Vitamin D is widely recognized for its essential role in regulating calcium levels and supporting bone health, as well as its positive effects on the immune system. This vitamin has the potential to skew macrophages towards the M2 phenotype and promote a regenerative and anti-inflammatory environment.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Macrophage Polarisation, Vitamin D, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.77}, author = {Aditya Chrisdianto and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Belindo Wirabuana and Regina Purnama Dewi Iskandar} } @article {2245, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Essential Oil-Based Cream of Origanum vulgare L. on Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {292-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: The objective was to evaluate the effect of a cream based on the essential oil of Origanum vulgare on skin lesions induced in Mus musculus Balb/c. Materials and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into four groups of 6 specimens each, in which skin lesions of approximately 1 cm in diameter were induced. Group I (Control) received no treatment, Group II (0.1\% Origanum vulgare cream), Group III (0.5\% Origanum vulgare cream), and Group IV (1\% Origanum vulgare cream) received treatment for eight days. Skin lesions were measured on days 4 and 7. At the end of treatment, they were euthanized using sodium pentobarbital 60 m/kg v.ip. Skin samples were obtained and preserved in 10\% formalin for histopathological analysis. Results: When measuring the size of the skin lesions induced in the study groups, it was observed that in the control group, the decrease in the length of the lesions occurred on the fifth day; in group II, III, and IV, the lesions length decrease occurs on the second day. At the end of the experience, the measurements of the lesions were much smaller for the III and IV groups (0.33 and 0.41, respectively) compared to the control group (0.40 cm). On day seven, statistically significant difference was found on skin lesion measure between Group IV and the Control, with a significance level of p\<0.05. Conclusion: It is concluded that the 1\% Origanum vulgare essential oil-based cream has a healing effect on dermal lesions induced in Mus musculus Balb/c.

}, keywords = {Cream, Essential oil, Origanum vulgare, Skin, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.43}, author = {Laurente-Pachamango Katherine G and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Ricardo M Gomez-Arce and Deivy Y Dionicio-Rosado and Julio A. Casta{\~n}eda-Carranza and Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a Abhel A and Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L and Ch{\'a}vez- Flores Juana E} } @article {2100, title = {Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemongrass) Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {674-679}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances that are widely utilized in the practices of aromatherapy. Certain essential oils are recognized for their potential to alleviate anxiety symptoms. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil on anxiety. Methods: The chemical composition of the extracted essential oil was analyzed using Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, an experimental study with measures at pretest-posttest was conducted, where 128 participants were divided into two groups, a waiting-list (WL) control group, and an experimental group (EG)treated with aromatherapy based on Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by Zung Self- Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results: The chemical analysis identified geranial (52,1\%) and neral (35,2\%) as the principal constituents. Anxiety levels decreased in the experimental group during the posttest phase (p\<0.05). Besides a large effect size was found for anxiety (d = 0.962; Δ= 0.988) with 1-β=0.999 a percentage of change of -10.99\%. Conclusion: Cymbopogon citratus essential oil inhalation showed to be effective in decreasing scores anxiety. Therefore, it has the potential to serve as a supplementary treatment for anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Cymbopogon citratus., Essential oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.136}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Emilio German Ram{\'\i}rez-Roca} } @article {2162, title = {Conformity of Differential White Blood Cell (WBC) Examination Results on the Sysmex DI-60 And Sysmex XN-1000 at Prof. Dr. IGNG Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1059-1063}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1059}, abstract = {

Background: Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 are automatic analyzers that can be used to check WBC differential counts. Ensuring the suitability of the WBC differential count results from the two tools can help in daily practice. Objective: Knowing the suitability of the WBC differential count examination results on the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000. Method: Observational analytical research with a cross-sectional design. The data analyzed were differential WBC count data from samples of babies who underwent Complete Blood Count examinations on the Sysmex XN-1000 device and IT Ratio on the Sysmex DI-60 device without intervention (pre-classification results) at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Prof. Head overMarch 2023 {\textendash} April 2023. Results: 81 samples were analyzed. The neutrophil value on the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex vs 34.15\% {\textpm} 14.83\%, median monocytes 4.00\% (0.00-30.00)\% vs 13.05\% (1.30-34.40) \%, median eosinophils 3.50\% (0.00-31.00)\% vs 3.75\% (0.00-29.90)\%, and median basophils 0.75\% (0.00-16.00)\% vs 0.30\% (0, 00-2.90)\%. The eosinophil variable did not show a significant difference between the results of the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 examinations (p=0.081). The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant, strong, positive correlation between Sysmex DI60 and Sysmex. Strong positive significance in the lymphocyte variable (r=0.818). However, no significant correlation basophil variable (r=0.044). Bland-Altman analysis shows that the most appropriate differential count examination is the eosinophil variable. Conclusion: Automatic WBC analyzers apply not only one examination method to detect WBC. The use of the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 provides automation for checking the WBC differential count with different working principles. In this study, there was only agreement between the differential count results for the eosinophil variable, so when operating these tools, intervention from a Clinical Pathologist was still required.

}, keywords = {DI-60, Differential Count, WBC, XN-1000}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.194}, author = {I Dewa Komang Agung Cahyadi and I Nyoman Wande and Ni Nyoman Mahartini} } @article {2006, title = {Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil On Anxiety, Depression, And Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 81 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a waiting list control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). Results: Chemical analysis showed that 1,8 cineole (37.6\%), α-pinene (19.9\%), and linalool (15.8\%) were the main components. Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality scores showed a decrease in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.491; g= 1.490) with 1-β=0.996, while medium size effects were observed for depression (d = 0.581; g= 0.582) with 1-β=0.585; and sleep quality (d = 0.586; g = 0.588) with 1-β=0.638. Conclusion: Essential oils extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis are more effective in calming anxiety and show moderate changes in depression and sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sleep quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.52}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2034, title = {Effect of Single-Bulb Garlic (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) Extract on The Hematological Profile In E-Cigarette-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {296-300}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Garlic and its derivative preparations have long been used in traditional medicine for good health. Garlic is known to act as an antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, and antifungal. The antioxidant compound in singlebulb garlic is considered to be better than the antioxidant content in other species of garlic. This research aimed to study the effect of hematological profile in oral administration of single-bulb garlic extract in e-cigarette-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. The method used in this study was randomized post-test only control group design. Twenty-four rats were randomly distributed into six groups. The group consisted of C (-) as normal rats{\textquoteright} control; C (+) only exposed to e-cigarette smoke; T1 exposed to e-cigarette smoke and treated with vitamin C; T2 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 75 mg/kg BW; T3 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 100 mg/kg BW; and T4 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 125 mg/kg BW. Exposure to e-cigarette smoke is conducted by evaporating the liquid into a gas chamber with a nicotine dose of 3.6 mg/ml. All treatments were given for 14 days. On the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected by the cardiac puncture method and were examined using a hematology analyzer. Data obtained were white blood count (WBC), platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocytes that were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The result of this study is that garlic extract may boost immunity in the body. However, higher doses can be toxic to erythrocytes.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, E-cigarette, Good health, Hematology profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.78}, author = {Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Julia Calvina Fauzi and Zahra Defitra Rahmania and Bella Safinda and Tridiganita Intan Sholikhah and Bodhi Agustono and M. Gandul Atik Yuliani and Shekhar Chhetri and Reina Puspita Rahmaniar} } @article {2029, title = {The Effect Supplementation of Microbiota Inoculant in the Early Laying Hens Feed on High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low- Density Lipoprotein (LDL) in Egg Yolk}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {270-273}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {270}, abstract = {

Laying hens (Gallus gallus) are one of the poultries kept for their eggs. Eggs produced by chickens are used as a source of human food that contains a lot of nutrition and is affordable. Eggs also contain high levels of cholesterol in the yolk, so if consumed in large quantities, they will pose a risk of disease. This study aims to determine the effect of giving probiotics in the early layer laying hen feed on the levels of high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein in egg yolks. This study has four treatments, namely P1 = control, P2 = feed + AGP, and P3 and P4 = feed + probiotics. The probiotic used is a combination of three bacteria, namely Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium sp. The sample used in this study was egg yolk, which was collected in the last week of the study. Testing for HDL and LDL levels in egg yolks was carried out using the Quantitative Colorimetric/Fluorometric Determination of HDL and LDL/VLDL method. Testing HDL and LDL levels in this study showed that the administration of probiotics had an effect in the form of increasing HDL levels but did not have an effect in the form of a significant decrease in egg yolk LDL levels during the four-week treatment period in laying hens in the early layer phase, aged 18{\textendash}22 weeks. The best probiotic dose used among the three probiotic doses is 3 ml/kg of feed.

}, keywords = {High Density Lipoprotein, Laying hens, Low Density Lipoprotein, Probiotics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.73}, author = {Bodhi Agustono and Rini Apriliawati and Sunaryo Hadi Warsito and Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari and Sri Hidanah and Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Mohammad Anam Al-Arif and Mirni Lamid and Gandul Atik Yuliani and Shekhar Chhetri and Sarasati Windria} } @article {2176, title = {Emilia Sonchifolia-A Critical and Comprehensive Review of its Diverse Medicinal Potential and Future as Therapeutic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1143-1149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC, it belongs to the family Asteraceae or Compositae, is conventionally used in ethnomedicine, and acquires various medicinal properties. This plant has been regarded as one of the widespread traditional vegetable salads in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India. In addendum to its avail as a vegetable, the plant has been documented with several medicinal benefits in the extravagance of night blindness, epilepsy, malaria, asthma, burns, breast abscesses, and inflammatory diseases. On scrutinization of their pharmacological properties, it has been revealed that they possess numerous notable biological properties such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antianxiety, and anticataract, as well as anticonvulsant activities. Concrete evidence suggests the presence of potential phytochemicals in this plant with a wide range of unknown applications. In this current review, we discuss the phytochemicals present in the plant Emilia sonchifolia and emphasize the therapeutic and pharmacological activities reported so far concerning this plant.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour, Emilia sonchifolia, Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.208}, author = {Sardar Hussain and Komal KP and Guruvayoorappan C} } @article {2109, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of the Traditional Use and Maintenance of Medicinal Plant Species and Indigenous Knowledge by the Konso People, Southern Ethiopia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {719-731}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {719}, abstract = {

Background: For thousands of years, indigenous people have developed their own localized knowledge of plant use, management, and conservation. However, this rich traditional knowledge on plant utilization was not well documented, and most of the indigenous knowledge acquired by the local people was verbally passed from generation to generation. The people of Konso in South Ethiopia use and maintain traditional medicinal plant species, according to their specific ethnobotanical pharmacopeia. Methods: A total of 80 informants aged 25 to 87 years old were chosen (10 individuals of which 5 healers and 5 clients) from the 24 key informants were identified representing 6 from each kebele. The present study explores the unique indigenous knowledge that enables the community to identify medicinal plants, prepare medications, and then apply the cures used to treat a variety of human diseases as dangers to their long-term use. This study was carried out from September 2018 to July 2019. Results: Some medicinal plant species are more popular than others Lepidium sativum, Hagenia abyssinica and Allium sativum were cited by all the 80 informants for their medicinal value. Powdered form was directly used from 40.0\% of the medicinal plant species, while 51.4\% are chewed, extracted with water, and / or with butter (17.1\% each) and 8.6\% are extracted with local beer. Of the herbal remedies used in the study area, 68.6\% were applied orally and 31.4\% were applied externally. Roots are the parts mostly used (35.7\%), followed by leaves (32.9\%), combination of parts (18.6\%), root bark (5.7\%), fruit (2.9\%), in that order, respectively. It was known that highest source of the medicinal plants was the forest (45.3\%). Conclusions: Home gardens and agro forests together contribute 41.86\% of the medicinal plants. This study was undertaken to bring awareness towards community-based in-situ and ex-situ conservation actions, attracting younger generations to grab the indigenous knowledge from the parents and ancestors and strengthening home gardens and other agro-forestry systems be used as repositories of medicinal plant species and alternative conservation sites to preserve the traditional medicinal plant species of the study area.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plant species., Traditional healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.143}, author = {Tizazu Gebre and Bhaskar Rao Chinthapalli and D. S. Vijaya Chitra} } @article {2190, title = {An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Pharmacognosy Research and a Pharmaceutical Resource Management in Hospitals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1224-1229}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1224}, abstract = {

Objective: This research paper aims to evaluate the relative efficacy of pharmacognosy research on the top 40 tertiary hospitals and its pharmacy in India according to Newsweek{\textquoteright}s 2021 ranking. Purpose: India{\textquoteright}s pharmaceutical market is now estimated to be worth $50 billion. India is a significant pharmaceutical exporter, reaching more than 200 nations with its exports. This study will help to identify whether the pharma industry is working efficiently in selected Indian hospitals or not. Thus, to create a bench marking for the hospital pharmacies in India. Design/methodology/approach: Data for the study came from public and private hospitals{\textquoteright} official websites, financial records, and government notifications. Cross- sectional data analyses were done using a Slack-Based model and data envelopment analysis (DEA). STATA was the software used to scrutinize the results effectively. Results: Thirteen hospital pharmacies out of a total of 40 are judged to be relatively technically efficient overall, according to the research. The findings of the slack analysis demonstrate that government hospitals and pharmacies are better able to handle slack and effectively manage input and output. Conclusion: The researchers also set upped a benchmarking hospital both for private and government healthcare settings for pharmacognosy research. Thus, it can be utilized for the betterment of the pharmacies.\ 

}, keywords = {Data envelopment analysis (DEA), Efficiency, Hospitals, India, Pharmacognosy research, Pharmacy, SBM model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.222}, author = {Suresh Chandra Akula and Pritpal Singh and Prikshat Kumar Angra and Gagandeep Singh Cheema and Anup Sharma and Mohd Farhan} } @article {2175, title = {In silico ADME and Drug-likeness Evaluation of Phytochemicals from the Leaves of Tabernaemontana divaricata Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1136-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1136}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tabernaemontana divaricata is a traditional plant from the family of Apocynaceae, which has wider medicinal activities such brain tonic, anti-epileptic, anti-mania and anti-oxidant. The current predictive study was aimed to know pharmacokinetics and drug likeness of selected phytochemicals present in T.divaricata by using online tool Swiss-ADME. Methods: The air-dried leaves were pulverized and subjected to Soxhlet extraction and percolation using the solvents, namely, ethanol, hydroalcoholic solvent (50:50 and 70:30 ethanol: water) and water to obtain four different extracts. Aqueous extract was made through percolation. Subsequently, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze each extract further. All the bioactive compounds were subjected to in silico ADME and drug-likeness studies and the finalized compounds were undergone cell cytotoxicity activity. Results: All the four extracts have distinct physicochemical properties linked to the chemicals naturally present in large amounts in T. divaricata leaves. The compound 4,4,7a-Trimethylhexahydro-1-benzofuran-2(3H)- one and 2-(4-methylphenyl) indolizine having good drug likeness of 4.50 and 3.50 respectively and good lipophilicity which has the log P value of 2.51 and 3.73 appropriately. IC50 values of compounds were found to be 312.1 {\textpm} 0.2μg/ml for 4,4,7a-Trimethylhexahydro-1-benzofuran-2(3H)-one and 393.7 {\textpm} 0.2μg/ ml for 2-(4-methylphenyl) indolizine. Conclusion: Major bioactive chemicals were found in the aqueous extract and based on the calculated ADME parameters they are anticipated to serve as cytotoxic lead compounds. It is advocated that current predictive results should be authenticated by in vitro and in vivo toxicological and pharmacological assay.

}, keywords = {Apocyanceae, Cell cytotoxicity studies, GC-MS analysis, In silico study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.207}, author = {Ayda Cherian and Velmurugan Vadivel} } @article {2187, title = {Intravitreal Resveratrol as Anti Apoptotic Agent Against Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Ischemic Reperfusion Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1207-1212}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1207}, abstract = {

Background: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy caused by the apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells and results in progressive retinal ganglion cell injury. A decrease in intraocular pressure (IOP) is a modifiable risk factor for slowing the progression of the disease, and can be accomplished through medication, laser therapy, or surgery. Even though the intraocular pressure has decreased and attained normal levels, the injury to the retinal ganglion cells continues in some cases. It is believed that neuroprotective administration has a positive effect on preventing the loss of retinal ganglion cells. Methods: Bax and Caspase-3 expression were measured involving 20 eyeballs of Rattus Norvegicus by immunohistochemistry examination. I-R injury was developed by increasing intraocular pressure (IOP) through the intracameral balanced salt solution (BSS) injection, then lowered after 60 minutes. Samples were divided into 4 groups: control, no further injection group, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected group and resveratrol-injected group. Each group was enucleated at days 7, 0, 7, and 7, respectively. Data with a non-normal distribution were examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and if the outcome was significant, the Mann-Whitney test. Results: The highest mean Bax and Caspase-3 expression was found in PBS injected and enucleated at day 7 group (G2), 0.96{\textpm}0.40 and 0.72 {\textpm} 0.30, respectively. When compared to PBS injection, the expression of Bax and Caspase-3 was lower in the resveratrol-injected group. Conclusion: Bax and Caspase-3 expressions were lower in the intravitreal injection of Resveratrol in the dose of 100 {\textmu}M following the I-R injury group compared to the group without intravitreal Resveratrol injection.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Glaucoma, Ischemic-reperfusion injury, Neuroprotective, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.219}, author = {Amelia Shinta Prasetya and Evelyn Komaratih and Wimbo Sasono and Mercia Chrysanti and Maria Debora Niken Larasati and I Ketut Sudiana} } @article {2118, title = {Male and Female Rosy Barb Fish (Pethia conchonius) Predation Time Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larva and Pupa Stage in the Morning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {781-785}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {781}, abstract = {

Introduction: The control program for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) outbreaks prioritizes controlling the mosquito vector population. One way of biologically controlling mosquitoes that is safer and more environmentally friendly is fish as natural predators of larval and pupae stage mosquitoes. One fish tested in this study was Rosy Barb (Pethia conchonius). Objective: This study aimed to compare the male and female fish predation ability of rosy barb (P. conchonius) in Aedes aegypti larval and pupal stages. Methods: This study is a laboratory experiment with a post-test-only design and five replications. One aquarium holds one litre of water, one fish, and 25 Ae. aegypti larval/pupa tails. Fish testing begins at 09.00 WIB in the morning. Fish predation was timed until the fish consumed all larvae and pupae. Results: The mean time of predation of male P. conchonius to larvae was 12.03 minutes, and pupae were 2.83 minutes. The mean time of predation of female P. conchonius on larvae was 11.70 minutes, and pupae were 4.28 minutes. The results of the independent sample t-test equal variance assumed statistical test showed that male and female fish had mosquito larvae feeding times that were not significantly different (p\> 0.05). Male and female fish had mosquito pupa feeding times that were not significantly different (p \> 0.05). Conclusions: Rosy barb fish (P. conchonius) has the potential as a natural predator of Ae. aegypti larval and pupal stages.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Female fish, Larvae, Male fish, Pethia conchonius, Pupae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.152}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Sri Subekti and Heny Arwati and Etha Rambung and Natalia Christiani} } @article {2037, title = {Nonmotoric Symptoms Scale (NMSS) Validity and Reliability Test in Patients with Parkinson{\textquoteright}s Disease in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia: A Questioner Validation Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {316-320}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {316}, abstract = {

Background: Nonmotor symptoms are common but less reported in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease. it{\textquoteright}s the cause of decreased quality of life and disability in many patients with Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease compared to the motor symptom. Our study aimed to translate the original English-language version of the nonmotor symptom scale (NMSS) into the Indonesian version of the NMSS. And also to evaluate its validity and reliability for use in Indonesian-speaking Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease patients. This for better and valid usage of NMSS scale in the Indonesian patient and health care provider Material and Method: This was descriptive-analytic study. Cross-cultural adaptation of NMSS and psychometric analysis of the Indonesian version of NMSS was carried out from 2 Teaching Hospital centers in Surabaya, East Java. Several other scales were also examined, including MMSE, ESS, BDI, and Scopa-Aut. A reliability test was performed using Alpha Cronbach. Results: A total of 35 patients were included in this study. the average age was 64.03{\textpm}12.92 with the female sex 42.9\% (n=15) and the male 57.1\% (n=20), and Hoehn and Yahr stage II 57.1\% (n=20). The total average NMSS is 11.64. The validity of contents and constructs of the NMSS on each domain has been proven valid. Internal reliability of internal consistency in these tools with an alpha Cronbach value of 0.836. Each domain correlates with several other scores including MMSE, BDI, ESS, and Scopa-aut. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of NMSS has good validity and reliability in assessing nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease patients in Indonesia.

}, keywords = {Nonmotoric Symptoms Scale, Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, Validation, Validity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.81}, author = {Muhammad Hamdan and Priya Nugraha and Pramitha Nayana Librata and Cindy Cecilia} } @article {2117, title = {Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Luma Chequen (Molina) A. Gray from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {777-780}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Luma chequen belongs to Myrtaceae family and it is known as {\textquotedblleft}arrayan{\textquotedblright}. In the traditional medicine from Peru, L chequen is used as aromatic plant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical profile, evaluate the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of L. chequen essential oil. Material and Methods: In the analysis of the volatile components a Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the content of terpenes and sesquiterpenes. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was the method used to determine the antioxidant activity and obtain the half inhibitory concentration (IC50). For the antibacterial activity, a colorimetric macrodilution method was carried out to evaluate the effect of the essential oil of L. chequen against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: The analysis by GC-MS showed two major components alpha-pinene (62.89\%) followed by 1,8-cineole (11.94\%), and propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylpropyl ester with 8.67\%. In the antioxidant activity against DPPH radical, the essential oil of L. chequen showed an IC50 equivalent to124.60 {\textpm} 2.0 μg/mL. In the antibacterial activity, L. chequen had an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 of 4.35 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL and 8.71 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: L. chequen presented monoterpene compounds as main phytoconstituents as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro. The essential oil might be used as antimicrobial agent in the future overall against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial., Antioxidant, Aromatic plant, Essential oil, Luma chequeen, Medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.151}, author = {Julio Luis D{\'\i}az-Uribe and Mar{\'\i}a Elena Salazar-Salvatierra and Julio Reynaldo Ruiz-Quiroz and Oscar Herrera- Calderon and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Freddy Emilio Tataje-Napuri and Jos{\'e} Francisco Kong-Chirinos} } @article {2119, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antiinflammatory Activity of the Extract from the Leaves of Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC (Fabaceae) in Rats with Acute Inflammation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {786-790}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {786}, abstract = {

Inflammation and pain are the initial response mechanisms to environmental aggression on the human body. The traditional use of plants such as Desmodium Molliculum (Kunth) DC, among the Peruvian population for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, has occurred since ancient times. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of secondary metabolites and evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of Desmodium molliculum (EDM) leaves in rats with acute inflammation induced using carrageenan. The phytochemical profile was performed for the main secondary metabolites with biological activity. Subsequently, 25 rats were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group I and II: Physiological Saline Solution (PSS) by oral administration. Group III: Sodium Diclofenac (25 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal administration. Group IV and V: EDM at 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw by oral administration, respectively; 30 minutes after administration, acute inflammation was induced in Groups II, III, IV, and V using the subplantar edema technique with 1\% w/v carrageenan. The volume displaced by the hind paw was evaluated in all 5 groups using a digital plethysmometer every 60 minutes for 5 hours. The results were obtained from the displaced volume (Mean {\textpm} SD), with the most representative values obtained at 240 minutes, where EDM at 250 mg/kg (0.57 {\textpm} 0.07 ml) bw and 500 mg/kg bw (0.578 {\textpm} 0.051 ml) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (ANOVA p\<0.05). We concluded that Desmodium Molliculum has anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw.

}, keywords = {Acute inflammation, Carrageenan, Desmodium, Dog{\textquoteright}s Paw, Edema Subplantar, Fabaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.153}, author = {Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano- Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Maria Llontop and Fatima Malca and Sebastian Noe and Cyntia Blanco-Olano} } @article {2137, title = {The Relationship of the Gene Allele Apolipoprotein E with Height in Down Syndrome 21}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {897-900}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a form of polymorphic protein located on the long arm of chromosome 19 at position 13.2 (19q13.2), translated into three alleles of the gene, namely normal allele 3 and dysfunctional allele 2 and 4. Patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 may have different allele frequencies and combinations of APOE gene genotypes with controls, which can result in decreased cognitive function and inhibition of bone growth. This study aims to analyze the relationship of the Apolipoprotein E Gene Allele with the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21. Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a comparative cross-sectional study design. Results: The sample used was the result of DNA extraction of patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 as many as 33 samples and 33 controls stored in the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. The next step is to examine the APOE gene polymorphisms using PCR and sequencing techniques. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and height (p=0.009). Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21.

}, keywords = {Apolipoprotein E, Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome, Height.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.170}, author = {Malinda Meinapuri and Arni Amir and Eva Chundrayetti and Efrida Efrida and Susmiati Susmiati} } @article {1861, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment of Freeze-Dried Lipote Fruit Extract (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) in ICR Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {490-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {490}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive contents. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was conducted following the OECD 425 guidelines to investigate the toxic effects of freeze-dried lipote fruit extract (LFE) in male and female ICR mice at doses of 55, 175, 550, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. Results: At the end of the 14-day experimentation period, no physical, behavioral, neurologic, or cardiorespiratory signs of toxicity nor mortalities were recorded in LFE-treated mice. Also, physiologic parameters such as body weight, and feed and water intake registered normal throughout the study. Hematologic values such as total RBC, total WBC, and differential WBC for both sexes remained normal, apart from the male mouse administered with 2000 mg/kg LFE dose which presented erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia after the end of the experimentation period, most likely due to extraneous factors unrelated to treatment. Meanwhile, the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values remained within their respective normal reference ranges. Conclusion: It can be inferred from results of this acute oral toxicity study that LFE is relatively non-toxic, has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, and like other closely related Syzygium berries, does not elicit any adverse effects on the physiologic, hematologic, and blood chemical levels of kidney-filtered substances in mice. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies must be conducted to determine the safety of continuous oral ingestion of lipote fruit.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Lipote, Mice, Philippine berry, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.126}, author = {Mark Joseph M. Desamero and Liezl M. Atienza and Maria Adrianna Isabella G. Claravall and Roxanne P. Gapasin and Jonna Rose C. Maniwang and Dianne Jane A. Sunico and James Ryan D. Aranzado and Joan I. Delomen and Loraine C. Bainto-Ancheta and Katherine Ann T. Castillo-Israel and Rohani B. Cena-Navarro and Maria Amelita C. Estacio} } @article {1842, title = {Amino Acid and Proximate Analysis of Type-1 Collagen from Sea Cucumber and Tilapia-Skin and its Potential Application as Artificial Tendon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {358-361}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {358}, abstract = {

Tendon injury is a medical indication that requires surgical therapy and prolonged recovery. Collagen plays a crucial role in the wound healing process. Collagen maintains homeostasis, interacts with platelets, and enhances cellular components. Most living organisms consist of collagen components as fibrillar proteins. In this study, the potential properties of type-1 collagen from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin were evaluated depend on proximate analysis, amino acid composition, and moisture-absorption ability. The result showed that Tilapia-skin has a higher protein and fat composition compared to the sea cucumber. In contrast, moisture, ash, and yield composition showed higher for sea cucumber compared to Tilapiaskin. Meanwhile, based on amino acid analysis was revealed that proline, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine were lower on sea cucumber compared to Tilapia-skin. In conclusion, both type-1 collagen material from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin might be developed as a biomaterial for tendon injury. It is crucial that further studies be carried out to emphasize the potential of biodegradable and bio-replaceable materials using the in vivo model.

}, keywords = {collagen, Key words: Artificial tendon, Marine biodiversity, Sea cucumber, Tilapia-skin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.107}, author = {Arifia Safira and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Roro Ayu Puspitasari and Anindyta Kirana Putri Ayuningtyas and Yayang Amru Mahendra and Agus Purnomo and Faisal Fikri and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1876, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Ziziphus lotus on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Lithiasis in Rats }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {596-602}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {596}, abstract = {

In Morocco, Ziziphus lotus is commonly used as an urolithiatic agent in the traditional medicine. To confirm this effect, an aqueous extract of Ziziphus lotus (AEZL) has been studied in ethylene glycolinduced urolithiasis model of rats. 30 male rats were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I served as a vehicle control and received distilled water (0.5 ml/100 g p.o.). All remaining groups received calculi inducing treatment for 28 days, comprised of 0.75\% v/v ethylene glycol with 1\% w/v ammonium chloride in drinking water ad libitum for 3 days followed by only 0.75\% v/v ethylene glycol for 25 days. Group II served as lithiatic control and received distilled water (0.5 ml/100 g p.o.). Group III served as curative treatment group and received AEZL at doses of 150 mg/kg from 14th day to 28th day. Group VI served as preventive treatment group and received AEZL at doses of 150 mg/kg from 1st day to 28th day. Group V served as therapeutic and received a drug {\textquotedblleft}Cystone{\textquotedblright} at dose of 750 mg/kg from 14th day to 28th day. The extract treatment decreased the levels of oxalate and calcium in urine. Crystalluria analysis showed that untreated rats excreted large CaOx monohydrate and few dihydrate crystals while treated animals excreted mostly small CaOx dihydrate crystals. Significant similarity was observed between preventive and therapeutic anti-urolithiatic effect of AEZL and anti-urolithiatic effect of cystone (P\<0.001). These results demonstrated that AEZL have an anti-urolithiatic effect with preventive and therapeutic treatments in this experimental condition.

}, keywords = {Ethylene glycol, Rats, Urinary parameter, Urolithiasis, Ziziphus lotus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.141}, author = {Miloud Chakit and Rezklah Boussekkour and Aboubaker El Hessni and Youssef Bahbiti and Redouan Nakache and Hicham El Mustaphi and Abdelhalim Mesfioui} } @article {1731, title = {Correlation Pattern of oxLDL, cortisol, hsCRP, and Adiponectin Levels in Atherosclerosis Risk Population-Based on Framingham Risk Score}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Background: The central pathology of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is atherosclerosis. Therefore, it is necessary to examine proteins involved in the and CVD disease mechanism to predict the occurrence of cardiovascular disease due to atherosclerosis. Purpose: This study analysed the correlation pattern of hsCRP, oxLDL, cortisol, and adiponectin levels in atherosclerotic risk population based on the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) to determine the risk of atherosclerosis. Methods Participants were selected using the purposive sampling method,158 participants classes were fired into three risk groups according to FRS. Blood samples were collected, a hsCRP, oxLDL, cortisol, and adiponectin levels were measured using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Results and Discussion: Using the inner model test result, four significant direct relationships are formed, indicated by p-value\< 0.000. It was FRS to oxLDL, cortisol adiponectin, cortisol to oxLDL, and oxLDL to adiponectin. Based on the indirect effect analysis, it is known that the indirect effect of FRS on Adiponectin through the increase in hs-CRP levels (0.211), FRS on Adiponectin increases in OxLDL levels is significant (-0.224). The coefficient of the effect of the FRS on Adiponectin levels through an increase in OxLDL levels is negative, and also FRS on Adiponectin. The indirect effect of FRS on Adiponectin is that the indirect effect and is not significant (4.083) through the increase in cortisol levels. Conclusion: All variables used in this study are correlated with each other. FRS with hsCRP and adiponectin form a relationship that directly affects each other. Meanwhile, FRS affect adiponectin through OxLDL and cortisol.

Key words: Adiponectin, Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular disease, Framingham Risk Factor, hsCRP.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.3}, author = {Kumboyono Kumboyono and Indah Nur Chomsy and Fitria Nugraha Aini and Titin Andri Wihastuti} } @article {1796, title = {Effective Enzyme-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Diversified Thai Rice and Native Thai Bees (Cavity Nesting Honey Bees) and their Potential for Production of Protease Enzymes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {506-517}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

Background: Thailand is one of the most bio-diversified countries in Southeast Asia, especially regarding plants, animals and microbes that impact directly on human and animal life. Methods: Of the 201 bacterial isolates that were screened from Thai rice and bees in Ratchaburi and Chiang Mai provinces, Thailand, most were classified in the genus Bacillus. Result: From the morphological test and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence study, three strains, Bacillus flexus KRptI_S2, Microbacterium paraoxydans C13HN2 and Paenibacillus hunanensis KRrb_T2, could produce amylase and protease enzyme and non-hemolytic activity at higher temperature. The highest enzymatic activity of protease was produced by P. hunanensis KRrb_T2 (378.9967{\textpm}1.335 U.mL-1) at 36 h. Conclusion: In summary, the bacteria from Thai rice and bees could be potential suitable sources of protease production for development by the food and beverage industries globally.

}, keywords = {Bacteria, Bees, Biodiversity, Protease Enzyme, Rice.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.64}, author = {Thapakorn Chumphon and Yaowanoot Promnuan and Sujinan Meelai and Saran Promsai} } @article {1903, title = {Effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on coping premenstrual syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {728-735}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {728}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 61 participants were divided in two groups, comprising an experimental with essential oils and a control group with no treatment. Main psychological symptoms were assessed with the used of Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) as well as total score of premenstrual syndrome was evaluated with Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Results: chemical analysis showed that linalool (17.6\%) was the main component. All variables showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was observed for anxiety (d = 1.25; Δ = 1.35). Besides, moderate changes were found for depression (d = 0.79; Δ= 0.81) and premenstrual syndrome total score (d = 0.62; Δ = 0.56). Conclusion: The essential oil of Satureja brevicalyx exerts a potencial use, especially for the treatment of psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Premenstrual syndrome, Satureja brevicalyx}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.160}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Olga Gessy Rodr{\'\i}guez Aguilar and Ana Mar{\'\i}a Honores Alvarado and Elsa Roc{\'\i}o Vargas D{\'\i}az and Lesly Alexandra Cabrera Cabrera and Klersy Almendra Truyenque Rom{\'a}n and Edwar Guido Brice{\~n}o Esquivel} } @article {1806, title = {Efficacy of Probiotic on Duodenal TNF-α Expression and the Histological Findings in the Liver and Lung in Animal Model Canine Coronavirus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {591-597}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Currently, Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enteric pathogen of the Alphacoronavirus-1 species that causes mild to severe diarrhea in puppies. The pathogenesis of this infection will cause severe lymphopenia and lead to death in puppies. This study aimed to determine the administration of probiotics on TNF-α expression, histological findings of the liver and lung in mice infected with CCoV. A total of 28 mice were randomly assigned into seven treatment groups, i.e. (C-) placebo; (C+) active CCoV vaccine induction; (T1) CCov + Isopronosin; (T2) CCoV + Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic; (T3) CCoV + Lactobacillus Acidophylus and Bifidobacterium probiotics; (T4) CCoV + colustrum fermentation probiotic; (T5) CCoV + ginger, turmeric and ginger probiotics. Thereafter, the expression of TNF-α in the duodenum was stained using immunohistochemistry, liver and lung were stained using hematoxylin eosin. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey test with a significance level (p\<0.05). TNF-α expression on T4 and T5 decreased significantly (p\<0.05) compared to C+, T1, T2 and T3. Histologic findings of the liver in the C- and T4 groups showed normal features in the central vein. On the other hand, glycogen accumulation was found in hepatocyte cells, hemorrhage with sinusoid dilation, lymphocyte infiltration in centro lobular area in group C+. Lung histology showed normal features of sinusoids and alveolar septa in groups C- and T4. Meanwhile, intra-alveolar hemorrhage was found with neutrophil cell infiltration and fibrin plasma accumulation in group C+. In conclusion, colostrum fermentation probiotics can reduce TNF-α expression in the duodenum and improve the liver and lung physiology in mice infected with CCoV.

}, keywords = {Biodiversity, Canine coronavirus, Liver, Lung, Probiotic, TNF-α.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.76}, author = {Iwan Sahrial Hamid and Juni Ekowati and Rondius Solfaine and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1916, title = {Erlenmeyer-shaped Heart in a Patient with Giant Left Atrium due to Mixed Mitral Valve Pathology: A Neglected Case in a Rural Area in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {829-832}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {829}, abstract = {

Giant left atrium (GLA) is a rare condition typically found in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease. On chest radiographs, this condition often mimics another cause of cardiomegaly. A 52-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with complaints of shortness of breath and orthopnea. Mid-diastolic and grade IV pansystolic murmurs could be heard at the apex radiating to the axilla on cardiac auscultation. The electrocardiogram showed a junctional tachycardia rhythm, while the chest radiograph displayed extreme cardiomegaly with Erlenmeyer-shaped heart. Massive pericardial effusion was suspected. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was then performed, revealing GLA with a left atrial volume index (LAVi) of 1101 ml/m2. Meanwhile, transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed calcification of P2 and P3 extending to the border of the mitral leaflet up to one third of the chordae tendineae, with moderate mitral stenosis and eccentric mitral regurgitation jet due to prolapse of A2. The patient was treated with optimal medical therapy while awaiting cardiac surgery. GLA is a rare complication of mitral valve disease and an almost forgotten cause of cardiomegaly. Diagnostic imaging procedures with echocardiography are a less invasive and readily available modality to establish the diagnosis of cardiomegaly.

}, keywords = {Erlenmeyer-shaped heart, Giant left atrium, Junctional tachycardia., Mitral regurgitation, Mitral stenosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.175}, author = {Aprilia Romdiyana and R. Mohammad Budiarto and Evelyne Chandra} } @article {1868, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used for the Treatment of Urolithiasis in Morocco }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {542-547}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

Urolithiasis (UL) is a frequent pathology which affects between 5 and 20\% of the population according to the countries and areas. The aim of this study was to determine the medicinal plants used traditionally by patients with UL in the Kenitra and Sidi Kacem cities (Morocco). From January 2012 to February 2015, 50 herbalists and 166 patients with urolithiasis who live in the area under study were interviewed by using structured questionnaire. The following data were recorded: name of the patients or herbalists with their age, sex name of the plant (s) (vernacular name), parts used mode of preparation and administration. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 24 families, mostly from the Apiaceae (16.66\%) Lamiaceae (11.9\%) were used to treat the UL in the area. All the plants were prepared by decoction which are taken orally for a period of one week. Herniaria hirsuta (Hh) and Ziziphus lotus (Zl) were repeatedly mentioned by the patients and herbalists as most used for the management of UL in this area. It{\textquoteright}s concluded that the traditional remedies are the first line to treat the UL in this area. Hh and Zl were the most commonly used plants in this treatment which a study of antiurolithiatic characteristics seem to be necessary to evaluate its use in therapy.

}, keywords = {Medicinal plants, Morocco., Questionnaire, Traditional medicine, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.133}, author = {Miloud Chakit and Aboubaker El Hessni and Abdelhalim Mesfioui} } @article {1752, title = {Extraction, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Moroccan Satureja nepeta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {182-192}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Satureja nepeta is an aromatic medicinal plant, widely used by the Moroccan population. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of extraction methods on total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC). The phytochemical characteristics are subsequently analyzed to determine the components constitution as well as the evaluation of antioxidant activity. The extraction optimization and the extraction of total polyphenols was carried out using three methods (decoction, infusion and hydroethanolic). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the DPPH free radical trapping method, reducing power assay and the ABTS radical reduction test. Polyphenols were identified by the HPLCUV method. The optimal hydro-ethanol extraction conditions defined from the experimental design are: ethanol/water, 60/40 (v/v), 15 hours, 42.5 {\textdegree}C TPC and TFC of the infused extract were the highest. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity showed that the infused extract had a good antioxidant efficacy. HPLC-UV and GC-MS has been used to identify some phenolic compounds in various extracts. In conclusion, optimizing the extraction of S. nepeta seems to be an efficient and quick method to establish the best extraction conditions. Also, Satureja.

Key words: Moroccan Satureja nepeta, Antioxidant activity, Total polyphenol, Total flavonoids, Total tannins.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.24}, author = {A EZAOUINE and M R SALAM and Y SBAOUI and B NOUADI and S ZOUHIR and M ELMESSAL and F CHEGDANI and F BENNIS} } @article {1884, title = {Inhibitory Effect of Carallia Brachiata Extract Through Regulation of Adipogenesis Pathways in 3T3-L1 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {655-660}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {655}, abstract = {

Background: Pharmacological effects of Carallia brachiata Merr. has been reported to show antioxidant effects against the development of diabetes. However, the mechanism underlying antiadipogenic activity have not been investigated. Objective: Effect of Carallia brachiata ethanolic extract was determined on inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Materials and Methods: Adipose tissue development was performed in preadipocyte 3T3-L1 cells culture. Carallia brachiata leaf (CL) and stem (CS) part were selected for measuring cytotoxicity, accumulation of lipids, and genes involved in adipogenic differentiation. Results: During the adipogenic differentiation, CS down-regulated gene expression of adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ, C/EBPα, aP2, FAS, LPL and SREBP1c). However, CL only suppressed SREBP1c and aP2 genes. The accumulation of lipids was suppressed by CS, but CL could not show this effect. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that ethanol extract of Carallia brachiata stem has a better anti-adipogenesis effect than the leaf part by suppressing adipogenesis-related gene expression. Moreover, inhibition of lipid storage could be decreased insulin resistance risk.

}, keywords = {3T3-L1 adipocytes, Adipogenesis, Carallia brachiata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.149}, author = {Linda Chularojmontri and Urarat Nanna and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Wanwisa Suwannaloet} } @article {1899, title = {The Interactive Antimicrobial Activities of Selected South African Terminalia spp. Extracts in Combination with Conventional Antibiotics against Gastrointestinal Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {692-701}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {692}, abstract = {

Background: Recent declines in new antibiotic discovery and the increase in antibiotic resistance have resulted in failing against bacterial pathogens. To develop novel antibiotic therapies, medical researchers have begun to focus on traditional therapies. Combinational therapies consisting of medicinal plants and conventional antibiotics may reactivate current drugs that are otherwise ineffective against antibioticresistant bacteria. Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex DC, Terminalia prunioides Laws. and Terminalia gazensis Bak. f. are native South African plants with antimicrobial properties. However, combinations of Terminalia sericea, Terminalia prunioides and Terminalia gazensis with conventional antibiotics are yet to be evaluated for growth inhibitory activity against gastrointestinal pathogens. Methods: Terminalia spp. leaves were extracted with solvents of varying polarity. Antimicrobial screening was performed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Toxicity was measured using Artemia franciscana nauplii lethality assays. Results: All extracts (except the T. sericea extracts) showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against B. cereus and E. faecalis, A. faecalis, A. hydrophilia, S. sonnei and S. newport in both the disc diffusion and liquid dilution assay. Twenty-three extract/antibiotic combinations produced synergy, 26 were additive, 24 were non-interactive and seven were antagonistic. Most of the antagonist interactions occurred in combinations containing gentamicin. All extracts were either non-toxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia bioassay. Conclusion: Terminalia spp. extracts may mimic the actions of a resistance modifying agents, enhancing the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Further studies are required to identify the bioactive and potentiating components and their mechanisms of action.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic potentiation, Antibiotic-resistant pathogens, Combretaceae, Diarrhoea., Synergy, Terminalia gazensis, Terminalia prunioides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.156}, author = {Muhammad Jawad Yousaf Zai and Matthew James Cheesman and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {1769, title = {Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {315-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic drugs, Antioxidants, Geranium ruizii, Herbal therapy, Medicinal plants, Pasuchaca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.40}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Renan Dilton Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Melva Iparraguirre-Meza and Mildred Hilda C{\'o}ndor- Privat and Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo and Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman and Rossibel Juana Mu{\~n}oz-de-la-Torre} } @article {1810, title = {Pharmacobotany, Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-inflammatory effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Luffa operculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {622-628}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Background: Luffa operculata is a vegetable species well known in the traditional peruvian medicine for its many medicinal properties and cosmetic applications. Objective: The aim objective was to determine the pharmacognostic characteristics of L. operculata as well as observing the pharmacological effect of the ethanol extract of L. operculata fruit on chronic inflammation in rats. Materials and Method: Phytochemical analysis was carried out by using specific chemical reagents for each constituent chemical, the pharmacobotanical study was done with a histological tinction (fruit, steam and leaves), which were stained with Safranin 1\% and Toluidine blue 1\%; the chronical inflammation was assessed by air bag method in Holztman male rats. Doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/Kg were tested in order to determine the anti-inflammatory effect, which was demonstrated with histopathological evaluation and lymphocytes reduction. Results: The main findings indicate that the ethanolic extract presented saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenes and steroids. The efficiency of lymphocyte reduction per field in the histopathological study of the granuloma was 58.4\% with the middle dose of 250 mg/kg (p \< 0.0001), which gives a dose-independent anti-inflammatory effect in rats. Conclusion: Luffa operculata presented anti-inflammatory effect at 250 mg/Kg by oral administration in a chronical experimental model of inflammation in rats.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory., Luffa operculata, Pharmacobotany, Saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.80}, author = {Jorge Alejandro Arroyo-Sandoval and Manuel Jes{\'u}s Marin-Bravo and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Roberto Jes{\'u}s Ch{\'a}vez-Asmat and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Javier Hern{\'a}n Ch{\'a}vez-Espinoza and Jaime David Torres-L{\'e}vano and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon} } @article {1877, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Helichrysum acutatum DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {603-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Helichrysum acutatum from the Asteraceae family is a shrub indigenous to Southern Africa. The plant is used in traditional medicine as an enema for newborn babies. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bioactive constituents from H. acutatum. In addition, the crude extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The phytochemical investigation afforded the known compounds stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, and caffeic acid. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity compared to other extracts, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Antibacterial profiling of all the extracts showed no activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The cytotoxic activity of the crude extracts was assayed in vitro against two human cancer cell lines, liver hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). The human embryonic kidney cell line (Hek-293) was used as the non-transformed control. The plant extracts showed insufficient antiproliferative or cytotoxic activity to the tumour and regular cell lines tested, which signifies suitable for human consumption. Overall, this plant has better antioxidant activity than other plants in the genus, which needs further exploration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Caffeic acid, Cytotoxicity, Magnetic resonance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.142}, author = {Funsho Oyetunde-Joshua and Roshila Moodley and Hafizah Cheniah and Rene Khan} } @article {1816, title = {Potential Anticancer Activity of Bioactive Compounds from Ipomoea batatas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {650-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.) known as "sweet potato" is a plant species of great importance in the human diet due to the contribution of nutrients and also for its bioactive compounds that have various medicinal properties. Its anticancer activity is one of the properties that attract the attention of researchers in the study of plant species. This review aims to make a critical compilation of current information on research that evaluated the antitumor and antiproliferative activity of Ipomoea batatas. The studies included in this review show a diversity of bioactive compounds present in Ipomoea batatas such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, coumarins and sterols; also isolated compounds such as pectin, peptides and glycoproteins that can be related to their biological activity. It is concluded that there are positive results about Ipomoea batatas and its anticancer activity evaluated through in vitro and in vivo tests. In humans, safety and efficacy trials are still lacking to support its future use and allow drug development. Further research evaluating the safety and efficacy of reported bioactive compounds in Ipomoea batatas is important for the development of this promising area.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, Antitumoral., Cancer, Sweet potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.84}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Julio Hilario-Vargas and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {1847, title = {Radiographic and Histological Evaluation in Canine Femur after Implantation of 304 Stainless-steel-based Plate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {388-392}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Fractures are known to be high-risk traumatic cases in domestic animals. Surgery was performed to reposition and immobilize bone using a plate as a biomaterial component. This study aimed to evaluate the radiographic and histological findings in canine femur after implantation of a 304 stainless-steel-based plate. A total of six male dogs aged 3-4 months were used in this study. Dogs were acclimatized for a week and then randomly assigned to 2 groups and 3 replication, respectively. The left femoral diaphysis was cracked and fixed by (A) commercial plate; (B) 304 stainless-steel plate. Radiographic observations were performed at 24 h and 28 d postoperatively during the recovery period. Histological figures were evaluated at 28 d postoperative descriptively. As a result, physical examination of muscle tissue in both groups did not reveal discoloration, swelling, and fluid accumulation around the plate. The radiographic figures presented a slight callus production around the crack and a decrease in the gap between cracks after 28 d. The histological figures observed the proliferation of osteoblasts, osteocytes, connective tissues, and bone trabeculae. It can be concluded that no significant difference between 304 stainlesssteel plate compared to commercial plate. A 304 stainless-steel-based plate is recommended for bone immobilization in canine femoral fractures.

}, keywords = {304 stainless-steel, Domesticated animal, Femur, Fracture, Radiograph}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.112}, author = {Agus Purnomo and Hartiningsih and Setyo Budhi and Dhirgo Adji and Devita Anggraeni and Dito Anggoro and Sitarina Widyarini and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1931, title = {Risk Factors for Hepatotoxicity From L-Asparaginase Chemotherapy In Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {921-927}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: L-asparaginase chemotherapy often causes hepatotoxicity and affects complete remission in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This study aims to investigate the risk factors that affect the incidence of hepatotoxicity caused by L-asparaginase chemotherapy in ALL children. Methods: An observational study with prospective sampling was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya. The inclusion criteria included ALL children aged 1-18 years, undergoing ALL Induction phase chemotherapy based on the 2018 Indonesian Children{\textquoteright}s ALL protocol as evidenced by bone marrow aspiration, receiving L-asparaginase chemotherapy, and obtaining written consent from parents or guardians. Each child had 3 ml of blood drawn from a peripheral vein to assess their complete blood count, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, and albumin level. Results: Thirty-two children with ALL were collected. Two of them were excluded due to allergic reaction and enable to continue the L-asparaginase chemotherapy. Thirty of them were eligible participants. Approximately 53.3\% of ALL children aged <= seven years. Fourteen (47\%) children with ALL were included in the standard-risk group and 16 (53\%) of them included high-risk group. There were significant differences in ALT levels between the four stages of observation (p=\<0.001). Twenty-two ALL children had hepatotoxicity (73.3\%), while 8 had non-hepatotoxicity (26.7\%). Two risk factors had a significant influence on the occurrence of hepatotoxicity due to L-asparaginase chemotherapy including age and hypoalbuminemia (p=0.045, p=0.028). Conclusion: Age and hypoalbuminemia were the risk factors that might affect the incidents of hepatotoxicity. Clinical monitoring before and after treatment needs to be done to prevent poor outcomes.

}, keywords = {Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Children, Hepatotoxicity, L-asparaginase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.190}, author = {Agniya Ali Fahmi Hikmat and Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Bagus Setyoboedi and Maria Christina Shanty Larasati and Andi Cahyadi and I Dewa Gede Ugrasena} } @article {1809, title = {Standardization Study of Khurtsiin deed-6 Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {610-621}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Introduction: Although traditional medicines are widely used, quality and safety of some of them are not ensured due to lack of suitable quality controls and inadequate labeling. he diagnostic cellular structures and cell content for all powdered ingredients in Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined by {\textquotedblleft}Novel{\textquotedblright} light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified by using TLC and HPLC. Main biologically active compounds contents were determined by UV spectrophotometer methods. Some quality and safety parameters of Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were determined by Mongolian National First Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Some quality and safety parameters of the traditional medicine were determined as: moisture 9.63{\textpm}0.09\%, total ash 4.725{\textpm}0.22\%, and water-soluble extractive 21.28{\textpm}0.11\%, Alcohol soluble extractive total 46.30{\textpm}0.09\%, aerobic microbial count 5x103, total yeast and mold count 3x102. The fingerprints of TLC and HPLC to reveal gallic acid, apigenin, costunolide, E-guggulsterone were defined. The total contents were measured for phenolic compounds as 65.95{\textpm}1.05 mg/g and for flavonoids as 10.55 {\textpm}0.16 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined and Mongolian National Pharmacopeia Monograph{\textquoteright}s draft for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine was developed.

}, keywords = {Gallic acid, Herbal medicine, High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.79}, author = {Myadagbadam and Purevsuren S and Chimedragchaa CH and Tserenkhand G and Norovnyam R} } @article {1334, title = {Antidepressant-Like Behavioral and Spatial Memory Effects in Peruvian Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii)-Treated Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {81-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lepidium meyenii, known with the vernacular name of {\textquotedblleft}Maca{\textquotedblright}, is a Brassicaceae family that has been widely used by Peruvian traditional medicine in cases of sexual dysfunction, memory loss, and several other diseases and pathologies. Objetive: The aim of the study was to test the potential effects of aqueous extract of Red Maca (AQ-RM) on antidepressant-like behavioral in male rats and spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: Forced swimming test was used to examine the potential antidepressant AQ-RM activity in male rats. Fluoxetine and amitryptiline were included as reference drugs. Morris Water Maze test was employed to examine the effect of AQ-RM on spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Such effects were compared to exogenous estradiol administration. The potential role of oxidative stress on spatial memory loss was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats brain homogenates. Results: AQ-RM enhances swimming and climbing activities while reducing the time of immobility in male rats. Meanwhile, it prevents the decrease in the time spent in the target quadrant and displays higher values in the number of crossings in OVX-rats as compared to OVX-control rats. MDA levels in brain homogenates were decreased in OVX-rats receiving AQ-RM. Conclusion: Oral administration of AQ-RM has anti-depressive application in male rats; and increases the ability of learning and memory in OVX rats.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant activity, Forced swimming test, Lepidium meyenii, Morris water maze test, Red Maca, Spatial memory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.12}, author = {Roberto O Yba{\~n}ez-Julca and Ivan M Quispe-D{\'\i}az and Daniel Asunci{\'o}n-Alvarez and Kelly S{\'a}nchez-Mu{\~n}oz and Albert Vargas-Go{\~n}as and Jazminy Morote-Guzman and Ronald Yaro-Marcelo and Edmundo A Venegas-Casanova and Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Pedro Buc Calderon and Julio Benites} } @article {1607, title = {Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanol Extract of Annona cherimola Mill. On Paracetamol-Induced Liver Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {874-882}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {874}, abstract = {

Background: Annona cherimola Mill. (A. cherimola) is mainly characterized by its antioxidant and cytoprotective properties due to their content of phenolic compounds. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola against induced toxicity by paracetamol in rats. Methods: Amount of total phenolics compounds of ethanol extract of A. cherimola Mill. was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH method. Three doses of the ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola (250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg/day) were administered to rats and it was evaluated biochemical blood parameters: aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured, liver tissue was removed for histopathological analysis. Results: Ethanol extract of leaves from A. cherimola had 41.26 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant DPPH Scavenging Activity had 85.51\%. A. cherimola reduced blood levels of ALT, AST and ALP, compared to control group Paracetamol, ethanol extract, being more effective at doses of 750 mg/Kg/day. Histopathological evaluation suggested that A. cherimola decreased hepatic necrosis and degenerative process induced by paracetamol. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of leaves of A. cherimola was demonstrated, being hepatoprotective activity dose dependent and the mechanism may involve antioxidant activity and total polyphenols found in extract of this plant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, DPPH, Liver, Paracetamol, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.112}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo- Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1398, title = {Cardioprotective Role of Partharishtam on Isopreterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {591-595}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the key causes of high death rate globally. We report the cardio protective effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Partharishtam on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction on albino rats. Administration of Isoproterenol to normal albino rat triggers MI evident from the significant changes in key biomolecules tested in blood serum and cardiac tissues. The cardio protective role of Partharishtam was compared with a standard medicine, Propranolol on some of the known identifying markers of MI such as, Troponin I and T, creatine phosphokinase serum (CPK-S), creatine phosphokinase myoglobulin isozyme fraction (CPK-MB) and oxidative enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase. There was an appreciable decrease in the levels of Troponin 1 and T, CPK-S and CPK-MB after the treatment of Partharishtam on Isoproterenol induced MI rats. In vivo anti-oxidative enzyme studies also revealed the increase in the levels of SOD, GSH and catalase to near normalcy after the treatment of Partharishtam in MI rats, which is very much comparable to the commonly used drug Propranolol to treat MI patients. Histopathological analysis confirmed the cardio protective properties of Partharistham in rat model. We did not find any side effects or toxicity of Partharishtam when tested on the normal rats. Thus, polyherbal formulation Partharishtam could be considered as safe medicine for MI.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Creatine phosphokinase, GSH, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Infarction, Partharishtam, Polyherbal, Propranolol, SOD, Troponin I, Troponin T}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.74}, author = {G. Narayanan and K Prabhu and Anath Bandhu Chaudhury and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and N S Muthiah and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1706, title = {Characterization and Phytochemical Screening of Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) Extract{\textquoteright}s Nanoparticles Used Ball Mill Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1568-1572}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1568}, abstract = {

The aim of this study was to study the characterization and phytochemical screening of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri linn) extract{\textquoteright}s nanoparticles used ball mill method. The effect of herbal products would be maximized, a formulation that able to increase solubility, stability, bioavailability, and a targeted system was needed so the use of simplicia would be more effective. One of alternative solutions to this problem was to make the preparation of meniran extract in the form of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles made it easier for extract to be absorbed in blood plasma and were more effective in achieving the target drug itself. The manufacture of meniran nanoparticles used ball mill method. Then, meniran extract nanoparticles characterization and phytochemical screening were carried out. Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) extract nanoparticle characterization consisted of size, used Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), and morphology, used Scaning Electron Microscope (SEM). Phytochemical screening of meniran extract nanoparticles used qualitative screening by reagent test. The results showed that the meniran extract nanoparticles produced an average size of 192.6 nm. The averange shape of particle was imperfectly amorphous and the dominant composition was Carbon (C). Phytochemical screening showed the content of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and alkaloids.

}, keywords = {Biological production, Nanoparticle, Phyllanthus niruri, Phytochemical compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.200}, author = {Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Sri Hidanah and Sri Chusniati and Soeharsono} } @article {1388, title = {Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Salvia Officinalis Extract from Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {506-515}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

Background: Due to its flavoring and seasoning properties, Salvia officinalis has been widely used in the preparation of many foods. In folk medicine in Asia and Latin America, it has been used for the treatment of various types of disorders, including seizures, ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, and high blood sugar. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical composition by HPLC/UV, antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation; thus the, the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) on certain homeostatic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant status in Wistar rats subjected to inflammation induced by carrageenan. Method: Male rats (n = 24) were exposed to inflammation of the peritoneal by carrageenan (200 μL: 2\%) and treated for 5 days with ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) in order to repair the damage caused by inflammation on homeostasis, TNF-α and PGE2. Results: The results of scavenging of DPPH and lipoperoxidation of the extract, showed an IC50 of 29.69 {\textpm} 1.32 and 46.17 {\textpm} 1.51 μg/mL, respectively. The identification of EEC by HPLC shows the presence of polyphenolic acids (salvianolic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and many flavonoids (Cirsimaritin, Catechin, Acacetin, kaempferol, pinocembrine, quercetin). Salvia extract contains 221.08 {\textpm} 2.36 mg EAG/g and 80.54 {\textpm} 1.3 mg EQ/g dry extract. Compared to the control group, carrageenan induced a substantial decrease (P\<0.05) in antioxidant enzymes and a highly significant increase (P\<0.05) in homeostatic parameters (blood sugar, CRP and fibrinogen), biomarkers of inflammation (TNF-α and PGE2) and malondialdehyde levels. Conclusion: The administration of Salvia extract corrects this perturbation where there is an improvement in antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in biomarkers of inflammation. Salvia officinalis has been able to repair carrageenin-induced perturbations homeostasis and inflammation markers in Wistar rats.

}, keywords = {Biomarkers of inflammation, HPLC/UV, Lipoperoxydation, Oxydative stress, Salvia officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.64}, author = {Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Soumia KEDDARI and Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Sara CHAA} } @article {1341, title = {Determination of Lupeol, a Cytotoxic Compound Against SW620 Cells in the Extracts of Ha-Rak Recipe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {133-138}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {133}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ha-Rak is an herbal recipe that has been stated by Ministry of Public Health, Thailand to utilize as the herbal medicines for the treatment of fever. The recipe comprises the roots of five plants including Capparis micracantha, Clerodendrum indicum, Ficus racemosa, Harrisonia perforata and Tiliacora triandra as its ingredients. Methods: The extracts of Ha-Rak and its five herbal principles were evaluated for their potential on the cytotoxicity against SW620 cancer cell lines using the MTT assay and an active compound, lupeol which was found as a cytotoxic compound in the herbal ingredients of Ha-Rak was further determined. A chromatographic method for investigating that compound in the extracts was developed herein. The analytical method comprised a cholesterol-coated C18 column, a mixture of acetonitrile and methanol (70:30) with a flow rate of 2 mL/min, and a diode-array UV wavelength at 210 nm as a stationary phase, mobile phase, and detector, respectively. Results: The amount of lupeol in the extracts of Ha-Rak and the herbal principles, which possessed cytotoxicity against SW620 cell lines with the IC50 values of 30.10-212.24 μg/mL displayed variously in the range of 4.50-250.62 mg/100g. The difference of the contents among the extracts was noted significantly (P \< 0.05). The correlation between the lupeol contents and their cytotoxic performances on the tested cell lines was observed in our investigation. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated that Ha-Rak recipe contains a promising cytotoxic compound, lupeol and it will support the recipe to subject further pharmacological studies on anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Benchalokawichian, Cancer Cell Lines, Cytotoxicity, Ha-Rak, Lupeol, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.18}, author = {Pathom Somwong and Chomnapas Chuchote} } @article {1658, title = {Determination of Urinary Methyl Hippuric Acid Using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Among Petroleum Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1277-1281}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1277}, abstract = {

Xylene is a significant part of petroleum and a broadly considered as a natural impure material. About 98\% of Xylene is extracted from the petrochemical and petrol refining factories. It is one of the major genotoxicant part in petroleum, which may initiate various diseases but malignancy is questionable. Taking into consideration, we intend to identify the urinary methyl hippuric acid level which is metabolic product of xylene among petroleum station employees as well as in healthy persons. Aims and Objectives: To identify the occupational exposure of xylene in petrol station employees by assessing urinary methyl hippuric acid level. To determine and compare the level of urinary methyl hippuric acid among healthy individuals and petrol station employees. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from 30 healthy individual (control) and 30 petroleum employees (case) working in petroleum station who are above 18 years of age. The urinary methyl hippuric acid (MHA) level was analysed by using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer method. Results: The urinary Methyl hippuric acid level was significantly higher in petroleum station employees than in healthy individuals (p\<0.001). Conclusion: The urinary MHA level is a helpful tool to identify the occupational exposure of people who work in petrol and petroleum product. Subsequently, our investigation accentuates that proper precautionary measure and efficiently bio-observing should be taken among petrol station employees which will assist with reducing their likely degrees of risk related with the occupation. It might start the cancer-causing disease through the cellular DNA changes and induce genotoxic effects.

}, keywords = {Occupational Exposure, Urine Methyl Hippuric Acid Level, UV Spectrophotometry, Xylene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.161}, author = {Vidya Gowdappa Doddawad and B.M. Gurupadayya and Shivananda S and Vidya CS and Azhar Mohammed and Bhuyan L} } @article {1714, title = {Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1720-1726}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1720}, abstract = {

Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 {\textdegree} 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5\% and 1\% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5\%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1\%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1\% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.

}, keywords = {Histology, Ipomoea batatas, Skin., Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.222}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez- Siccha and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Patricia Contreras- Vera and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1715, title = {Effect of a Gel Based on Ipomoea batatas (Purple Sweet Potato) on Dermal Wound Healing in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1720-1726}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1720}, abstract = {

Background: Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. (I. batatas) is a root native from South America that is characterized by its antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties contribute to the wound healing process. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of a gel based on I. batatas on dermal wound healing in mice. Material and methods: An acid ethanolic extract (1.5 N hydrochloric acid: Ethanol 96 {\textdegree} 15:85, v / v) was prepared with the peels of the roots of I. batatas "purple sweet potato", which was incorporated into the formulations 0.5\% and 1\% gel. Mus musculus Balb / c with induced injury were distributed in four experimental groups: Group I (Control), which did not receive any treatment. Group II (Gel base), Group III (Gel I. batatas 0.5\%) and Group IV (Gel I. batatas 1\%) received the daily administration of topical treatments for 14 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then they were euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg / kg / pc v.ip. to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Group IV shows a higher percentage of wound closure, which is also evidenced in histopathological changes. Conclusions: The 1\% gel based on the ethanolic extract of the peels of the roots of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. they show healing activity in wounds induced in mice, being the most effective treatment.

}, keywords = {Histology, Ipomoea batatas, Skin., Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.222}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Cristel M. Ortiz-Noriega and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a} } @article {1678, title = {Effect of Aporosa villosa Stem Ethanolic Extract on Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1422-1427}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1422}, abstract = {

Background: An excessive fat accumulation is related to development of obesity. Obesity is associated with the induction of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus conditions. Aporosa villosa is a plant that found in the Northern and Northeastern region of Thailand. Objective: The present study used 3T3-L1 adipocytes for investigating the effect of Aporosa villosa stem ethanolic extract (AS) on adipogenesis. Materials and Methods: 3T3-L1 adipocytes were used for measuring the cytotoxicity of AS at a concentration range of 3-100 μg/mL. After adipocyte cells treated with AS (3-100 μg/mL) for 8 days, the lipid accumulation was detected by Oil Red O staining and adipogenic gene expression were determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results: AS extracts (3-100 μg/mL) did not show cytotoxicity on cell proliferation. After 8 days of treating 3T3-L1 adipocytes with AS at doses of 3, 10, 30 and 100 μg/mL, the lipid droplets were reduced as compared to non-treated cells. Furthermore, the adipogenic genes were measured. The regulators of adipogenesis, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor γ (PPARγ) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) were found decreasing in AS extracts. The downstream target genes of these regulators cluster of differentiation (CD) 36, fatty acid synthase (FAS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) were also reduced by AS treatments. Conclusion: These findings indicate that AS extract has an inhibitory activity on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via suppressing C/EBPα, PPARγ and SREBP1c.

}, keywords = {Aporosa villosa; Adipogenesis; Obesity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.180}, author = {Urarat Nanna and Linda Chularojmontri and Pholawat Tingpej and Rawiwun Kaewamatawong and Sudarat Homhual and Wanwisa Suwannaloet and Thanes Fuangfoo and Jarinyaporn Naowaboot} } @article {1638, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of the Traditional Use and maintenance of Medicinal Plants by the People of Aleta-Chuko Woreda, South Ethiopia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1097-1108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1097}, abstract = {

Background: Over centuries, indigenous people have developed their own locality specific knowledge on plant use, management and conservation. However, this valuable traditional knowledge on utilization of plants was not much documented and hence, most of the indigenous knowledge acquired by the local people has been passed on from generation to generation by the word of mouth. Ethnobotanical study is of the use and maintenance of traditional medicinal plant species by the people of Aleta Chuko woreda, South Ethiopia. The study made an attempt to assess the indigenous knowledge that equips the community to identify the medicinal plants, formulate the medicines and subsequently administer the curatives used to treat various human and livestock diseases as the threats that could affect their sustainable use. Methods: A total of 100 informants (85 males and 15 females) were selected to collect information on medicinal plant use from five selected kebeles by using non-probability sampling method. Relevant ethnobotanical information was collected through semi-structured interview, field observation and group discussion. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and simple linear correlation coefficient. The study was carried out from September, 2017 to July, 2018. Results: A total of 53 medicinal plant species representing 49 genera and 30 plant families used in the treatment of 92 (81 human and 11 livestock) different ailments. The plant families Lamiaceae, Rutaceae, and Asteraceae were the most dominant groups. Out of the total recorded medicinal plant species, 79\%, 11 \% and 10\%, were used for treating human, livestock and both humans and livestock health problems respectively. Stomachache and cough were the most common health problems of the study area affecting both humans and animals. 60\% of the medicinal plant species were collected from the wild/forest and the remaining 40\%were collected from the Homegardens. Herbs were the dominant medicinal plant habit, followed by shrubs and trees. Leaves are the dominant plant part used in formulating curative preparations. The most dominant methods of preparation were crushing and pounding and 70.5\% is the dominant route of oral administration. Fagaropsis angolensis was the most effective curatives species against stomach ache, the most common human disease in the study area, followed by Leonotis nepetifolia, and Ajuga integrifolia, Ocimum lamiifolium was the most preferred medicinal plant to treat headache followed by Echinops kebericho and Salvia nilotica. Conclusions: The Coffee-Enset based home gardens which characterize the study area make a substantial contribution to the conservation of medicinal plants species. In order to conserve the traditional medicinal plant species of the study area, community-based in-situ and ex-situ conservation actions, awareness creation in the younger members, and strengthening home gardens and other components of the agro-forestry systems to be used as repositories of medicinal plant species and alternative conservation sites are recommended.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plant species, Traditional healers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.142}, author = {Tizazu Gebre and Bhaskarrao Chinthapalli} } @article {1424, title = {Evaluation of Acute toxicity, In-vitro, In-vivo Antidiabetic Potential of the Flavonoid Fraction of the plant Chenopodium album L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {765-779}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {765}, abstract = {

Background: The Chenopodium album L. commonly recognized as Bathua, is widely distributed globally and contains various phytoconstituents that help treat several diseases. However, until now, aerial parts{\textquoteright} antidiabetic potential and the plant{\textquoteright}s acute toxicity at fraction level have never been established. Objectives: To investigate the acute toxicity, the in-vitro, in-vivo antidiabetic potential of the plant at fraction level. Materials and Methods: The aerial parts of the plant were fractionated into different fractions, i.e., flavonoid fraction (CAFF), tannin fraction (CATF), alkaloid fraction (CAAF), saponin fraction (CASF), and were analyzed for in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay. The CAFF, CATF, and CAAF were selected based on in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay results and were further screened for its acute toxicity and in vivo antidiabetic activity using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin-induced diabetes model. The CAFF was characterized by LC-MS, and a molecular docking study was carried out. Results: The in-vitro alpha-amylase inhibition assay revealed that CAFF was found to be more potent than standard Acarbose having IC50 values 122.18 {\textpm} 1.15 and 812.83{\textpm} 1.07 μg/ml, respectively. The CAFF fraction was found to possess potent antidiabetic activity in a dose-dependent manner in both in vitro and in vivo diabetic models and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity. Furthermore, the bioactive CAFF fraction was characterized by LC-MS, showed the presence of quercetin 3-O-(2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-di-O-rhamnosyl) glucoside (QRG) or quercetin 3-O-(2{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-di-Orhamnosyl) galactoside (QRGa) and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin) (QR). It is predicted from the molecular docking study that the CAFF fraction primarily acts as an alphaamylase inhibitor. Conclusion: The CAFF fraction was found to poses dose-dependent potent antidiabetic activity and did not produce any sign of severe toxicity and primarily act as an alpha-amylase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Alpha-amylase, Antidiabetic activity, Chenopodium album, Lc-Ms, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.98}, author = {Neeraj Choudhary and Pranav Kumar Prabhakar and Gopal L Khatik and Subba Rao Chamakuri and Devesh Tewari and Ashish Suttee} } @article {1685, title = {Evaluation of Antihelmintic Activity of Indigenous Plants Found in India Including Butea Monosperma, Origanum Majorana, Piper Longum and Embelia Ribes And GC-MS Phytochemical Analysis of Plant Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1464-1471}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1464}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antimicrobial agents are an essential tool in reducing the burden of the infectious diseases. This study aimed to comprehensively determine the antihelmintic activity of indigenous plants found in India including Butea monosperma, Origanum majorana, Piper longum and Embelia ribes. Methodology: Additionally, the profiling of the phytochemical composition of the extracts was done. The preparation of the extract was done using Maceration method. For determination of antihelmintic activity Eisenia fetida were used. The gas chromatography-mass analysis was carried out in GCMS-QP-2010 plus system). Result and conclusion: Aqueous extracts of Embelia ribes and Origanum majorana did not show anthelmintic activity at any of the tested concentrations. Aqueous extract of Butea monosperma showed antihelmintic activity at 20 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at 1 hour and 2-hour time interval respectively. The aqueous extract of Piper longum showed activity at concentration 20mg/ml and 10 mg/ml at the time interval of 1 hour and 3-hour respectively.

}, keywords = {Antihelmintic, Butea monosperma, Embelia ribes, Origanum majorana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.186}, author = {Kiran Giri and Aradhana Singh and Kamlesh M. Palandurkar and Tuhina Banerjee and Satish Chaurasia} } @article {1374, title = {Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Potentials of Chloroform Crude Extract of Boswellia dalzielii Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {393-400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca,Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95\%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial, Boswellia dalzielii, GC-MS RT, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.50}, author = {MI Bunu and M I Ikhile and AN Matheri and MT Charlotte and MCD Fotsing and DT Ndinteh} } @article {1646, title = {Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic, Sedative, and Neuroprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Mycelium of Two Ganoderma Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1161-1173}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1161}, abstract = {

Background: Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a medicinal mushroom since centuries in East Asia. Recent reports have shown that metabolites isolated from Ganoderma species have shown effects on central nervous system. Objective:\ To determine the neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects of Ganoderma sp. and Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides. Methods: Polysaccharides (Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2) were isolated from two Ganoderma mycelia submerged cultures. Acute toxicity effects of Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 on mice were treated orally with doses of 50 - 2000 mg/kg. Anticonvulsant activity was determined using three chemoconvulsants: kainic acid (KA), strychnine, or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Anxiolytic-like effects were determined using the elevated plus maze test on mice. GABA release evoked by GC-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 content was determined by HPLC. Neuroprotective effects of Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 were determined by glial activation, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 showed neuroprotective activity by diminishing neuronal death, reducing glial activation and Neu-N expression levels. Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 inhibited convulsions in the KA model. An anxiolytic-like, but not a sedative effect was reported in mice treated with Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2. Polysaccharides Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 evoked endogenous GABA release and increased its concentration within the incubation medium. Pretreatment with Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 showed a reduction of the LPSinduced NO production. Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 did not produce toxic effects. Conclusion:\ Ganoderma sp. or Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides showed neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities in animal models. The anticonvulsant activity may involve the GABAergic neurotransmision.

}, keywords = {a- and b-glucan, Anticonvulsant, GABA, Ganoderma curtissi, Ganoderma sp, Neuroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.149}, author = {Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Victoria Campos-Pena and Maribel Herrera-Ruiz and Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Guti{\'e}rrez and Vera Petricevich and Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Santana and Martha Navarro and Ang{\'e}lica Berenice Aguilar-Guadarrama and Gabriel Navarrete-V{\'a}zquez and Irene Perea-Arango and Ismael Leon-Rivera} } @article {1363, title = {Evolution of Biometric Parameters and Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Argan "Argania spinosa L. Skeels" Fruits from Beni- Snassen (Eastern Region of Morocco) During Ripening}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {296-308}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Argania spinosa Skeels is an endemic forest essence of Morocco. The argan of the north-east of Morocco remains a virgin subject of study without enough value given to it. Objective: The aim of this study is to asses the evolution of biometric parameters and fatty acids composition of the argan fruits from Beni-Snassen region during ripening. Materials and Methods: 4 fruit shapes harvested over seven months were characterized through the measurement of their biometric parameters (size and weight), and their composition of majority fatty acids. Results: the studied argan tree could be classified into two major groups, namely: early-riped trees with oval or oval-apiculate fruits and late-riped trees with fusiform or spherical fruits. When considering the fruits size and weight, the highest values were recorded on late-ripened fruits, more particularly fusiform shapes. The obtained results showed, on one hand, a significant difference in the unsaturated fatty acids, according to the fruit ripeness stage and shapes, being the later significantly affecting the stearic acid content; and on another hand, it was noted an increase of oleic acid content while linoleic acid decreased. In the maturation stage, the spherical shaped fruits were found to have the highest ratio of unsaturated/saturated fatty acids. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the possibility to predict the kernel{\textquoteright}s weight from the fruit{\textquoteright}s length. The results also showed the good dietary and nutritional quality of spherical shapes and that the biometric parameters are important criteria for the differentiation of argan tree fruits.

}, keywords = {Argan fruits, Beni-Snassen, Biometeric parameters, Fatty Acid, Ripeness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.39}, author = {Abdelhak Chergui and Latifa El Hafid and El Amine Ajal and Imane Zakariya and Rachid Nejjari and Mohammed Reda Tazi} } @article {1369, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Screening of Anti-Proliferative Potential of Methanolic Extract of Garcinia cowa on Different Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {347-361}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {347}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia cowa (Clusiaceae) is popular among integrative medicine in several communities. This study undertook to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity on cancer cells and its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Here we are reporting for the first time the metabolomic profiling of G. cowa leaf. Methods: Anti-proliferative potential of ethyl acetate and methanol extract of Garcinia cowa leaf assessed by MTT assay. Metabolomic profiling obtained by GC/ MS analysis. Nuclear morphology visualized by DAPI staining. Caspase activation analysed through spectrophotometric assay. Results: The study reveals, that the methanolic extract is more potential in inducing anti-proliferative activity than ethyl acetate extract. Robust antiproliferative activity of the methanolic extract evidenced in lung cancer cell line, A549 followed by MCF{\textendash}7, HepG2, MOLT {\textendash} 4, MDA-MB-468 cells. The anti-proliferative effect was negligible in normal PBMC. Further, a dose-dependent increase of nuclear fragmentation visualized in A549 cells treated with the methanolic extract. Post methanolic extract treatment upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 also evidenced in A549 cells. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of phytoconstituents of different phytochemical groups comprising of 3.45\% diterpenoid, 5.45\% triterpenoid, 11.24\% steroid, 2.03\% phytosterol, etc. in methanol extract, as well as 4.53\% diterpenoid, 2.88\% triterpenoid, 1.09\% steroid, 2.11\% phytosterol, etc. in ethyl acetate extract with considerable biological importance. Conclusion: This is the maiden report of the metabolomic profiling of leaf extracts of Garcinia cowa which possess a good repository of potentially bioactive molecules that holds a great promise as a future therapeutic agent in combating lung cancer.

}, keywords = {Anti-proliferative, Cancer, Garcinia cowa, GC-MS, Metabolomic profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.45}, author = {Anirban Chouni and Amrita Pal and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {1610, title = {Inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase by phenolic compounds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and ca{\~n}ihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) from the Andean region of Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {896-901}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {896}, abstract = {

Background: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen are grains from the Andean region of Peru, which in addition to having a high nutritional value, have health-promoting properties related to the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Objetive: The present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds associated with an inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Two varieties of quinoa and two varieties of ca{\~n}ihua from the Puno Region in Peru, were evaluated. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, identification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in vitro were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, HPLC-DAD and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. In vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated through the inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Results: Gallic acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid were identified by HPLC-DAD in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua. The latter showed significantly higher levels of chlorogenic acid compared to quinoa varieties (p\<0.05). Both Andean grains exhibited inhibition of key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, presenting IC50 values of 7.99 to 34.05 and of 8.07 to 1158 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging assay, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid showed the greatest contribution to the inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the phenolic compounds present in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua could modulate the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andean grains, DPPH radical scavenging assay, HPLC-DAD, in vitro antidiabetic activity, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.115}, author = {Jorge Coronado-Olano and Ritva Repo-Carrasco-Valencia and Oscar Reategui and Emily Toscano and Elisa Valdez and Mirko Zimic and Ivan Best} } @article {1427, title = {An Introduction and Various Phytochemical Studies of Cinnamomum Malabatrum: A Brief Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {792-797}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {792}, abstract = {

Context: The aim of this research is to find new anticancer drugs from indigenous plant which are potent nontoxic or minimal toxic and to investigate the anticancer activity of Cinnamomum malabatrum plant leaves. Objective: The objective of the present study is to identify selected medicinal plants which possess anticancer activity according to their traditional uses. Materials \& Methods: Cinnamomum malabatrum leaves, extraction method. Results and Discussion: Cinnamon (Cinnamomum malabatrum), the eternal tree of medical science belongs to the Lauraceae family. Cinnamon is one in every of the foremost important spices used daily by people everywhere in the world. Cinnamon primarily contains vital oils and other chemical constituents like Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic acid, Cinnamate. These constituents are used in different kinds of diseases they also producing cardiovascular disease lowering compound, used as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, lipid-lowering agent, and cardiovascular-disease-lowering compound, cinnamon has also been reported to have activities against cancer, like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s and Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Conclusion: This review illustrates the phytochemical studies prospective.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.101}, author = {Mrs Tirumala Duguta and Dr Binoy Varghese cheriyan} } @article {1359, title = {Medicinal Value of Three Agricultural Weed Species of the Asteraceae Family: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {264-277}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {264}, abstract = {

Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. are well known plant species of the Asteraceae family that are considered weeds in intensive agriculture. These weeds are traditionally known to have medicinal properties and have been used for therapeutic treatments. However, it is only the lack of proper knowledge, awareness and screening that have limited their use in pharmaceutical sectors. This review attempts to consolidate the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been carried out on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L., which we note are widely spread throughout the world. This study was conducted through a coherent search on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. with respect to traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been performed on these three agricultural weeds all over the world. An exploration of reported descriptions of the potential medical importance of three agricultural weed species (A. conyzoides, T. procumbens and B. pilosa) has been presented. The present review would encourage further clinical investigations into these three plants and their extracts to more closely define the range of uses of these herbs for clinical applications. This, in turn, would give a clear understanding whether these weed species might be targeted to be conserved in a sustainable manner rather than eradicated.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Pharmacological, Phytochemical, Traditional use, Tridax procumbens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.36}, author = {Mithila Jayasundera and Singarayer Florentine and Kushan U Tennakoon and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan} } @article {1361, title = {Microparticles of Herbal Extracts with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {285-295}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Plants that have antioxidant content have been shown to have efficacy on the body, antioxidants have several drawbacks including being sensitive to environmental factors such as light, heat, pH, and oxygen. Microencapsulation is a method that has several advantages including providing several benefits, namely microparticles formulated to protect the core from the environment, cover up discomfort, maintain volatility or cell survival, separate incompatible substances, protect the body from side effects, and optimize, extend, or target drug effects. The choice of the type of polymer used will determine the characteristics of the microparticles produced, therefore a suitable coating material is needed to produce the microparticles. This review article was made to find out the results of research conducted in the manufacture of microparticles by using polymers which are expected to be useful to provide information on the basis of the selection of polymers and methods of making microparticles produced to maintain the stability of substances that are efficacious as antioxidants. Based on the results of the literature search, microencapsulation is a method used to maintain the stability of antioxidant content that has a therapeutic effect.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extract, Microparticle, Polymer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.38}, author = {Zulham and Gofarana Wilar and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Anas Subarnas and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1365, title = {Pharamacognostic Profile and Comparative in vitro Anti- Inflammatory Activity Study of Ethanomedicinal Plants of North East India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {317-324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {317}, abstract = {

Background: In ethno-medicinal practices, the leaves of Alocasia macrrorhizos, Canavalia ensiformis, Amaranthus cruentus, Averrhoea carambola, Bauhina tenifloara\ and Capsicum Chinese have different pharmacological activities. The problem encountered with the proper utilization of herbal drugs is lack of documentation and standard parameter, which create problem in acceptance and importance of these plants. Objective: The objectives of our study are to establish scientifically evaluated pharmacognostic profile and in vitro antiinflammatory screening of six plants. Methods: Leaf sample from each plant was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters (As per WHO recommended methods of standardization). The anti-inflammatory activity screening of methanolic extracts was carried out against inhibition of protein denaturation method taking diclofenac sodium as a benchmark. Results: The macroscopic characteristic and microscopical evaluation reveals the type of stomata within the leaves and presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, upper epidemis, lower epidermis, vascular bundle, palisade cells and trichomes in the transverse section of leaves. Physicochemical parameter reveals the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble, methanol soluble extractives and moisture content. The IC50 value of MEAM, MECE, MEAC, MEAC1, MECC\ and MEBT against inhibiton of protein denaturation was found to be 72.88, 841.78, 735.12, 303.75, 188, and 354.1855 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The present study contributes useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs. Methanolic extract of Alocasia macrorrhizos could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent from the natural sources.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Diclofenac sodium, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Northeast India, Pharmacognostic study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.41}, author = {SM Abdul Aziz Barbhuiya and SH Victoria Devi and Ajay Kakati and Rejwan Ahmed Choudhury and Muslek Uddin Mazumder} } @article {1414, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves of Hyptis Suaveolens Linn. (Labiatae) (Poit)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {698-705}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {698}, abstract = {

The pharmacognostic standards of fresh, powdered and transverse sections of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaf were carried out to determine its macroscopic, microscopical (both qualitative and quantitative), analytical standards and phytochemical profile. The macroscopy revealed a simple leaf, oppositely arranged along the stem with a dark green colour on the outer surface and pale green on the inner surface, ovate in shape and bilateral base, acute apex with a serrate margin. The qualitative microscopy of the powdered leaf shows xylem vessels parenchymal cells with diacytic type of stomata. Also epidermal cells with stoma wall, polygonal parenchymatous and collenchymatous cells making up the cortex with starch grains; non-glandular uniserate, multicellular septate trichome, irregular shaped prisms of calcium oxalate crystals and small bundle of mucilage cells. The quantitative microscopy of the leaf showed the values of palisade ratio, stomatal number (upper and lower epidermal stomatal index (upper and lower surface), vein-islet number and vein termination number to be 5.10, 50stomata/mm2, 80 stomata/mm2, 12.33, 23.14, 35/mm2 and 20/mm2 respectively. For the analytical standards; 9.90 \%, 1.67 \%, 0.38 \% 6.39 \%, 0.61 \% w/w, 1.16 \% w/w, 11.70 \% and 7.25\% were obtained for total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, water soluble extractive value, moisture content and fibre content respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis on Hyptis Suaveolens leaves showed presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. These specific standards obtained are of importance in the establishment of diagnostic indices for the standardization, identification and preparation of monograph on the plant.

}, keywords = {Analytical standards, Hyptis Suaveolens L. (Poit), Macroscopy, microscopy, Pharmacognostic standards, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.89}, author = {Eleje Oboma Okonta and Peculiar Feenna Onyekere and Patience Ngozi Ugwu and Helen Ogechukwu Udodeme and Vincent Obisike Chukwube and Uchenna Estella Odoh and Christopher Obodike Ezugwu} } @article {1615, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Armenian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Armenian flora is stood out by the variety of its medicinal and edible plants. Here small plants as well as trees and shrubs are met. Cotinus coggygria of Armenian flora is used in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition of Armenian flora{\textquoteright}s smoke trees leaves{\textquoteright} essential oil and antiradical activity of ethanol extract of leaves and branches of smoke tree. Methods: The aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Antiradical activity of essential oil from leaves and branches was determined by using appropriate methods. Results: The total amount of flavonoids has been determined in the leaves of the smoke tree by miricetin. This analysis revealed that the flavonoid amount in ethanol extract of C. coggygria, growing in Armenia, was 0,94\%. In volatile oil of Smoke tree leaves 22 compounds were determined. The results demonstrated that in the essential oil of leaves of Cotinus from Armenian flora predominated Germacrene D, Linalool, formate, ά {\textendash}Terpineol sesquiterpenes and diterpene alcohol Thunbergol. Ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Smoke tree showed antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that C. coggygria from Armenia flora contains various bioactive compounds and the extracts of leaves pronounced higher antioxidant activity and recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {Antiradical activity, Cotinus coggygria Scop., DPPH, Essential oil, Ethanol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.120}, author = {NK Shaboyan and AV Moghrovyan and KH Dumanyan and NH Ghukasyan and AA Altunyan and NI Arshakyan and AM Ghazaryan and GR Ulikhanyan and AL Ginosyan and AS Dadayan and NB Chichoyan} } @article {1641, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Characterization of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1122-1133}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1122}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parthenium hysterophorus is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat health issues and which could be a source of phytochemicals with possible antioxidant activity without causing cytotoxic effects. Hence, this work was designed to evaluate its phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. Methods: The aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of P. hysterophorus flowers were obtained by decoction and ultrasound, respectively. Their phytochemical composition was determined by colorimetric tests and RP-HPLC-MS analysis. Their cytotoxic activity was tested by a hemolysis assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical (-OH) scavenging assays. In addition, the effect of the extracts on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) from human erythrocytes, was evaluated. Results: The phytochemical screening of the AE and EE by colorimetric test showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, and carbohydrates. In addition, the RP-HPLC-MS analysis identified some phenolic compounds such as flavonols, methoxyflavonols, flavones, methoxyflavones, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The hemolysis assay showed non-cytotoxic activity by AE, but EE exhibited a hemolytic effect. Furthermore, the AE and EE showed significant antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals in the TEAC, DPPH and -OH scavenging assays. Moreover, the SOD activity only showed a significant increase by AE. However, the two crude extracts increased the CAT activity, at the highest concentrations. Conclusion: P. hysterophorus has phytochemicals with antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in vitro.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Cytotoxicity, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.145}, author = {MA Alfaro Jim{\'e}nez and A Zugasti Cruz and SY Silva Belmares and JA Ascacio Vald{\'e}s and CA Sierra Rivera} } @article {1705, title = {Phytochemistry and Biological Evaluation of Daphne gnidium L. Butanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1688-1693}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1688}, abstract = {

Background: Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae) has been used in the Mediterranean basin to treat skin diseases, rheumatism and toothache.\ Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of butanol extract from the D. gnidium leaves. Methods: A quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was performed. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by using three different assays: 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), deoxyribose degradation assay and Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) assay. The butanol extract was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. In addition, its effect on the production of NO and lysosomal activity in vivo was assessed. Results: The HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of daphnetin. The butanol extract had a remarkable antioxidant activity in the different systems tested. Furthermore, it has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the xyleneinduced ear edema and reduced the number of abdominal constrictions in mice indicating analgesic effect. It also was found to inhibit (NO) production and lysosomal activity in vivo. Conclusion: These findings support the daphne use in traditional medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations to elucidate its mechanism of action are required.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Daphne gnidium, Lysosmal activity, Nitric oxide production.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.217}, author = {Amira Horchani and Fadwa Chaabane and Mahassen Barboura and Imen Mokdad-Bzeouich and Aimen Abbassi and Amine Trabelsi and Leila Chekir-Ghedira} } @article {1358, title = {Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {248-263}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail{\textendash}flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)- dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antinociceptive, Extract, Natural product, Pain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.35}, author = {Carmen R Silva-Correa and Jorge L Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez Blas and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Luz M Guerrero-Espino and Julio H} } @article {1663, title = {Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Essential Oils in Memory and Learning Impairment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1312-1322}, type = {Review article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Memory and learning is negatively affected by many factors. Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disorder that occurs gradually, a sickness that is increasingly common, and multiple scientific articles suggest that essential oils improve memory and learning and are useful in the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. This review aims to conduct a critical collection of current information on research into both memory and learning impairment, as well as essential oils that are able to avoid this neurodegenerative disease. Currently, different animal models have been useful for the study of neurodegenerative problems that alter memory and learning, experimental pharmacological, genetic and toxicological models that can simulate specific cognitive deficit syndromes. In addition, research in this review show several essential oil compounds that present positive results in animal studies, but still lack human clinical trials. Therefore, the assessment of the safety and efficacy of these phytochemical compounds in diseases that cause memory impairment and learning, remain a promising area for future research.

}, keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Animal model, Essential oil, Learning, Memory, Neurodegenerative diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.166}, author = {Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Jorge L. Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a V. Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1677, title = {Protective effect of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrininduced reprotoxicity in male Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1413-1421}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1413}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically active compounds with therapeutic properties that, over time, have been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrin-induced toxicity. Methods: 30 male rats weighing approximately 240 g were divided into equal six groups; the control group received tap water, the positive control received the aqueous extract of sage leaves (SLE) at a dose of (0.5g/kg bw), the groups treated with cypermethrin (Cyp1) at 8.33 mg/kg bw and (Cyp2) at 25 mg/kg bw, and the groups treated by cypermethrin combined with aqueous extract of sage SLE+Cyp1 (0.5g/kg bw+8.33 mg/kg bw) and SLE+Cyp2 (0.5g/kg bw+25 mg/kg bw) for four days/week. After 4 weeks of oral administration, epididymal seminal fluid was analyzed via the CASA system, in addition to the histological study testis and epididymis. Results: The obtained results showed a decrease in the absolute weight of the reproductive organs, with a significant decrease in sperm concentration, motility and speed in the cypermethrin-treated group compared to the control. Histological study of the testes and epididymis indicates an alteration in the stages of spermatogenesis in groups Cyp1 and Cyp2 compared to the control. However, the above-mentioned parameters were maintained almost normal in the groups that received the aqueous extract of sage with both doses of cypermethrin. Conclusion: it can be demonstrated that SLE has been shown to protect rats from cypermethrin-induced reprotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Cypermethrin, Histology, Rats, Salvia officinalis, Spermatozoa, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.179}, author = {Amel CHOUABIA and Samir DJEMLI and Cherif ABDENNOUR and Leila MALLEM and Labiba KAHALERRAS and Fatma Zohra ARKOUB and Narimene BOUABDALLAH and Abdelkrim TAHRAOUI} } @article {1428, title = {A Review of the Traditional Uses, Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of Centaurea benedicta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {798-812}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Centaurea benedicta L. is an annual herbaceous plant which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is commonly known as blessed thistle, holy thistle, St Benedict{\textquoteright}s thistle or spotted thistle. Traditionally, it has been used to treat bubonic plague and possesses diuretic, galactagogue, liver-strengthening and wound healing properties. Recent research studies have investigated its anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and other therapeutic properties. Several studies have also reported its antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial pathogens. However, most of these studies were preliminary and only tested relatively high concentrations of the extracts. Additionally, most studies screened a limited number of pathogens. Cnicin is the main chemical compound present in C. benedicta and it has been widely investigated. However, few other compounds from this plant have been identified and/or investigated, and further phytochemical studies are warranted. Interestingly, pure cnicin has good anticancer activity, whilst the crude extracts lack cytotoxic properties. Phytochemical analyses of C. benedicta extracts reveal the presence of multiple flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and lactones, although few specific phytochemicals within these phytochemical classes have been identified. A limited number of research studies have determined the toxicity profile of C. benedicta in order to evaluate its safety for human use. Substantially more detailed studies are required to rigorously investigate the therapeutic properties and phytochemistry of C. benedicta, which may ultimately lead to the development of new plant-based therapeutic medicines.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Blessed thistle, Flavonoids, St Benedict{\textquoteright}s thistle, Tannins, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.102}, author = {Gagan Tiwana and Jiahe Fua and Lanping Lu and Matthew J Cheesman and IE.Cock} } @article {1635, title = {Total Phenol Content and Gastric Anti-Ulcer Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1072-1078}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1072}, abstract = {

Objective: Determine the content of total phenols and evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez. in mice with induced gastric ulcer. Material and Methods: The bark of Persea caerulea was macerated in 70\% ethanol and the phenol content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The female Mus musculus Balb/c specimens were distributed in the following groups: White Control Group, without indomethacin dosing; Negative Control Group, dosing with indomethacin; Positive Control Group treated with ranitidine at a dose of 50 mg/kg; Groups P. caerulea treated with extract at doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg. Gastric ulcer was induced with indomethacin orally at a dose of 50 mg/kg, the procedure was repeated 12 hours later; Gastroprotective treatment was administered 60 minutes after each dose of indomethacin, 6 hours after the last dose, sodium pentobarbital was euthanized and the stomach was resected to determine ulceration using the Marhuenda Scale. Results: Higher percentages of gastric ulcer inhibition were obtained in the P. caerulea 100 mg/kg (80\%) and P. caerulea 200 mg/kg (85.71\%) groups. Conclusions: Extract of Persea caerulea (Ruiz \& Pav.) Mez., At doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight, has a gastric antiulcerative effect which is related to its content of total polyphenols.

}, keywords = {Gastric ulcer, Indomethacin, Mice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.139}, author = {Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez-Blas and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and Marco L Salazar-Castillo and Maricielo Vaella-Alarc{\'o}n and Franco Huaccha-C{\'a}ceres and Jonatam Le{\'o}n-Soto and Whendy Alaya-Davir{\'a}n and Anabel D. Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Luz M. Guerrero-Espino and Julio Hilario-Vargas} } @article {1688, title = {Verbascum Thapsus (Mullein) Versatile Polarity Extracts: GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profiling, Anti-bacterial Potential and Anti-oxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1488-1497}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1488}, abstract = {

Verbascum thapsus is naturally grown in the Himalayas and widely used in herbal teas and traditional herbal medicine for its anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was designed to majority of leaf extracts from Verbascum thapsus. All extracts were analysed for phytochemical properties, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemical investigations and GC-MS analysis was used for identifying phytochemicals. DPPH assay, Kirby{\textquoteright}s Disc Diffusion method (KDM), 96 well test, and Resazurin test were performed for antioxidant and antimicrobial investigation. Results indicate that verbascum thapsus grown in Pakistan is rich in alkaloids and phenols. Noteworthy antibacterial activity was observed against S. sonnei, L. lactis, B. subtilis, C. freundii, K. oxytoca, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica. GCMS analyses of V. thapsus extracts revealed the presence of medically important bio compounds including Hexadecanoic acid, methyl es and Stigmasterol (antibacterial activity), 2(5H)-Furanone (appetite suppressant), 3-Hydroxy-.beta.-damascone (anti-inflammatory properties), Squalene (antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, eczema), Vitamin E and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (antioxidants). Antioxidant radical scavenging activity was determined from acetone extract of V. thapsus. This study concludes remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant potential in Verbascum Thapsus leaf extracts

}, keywords = {Microbiology, Verbascum Thapsus; GC/GC-MS; plant biotechnology}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.189}, author = {Ali Nadeem and Bashir Ahmed and Hira Shahzad and Lyle E. Craker and Tudor Muntean} } @article {1286, title = {Acute Diuretic Activity of the Aqueous Ethanol Root Extract of Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. In Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1552-1558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1552}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was undertaken to justify and validate a very frequent traditional use of a very well-known and widely used plant by a large part of the Moroccan population. It{\textquoteright}s about Corrigiola telephiifolia, and the activity in question is the diuretic activity. Methods: The aqueous ethanol root extract of CMethods:orrigiola telephiifolia (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 700 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats. The urinary excretion rate and pH, and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the positive control groups received the diuretic drugs hydrochlorothiazide at dose 10 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that hydrochlorothiazide induced significant diuresis and electrolytes excretion at 1, 6 and 24 h after the treatment. Both the higher doses of the extract produced a significant increase in urine volume than the control from the first hour until the end of observation. However, the lowest dose increased significantly only at 24 h after the treatment. With regard to the electrolyte excretion, the tested doses of CTRE which have shown a significant increase in Na+, K+ and Cl-excretion in comparison to normal control rats, are 400 and 700 mg/kg bw. Conclusion: These findings collectively indicate that the extracts of C. telephiifolia have a potential to induce diuresis markedly, and providing evidence, for its traditional use.

}, keywords = {Corrigiola telephiifolia, Diuretic activity, Diuretic plants, Kaliuresis, Urine electrolytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.213}, author = {Imane Zakariya and Omar Elhamdaoui and Zineb ibn lahmar Andaloussi and Abdelhak Chergui and El Amine Ajal and Khalid Taghzouti and Rachid Nejjari} } @article {1226, title = {Antifungal Activity of Neolignan Derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri Against Pathogenic Fungus Microsporum gypseum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {993-999}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) known as iron wood. It was known as wood source which fungi and insect resistant. These effects were interconnected with secondary metabolites contained within. Methods: Eusideroxylon zwageri wood powder was macerated with methanol and fractinated with n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate. Eusiderin I and Compound B were isolated from n-hexane fraction, while Compound C were isolated from dichloromethane fraction. Eusiderin I, compound A and Compound B were characterized using melting point, UV spectroscopy and compared with previous data. Antifungal activity test was conducted with Microsporum gypseum using paper disc method. Results: A research on antifungal activity of Neolignan derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri against pathogenic fungus Microsporum gypseum had been carried out. Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C were isolated from wood of Eusideroxylon zwageri. All three compounds are white crystals with melting point in such 99-100 oC, 110-112 oC, 98-99 oC, respectively and UV spectrum data is similar to reference. The antifungal activity test of Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C from Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to phatogen fungus of Microsporum gypseum showed that with five different concentrations (5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm), Eusiderin I was a potent antifungal because it had a strong activity in inhibiting the Microsporum gypseum growth. The 5 days incubation test result showed that 50 ppm Eusiderin I could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth. The 100 ppm Eusiderin I gave the most effective inhibition precentage because it could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth (= 93.9\%). Conclusion: Based on this data, Eusiderin I can be indicated an antifungal candidate.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Eusiderin, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Microsporum gypseum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.140}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Syamsurizal Syamsurizal and Harizon Harizon and Tiana Milanda and Imam Adi Wicaksono} } @article {1183, title = {Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Major Compounds of the Mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) Formula}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {828-834}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: The mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) formula is a Thai traditional medicine, which consists of 4 medicinal plants, including Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. (D) Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Z), Suregada multiflora Baill. (S) and Siphonodon celastrineus (S). The DZSS formula has been used in an oral dosage form for the treatment of muscle pain. However, the phytochemical profiles and the pharmacological activities of the combined DZSS formula have not been clearly investigated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profiles and the anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of the formula (50\% and 95\% ethanolic extracts) were prepared by using soxhlet extraction and which were analyzed by using HPLC. The anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula was tested for its inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells macrophage.The cytotoxic effect of the formula was determined by using the MTT assay. Results: The 95\% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula exhibited a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity with the IC50 of 40.08 {\textpm} 2.78 μg/mL. The 95\% ethanolic extract possessed a more potent anti-inflammatory activity than that of the 50\% ethanolic extract and with no cytotoxicity. HPLC analysis indicated that the 95\% ethanolic extract also had a higher yield of genistein and compound D, which are obtained the amount of 0.71 {\textpm} 0.00 and 18.89 {\textpm} 0.24 mg/g extract, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the 95\% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula possessed a significant anti-inflammatory activity but which is still required to investigate about biological activity in vivo and clinical study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Compound D, Derris scandens, genistein, HPLC, Nitric Oxide (NO)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.119}, author = {Orapan Ayameang and Ruchilak Rattarom and Catheleeya Mekjaruskul and Wanida Caichompoo} } @article {1074, title = {The Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Properties and Phytochemical Profile of Clusia latipes Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {144-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes has increased more rapidly in low and middleincome countries than in high-income countries. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), which is the most common form of diabetes, is caused by the inefficient use of insulin in the body and is characterized by disrupted insulin action or secretion. Also, oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of disease. The goal of this study is to identify the antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of Clusia latipes, an endemic species of Central and South America. Methods: The antioxidant and hypoglycemic capacity of the extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the leaves and stems of Clusia latipes were evaluated. From the most potent extract, the phytochemical study was carried out and fractionated. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), while hypoglycemic capacity was measured by alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Results: The extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity are the extracts with the highest α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Inhibitory activity increased in samples extracted with medium polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol) solvents. Phytochemical screening of these extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids/xanthones, quinones, saponins, and tannins. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was detected in the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from leaf methanol extract, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.90 μg/ml. The major constituent isolated from the same fraction was isoquercitrin.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Phytochemical screening, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.21}, author = {Ronald Silva-Rivas and Natalia Bailon-Moscoso and Luis Cartuche and Juan Carlos Romero-Benavides} } @article {1085, title = {Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson Fruit Pericarps}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {71-78}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major cause for hyperpigmentation, and to prevent this natural products are increasingly being explored as potential skin whitening agents. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, anti-tyrosinase activity and the inhibition of melanin content in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells of an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson fruit pericarps. Methods: The aqueous extract was prepared by extraction with distilled water at 105oC for 60 min. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps had a phenolic (26.33 {\textpm} 0.77 mg GAE/g plant extract) and flavonoid content (9.31 {\textpm} 0.40 mg QE/g plant extract). The aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC50 of 40.72 {\textpm} 1.83 μg/mL) and cellular tyrosinase activity (at a concentration of 125 μg/mL) in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. The Garcinia atroviridis extract also suppressed melanin content at concentrations of 31.25-125 μg/mL. Correlations of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities were 0.8673 and 0.9468, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings show that an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps is a source of natural compounds and antioxidant capacity which can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Thus, aqueous extracts of Garcinia atroviridis may be a potential source of skin whitening agents for hyperpigmentation.

}, keywords = {B16F10 cells, Garcinia atroviridis, Melanin, Tyrosinase activity, α-MSH}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.12}, author = {Moragot Chatatikun and Pitaksit Supjaroen and Patcharaporn Promlat and Chantanapa Chantarangkul and Sutida Waranuntakul and Jiraphat Nawarat and Jitbanjong Tangpong and Jitbanjong Tangpong} } @article {1163, title = {Cytotoxicity of Selenium-Enriched Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) Seedlings Against Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {674-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Background: The Selenium-enriched Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) seedlings (Se-KS) have been known for its antioxidant activities, however its cytotoxic effects on various cancer cells are yet to be reported. Objective: The objective of this work was to study the cytotoxic effects of Se-KS on Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Freeze-dried seedlings were ground and incubated in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH 7.0 for 1 h at 37{\textdegree}C and extracted with dichloromethane to obtain total isothiocyanate (ITC) content which was quantified using the 1,2-benzenedithiole (BDT)-based cyclocondensation assay. The extracts from fresh seedlings were used to determine the cytotoxic effect on Caco- 2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Results: Se-KS was found to contain total ITC content at 1.02 mmol/100 g dry weight (DW) which was significantly lower than that of 7-day old broccoli microgreens (1.60 mmol/100 g DW) as reference Cruciferous vegetables. In addition, Se-KS extract exhibited cytotoxic effects in a dose- and time-dependent manners. The lowest IC50 value of 82.83 μg/mL at 72 h was derived from HepG2 cells and the highest IC50 value of 164.00 μg/mL at 72 h was from MCF-7 cells suggesting that the Se-KS extract was most effective against HepG2 cells. Cancer cells showed signs of apoptotic bodies over 72 h and DNA fragmentations at 24 h indicating that the Se-KS extract was able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells in addition to cytotoxic effect. Conclusion: Thus, Se-KS could be a novel source of organo selenium with chemopreventive benefits for functional food development.

}, keywords = {Caco-2, HepG2, Isothiocyanate, Kale, MCF-7, Selenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.99}, author = {Vijitra Luang-In and Worachot Saengha and Benjaporn Buranrat and Anut Chantiratikul and Nyuk Ling Ma} } @article {1284, title = {Determination of Polyphenolic content and Antioxidant Activity from Various Extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn Root: An in vitro Approach for Selection of Appropriate Extracting Solvent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1578-1585}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1578}, abstract = {

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate extraction capacity of different solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, water, 60\% aqueous methanol, 60\% aqueous ethanol and 60\% aqueous acetone) and its effect on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant assay. Methods: Extraction was performed from dried root powder of Boerhavia diffusa using various solvents at 25oC on magnetic sirr (300 rpm). Extraction yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using gallic acid, quercetin as standards. Antioxidant potential determines by using various in vitro methodologies such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay. Result: The 60\% aqueous methanol showed the highest extracting yield, in contrast, toluene and hexane showed the lowest yield. Highest total phenolic content (239.8{\textpm}0.25 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (131.1{\textpm}4.20 mg QCE/g), were found from methanolic extract. While, acetone extract showed highest tannin content. The Methanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The highest correlation was found between phenolic content and the antioxidant assay. It seems that phenolic contents are responsible for free radicle scavenging activity. From the observation, it concluded that methanolic extract rich with polyphenolic content and acetone extract showed the highest amount of tannin content.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Boerhavia diffusa, crude extract, DPPH, Free radicles, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.216}, author = {Monika Bhalodiya and Jayant Chavda and Nilesh Patel and Ravi Manek and Ajay Patel and Sheetal Faldu} } @article {1204, title = {Endangered Medicinal Plant Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1077-1085}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. (Menispermaceae), is a large woody liana found in moist deciduous to the evergreen forest at an altitude of 350-1200m. It is well suited to wet evergreen, semi evergreen, deciduous and dry deciduous forest types. Stem and root of this species are highly medicinal and is sold in the drug sales of India as Maramanjal and Europe as False Calumba or tree turmeric. The stem is bitter, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, febrifuge and tonic and is useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and vata, ophthalmopathy, wounds, ulcers, diabetes, fever, and general debility. Due to destructive collection, overexploitation and habitat loss, the plant is on the verge of extinction in the wild. It is categorized as critically endangered in India, Vulnerable in Vietnam, and Indeterminate in Sri Lanka and Malaysia1-47. Therefore an overview of this plant on pharmacognosy, pharmacology, safety and toxicity is presented below along with HPLC details of Berberine the active ingredient in the stem and root of the plant.

}, keywords = {Berberine Pharmacognosy, Coscinium fenestratum Menispermaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.152}, author = {Vijay Danapur and Haleshi C and Sringeswara AN} } @article {1195, title = {Formulation of Creams Containing Active Fraction of Cassia fistula L. Barks and its Antibacterial Activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {920-928}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {920}, abstract = {

Background: Cassia fistula L. has been traditionally used to cure skin diseases. That disease can be caused by various bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aerugniosa. Objective: the objective of this research was to formulate cream containing active fraction of Cassia fistula bark and to study the antibacterial activity as well as physical stability of the active substance after formulation. Materials and Methods: The cream base were oilin- water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) type. Antibacterial activity test had been performed by using agar diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. The active fraction was formulated into creams with concentration of 4 -6x MIC. Physical evaluation of creams including organoleptic, pH, viscosity, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) profiling and antibacterial activity against both tested bacteria were evaluated during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, having MIC and MBC values of 175 and 350 ppm respectively against P. acnes, while those against P. aeruginosa were 400 and 800 ppm. Optimation on creams using different type of cream bases showed that either O/W or W/O creams remained stable during 28 days of storage in terms of organoleptic and pH. The viscosity increased in O/W and decreased in W/O type. Qualitative analysis by TLC profiling showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cassia fistula as chemical compounds in creams was relatively stable as the profile remained the same after 28th day of storage. Result of antibacterial activity test on cream with O/W base was unchange after 28 day, while that with W/O revealed no activity which may due to poor diffusion within the cream base as media. Conclusion: active fraction of Cassia fistula can be formulated into cream with O/W cream base system.

}, keywords = {Antibacteria, Cassia fistula, Cream, Propionibacterium Acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.131}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Tiana Milanda} } @article {1252, title = {Healing Capacity of Leaves Stalks Extract of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) on Incised Wounds of Mice Skin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1351-1356}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1351}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pasak bumi is a medicinal plant commonly used as herbal medicine by Indonesian people. This study aims to examine the healing capacity of mice skin incised wounds by using pasak bumi leaves stalks ethanol extract ointment. Materials and Methods: This study used twenty-five male mice Balb/ c strains, grouped into five groups, divided into three treatment groups (ointment with 20\% extract concentration, ointment with 35\% extract concentration, and ointment with 50\% extract concentration), a positive control group using Betadine{\textregistered}, and the negative the negative control group using an ointment base. The back of the mouse was slashed 1.0 cm long with a depth of 0.2 cm. Then, the wound was smeared twice a day for 21 consecutive days. Results: The application of 20\%, 35\%, and 50\% of ointment extract had the effect of healing the incised wounds after 21 days just as Betadine{\textregistered}. From the description score of the wound on the twenty-first day, it can be seen that the applied ointment with 35\% of extract concentration shows the same healing capacity as Betadine{\textregistered} (p\> 0.05), unlike the administration of ointment base (p \<0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that pasak bumi leaves stalks has the potential effect to heal incised wounds.

}, keywords = {Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Incised wound, Ointment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.186}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Astrid Maulidya and Anita Restu Puji Raharjeng and Shovon Chakma} } @article {1128, title = {Hypoxic Preconditioning Decrease ROS and Increase SOD Expression in Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Cell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {430-435}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

Adipose-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (AMSCs) have promising ability to differentiate into a cardiomyocyte. However, post-transplantation survival of AMSCs is relatively low due to lethal cellular hypoxia. Hypoxic preconditioning is a sublethal hypoxia condition which may improve AMSCs survival. This research evaluates the effect of hypoxic preconditioning on the expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) of AMSCs. Isolated human AMSCs was cultured to the 4th passage and confirmed with CD45, CD90 and CD105 expression. Cells were divided into control group (normoxia with 21\% O2) and hypoxic preconditioning group (with 1\% O2). ROS and SOD were evaluated using immunofluorescence and analyzed using SPSS 25. AMSCs was characterized by the CD105 and CD90 without expression of CD44 and CD45. ROS expression is significantly lower in hypoxia group than in controlled group (253,13 {\textpm} 67,795 vs 342,13 {\textpm} 116,447; p \< 0.05) and SOD expression is significantly higher in hypoxia group than in controlled group (340,25 {\textpm} 96,476 vs 234,56 {\textpm} 38,238; p \<0.05). In conclusion, hypoxic preconditioning in human AMSCs induce lower expression of intracellular ROS and higher expression of intracellular SOD.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Hypoxia, Oxidative stress, Stem Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.66}, author = {I Gde Rurus Suryawan and Andrianto and Ratna Dewi Cahyaningtias and Makhyan Jibril Al-Farabi} } @article {1301, title = {Immunosuppressive Activity of Goat Kefir in a Rat Model with Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1594-1599}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1594}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory capacity of goat kefir on pulmonary fibrosis rat model. Material and Methods: Twenty-five male rats were randomly divided into five groups: one group only received induction with bleomycin (0.3 mg/rat) to induce pulmonary fibrosis; three groups were treated with different doses (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mL/200 g BW) of goat kefir, following the induction with bleomycin, for 30 days; and one group served as negative control, did not receive bleomycin induction as well as kefir. On day 30, all the animals were sacrificed. Plasma levels of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y were measured using the ELISA method, and the expression of α-SMA in myofibroblast cells was examined with the help of immunohistochemistry assay. Results: Induction with bleomycin significantly elevated the expressions of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y in comparison to the control group. Following the administration of kefir (3.5 and 4.5 mL/200 g BW), the concentration of TGF-β was significantly decreased (p\<0.05); whereas, the concentration of IFN-y increased slightly (p\<0.05) only in the group that received the 4.5 mL/200 g BW dose of kefir. In contrast, IL-4 exhibited increasing levels with higher doses of kefir (p\<0.05). The expression of α-SMA in myofibroblasts showed a tendency to decline following the administration of kefir, although this decline was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Goat kefir caused a reduction in the TGF-β levels in fibrosis conditions; however, the kefir elicited an immunosuppressive effect during the progression of the pulmonary fibrosis.

}, keywords = {Bleomycin, Cytokine, Immunomodulator, Kefir, Pulmonary fibrosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.218}, author = {Tias Pramesti Griana and Tri Yudani Mardining Raras and Karyono Mintaroem and Iin Noor Chozin and Catur Saptaning Wilujeng} } @article {1180, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Gymnema sylvestre Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {809-814}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {809}, abstract = {

The evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Gymnema sylvestre was performed by bioassay method where hot and cold hydroalcoholic extracts were used against earthworm (Pheretima posthuma). The anthelmintic assay was carried out as the 50ml formulations containing five different concentrations of each cold and hot hydroalcholic extracts (25, 50, 100 ,250 and 500mg/ml in distilled water) were prepared and six worms (same type) were placed in them. Time for paralysis and death time was noted. Albendazole (20mg/ml) was used as a reference standard, while normal saline as the control.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.116}, author = {R Ram Narayanan and TK Gopal and D Chamundeeswari} } @article {1319, title = {Lithium Nitrate Induced Biochemical Modifications in catla catla upon Short Term Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1705-1709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1705}, abstract = {

Background: Alkali metals such as lithium nitrate due to its properties have found their application in industries. However, reports of acute toxicological impact of lithium nitrate on aquatic animals are largely not available in the literature. Objective: With this interest, we have assessed the impact of LiNO3 on Catla catla, a freshwater fish widely consumed. Materials and Methods: In this study, LC50 of LiNO3 was determined to be 5ppm, for 24 h. Following this, 1/10th of the LC50 levels of LiNO3 (0.5ppm) was chosen for acute investigation of 96 h. Results: The results demonstrated increase in serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in treated fish. Further examinations disclosed changes in antioxidant enzyme systems with remarkable changes in the serum catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents, with elevation in malondialdehyde (MDA). The investigation found increased glutamate levels in the brain tissue of treated groups, demonstrating tissue damage. Conclusion: The study underlines the toxicological impact of LiNO3 and role of certain potential biomarkers which determine the impact of these toxicants in aquatic environment.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.230}, author = {S Jagadeep Chandra and Naganagouda V Kote and S Sandya and Sharath Chandra SP} } @article {1168, title = {Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {716-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Macaranga gigantea leaves extract with solvent evaporation method using Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100 as matrix. Methods: M. gigantea leaves were extracted using ethanol 96\%. This extract was dried by rotary evaporator. The microencapsulation process of M. gigantea leaves extract was conducted by solvent evaporation method (O/W: oil in water). The formula of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules were designed into six formulas (Eudragit E100: FA1, FA2, FA3 and Ethocel 10 cP: FB1, FB2, FB3). Microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the formulation have been evaluated by DPPH method. Physical characterization on microparticles were performed by conducting entrapment efficiency and SEM picture. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing M. gigantea extract has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP ) and eudragit (Eudragit E100) as polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100) used in microencapsulation resulted in better M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing M. gigantea leaves extract were in the range of 3.564 to 5.887 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (\% EE) was categorized as good because the value were >= 80\% to which 85.978\% (FA3) and 88.992\% (FB3). SEM picture of FA3 (Eudragit E100) revealed that the surface of microcapsule were rough and porous. When Ethocel 10 cP used as polymer, a smoother surface and less visible pores of microcapsule were obtained. The antioxidant ability of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsule showed that IC50 values was 64.51 ppm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract can be prepared by solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit E100 and Ethocel 10 cP as polymer matrix. M. gigantea leaves has potent antioxidant activity either as extract or after formulated into microcapsules.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethocel 10 cP, Eudragit E100, Macaranga gigantea, Microencapsulation, Solvent evaporation method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.104}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1134, title = {Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {465-472}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {465}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological ailments like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro-degenerative diseases like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug Piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third groups of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuro-protective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth groups of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuro-protective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model as revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurvedic, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuro-protection, Piracetam, Saraswatharishtam, Scopolamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.72 }, author = {Jai Prabhu and K Prabhu and Anathbandhu Chaudhuri and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and T K Balaji and Shruthi Dinakar} } @article {1063, title = {Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {6-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological illnesses like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro degenerative diseases like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third group of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuroprotective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth group of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuroprotective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurvedic medicine, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuroprotection, Piracetam, Saraswatharishtam, Scopolamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.2}, author = {Jai Prabhu and K Prabhu and Anathbandhu Chaudhuri and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and VS Kalai Selvi and TK Balaji and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1317, title = {Pharmacological Screening of Anti Lice and Antidandruff Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Datura metel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1653-1657}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1653}, abstract = {

It should be noticed that there is no drugs is available to treat lice and dandruff both are very great public health concern. So it is necessary to screen a drug especially of herbal origin to treat the both head lice and dandruff without affecting eyes. In the present study, Datura metel leaf extracts was evaluated for their insecticidal properties using head lice as an insect model. The study was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020. Plant sample (leaf) of Datura metel was collected from anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India in November 2019. The various concentration of ethanolic extract of leaves of Datura metel was prepared by using distilled water. 20\%, 40\%, 60\% were used. A colony of P.humanus capitis was collected by combing the hair of 20-25 infected children at the age group of 10-15. Head lice were reared in the glass vessels covered with nylon mesh containing tufts of hairs. The hair tufts was impregnated with appropriate doses for the screening. Pure culture of M.furfur (MTCC: 1374) was obtained from institute of Microbial type of culture collection, Chandigarh, India. The culture was maintained in SDA medium. The current study afford scientific basis for the ethnomedical use of this plant as antilice application. It is concluded that it can be optimistic that the present work proved Datura metel of dual therapeutic advantage to be a potential phytochemical target in the design of a drug for the treatment of both lice and dandruff.

}, keywords = {Anti dandruff, Anti lice, Datura metel, Ethnomedical use, Pharmacological screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.225}, author = {Sreedhar V and J Mastanaiah and B Chakrapani and D Venkata Narayana and B Nagendra Babu and M Sushma and C Usha Sree and N Krishna Sree} } @article {1157, title = {A Review on Genus Saurauia: Chemical Compounds and their Biological Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {657-666}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Introduction: Saurauia plant has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases suffered by villagers at various places in the world. These species are widely used traditionally by the community as antidiabetic and digestive problems{\textquoteright} remedy. This paper will present various uses and researches ever carried out by researchers in the world on various types of the genus Saurauia. Methods: The Information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports. Results: This review summarizes the existing information on several species of Saurauia in relation to their chemical compounds and biological activity. There are some of chemical compounds present and identified in Saurauia, i.e. 3β-hydroxy-Olean-12-en- 28oic acid; 3,19-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid; 3-hidroksi, 12(13)-en, 28-oleanolat acid; actinidin; several monoterpene lactones; seven triterpenoids, namely, cis-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; trans-3-O-p-hydroxycinnamoyl ursolic acid; ursolic acid; oleanolic acid; corosolic acid; maslinic acid; and β-amyrin; and two steroids, stigmasterol; and β-sitosterol. There are several biological activities afforded by Saurauia i.e. antioxidant activity, anti-cholesterol, antidiabetic activity, antihyperlipidemic, analgetic activity, antimicrobial activity, wound-healing activity and immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Biological activity, Chemical compounds, Human disease remedy, Saurauia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.97 }, author = {Gunawan Pasaribu and Emil Budianto and Herry Cahyana and Endang Saepudin} } @article {1148, title = {Standardization Bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl. from Five Areas of Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {578-588 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {578 }, abstract = {

Background: The Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl species is a native plant that grows in many places in Indonesia. The bark of Cinnamomum burmannii Nees ex Bl (C. burmannii bark) in Indonesia is commonly used as a medicinal ingredient, but information related to specific and non-specific parameters of C. burmannii bark from several regions in Indonesia is very limited. Objective: To investigate the standardization C. burmannii bark from five areas of Indonesia. Methods: Determination of non-specific parameters and specific parameters of C. burmannii bark and metabolite profile of essential oil of C. burmannii bark Results: We found there are differences in the nature of C. burmannii bark from five regions in Indonesia. Conclusion: It can be concluded that C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci is the best. C. burmannii bark from Mount Kerinci showed that it had the strongest odor and the highest water-soluble extract and alcohol soluble extract as well as the highest essential oil content and the highest cinnamaldehyde content.

}, keywords = {Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamomum burmannii Nees Ex Bl, Metabolite profilin, Non-specific parameters, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.87 }, author = {Budiastuti and Yusnia Wahyu Andini and Intan Ayu Cahyasarl and Riesta Primaharinastiti and Sukardiman} } @article {1078, title = {Tender Coconut Water Inhibits the Process of Lipid Peroxidation, Reduce Glucose Levels and Increase Plasma Insulin in Pregnant Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {162-167}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {162}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes during pregnancy or Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) causes oxidative stress and have bad effect for mother and baby, risk of abortion, still birth, premature and preeclampsia. GDM can be prevented by monitoring the glucose level and providing rich antioxidants meals. TCW is a nutritious healthy drink rich in antioxidants, diet rich in antioxidants promotes better health, Inhibits lipid peroxidation and enhances the total antioxidant status. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water can prevent lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels and increase insulin plasma level on pregnant diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental study by post test only control group design, population of pregnant wistar strain rats. Twenty four samples used in this study were randomly divided into 4 groups, K1 (pregnant rats), K2 (pregnant rats+diabetic), K3 (pregnant rats+diabetic+ glibenklamid 0.23 mg/kg BW ) and K4 (pregnant rats+diabetic+TCW 8mL/200grBW). Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kgBW and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kgBW. Data on insulin plasma, glucose and MDA levels were analyzed using One Way Anova with significant level 0.05. Result: The results showed that the average insulin plasma levels in group 2 decreased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it increased compared to group 2. Average glucose and MDA levels in group 2 increased compared to group 1 , in group 3 and 4 it decreased compared to group 2. The results of the analysis has the p values 0.000 (p\<0.05). Conclusion:\ TCW can inhibit the process of lipid peroxidation, reduce glucose levels, increase insulin plasma levels and in pregnant diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {GDM, Glucose, Insulin plasma, Lipid peroxidation, Tender coconut water (TCW)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.24}, author = {Friday Super Nova and Shofa Chasani and Atina Hussanna and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1242, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Ointment from Solanum tuberosum L. "Tumbay Yellow Potato" on Mus musculus Balb/c}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1268-1275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1268}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum tuberosum L. is an Andean tuber that is mainly characterized by its antioxidant properties. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of an S. tuberosum-based ointment on wounds induced in mice. Material and methods: Ethanolic extracts of peel and pulp of tubers of S. tuberosum "Tumbay yellow potato" were prepared, which were incorporated into 1\% and 2\% ointment formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c with induced wound were distributed in the following working groups: Group I (Negative Control), Group II (Positive Control: Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Bacitracin Ointment) and Groups III and IV (Ointment at 1 \% and 2\% of S. tuberosum extract, respectively), daily administration of topical treatments were carried out for 07 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.) to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Groups III and IV showed that better evidence of wound closure and scarring in the histopathological analysis, the greatest effect being in Group IV. Conclusions: S. tuberosum ointments show healing activity in induced wounds in mice, the most effective treatment being the 2\% ointment formulation.

}, keywords = {Histology, Skin, Solanum tuberosum, Wound Healing, Yellow potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.175}, author = {Galy P Rosas-Cruz and Carmen R Silva-Correa and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Juan C Rodr{\'\i}guez-Soto and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha} } @article {961, title = {Aloe Vera Peel Extract Administration Increased Antioxidant Enzyme Levels of Serum and Seminal Plasma in Type 2 Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {962-967}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {962}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered as a complex metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. Aim: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Aloe vera peel extract on the antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar rat was injected by 65 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) combined with 230 mg/kg of Nicotinamide acid (NA) intraperitoneally. The rats were declared to have diabetic with fasting blood glucose level \> 200 mg/dl 72 hours after induction. Diabetic rat samples were divided into four groups, control group (diabetes without treatment) and three groups were treated by Aloe vera peel extracts orally: 100 mg (P.1), 200 mg (P.2), and 400 mg/kg body weight (P.3), respectively. Antioxidant levels of serum and seminal plasma, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) were examined after 28 days of treatment. Results: The levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH in the group receiving Aloe vera peel extract were statistically significant (p \<0.05) higher than the control. There were also significant differences between the dose variations group. Conclusion: Aloe vera peel extract can significantly increase antioxidant levels in serum and seminal plasma of type 2 diabetic mice.

}, keywords = {Aloe vera peel extract, Antioxidants, Diabetes, Seminal Plasma, Serum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.152}, author = {Wulan Christijanti and Achmad Zulfa Juniarto and Lisyani B. Suromo} } @article {881, title = {Altitude and Seed Phenotypic Effect on Amygdalin Content in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Kernel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Objective: Genetic component influencing amygdalin content in apricot kernel is well documented. This study aims to evaluate influence of altitude and seed phenotypic characters on amygdalin content in apricot kernel. Methods: Fruits from 126 genotypes differing in kernel taste and seed coat colour were collected from seven locations from 3008-3346 m asl in trans-Himalaya. Amygdalin content in kernel was determined. Results: Amygdalin content in bitter kernel was significan tly higher (44.6{\textpm}9.0 mg.g-1) than that of sweet kernel (3.1{\textpm}1.8 mg.g-1) with brown seed coat. The geographical elevation had no influence on kernel amygdalin content. Similarly, seed and kernel physical characters, except seed coat color, had no significant effect on kernel amygdalin content. High variability within genotypes was observed suggesting that genotype played significant role on amygdalin content in apricot kernel. Low amygdalin content (2.4{\textpm}1.2 mg.g-1) in apricot kernel with white seed coat phenotype confirmed our earlier finding that the white phenotypic marker is associated with sweet kernel. Conclusion: The geographical elevation had no influence on kernel amygdalin content. White seed coat phenotype can be taken as a marker for low amygdalin content in future studies.

}, keywords = {Bitterness, Cyanide, Elevation, Ladakh, Seed Coat, Sweetness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Anil Kant and OP Chaurasia and Tsering Stobdan} } @article {862, title = {Antidiabetic Aptitude of Cordia sebestena and its Outcome on Biochemical Parameters, Serum Electrolytes, and Hematological Markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {418-423}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study investigated the antidiabetic outcome of ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (EECSF) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetogenic rodents and evaluated its consequence to improve the level of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes level, and hematological indices along with its impact on body weight. Materials and Methods: The albino rodents were selected to observe oral glucose tolerance test by oral intake of aqueous glucose solution (4 g/kg, body weight) in normal rodents and assessment of blood glucose level after administration of EECSF at 100 and 200 mg/kg and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/kg, body weight. Antidiabetic activity was estimated in the chronic biological model by STZ (65 mg/kg/i.p.)-induced diabetes in rodents escorted by the determination of blood glucose. Further pharmacological research was carried out to explore the effect of EECSF on body weight, variations in biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and total protein, transformations in serum electrolytes such as Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ along with estimation of hematological indices such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Results: It was discovered that EECSF significantly lowered the blood glucose level of diabetic rodents along with enhancement in body weight. Correspondingly, EECSF significantly ameliorated the biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and hematological indices. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of EECSF in STZ-induced diabetes in rodents, and it could be selected to benefit from diabetes and its affiliated complexities inclusive of anemia, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and hepatitis.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Antidiabetic, Cordia sebestena, Glucose, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.65}, author = {Sachin Chaudhary and Harish Chandra Verma and Mandeep Kumar Gupta and Hitesh Kumar and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Abdel-Nasser El-Shorbagi} } @article {782, title = {Anti-Inflammatory and Neurobehavioral Effects of the Leaves from Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pavon) Briquet in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {75-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Context: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) has long been employed in Peru as a traditional alternative therapy for several diseases, including cancer, arthritis and diarrhea. Recent studies show that several species of Maytenus have effects on nociceptive and inflammatory signaling, as well as toxic effects on behavioral neuronal pathways. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and neurobehavioral side manifestations of the leaf of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pav{\'o}n) Briquet. Methods and Materials: Experimental study, double blind. 60 male albino mice strain Balb/c were divided in ten groups and each group, was orally feed with different doses of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus macrocarpa (500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mg/kg), others group received distilled water, caffeine 32 mg/kg, diazepam 32 mg/kg, diclofenac 15 mg/kg and the last group without substance. Neurobehavioral effects were assessed by the Irwin test. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the Carrageenan paw oedema test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA test and Fisher exact test. Results: Anti-inflammatory effects of M. macrocarpa were observed in a non-significant trend of dose dependent form. M. macrocarpa displayed an anti-inflammatory effect at 1250 mg/kg and these effects were higher in comparison with diclofenac (74.14\% vs 58.62\%, one way ANOVA, p\<0.05). Neurobehavioral side effects secondary to M. macrocarpa therapy were also identified, these included excitation, abnormal gait, abdominal cramps, piloerection, stereotypes and scratching (Fisher exact, p\<0.05, CI 95\%). Conclusion: M. macrocarpa leaves presented anti-inflammatory activity and concomitants neurobehavioral side effects.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammation, Diclofenac, Leaves, Maytenus, Mice, Neurobehavioral manifestations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.14}, author = {Luj{\'a}n-Carpio Elmer and Medina-Salazar Henry and Mayor-Vega Alexander and Medrano-Canchari Karola and Mazuelos-Rivas Mar{\'\i}a and Lizarraga-Casta{\~n}eda Zaida and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {1040, title = {Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1563-1571}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1563}, abstract = {

The popular use of natural products has great benefits for the health of the human population. In this study we highlight Equisetum hyemale, belonging to the phylum Sphenophyta and the family Equisetaceae. Popularly, the stems of this plant are used for their diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this context, and the fact that the growth of antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for global public health, this plant could be used as an alternative, to increase our therapeutic arsenal. Therefore, it is important to more clearly elucidate the complex structures present in plants, because these substances are mainly responsible for their beneficial and/or toxic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the phenolic compounds separately. The substances luteolin, ferulic acid and coumarin were identified at high concentrations by ultra-high performance chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Antimicrobial activity was elucidated through microdilution in broth; the phenolic compounds were able to inhibit the visible growth of the standard bacterial strains at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and genotoxicity was analysed through cellular damage using a Comet assay; the results showed that it did not present cytoxicity or genotoxicity at the corresponding concentrations. With this, we suggest that E. hyemale may be an alternative for the treatment of infections by microorganisms that are resistant to synthetic drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity, Equisetum hyemale, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.239}, author = {Camilla Filippi dos Santos Alves and Pauline Cordenonsi Bonez and Marcia de Souza Ebling and Camila Casagrande and Litiane Freitas and Carolina Dolwitsch and Fernanda Pires and Michele Rorato Sagrillo and Gerson Fernandes de Brum and Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos and Roberto Christ Vianna Santos} } @article {894, title = {Antioxidant Activity of the Germinated Seed of Four Varieties of Amaranthus Caudatus L. from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {588-593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of four varieties of germinated seeds of Centenario, Cristalino, Oscar Blanco and Taray of Amaranthus caudatus L. compared to non-germinated seeds. Material and Methods: The determination of total phenols was carried out by using Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids by the method of aluminum chloride and the antioxidant activity by the methods of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Results: Cristalino variety had the highest germination (3.0 cm of height) and all varieties had a 50\% germination rate. Cristalino and Taray varieties had the highest content of total phenolics (GAE 32.92 and 35.00 mg/g sample), Cristalino variety had higher content of flavonoids (580.95 mg QE/g) (P \< 0.05); Cristalino and Taray varieties showed greater scavenging activity of DPPH radical (151.85 and 151.38 mg TE/g sample), ABTS (178.09 and 180.18 mg TE/g sample); and reducing capacity of the ferric ion (FRAP) (132.75 and 136.42 mg TE/g of sample). Conclusion: Sprouts of Cristalino and Taray varieties had higher antioxidant activity than non-germinated seeds and they are directly related to higher content of total phenols and flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Amaranthus caudatus L., antioxidant activity, Germinated seeds, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.93}, author = {Enrique Javier Aguilar-Felices and Marta Romero-Viacava and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Pablo Com{\'u}n-Ventura and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Luz Chacaltana-Ramos and Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {910, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Attributes of Paris polyphylla Smith from Sikkim Himalaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {705-711}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paris polyphylla Smith is a high value medicinal plant available in Sikkim Himalaya which is well known in local traditional medicine system. Scientific study to ascertain its claimed biological activity is lacking. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant and anticancer activity of Paris polyphylla rhizomes. Methods: Phytochemical analysis were carried out by standard methods. Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract was carried out by DPPH, ABTS, OH-radical and Fe2+chelating activity assays. Cytotoxicity of the extract was determined by MTT assay on three cancer cell lines: HeLa, HepG2 and PC3. Results: Of the P. polyphylla from two altitudinal zones, P. polyphylla from Tholung (PPT), the one from the higher altitude showed higher total phenolic contents in methanolic extracts of rhizomes as compraed to that from the lower altitude i.e., P. polyphylla from Uttaray (PPU). PPT also showed a higher content of total falvonoid and total flavonols. Both types of plant were excellent scavenger of DPPH and ABTS radical and Fe2+ chelator. A trend of a relatively greater antioxidant activity of PPT was established through these assay methods. In MTT assay, both the extract showed significant dose-dependent inhibition of HeLa cell growth after 72 hrs of treatment, while the extract had a moderately positive effect on the inhibition of PC3 and HepG2 cells growth. Conclusion: The study suggested a strong antioxidant activity and appreciable cytotoxic activity of P. polyphylla from Sikkim Himalaya. Of the two varieties, PPT was more pronounced in both type of activities.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Paris polyphylla, Phytochemicals, Sikkim Himalaya}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.112}, author = {Dawa Lhendup Lepcha and Abhijit Chhetri and Dhani Raj Chhetri} } @article {991, title = {Antioxidant Content in Different Parts of Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) from Cold Arid Ladakh region of Trans- Himalaya (Jammu and Kashmir)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1064-1070}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1064}, abstract = {

Raphanus sativus (radish) which is consuming in Ladakh from many decades coming as one of the heirloom root vegetables. It is consumed mostly during winter where there is scarcity of vegetables due to prolong cut off from the rest of the world. The aim of this study was done to investigate the phenolic and antioxidant profile in different parts of radish (root. leaf, peel and seed). The aerial part leaves and peel of root of Raphanus sativus L. are always discarded which possess the potent antioxidant properties. The combine (Methanolic and acetone) extract of radish- Sprout was showing the maximum TPC in all the three radish cultivars of Gya Labuk- 34.5 {\textpm} 4.9 mgGAE/g DW, Tsentay Labuk- 38.5 {\textpm} 6.3 mgGAE/g DW and Pusa Himani- 39.4 {\textpm} 2.6 mgGAE/g DW) minimum values was for the peel (Gya Labuk-1.7 {\textpm} 0.1 mgGAE/g DW, Tsenaty Labuk- 1.8 {\textpm} 0.1 mg GAE/g DW and Pusa Himani-1.9 {\textpm} 0.3 mgGAE/g DW statistically significant at p˂0.05. FRAP- The maximum values were for the leaf of Gya Labuk-50.1 {\textpm} 6.1 9 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Tsentay Labuk- 61.5 {\textpm} 5.8 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g and Pusa Himani- 8.2 {\textpm} 0.0 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g and minimum values were for the peel of Gya Labuk-2.8 {\textpm} 0.9 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Tsentay Labuk-2.9 {\textpm} 1.5 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g, Pusa Himani-0.6 {\textpm} 0.2 FeSO4.7 H2O mmol/g statistically significant at p˂0.05 and in case of DPPH maximum values were for leaf of Gya Labuk- 2.10 {\textpm} 0.16 DPPH mg/ml, Tsentay Labuk-1.77 {\textpm} 0.09 DPPH mg/ml, Pusa Himani- 0.25 {\textpm} 0.04 DPPH mg/ml and minimum values were for the peel of Gya Labuk-0.06 {\textpm} 0.01 DPPH mg/ml, Tsentay Labuk-0.06 {\textpm} 0.03 DPPH mg/ml, Pusa Himani-0.02 {\textpm} 0.01 DPPH mg/ml statistically significant at p˂0.05. Epidemiological evidence suggests that consumption of vegetables can prevent degenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress. Considering the less data available on antioxidant activity of roots vegetables consumed in area where there is very less production of vegetables due to harsh climatic condition that prevail in the high mountain area such as Ladakh mostly root vegetables are consumed during the winter season as there used to be no vegetables outside only those vegetables having long shelf life is consumed during winter like radish, turnip, carrot, swede, cabbage, etc. Hence leaves and peel which were often discarded possessed a considerable amount of antioxidant and phenolic and can be used as an ingredient in foods.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Heirloom, Raphanus sativus, Root vegetable}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.166}, author = {Sonam Chorol} } @article {1004, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Macaranga Gigantea Leaf and Its Major Constituent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1181-1188}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1181}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice{\textquoteright}s blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7\% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC50 values of the extract was 27.1 μg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8\%. The IC50 value of the isolate was 60.2 μg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12\%, with IC50 of 31.4 μg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Ex vivo, Flavonoid, Macaranga gigantea, Plasmodium berghei}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.183}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Andita Utami and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {956, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Mangrove Plants against Plasmodium berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {929-935}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Introduction: A mosquito-borne disease infected by Plasmodium is named as Malaria. Some drugs subjected to be active againts protozoans has developed resistance. It is very urgent to find alternative sources of new antimalarial agent. The main aim of this research was to study the activity of methanolic extracts of the leaf from mangrove plants on Plasmodium berghei by using ex vivo model. Method: Screening of antiplasmodial activity from methanolic leaf extracts of Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius and Sonneratia caseolaris against Plasmodium berghei was carried out in this study. Antiplasmodial study was subjected ex vivo against P. berghei strain ANKA infected into Balb-C mice. Calculation of the percentage of parasitemia after 24 h observed in the model and a decrease in parasitemia level and inhibitory propagation were defined as the results. Results: Potential antiplasmodial activity shown by a decrease in parasitemia level and high inhibitory percentage was revealed by S. alba leaf methanolic extract at concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/mL which provide the inhibition percentage of 95.5; 92,9; 78.7; 42.7 and 18.8\%, respectively. Antiplasmodial activity can also be identified by the life cycle inhibition of plasmodium. Methanolic leaf extract of S. alba showed inhibition activity in the development of ring stage at minimum extract concentration of 300 μg/mL. At lower concentrations, trophozoites and schizones persisted with defects in morphological conditions. Moreover, Antiplasmodial activity of methanolic extracts of S. alba leaf was better than methanol extracts of A. Ilicifolius and S. caseolaris leaf. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that among the mangrove plants have been studied, S. alba mangrove exhibited the highest antisplasmodial activity which moreover assumed as a potential source for natural antimalarial drug candidate.

}, keywords = {Antimalaria, Ex vivo, Mangrove, Plasmodium berghei, Sonneratia alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.148}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Normalita Eka Pravitasari and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {801, title = {The Anti-proliferative and Anti-bacterial Activity of Argan oil and Crude Saponin Extract from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {26-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Introduction: Argan oil is a well-known cosmeceutical that is commercially available. It is traditionally used for the treatment of acne and skin inflammation among others. The objective of this study was to assess the anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities of argan oil and a crude saponin extract from the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) that is endemic to Morocco. Materials and Methods: The anti-proliferative activity of argan oil and the crude saponin extract was assessed by the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium- 5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay on A431; HaCat; HeLa; MCF-7 and UCT-Mel 1 cells. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method against two species of bacteria: Cutibacterium acnes and Prevotella intermedia. Results: The results of this study indicated that the argan oil sample did not inhibit the cell growth of the specified cell lines up to 1000μg/ml, while the crude saponin extract had low anti-proliferative activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for both the argan oil and the crude saponin extract were found to be 500μg/ml against Cutibacterium acnes. No antibacterial activity from the argan oil or the crude saponin extract was evident against Prevotella intermedia up to a concentration of 12.5mg/ml. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that argan oil and the crude saponin extract might have direct inhibitory effects on the growth and proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes. This finding supports the use argan oil as a treatment for acne vulgaris.

}, keywords = {Acne, Broth microdilution method, Cutibacterium acnes, Prevotella intermedia, XTT assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.5}, author = {Namrita Lall and Marco Nuno De Canha and Karina Szuman and Zoubida Charrouf and Lester M. Davids and Sunelle Rademan} } @article {1046, title = {Azadirachta indica: Antibacterial Activity of Neem Against Different Strains of Bacteria and their Active Constituents as Preventive in Various Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1597-1604}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1597}, abstract = {

Neem has become valuable plant in the world which shows the solutions for hundreds to thousands problems. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a rapidly growing evergreen well known tree found Pada generally in various regions of world like America, Africa and India. It has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurveda and Unani medicines across the world especially in Asians countries for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The different parts of neem plant contain biological compounds responsible for antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. Neem tree produces some active compounds which contain biological activities, parts of neem tree such as Root, bark, leaf, flower, seed and fruit together possesses biological activities. Various compounds have been obtained from various parts of neem. Biological activities of few of them have been studied. Hence, the article is aims to utilize the medicinal properties of whole neem plant in various disorders of mankind.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Azadirachta indica, Natural antibiotics, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.244}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Kainat Ejaz and Mahnoor Wajid and Muzzamil Shehzad and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Edwin Enciso-Roca and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate} } @article {824, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. Extracts Inhibit Caco2 and HeLa Human Carcinoma Cell Growth: GC-MS Analysis of an Anti-Proliferative Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {258-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exposure to high levels of antioxidants has been linked to the treatment and prevention of some cancers. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from C. maritima plant material were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined by the Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent anti-proliferative extract (hexane) was further investigated using non-targeted GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: Good DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated for all C. maritima extracts. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had particularly strong antioxidant activity (IC50 of 4.7 and 3.4 μg/mL respectively). Interestingly, the hexane extract which had the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 13.6 μg/mL), was the most potent inhibitor or Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell growth, with IC50{\textquoteright}s of 12 and 126 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was also a potent inhibitor of proliferation (IC50 values of 185 and 468 μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa, respectively). The methanolic extract (IC50 values of 2261 and 2046 μg/mL against CaCo2 and HeLa respectively) displayed only moderate anti-proliferative activity, demonstrating that antioxidant activity did not correspond with anti-proliferative activity. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace analysis of the C. maritima hexane extract highlighted several interesting compounds that may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the anti-proliferative activity of the hexane and ethyl acetate C. maritima extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant, Brassicaceae, CaCo2, European searocket, HeLa, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.40}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Rihab Taher and Walaa El-Kashak and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Ian Cock} } @article {1035, title = {Chemical Constituents and Antifungal Activity of Leaf Essential Oil from Oreopanax ecuadorensis Seem. (Pumamaki), Endemic Plant of Ecuador}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1544-1548}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1544}, abstract = {

Background: Oreopanax ecuadorensis Seem. is a plant from Ecuador, that is found in the Andean region of the country. The plant is commonly used in protective rituals, and as an antiflu, analgesic and disinfectant medicine. Aim: The research aims to extract and analyze the chemical composition and evaluation of its antifungal potential of the essential oil extracted from its leaves. Methods: steam distillation was used for the extraction of essential oil, the evaluation of its components was performed by GC/MS, and the antifungal evaluation by the disc diffusion method. Results: The essential oil was obtained with a yield of 0.05\%. 33 compounds were detected of which 30 were identified, corresponding to 99.28\%; the most abundant molecules were: thujene \<α-\> (36.63\%), followed by bicyclogermacrene with (8.76\%), pinene \<β-\> with (8.32\%) and limonene with 5.15\%. Three of the four strains evaluated were affected by the oil at concentrations of 1.25\%, inhibiting its growth. The strains were: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis. Conclusion: The essential oil shows good antifungal activity, which could be less than 1.25\%. In this way, this medicinal plant is valued by verifying ancestral knowledge in the use of medicinal plants by the Andean people of Ecuador.

}, keywords = {Antifungal activity, GC/MS, Oreopanax ecuadorensis, Puma Maki}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.236}, author = {Paco Noriega and Bryan Vergara and Carlos Carillo and Tatiana Mosquera} } @article {789, title = {Comparative GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals from Different Plant Parts and Callus of Leptadenia reticulata Wight and Arn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {129-140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {129}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is identification and comparative analysis of bioactive phytochemicals present in methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of different plant organs and callus of Leptadenia reticulata by GC{\textendash}MS technique. Methodology: The shade dried plant samples (leaves stem and root) and callus produced from leaf of L. reticulata were powdered and then sequentially extracted in methanol and ethyl acetate solvents. Total eight extracts were prepared which were Methanolic Leaf Extract (MLE), Methanolic Stem Extract (MSE), Methanolic Root Extract (MRE), Methanolic Callus Extract (MCE), Ethyl Acetate Leaf Extract (EALE), Ethyl Acetate Root Extract (EARE), Ethyl Acetate Stem Extract (EASE) and Ethyl Acetate Callus Extract (EACE). Then, each of the extracts was further subjected to Gas Chromatography{\textendash} Mass Spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS) analysis. Results: The GC{\textendash}MS analysis of the eight extracts revealed the presence of 77 different types of high and low molecular weight phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in varying quantities. Some of the phytochemicals detected for first time in L. reticulata are γ-sitosterol, Campesterol, Pristane, Hexahydrofarnesol, Stearic acid, Arachidic acid, Coniferyl alcohol, n-Tetracosanol-1, Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate, (2S,3S)-3,7,4{\textquoteright}-Trihydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methylflavanone etc. These chemical compounds are considered biologically active and pharmacologically important. Conclusion: This study gives a detailed comparison of detection and identification of various bioactive phytochemicals from different plant parts (leaves, stem and root) and callus of L. reticulata. This provides a basis for the biological and biochemical characterization of some newly detected biologically and pharmacologically important phytochemical components from this plant.

}, keywords = {Callus, Fatty Acid, Root, Stem, Steroids, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.22}, author = {Priyanka Godara and Bunty Kumar Dulara and Neelam Barwer and Navneet Singh Chaudhary} } @article {1027, title = {Detailed Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Screening of Stem and Stem Bark of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. Ex sm. - An Extra Pharmacopoeial Drug of Ayurveda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1303-1311}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stem bark of Bhumi udumbara (Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) is used traditionally in the treatment of leprosy, ulcer, dysentery, wound, pregnancy, complaints of gastric, liver, bladder and various disorders. In present study, stem and stem bark of F. semicordata are explored for their microscopic including powder microscopy, physiochemical and preliminary phytochemical aspects. Materials and Methods: Stem and stem bark of the plant, after proper authentication by BSI Kolkata, were evaluated following standard procedures. Results: Stem is hard, cylindrical, cut pieces measures about 10 - 25cm in length and 0.4 {\textendash} 0.8 cm in diameter. Diagrammatic transverse section of stem shows outer cork followed by wide parenchymatous cortex with prismatic and rhomboidal crystals, starch grains and tannin content. Powder light brown in colour; odour woody; taste tasteless to astringent; texture fibrous. Stem bark is hard, single quilled after drying, outer dark reddish brown in colour with presence of lenticels, longitudinal cut fibres, rough in surface. Diagrammatic section, of the bark, shows outer several layered cork followed by cortical region along with medullary rays. Powder tortilla(brown) in colour; odour slightly aromatic; taste astringent; texture fibrous. Loss on drying at 110{\textdegree}C was found to be 7.41\% and 8.60\% of stem and stem bark respectively. HPTLC results shows 3 peaks and 0 peak at 254 and 366 nm of stem and 3 peaks at 254 and 366 nm of stem bark respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Woody stem and presence of brown content, tannin, rhomboidal and prismatic crystals in stem and stem bark are the diagnostic characters.

}, keywords = {Anukta Dravya, Bhu-udumbara, Bhuindumer, Extra-pharmacopoeial, Ficus semicordata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.202}, author = {Gupta Shashi and Acharya Rabinarayan and Harisha CR and Shukla Vinay} } @article {983, title = {The Diversity of Biologically Active Compounds in the Rhizomes of Recently Discovered Zingiberaceae Plants Native to North Eastern Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1014-1022}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1014}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify and quantify the bioactive compounds, along with biological activities, of native Thai edible Zingiberaceae. Methods: The bioactive compounds evaluated were phenolic acids, flavonoid, vitamin C, curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and essential amino acids; analyses involved HPLC and LCMS/MS. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH and FRAP assays. Results: Zingiber officinale was the richest source of bioactive compounds, followed by Z. officinale, Alpinia zerumbet and Alpinia conchigera. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid contents ranged widely across these species (17 to 200 mg GAE/100 g DW and 17 to 66 mg RE/100 g DW). All the species studied possessed strong antiglycation properties, ranging from 82 to 98\%, with strong positive correlations of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The contents of curcumin, 6-gingerol, eugenol and vitamin C were in the range of 1 to 26, 1 to 140 μg/ g DW, 5 to 1600 and 4 to 21 mg/100 g DW, respectively. Seven essential amino acids identified by using LCMS/MS were found in most samples studied ranging from 2 to 6752 μg/100 g DW. Conclusion: Z. officinale is an abundant source of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in all these samples. These plants are fresh sources for developing novel functional ingredients in either food or cosmetics.

}, keywords = {Antiglycation, Antioxidants, Bioactive compounds, Essential amino acids, Ginger family}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.160}, author = {Theeraphan Chumroenphat and Issaraporn Somboonwatthanakul and Surapon Saensouk and Sirithon Siriamornpun} } @article {890, title = {Effect of Agricultural Model of using Fertilizer, Harvesting Time and Extraction Method on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities from Mulberry Leaves Grown in Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {531-535}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Aims: Phytochemical contents and free radical scavenging of Mulberry leaf extracts by using different fertilizer, time of harvesting and solvent extraction were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Dried Mulberry leaves were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous, 50\% ethanol and 95\% ethanol. The phytochemical screening were determined by Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC). The anti-oxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2 -azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay. Results: This experimental study found that the mulberry leaf extract were given extraction with 95\% ethanol, all of fertilizer and at Week 4 showed highest total phenolic contents espectcially BET2 was high amount of TPC (124.444{\textpm}0.609 mgGE/gExt). The harvest time, all of groups at the Week 4 were significantly higher than all of groups at the Week 2. On the other hand, total flavonoid contents, the DET1 (Fertilizer formula 15-15-15, extraction with 95\% ethanol at the Week 2; 110.913{\textpm}3.208 mgQE/gExt) showed highest amount. The Antioxidant activities, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, The groups were given extraction with 95\% ethanol, all of fertilizer at the Week 4 including CHT2 (IC50 =0.00459{\textpm}0.00001 mg/mL), BHT2 (IC50 =0.00487 {\textpm}0.00005 mg/mL), AHT2 (IC50 =0.00499{\textpm}0.00007 mg/mL), DHT2 (IC50 =0.00499{\textpm}0.00005 mg/mL) and EHT2 (IC50 =0.00667 {\textpm}0.00039 mg/mL) were more potent on free radical scavenging higher than all of groups. The ABTS+ assay, at the Week 2 of all fertilizer groups were given with all solvent extraction including BHT1 (IC50 =0.03191{\textpm}0.00257 mg/mL), CHT1 (IC50 =0.03247{\textpm}0.00044 mg/mL), AHT1 (IC50 =0.03320{\textpm}0.00120 mg/mL), EHT1 (IC50 =0.03342{\textpm}0.00116 mg/mL) and AAT1 (IC50 =0.03792{\textpm}0.00076 mg/mL) showed free radical scavenging activity not different from standard substances, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.00699 {\textpm}0.00004 mg/mL) and Trolox\ (IC50 =0.01594{\textpm}0.00116 mg/mL). Conclusion: The study was undertaken to investigate it{\textquoteright}s fertilizer use, harvest time and extraction method for biologically activities also chemical composition contents and their antioxidant potentials. Therefore, our data might be help to good cultivation and harvesting practice selection in order to produce better of mulberry leaf production.

}, keywords = {Antioxidation, Fertilizer, Harvesting, Mulberry leaves, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.85}, author = {Pharnuwan Chanhan and Ampa Konsue and Rachanee Nammatra} } @article {982, title = {Effect of Maturation on Phenolics and Flavonoids Content of Greenhouse-Grown Beet Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1010-1013}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to determine how maturation stages of greenhouse-grown beet leaf influence the total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). Methods: Beet leaf was grown under two different passive solar greenhouses in trans-Himalayan Ladakh. Leaves harvested at three maturity stages were evaluated for TPC and TFC. Results: Significant difference in TPC and TFC was observed between the three maturity stages. Midmature leaves had the highest TPC and TFC followed by mature and immature leaves. When TPC and TFC for all maturity stages were averaged, a marked difference in TPC and TFC was observed in beet leaf grown under the two passive solar greenhouses. Higher TPC and TFC were observed in the greenhouse with higher photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV-transmittance. Conclusion: Beet leaf should be harvested at the midmaturity stage for consumer to benefit from elevated levels of phenolics and flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Greenhouse, Ladakh, Maturity, Vegetable}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.159}, author = {Phunchok Angmo and Sonam Chorol and Desyong Namgail and OP Chaurasia and Tsering Stobdan} } @article {1045, title = {Effect of Perillyl Alcohol (POH) A Monoterpene on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Experimental Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1434-1441}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1434}, abstract = {

Aim: The plan of this study was to assess the protective activity of Perillyl alcohol (POH) on the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products and antioxidant defense systems in the plasma and other tissues of normal and High Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The experimental diabetes was induced in animals by High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) injection, and treatment with Perillyl alcohol at the dose of (50mg/kg b.w and 100mg/kg b.w) was continued for 30 days. At the end of treatment period, oxidative stress parameters like lipid peroxidation by-products; enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and non-enzymic antioxidants including reduced glutathione, Vitamin C and Vitamin E were measured in the plasma and tissues of experimental rats. Results: In untreated diabetic rats an increase was seen in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and significant decrease was seen in antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of Perillyl alcohol a monocyclic monoterpene to diabetic rats for 30 days caused a significant reduction in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, when the same were compared with the untreated diabetic group. Conclusion: The result of this study indicates that Perillyl alcohol has anti lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status potential in experimental diabetes.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, High Fat Diet, Lipid peroxidation, Perillyl alcohol, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.222}, author = {Towseef Hassan and Elanchezhiyan C and Insha Naseer and S Marimuthu} } @article {1037, title = {Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) on Genotoxicity in Mice (Mus musculus) and Subchronic Toxicity in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1549-1557}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1549}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plukenetia volubilis is known as Sacha Inchi (SI) is originary from the peruvian amazone and it has been cultivated and consumed since the pre and Inca{\textquoteright}s time. Objective: Sacha inchi oil was assessed for genotoxicity in Balb C albino mice and subchronic toxicity in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Material and Methods: The genotoxicity was assessed in Mus musculus Balb C (n = 25) separated into five groups randomly selected of twenty-five each one. Groups were 10 mL / kg normal saline (NS), 40 mg / kg cyclophosphamide group (CP) and the three other groups received cyclophosphamide and sacha inchi oil of concentrations 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg respectively. The substances were administered three times during 24 hours. The genotoxicity in mice was evaluated determining micronucleus levels in blood and bone marrow. The subchronic toxicity was assessed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) (n = 48) separated into four groups randomly selected of six each: normal saline group (control) and three groups that received doses of 10, 100 and 1000 μg sacha inchi oil per litre of water respectively for 45 days. Results: The values of weight, length, growth rate, condition factor (K) and number of survivors were recorded. CP group showed higher micronuclei levels in blood and bone marrow compared with sacha inchi oil 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg groups (ANOVA Test p \<0.01 Scheffe{\textasciiacute}s Post Hoc p \<0.05, p \<0.01 and p \<0.001 respectively). The subchronic toxicity assessment in goldfish showed isometric growth, a decline in "K" and a similar specific percentage growth rate per day in all groups (ANOVA test p\> 0.05). Conclusion: Sacha inchi oil was not toxic under experimental conditions.

}, keywords = {Genotoxicity, Plukenetia Volubilis, Sacha Inchi Oil, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.237}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez-Asmat and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Victor Chumpitaz Cerrate and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Luz Chacaltana-Ramos and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas} } @article {907, title = {Effectiveness of Moringa oleifea Extract in Attenuating the Toxic Effect on Platelet Count: An Experiment on Cadmium Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {689-693}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Aims and Objective: To determine the role of Moringa oleifera on total platelet count alterations (T-PC) in rats treated with cadmium. Materials and Methods: In the present study female adult Wistar Albino rats, (180-200) gm were divided into, Group I-normal control, Group II-pretreated control, group III-cadmium treated , group IV- pre-treated with Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOE) and then administered oral cadmium for a day, with n=6 each Results: Indicate that the pre-treatment with MOE (100 mg/kg/bw) prior to cadmium infusion augmented the level of total platelet count (p<=0.001) as compared to the cadmium-exposed group, which might have a role in clotting mechanisms also. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera extract has a beneficial effect on platelet count in cadmium-induced animal model.

}, keywords = {Cadmium, Clotting Mechanisms, Moringa oleifera, Platelet Count, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.109}, author = {Vinodini NA and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee and Kunal and Suman VB and Rashmi KS and Nayanatara AK and Anupama N and Ramesh M. Bhat and Sheela Joice P} } @article {900, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of the Medicinal Plants used in the Southern Mediterranean. Case Study: The Region of Bissa (Northeastern Dahra Mountains, Algeria)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {647-659}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {647}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study falls within the framework of valorization of medical plants and traditional knowledge{\textquoteright}s in the Northeastern part of Dahra Mountain, Algeria. Methods: An ethnobotanical survey was conducted between 2016 and 2018 in order to study the traditional and therapeutic use of medical plants amongst the local population. Data collected was analyzed using quantitative indices such as the Fidelity Level (FL) and Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). Results: The results revealed 70 medicinal species belonging to 38 botanical families, among which, five families were the most commonly used by the local population, especially the families Lamiaceae and Asteraceae. In term of species, the highest frequencies of medicinal use were shown respectively by Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (6.49\%), Pistacia lentiscus L. (6.11\%), Myrtus communis L. (5.34\%) and Thymus vulgaris L. (4.96\%). Among the various parts of the plant, leaves were the most used part and decoction was the most frequent form of use. Finally, the gastro-intestinal system disorders were the most treated diseases with a percentage of 28.24\%. Conclusion: This first ethnobotanical study conducted in the region of Bissa revealed a very rich local knowledge in term of traditional herbal medicine; this fact was reflected by the high diversity of species used in the treatment of several diseases. In light of this, it is therefore very important to subject some of the major species to further phytochemical and pharmacological studies in order to validate their traditional use and to probably discover new bioactive molecules.

}, keywords = {Algeria, Ethnobotany, Indigenous population, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.103}, author = {Fatima Senouci and Adda Ababou and Mohammed Chouieb} } @article {984, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass Oil Against Oral Clinical Isolates {\textendash} An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1023-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1023}, abstract = {

Background: There are 1,200 oral species out of which 400 are potentially important and 20 organisms are periopathic. Periodontal flora plays the important role in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. There are various conservative and surgical procedures to treat and prevent periodontal diseases. Local drug delivery agents reduce microbial burden, blocks collagenase activity and inhibits bone loss; out of which tetracycline is common in use. Unwanted side effects and resistance of microorganisms towards antibiotics due to their widespread use have modified the general prescription about their efficacy. Various researches elucidate that herbal extracts exhibit wide range of antibacterial activity. In recent years, Lemongrass essential oil gains scientific interest as it targets even the periodontal pathogens. The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with that of tetracycline. Aim and objective: To comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with tetracycline against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus and to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of lemongrass essential oil. Study design: In vitro. Materials and Methods: It is an in vitro study done to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass against the oral microbes. Based on their involvement in various clinical conditions Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus were selected for the study. These organisms were inoculated to a solid media and incubated overnight aerobically at 37{\textdegree}C to obtain a pure culture. The culture was made as a suspension in sterile saline with the turbidity matching 0.5 Macfarland standard. This is used to make a lawn culture on the Mueller Hinton Agar. Antimicrobial effect of tetracycline was tested using standard disc of doxycycline 30 mcg (Himedia, SD012) and sterile disc was used to prepare lemongrass essential oil which contained 10 μl, 15 μl and 20μl. In each category 5 discs were tested to get a mean zone of inhibition. After 24 hours of incubation the zone of inhibition was measure in mm using a scale. The measured zone size was tabulated and compared among the groups. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentration of lemon grass essential oil was estimated to be 10μl. Statistically significant zone of inhibition and antibacterial zone was greater in lemongrass essential oil than tetracycline for Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermis. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil showed higher antibacterial activity than tetracycline. Hence, it can be used as a good alternative to tetracycline or adjunctive in the treatment of periodontitis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Lemongrass essential oil, Minimal inhibitory Concentration, Tetracycline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.161}, author = {Paavai Ilango and Vasugi Suresh and Ayswarya V Vummidi1 and Vanessa Ravel and Veejai Chandran and Arulpari Mahalingam and Vineela Katam Reddy} } @article {1056, title = {Evaluation of Anti-proliferative Potential and Antioxidant Activity of a Wild Edible Mushroom Macrocybe crassa (Sacc.) Pegler and Lodge}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1504-1510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1504}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to quantify the anti-oxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa and its anti-proliferative activity on normal and cancer cells. Methods: The anti-oxidant potential of the extract was determined by several in vitro assay system like DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Anti-proliferative activity was tested by MTT assay on breast cancer cell line MCF7, Human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemic cell MOLT-4 and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMC isolated from a healthy donor to check its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Results: Results indicated that the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa shows appreciable anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell line MCF7 and negligible effect on MOLT4 cells. In contrast no significant anti-proliferative effect has been observed in normal PMMCs. Moderate anti-oxidant activity was recorded in methanolic extract. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of of Macrocybe crassa with moderate anti-oxidant activity and specific anti-proliferative effect on MCF7 holds a great promise can be used for isolation of bio molecules for treating Breast Cancer.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Macrocybe crassa, MCF7, MOLT-4, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.231}, author = {Amrita Pal and Anirban Chouni and Arpan Das and Ribhu Ray and Santanu Paul} } @article {828, title = {The Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Conventional Antibiotics and Petalostigma spp. Extracts Against Bacterial Triggers of some Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {292-309}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Introduction: An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. Methods: In this study, Petalostigma spp. (native Australian medicinal plants) extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The fruit and leaves were extracted separately with solvents of varying polarity and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. Results: The methanolic and water extracts showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the mid-low polarity extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baylyi (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 14 different combinations proved to be synergistic. Notably, two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) with no inhibitory activity against P. mirabilis alone were shown to have substantial activity when tested in combination with Petalostigma spp. extracts. Conclusion: Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within Petalostigma spp. may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Conventional antimicrobials, Drug combinations, Efflux pump inhibitor, Interaction, Medicinal plants, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Synergy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.45}, author = {Aishwarya Ilanko and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {874, title = {In-vitro Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {455-460}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus has been identified as one of the global cause of disability and death. Objectives: The study aim to investigate the in-vitro antidibetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves. Materials and Methods: The plant was screened for its Phytochemical composition. The plant material was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extract was screened (in-vitro) for its antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays. The potential antidiabetic activity of the plant extract was evaluated against some carbohydrates (α- amylase and α-glucosidase) and lipid (pancreatic lipase) digestive enzymes. The inverted intestinal sac model was also used to investigate the effect of the extract on intestinal glucose absorption. The anti-protein glycation activity of the extract was determined using haemoglobin. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of most of the phytochemicals (Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids etc) that were screened for. The crude extract exhibited the antidiabetic potential as it significantly (P\< 0.05) inhibited α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in a dose dependent fashion. The extract also effectively reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The extract further showed antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 68.3 μg/ml and 308 μg/ml, respectively. The extract also inhibited haemoglobin glycation, thus displaying the anti-protein glycation potential. Conclusion: It is apparent that E. ferox extract could serve as scaffold for diabetic therapy. For future study, cytotoxicity profile and in vivo investigation of the antidiabetic activity of the crude extract are essential.

}, keywords = {Diabetic, Flavonoids, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidemia, Hypoglycaemic, Protein- glycation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.71}, author = {Michael Chukwuka Ojo and Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zaharare and Rebamang Anthony Mosa and Nkosinathi David Cele and Michael Osawemi Oboh and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {1032, title = {Isolation and Structural Elucidation of Allantoin a Bioactive Compound from Cleome viscosa L.: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1391-1400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1391}, abstract = {

Allantoin, a crystalline compound was isolated from the methanolic extract of Cleome viscosa and it was reported for first time from this plant. The structure of Allantoin was elucidated by single crystal XRD and it was further confirmed through FTIR and ESI-MS spectroscopy techniques. It was crystallized in monoclinic crystal system with the space group P2i/c. Electronic structure characterization of the isolated Allantoin was done through density functional theory calculation. The atomic charges, dipole moment, frontier molecular orbital and the electrostatic potential map of the molecule in the gaseous phase and in the active site have also been analyzed. The optimized geometry was used for molecular docking to identify the possible binding mode. Furthermore, the in vitro antibacterial activity of the isolated Allantoin against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was evaluated. Maximum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) of isolated Allantoin results showed 4 μg/mL for B. subtilis and 8 μg/mL for S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae.

}, keywords = {Allantoin, Antibacterial activity, Cleome viscosa, Molecular docking, XRD}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.215}, author = {Lakshmanan G and Sivaraj C and Ammar A and Anantha Krishnan D and Gopinath S and Saravanan K and Gunasekaran K and Murugesan K} } @article {800, title = {Mineral Content Analysis of Polyherbal Energy Bar Using X-Ray Fluorescence Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {53-56}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {53}, abstract = {

Aim: The objective of the present study was to develop a novel energy bar which is nutritious and cost effective. Materials and Methods: The components used for the novel energy bar were banana, orange, peanuts, raisins, cocoa butter, stevia leaves and oats. Mineral contents of energy bar were analysed by XRF technique. Results: The mineral contents were present in comparable amount. Major elements viz. K 17.15\%, P 4.57\%, Mg 1.43\%, Ca 0.93\%, Na 0.66\%, S 0.54\%, Fe 0.15\%, Zn 0.05\% and Cu 0.02\% were present in energy bar. Conclusion: Minerals are good for overall growth of body. The energy bar also contains no preservatives, binding agents and sugar free. So, the energy bar is major source of energy and minerals for all age group individuals.

}, keywords = {Calcium, Energy bar, Iron, Mineral content, Polyherbal, Potassium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.10}, author = {Mansi Chitkara and Rajneet Kohli and Inderjeet Singh Sandhu and Didar Singh and Gagandeep Kaur and Rakesh Kumar Sindhu} } @article {1010, title = {Momordica Charantia L. Variety from Northeastern Brazil: Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1312-1324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Introduction: Momordica charanthia L., Curcubitaceae, is a pantropical food and medicinal plant. The plant is included in the Official List of Brazilian Medicinal Plants of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. The study aimed to perfom microbiological studies with extracts of Momordica charanthia L. including chemical characterization of the active extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the hydroalcoholic and acetone extracts of M. charantia leaves, fruits and seeds from northeastern Brazil using microdilution broth technique on the selected clinical bacterial and fungal strains. Extracts that presented antimicrobial were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Results: The in vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaves extracts presented good antibacterial effect against four Staphylococcus aureus strains, and a weak antifungal activity agaist Candida albicans. Fourteen compounds were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract, while 12 were found in the acetone extract. The most important compounds were kaempferol, quercertin and triterpenoids like cucurbitacins. Conclussion: The present study demonstrated the potential antibacterial activity of M. charantia L. from northeastern part of Brazil, in addition to important phytochemical metabolites known to possess antibacterial activities, particularly against microrganisms of clinical importance. The UPLC phytochemical profile of the Brazilian variety is reported here for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the LHE and FAE demonstrated the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of biological and pharmacological studies to support the medicinal uses of this important plant. The Brazilian variety of M. Charantia could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Ethnopharmacology, in vitro activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.203}, author = {William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Kirley Marques Canuto and Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro and Hilania Valeria Dodou and Karla Nascimento Magalhaes and KellenMiranda S{\'a} and Patr{\'\i}cia Georgina Garcia do Nascimento and Karine Lima Silva and Gleilton Weyne Passos Sales and Mirian Parente Monteiro and Nadia Accioly Pinto Nogueira and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeira} } @article {1059, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in an Experimental Model of Epilepsy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1591-1596}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1591}, abstract = {

Background: Experimental studies have demonstrated that fatty acids such as omega 3 and 6 have anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, cardio protective and anti-tumor effects. Objective: The main objective was to determine the protective effect of sacha inchi oil on pentylenetetrazoleinduced seizures in albino mice. Material and Methods: Thirty male Balb/C albino mice of 8 weeks of age were purchased from the National Institute of Health (Lima-Peru). The animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each one. Group I: Control; PTZ (pentylenetetrazole 80 mg / kg, s.c.). II: PTZ + Diazepam (1 mg / kg; s.c.). Group III, IV, V: PTZ + sacha inchi oil at single doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg / kg respectively orally. Sacha inchi oil was administered 30 minutes before induction of seizures by PTZ. Next, various parameters such as latency, seizure frequency, duration and score were scored according to Racine scale. The program Graph Pad Prism v.4 was used for statistical analysis. Results: As result, the experimental group treated with sacha inchi oil at maximum dose of 1000 mg/kg showed better results in response to PTZ induced seizure; low levels of seizures, frequency and duration (P\<0.001; ANOVA, P \<0.001 Post-hoc Dunnett test). Conclusion: It is concluded that Sacha inchi oil presented anticonvulsant effect at the highest doses tested being very similar to Diazepam. The main mechanism could be by reducing free radical and improving GABA levels in the brain.

}, keywords = {Convulsion, Epilepsy, Omega, Pentylenetetrazole, Plukenetia Volubilis, Sacha inchi}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.243}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Edwin Enciso-Roca and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and Linder Figueroa-Salvador} } @article {988, title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma curtisii Polysaccharides After Kainic Acid-Seizure Induced}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1046-1054}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1046}, abstract = {

Background: Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders affecting world population. Although, some Ganoderma species have shown neuroprotective activities, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma curtisii on epileptic seizures have not been reported. Objective: The aims of the present study were to determine whether treatment with a polysaccharide fraction (GCPS-2) from a Mexican Ganoderma curtisii strain can reduce seizures, and the increases in the levels of apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in kainic acid-induced seizure mouse model. Materials and Methods: Rats were separated in groups: Control group received 2.5\% Tween 20 solution; GCPS-2 groups were administered GCPS-2 (10, 40, or 80 mg/kg); KA group received KA 10 mg/kg; GCPS-2+KA received GCPS- 2 and 30 min later KA. Pathological changes in neuronal morphology, expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin1-β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the rat hippocampus and cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides (GCPS-2) inhibited convulsions in rats. Moreover, treatment with GCPS-2 reduced the increased levels of apoptotic signaling molecules (Bcl-2) and proinflammatory mediators (in the kainic acid-treated hippocampus and cortex). Conclusion: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides have a neuroprotective potential against epilepsy, partially through its ability to inhibit neurotoxic events in the in vivo hippocampus and cortex.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticonvulsant, Ganoderma curtisii, Neuroprotective, β-glucan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.164}, author = {Ismael Leon-Rivera and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Maria Yolanda Rios and Samuel Estrada-Soto and Angelica Berenice Aguilar and Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Jazmin Mendez-Miron and Victoria Campos-Pena and Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa and Eva Hernandez and Gerardo Hurtado} } @article {802, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, Quercetin and Quercitrin Quantification in Bauhinia malabarica Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {155-160}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. is a tropical tree that found throughout Thailand. Leaves have a sour taste and have been used in Thai remedies for wound healing, diuretic, dysentery and emmenagogue. Objective: This study aimed to focus on pharmacognostic specification and quantitative analysis of quercetin and quercitrin in B. malabarica leaves. Methods: Various methods such as macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of B. malabarica leaf were studied along with physico-chemical parameters and quantitated quercetin and quercitrin using RP-HPLC. Results and Conclusion: Whole plant, structures of dried powder crude drug, cross section of midrib and leaf measurement were established. Paracytic stomata and multicellular trichome were found on lower epidermis. B. malabarica leaves from 15 sources throughout Thailand were examined the pharmacognostic specification according to WHO guideline. Physico-chemical parameters showed that loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water content should not be more than 8.00, 7.08, 1.79 and 8.28 \% of dry weight while ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be less than 13.78 and 16.47 \% of dry weight respectively. Quercetin and quercitrin were the markers for quantitative analysis using RP-HPLC with diode array detector in B. malabarica ethanolic extract. Quercetin and quercitrin contents were found to be 0.18 g and 0.38 g in 100 g of dried crude drug. Method validation was determined according to ICH guideline. All results were in the acceptable range and could be used for identity, safety, efficacy and quality of B. malabarica leaves in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia malabarica Roxb, HPLC, Leaf measurement, Pharmacognostic specification, Quercetin, Quercitrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.26}, author = {Paphitchaya Thetsana and Chayanon Chaowuttikul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {920, title = {Phytochemical Characterization of Rhizome, Fruit, Leaf and Callus of Rheum emodi Wall. using GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {617-623}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {617}, abstract = {

Background: Rheum emodi is an immensely useful medicinal herb of Himalaya having remarkable antidiabetic and anticancerous activities reported mainly from rhizomatous portion of the plant. The present study reports Gas Chromatographic- Mass spectroscopic characterization of both the conventionally used part i.e., the rhizome as well as other parts of R. emodi including callus to exploit the nonconventional parts for future use. Objective: To explore the bioactive constituents in the methanol extract of rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus of R. emodi. Methods: Phytochemical characterization of the plant extracts was performed by using GC-MS QP 2010 Plus. Various constituents were identified after matching their mass fragmentation pattern with data available in GC-MS library of National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) and Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data{\textquoteright}s, New York (Wiley). Results: Total of 95 bioactive compounds were obtained in methanol extract of R. emodi out of which rhizome, fruit, leaf and callus revealed 31, 38, 27 and 47 compounds respectively. Two anthraquinones, chrysophanol (43.97\%) and physcion (3.23\%) were obtained from rhizome whereas fruit possessed only physcion (4.66\%). Conclusion: The present findings characterizes and helps to supplement the chemical profile of the plant for its futuristic role in nutritional, pharmaceutical and therapeutic industries.

}, keywords = {Callus, Fruit, GC-MS analysis, Leaf, Rheum emodi, Rhizome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.99}, author = {Ruchi Singh and Preeti Chaturvedi} } @article {891, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity Study of Methanol Extract of Stems and Roots of Codonopsis clematidea from Trans-himalayan Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {536-546}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Aim: The present report aimed to study the therapeutic and phytochemical properties of stems and roots of trans-himalayan plant Codonopsis clematidea. Material and Methods: The crude samples of stems and roots were explored for their chlorophyll, carotenoid and carbohydrate content in order to understand the matrix of these two plant parts. The extraction of phytochemicals was carried out by three different methods viz. sonication, maceration and soxhlet in methanol to identify the best extraction method. Further, analysis of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Total Polyphenolic Content (TPC) were carried out using rutin trihydrate and gallic acid as a reference standard. Antioxidant capacity was estimated using three methods viz. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. In addition to this, GC-MS analysis was also performed for the identification of volatile constituents of Methanol Extract of Stems (MES) and Methanol Extract of Roots (MER). Results: The MES and Dimethylsulfoxide Extract of Stems (DES) were found to have higher Chlorophyll a (Cha) content in comparison to Chlorophyll b (Chb) and Carotenoids (Cca). Carbohydrate profile showed that stems and roots have the highest content of fructose in comparison to other sugar moieties. The soxhlet method showed the highest percentage extractive yield in the stems as well as roots. Results revealed that the MES showed higher antioxidant potential as compared to the MER. A correlation has also found to exist between the results of TPC, TFC and antioxidant assays, since TPC and TFC are key constituents responsible for the antioxidant potential. Conclusion: These results have been found to suggest the richness of MES in natural phenols, flavonoids and antioxidants. Further, study should be conducted over identification and characterization of compounds present in the extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Codonopsis clematidea, Fructose, GC-MS, MER, MES}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.86}, author = {Pushpender Bhardwaj and Mohan Singh Thakur and Sahil Kapoor and Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Ajay Sharma and Shweta Saxena and Om Prakash Chaurasia and Raj kumar} } @article {944, title = {Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Chuquiraga spinosa Less and Baccharis genistelloides on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {858-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {858}, abstract = {

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting middle-aged men, with oxidative stress postulated as an important factor in its development. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the association of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG) on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six male rats were randomized into groups: 1) Inductor Group: Testosterone enanthate (ET) 25 mg/Kg on days 8 and 14 intramuscularly. 2) Group P80: Polysorbate-80 3\% 10 mL / Kg. 3) Positive Group: ET + Dutasteride (DU) 0.5 mg / Kg, 4) ET + ChS 250, 5) ET + ChS 500, 6) ET + BaG250, 7) ET + BaG 500, 8) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 250, 9) ET + ChS 500 + BaG 500, 10) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 500, 11) ET + ChS 500 + BaG250. PSA, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), prostate dimensions by ultrasound and histopathological findings were quantified as main markers. Results: Lower levels of NO, MDA and PSA were observed in all groups treated with extract compared to the Inductor group (p \<0.01), with the reductive capacity of the mixture ChS 250 + BaG 500 and ChS 500 + BaG 250 compared with Dutasteride (p \<0.05). The volume of the prostate was lower in the Dutasteride, P80 and ChS250 + BaG500 groups compared to the inducer (p \<0.05). Regarding the histopathological study, it was observed that the association of variable doses (ChS250 + BaG500 and ChS500 + BaG250) had a better protective effect. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, the association of the extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa and Baccharis genistelloides has an effect in the protection of BPH induced with testosterone, which could be linked to its antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

}, keywords = {Baccharis genistelloides, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chuquiraga spinosa, Dutasteride, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.138}, author = {Robert Palomino-De-La-Gala and Hugo Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Rojas-Armas and Cristian Aguilar-Carranza and Jaime Mart{\'\i}nez-Heredia and Edwin Cieza-Macedo and Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-Bustamante and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez- Asmat and Lester Dominguez-Huarcaya} } @article {879, title = {Secondary Metabolites from Pterocaulon alopecuroides and their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {493-495}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Pterocaulon alopecuroides, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activities on selected human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. alopecuroides afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of all isolates were evaluated. Results: The compounds 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-6-methoxycoumarin (1), 5,6-methylenedioxy- 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) coumarin (2), Dihydrokaempferol (3), 5,7,4{\textasciiacute}-trihydroxy- 6-(α,α-dimethylallyl)dihydroflavonol (4) and 5,4{\textasciiacute}-dihydroxy-7-(γ,γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol (5) were isolated. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds was evaluated in a panel of six human solid tumor cell lines showing GI50 values for the most active compounds in the low micromolar range. Conclusion: Compound 2 is reported for first time from P. alopecuroides. Isolated coumarins show no antiproliferative activity, whilst among flavonoids compound 5 showed the best antiproliferative activity.

}, keywords = {4{\textasciiacute}-dihydroxy-7-(γ, 5, Antiproliferative activities, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Pterocaulon alopecuroides, γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.78}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jos{\'e} M. Padr{\'o}n and Anastacio Emiliano} } @article {784, title = {Sequential Fractionation by Organic Solvents Enhances the Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Terminalia bellerica from North Western Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {94-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia bellerica belonging to family combretaceae is one of the major components of {\textquotedblleft}Triphala{\textquotedblright}, an Ayurvedic formulation. Objective: To evaluate antioxidant potential in the ethanolic extract and its active fraction (chloroform, ethyl acetate, n- butanol and aqueous fraction) from fruits and leaves of Terminalia bellerica. Materials and Methods: Folin-Ciocalteau method and aluminium chloride method was used to quantify total phenolic and flavonoid content respectively in ethanolic extract and their fractions from fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using total antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP and total antioxidant activity methods. Results: Total phenolics (254.72{\textpm}3.03 mg/g GAE and 227.52{\textpm}1.38 mg/g GAE) and flavonoids (64.77{\textpm}1.24 mg/gm RE and 75.57{\textpm}1.38 mg/gm RE) content was higher in ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves sample of T. bellerica, respectively. The order of free radical scavenging activities was ethyl acetate fraction \> crude ethanolic extract \> n-butanol fraction \> chloroform fraction \> aqueous fraction. Similarly, ethyl acetate fraction of both fruits and leaves exhibited more antimicrobial activity as compared to that of ethanolic extract as revealed from agar well diffusion method with diameter of zone of inhibi{\textlnot}tion of 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 21.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 14.5{\textpm}0.71 mm in fruits and 18.0{\textpm}1.41 mm, 22.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 15.5{\textpm}2.12 mm, 14.5{\textpm}3.53 mm in leaves against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. MIC values for fruits were 3.125 mg/ml, 0.375 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml, 3.125 mg/ml and for leaves were 1.5625 mg/ml, 0.19 mg/ml, 0.78 mg/ ml, 0.78 mg/ml against B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, respectively. Conclusion: The present study provides the evidence for comparative antioxidant and antibacterial potential of ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of T. bellerica. . Moreover, leaves can be promoted to be used for therapeutics and natural antioxidants.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Fruits, Leaves, Terminalia bellerica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.17}, author = {Shikha Rangra Chandel and Vikas Kumar and Shikha Guleria and Nitin Sharma and Anuradha Sourirajan and Prem Kumar Khosla and David J. Baumler and Kamal Dev} } @article {702, title = {Anatomical Study and Characterization of Metabolites in Leaves of Momordica charantia L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {823-826}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {823}, abstract = {

Background: Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), is an herbaceous plant used for food and traditional medicine. It presents a proven antidiabetic activity in the literature, being a promising species for the development of phytotherapics. Objective: The objective was performing an anatomical study and characterizing the metabolites in leaves of M. charantia. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Maceration and histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical characterization revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the idioblasts and tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. The histochemistry allowed determining the location of the metabolites and, along with the chemical microanalyses, to identify the type of crystal in the leaf blade. Conclusion: The study described new characters for M. charantia and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Bitter melon, Crystals, Histochemistry, Mel{\~a}o-de-S{\~a}o-Caetano}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.140}, author = {Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Jos{\'e} Ribeiro Padilha and Luiz Carlos Alves and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {464, title = {Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition of Fractions from Eleusine indica Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {25-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {25}, abstract = {

Solvent fractions and decoction of Eleusine indica leaves were tested for their ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), an important component of the Renin-Angiotensin- Aldosterone System which is a critical regulator of arterial blood pressure. The ACE inhibitory activity of each fraction was measured by employing a colorimetric assay based on the hydrolysis of histidyl-hippuryl-leucine (HHL) by ACE. Preliminary assay results revealed that the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the highest antihypertensive activity with a percent inhibition of 51.51\%. This fraction was considered for further isolation using a bioassay-guided fractionation scheme.

}, keywords = {Bioactive extracts, High-blood pressure, Hypertension, Medicinal, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.5}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/360}, author = {Jasmin T Tutor and Christine L Chichioco-Hernandez} } @article {753, title = {Antidepressant and Antipsychotic-like Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s33-s37}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s33}, abstract = {

Introduction: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) is an Amazonian Peruvian traditional plant, traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antihemorrhagic and antidiarrheic agent. Also, chuchuhuasi is known as a master plant, attributing to it properties in the central nervous system. In addition, depression is a disorder of the mood that cause disability to millions of people around the world. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determinate the antidepressant and antipsychotic-like activity of the ethanolic extract of Maytenus macrocarpa. Methods: It was used the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa (EELMM) in female mice at the experimental model of the Forced Swim Test described by Porsolt. As control, it was used distillate water, fluoxetine and haloperidol. Results: The immobility time of the groups of EELMM has a mean of 38.26 \± 21.57, 84.32 \± 26.68 and 32.17 \± 25.55 for the doses of 750, 1000 and 1250 mg/Kg respectively; and the immobility time had a median of 7.5 [4.07 \– 20.3] and 20.93 \± [17.63 \– 23.75] for the doses of 500 mg/Kg and 1500 mg/Kg. It was seen a positive dose-response between the dose of 500 to 1000 mg/Kg (Pearson correlation of r=0.8339 and R=0.6954) and a negative dose-response between the dose of 1000 to 1500 mg/Kg. (Pearson correlation of r= -0.7590 and R= 0.5760). Conclusion: It was demonstrated the antidepressant-like activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa with a dose of 500 mg/kg and an antipsychotic-like activity with a dose of 1000 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Chuchuhuasi, Depression, Fluoxetine, Forced swim test, Haloperidol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.6}, author = {T{\'a}cuna-Calder{\'o}n Ana Lucia and Huaccho-Rojas Juan Jesus and Zimic-Zare Carolina and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {763, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s135-s140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnobotanical studies report that Myrcia guianensis (Myrtaceae), belonging to a group of plants known as pedr\á-ume-ca\á or insulin plant, is used as a tea to treat various diseases, including diabetes, a metabolic disorder that leads to the constant production of free radicals. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the cytotoxicity of the AEMg. Methods: The content of phenolic compounds in AEMg was determined by colorimetric assays. In vitro tests of the antioxidant capacity of AEMg, in the sequestration of DPPH radicals, in \β-carotene bleaching, in the FRAP, as well as in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, were performed. The cytotoxic activity of AEMg was evaluated in assays with eukaryotic cells from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in PBMC. Results: The results showed that the AEMg is rich in phenolic compounds, presenting high antioxidant potential in all the tests carried out, including in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, besides not being toxic to eukaryotic cells. Conclusion: The AEMg, rich in antioxidant compounds and no toxicity, can be used as source of natural antioxidant in the treatment of metabolic diseases to combat free radicals.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Myrtaceae, Oxidative stress, Pedra-ume-ca{\'a}, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.25}, author = {Regiane Sablina Almeida Bernardes and Sandra Layse Ferreira Sarrazin and Flaviana Alves dos Santos and Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo R{\^e}go and Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta and Marina Ferraz Cordeiro and Patr{\'\i}cia Danielle Oliveira de Almeida and Ricardo Bezerra de Oliveira and Leoneide {\'E}rica Maduro Bouillet and Jos{\'e} Guilherme Soares Maia and Rosa Helena Veras Mour{\~a}o} } @article {757, title = {Antioxidant Role of Beta Carotene: Protection against Cadmium Induced Testicular Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s66-s70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s66}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cadmium (Cd) is an industrial pollutant that affects the male reproductive system. The purpose of present study was to investigate the protective role of Beta carotene on cadmium induced testicular damage. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted following approval from Institutional Bioethical Committee and strict internationally accepted guidelines, for the usage of animals in experimental study were. Rats were divided into four groups with 8 rats in each.The Gr. I rats were administered with the single dose of normal saline intraperitoneally. Group II received Beta carotene (10 mg/kg bw) orally for 30 days. Group III received a single dose of 1 mg/kg bw cadmium chloride and Group IV received Beta carotene for 30 days prior to cadmium administration. After the desired protocol, rats were sacrificed and both the testes were removed for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. One testis was fixed in Bouvins fluid and processed or histopathological studies. The levels of lipid peroxides (LPO) and glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were detected in the tissue homogenates of other testis. Results: In the present study, the level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was significantly high and GSH and SOD (P\<0.001) were low in cadmium treated rats compared to normal control. Pre-treatment with beta carotene showed a protective effect by decreasing LPO and increasing GS Hand SOD level (P\<0.001). The morphological changes like atrophy of tubules, edema and decreased spermatogenesis in the testis of rats exposed to cadmium chloride. But, antioxidant showed the normal architecture of the testis. Conclusion: Results of the present study showed the antioxidative role of beta carotene in protecting the testis from cadmium induced toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress, Superoxide demutase, Testis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.13}, author = {Rekha Durgadas Kini and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Anupama Noojibail and Bhagyalakhshmi K and Sneha Shetty Bhoja and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee} } @article {569, title = {Anti-Proliferative Properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex Dc Leaf Extracts Against Caco2 and HeLa Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {408-415}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {408}, abstract = {

Introduction: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high levels of antioxidant phytochemicals and several species have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. sericea leaf extracts against Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell proliferation. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared from T. sericea leaves and their antioxidant capacities were determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts displayed high antioxidant capacities (equivalent to 150 and 340 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of plant material extracted respectively). In contrast, the ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts had relatively low antioxidant contents (\≤5 mg of ascorbic acid equivalents per gram of plant material extracted). The antioxidant contents of the T. sericea leaf extracts correlated with the ability of the extracts to inhibit proliferation of Caco2 and HeLa cancer cell lines. The high antioxidant methanolic and aqueous extracts were potent inhibitors of cell proliferation, with IC50 values 120-1400 \μg/mL. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract was particularly effective, with IC50 values of 528 and 120 \μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa cells respectively. The methanolic extract also displayed good, albeit substantially less potent, antiproliferative activity against HeLa cells, with an IC50 of 1358 \μg/mL. In contrast, the lower antioxidant content extracts generally did not inhibit cancer cell proliferation. Cell imaging studies detected morphological features consistent with apoptosis in Caco2 cells exposed to sub-lethal concentrations of the methanolic and aqueous T. sericea leaf extracts, indicating that these extracts are functioning by cytotoxic mechanisms. The aqueous T. sericea leaf extract displayed low to moderate toxicity in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with an LC50 value of 737 \μg/mL. All other extracts were nontoxic. Conclusion: The antiproliferative activity and low toxicity of the T. sericea methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant Capacity, Antiproliferative Activity, Apoptosis, Combretaceae, DPPH, Silver Cluster Leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.67}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/499}, author = {BiYun Gu and Joseph Shalom and Ian E. Cock} } @article {487, title = {Characteristics of Thai Pigmented Rice Milk Kefirs with Potential as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Foods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {154-161}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {154}, abstract = {

Aims: The characteristics, antioxidant property of Hawm Nil rice (Purple rice), Red Hawm rice (Red rice), Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice (White rice) milk kefirs and mixing of three color rice milk kefir in different ratios were investigated. Then, anti-inflammatory activity of Hawm Nil rice kefir was studied. Methodology: The physiochemical properties, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of these rice milk kefirs were investigated. Anti-inflammatory measurements were performed to study blood chemistry, hematological values and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) level in colitis rats compared with rats treated with prednisolone (positive control) and cow\’s milk kefir. Results: All the rice kefir formulas had lower pH values than the cow\’s milk kefir. Moreover, they all exhibited no changing viscosity. Lactic acid concentrations increased in cow\’s milk kefir during 24-48 h. Alcohol concentrations in all the rice formulas increased within 24-48 h, while cow\’s milk only increased at 72 h. Antioxidant activity, most of the rice milk kefirs had antioxidant activity higher than cow\’s milk by DPPH assay. In addition, the Hawm Nil rice milk kefir had high antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and FRAP assay. Blood chemistry, hematological values and tumor necrosis factor-\α (TNF-\α) levels in colitis rats treated with Hawm Nil rice milk kefir did not differ from those treated with prednisolone and cow\’s milk kefir. TNF-\α in the serum of colitis rats treated with Hawm Nil rice milk kefir was significantly reduced when compared to the PBS buffer. Conclusion: The findings indicated that color rice kefirs may offer protection against chemically induced tissue injury. Hawm Nil rice milk kefir exerted potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and was safe for human consumption. Other Thai colored rice will be used to develop Thai rice milk kefir products as new and antioxidant-rich beverages and functional foods for human health benefits in the future.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Lactic acid, Rice kefir, Thai color rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.26}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/412}, author = {Sirirat Deeseenthum and Vijitra Luang-In and Supaporn Chunchom} } @article {768, title = {Characterization of the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s100-s103}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s100}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koenigii for the anthelmintic property. Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity in vitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereas cyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Egg hatch assay, Haemonchus contortus, Larval motility assay, Murraya Koenigii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.19}, author = {Sujith S and Priya MN and Deepa CK and Usha PTA} } @article {651, title = {Characterizationof the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objective:To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koeniggi for theanthelmintic property.Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity invitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results:Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereascyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.

Key words: Anthelmintic, Murraya koenigii, Haemonchus contortus, Egg hatch assay, Larval motility assay.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sujith S and Priya MN and Deepa CK and Usha PTA} } @article {463, title = {Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing: A Medicinal Plant for Gastric Cancer Induced By N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-Urea (NMU)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent diseases in human population: Many plants from Peruvian flora is used to treat cancer as alternative treatment. Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing (ChS) is a species with high potential therapeutic due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect as well as protective against prostate cancer. Objective: The main objective was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Chuquiraga spinosa extract on NMU (N-methyl-N nitrosourea)-induced gastric cancer in rats. Methods: Gastric carcinogenesis was induced in 30 male Holtzman rats by providing NMU 50 \μg/Kg by oral administration for 16 weeks. Ethanolic extract of ChS aerial parts was administered at doses 50, 250 and 500 mg/Kg per oral. The protective effect was determined through weight controls, biochemical and hematological parameters; the antioxidant capacity by superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and anti-inflammatory capacity by the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). The tumors were monitored by using histological examinations. Results: Oral administration of Chuquiraga spinosa extract significantly decreased superoxide dismutase malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein levels (p\<0,01, p\<0,01, p\<0,01 and p\<0,01 respectively compared with Inductor group). There was a significant increase in the weights of animals (P\<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Chuquiraga spinosa extract, we conclude that it has a protective effect on NMU induced gastric cancer in rats.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Chuquiraga spinosa, NMU}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.4}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/359}, author = {Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe} } @article {735, title = {Effect of Trigonella foenum gracecum (fenugreek) Seed Extract in Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1169-1173}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1169}, abstract = {

Background: Trigonella foenum graceum (Fenugreek) seeds are commonly used in India as traditional medicine for Diabetes, Dysmenorrhea, lactation and arthritis. The gastro-protective role of Fenugreek seeds are yet to be explored. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Fenugreek seed extract in Indomethacin induced gastric ulcer models. Materials and Methods: Albino wistar rats were divided into five groups with eight animals in each. Gastric ulcer was induced using Indomethacin 20 mg/Kg. Fenugreek at dose of 200mg/Kg and 400mg/Kg was administered to group III, IV and group V received Rantidine 30mg/Kg. Ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity was estimated. To study the anti-oxidant property the level of catalase, SOD, GST and T. Bars were done. Results: Fenugreek treated group III showed a significant decrease in ulcer index, volume of gastric juice and acidity when compared to control positive group II. Oxidative enzyme study indicated a significant increase in Catalase, SOD and GSH value in treated group when compared with control positive group II and significant decrease in T. Bars value in treated group. Conclusion: Fenugreek seed extract has both gastro-protective and Anti-oxidant property.

}, keywords = {Fenugreek, Gastro-protection, Indomethacin, seed-extract, Ulcer inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.200}, author = {shreelakshmidevi singaravelu and Jaikumar Sankarapillai and Abilash Sasidaran Chandrakumari and Pammy Sinha} } @article {704, title = {Effects of Kefir Fermentation on Antioxidation Activities (in vitro) and Antioxidative Stress (in vivo) of Three Thai Rice Milk Varieties Prepared by Ultrasonication Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1061-1066}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1061}, abstract = {

Aims: The effects of kefir fermentation were investigated on antioxidation activities (in vitro) and antioxidative stress (in vivo) for different Thai rice; Hawm Nil rice, Red Hawm rice and Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice. Methodology: Antioxidant activity (in vitro) was investigated using ferric reducing antioxidant power and 2, 2\´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assays. In addition, antioxidative stress (in vivo) was performed using colitis rat models to study nitric oxide (NO), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) compared with rats treated with prednisolone and cow\’s milk kefir. Results: Antioxidant activity of rice kefir powder from both assays had higher antioxidant activity than cow\’s milk kefir powder. NO levels of colitis rats received Hawm Nil rice kefir powder (HNKP) was reduced when compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) group. Moreover, colitis rats received HNKP did not differ in NO levels from colitis rats that received prednisolone and non-colitis rats. The result of LPO product malondialdehyde (MDA) indicated that colitis rats treated with HNKP had reduced TBARS compared to PBS group, and did not differ in TBARS levels from rats that received prednisolone and non-colitis rats. Surprisingly, increase in SOD activity was observed in colitis rats that received HNKP compared to PBS, with similar results of increased SOD in rats that received prednisolone and cow\’s milk kefir powder. Conclusion: Hawm Nil rice kefir may offer a protective effect for antioxidative stress resulting from chemical induction; it has potential as a supplementary food with high antioxidant activity and is regarded as safe for consumer health.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Antioxidative stress, Lactic acid, Rice kefir, Thai rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.179}, author = {Sirirat Deeseenthum and Vijitra Luang-In and Stephen Moses John and Pheeraya Chottanom and Supaporn Chunchom} } @article {486, title = {Effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leaves Extracts in Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Oxidative stress can induce vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic and hyperlipidemia patients. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit has been reported of possessing antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholiesterase activity; as well as the toxic substance called mimosine. Aims: To determine antioxidant effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leave extracts in oxidative stress induced vascular endothelial function. Methods and Material: Leave extracts were determined for antioxidant activity. Either or both of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and glucose were applied to induce oxidative stress condition in human umbilical vein cultured (HUVCs) to observe superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitric oxide (NO) level and morphological changes. Results: Total polyphenol and flavonoid were 51.04 \± 0.91 mg GAE/g and 0.13 \± 0.01 mg catechin/g of dried weight (DW), respectively. Free radical reduction efficiency of crude extract observed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed IC50 value of 329.6 \μg of vitamin C equivalent/mg of extracts. Frap value was showed 428.54 \± 15.32 mM FeII equivalent/g of DW. The result observing in HUVCs showed that comparing to the control, SOD activity, NO and MDA level were maintained in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, but NO and MDA level were lowered when comparing with oxLDL and glucose-induced oxidative stress. No change was observed in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, comparing with control group. Conclusion: This study has been performed to exhibit the antioxidant activity of L. leucocephala in endothelium functions and has been found to have an appropriate concentration at 0.05 mg/mL in reducing oxidative stress condition in impaired fasting blood glucose patients. Nevertheless, the optimal level for toxic activity in inhibition of cancer angiogenesis should be further investigated.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, De Wit, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.), Nitric oxide, Superoxide dismutase, Vascular endothelial.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.25}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/411}, author = {Ratikorn Chatchanayuenyong and Patcharawan Sujayanont and Auranut Vuttivirojana} } @article {732, title = {Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) as a Source of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1143-1148}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Introduction: Endophytic fungi are becoming an important source of new natural bioactive products. Many interesting endophytic fungi have been isolated from traditional medicinal plants. Crocus sativus L. (saffron) is one of the most expensive and rarest spices in the world, used as a dye, aroma and for medicinal purposes. This study reports on the molecular characterization of endophytic fungi isolated from roots of saffron plants growing in Taliouine- Morocco, and the examination of the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of secondary metabolites extracted from these endophytes. Methods and Material: The fungi were isolated from sterilized saffron root fragments and identified using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA gene sequence analysis. Three endophytes were fermented and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and chloroform (CHCl3). The antibacterial activity of fungi extracts was evaluated using the Agar Diffusion Method against six strains, Bacillus sp., Stenotrophomonas sp., Pseudomonas putida, Pantoea sp., Luteibacter sp. and Escherichia coli. The antioxidant activity was tested by using the \α,\α-diphenyl-\β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis and \β-Carotene bleaching test (BCBT) methods. Results: Sixty fungal isolates were recovered and purified from saffron roots. ITS rDNA sequences were 99-100\% identical to three different species: Rhizopus oryzae, Aspergillus fumigatiaffinis and Aspergillus niger. Both Rhizopus oryzae extracts had high antibacterial activity against most of the bacteria tested, while Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae extracts showed an antioxidant capacity using DPPH and BCBT methods, respectively. Conclusion: The fungal endophytes inhabiting saffron roots could be a potential source of natural plant bioactive secondary metabolites especially for antibacterial and antioxidant purposes.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Crocus sativus L., Endophytic fungi, ITS rDNA, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.195}, author = {Imane Chamkhi and Laila Sbabou and Jamal Aurag} } @article {576, title = {Estrogenic Effects of Euphorbia hirta L. Extract in Ovariectomized Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {435-438.}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Context: Euphorbia hirta L. has been wildly used for its health benefits. It has been used as a decoction and to treat diarrhea, peptic ulcers, menstrual problems and venereal diseases. Aims: The study aims to investigate the estrogenic effects of E. hirta on ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: The ovariectomized rats were divided into four groups, including those that received the vehicle (1\% v/v Tween 80, p.o.), 17\β-estradiol at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg B.W. and the ethanolic extract of E. hirta at the doses of 100 and 500 mg/kg B.W. These were administered daily for 14 days. Estrogenic activity was determined by analyzing the body, vaginal and uterine weight as well as the uterine and vaginal histopathology characteristics of the estrogen-induced response. Results: At the dose of 500 mg/kg B.W., the plant extract produced a significant increase in vaginal weight when compared with the ovariectomized rats, a slightly increase in the uterine weight and could induce hyperplastic epithelium and endometrial thickness of the vagina. Conclusion: The data in this work suggests that the plant crude extract showed weak estrogenic effects in ovariectomized rats and could be useful for health benefits for vagina atrophy of females during the menopause.

}, keywords = {Estrogenic, Euphorbia hirta L, Ovariectomized rats, Uterus, Vagina.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.71}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/504}, author = {Wilawan Promprom and Wannachai Chatan} } @article {699, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {859-870}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {859}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study documented the species of medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes, preparations, mode of administration of these medicinal plants were determined. The most important species based on use values and informant consensus factors were also calculated. Methods: A total of 26 informants were interviewed regarding the plants they utilize for medicinal purposes. Free and prior informed consents were obtained from the informants. Taxonomic identification was done in the Botany Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. Informant consensus factor (FIC) and use values (UV) were also calculated. Results: Ayta communities listed a total of 118 plant species classified into 49 families used as herbal medicines. The Family Fabaceae was the most represented plant family with 11 species. Leaves were the most used plant part (43\%). Majority of medicinal preparations were taken orally (57\%). It was found that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the three communities with the use value of 0.814. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of useful plants of the Ayta and serves as a physical record of their culture for the education of future Ayta generations.

}, keywords = {Ayta, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Philippines, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.145}, author = {Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and MARLON LIAN C. CONDES and Hanna Hasmini T. Estadilla and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {516, title = {Evaluation of Chemoprotective Effect of Quercetin from Argyreia speciosa against N-methyl-N-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-Induced Gastric Carcinomas in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the chemo protective potential of Quercetin, an isolated compound from Argyreia speciosa, on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-induced gastric carcinomas in Wistar rats. Methods: The rats were fed with a diet supplemented with 8\% NaCl and simultaneously given N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. After administration of the carcinogen, quercetin was administered. The whole stomach and a part of duodenum were sampled, cut open and tumors were recorded. The specimens were histopathologically investigated and the expression of surviving was examined with immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Conclusions: The treatment with quercetin significantly increases body weight in the rats after N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration. Survivin expression in glandular stomachs of normal rats, of rats in adenocarcinomas and quercetin at dose dependent manner treated rats were 0\%, 90\%, 75\%, 33.3-25\%, respectively. Compared with the survivin expression in negative rats, the differences were significant. Compared with the survivin expression in normal rats, the differences were significant. Histological observations of stomach tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings indicated that the Quercetin treatment could stimulate immunity activity in rats with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced gastric carcinoma and have pronounced effect on survivin which is an attractive target for gastric cancer therapy.

}, keywords = {Argyreia speciosa, Gastric carcinoma, Immunochemistry, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.37}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/467}, author = {Lubna Azmi and Ila Shukla and Shyam Sundar Gupta and Aniruddh Chaudhary and Padam Kant and Narayan Prasad Yadav and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {714, title = {Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Tablet of Andrographis paniculata Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1047-1054}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1047}, abstract = {

Objective: To enhance solubility of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata by solid dispersion technique and to perform formulation and evaluation of solid dispersion tablet. Materials and Methods: Solid dispersion of Andrographis paniculata extract has been prepared by solvent evaporation technique using soluplus and PEG 6000. Prepared solid dispersions have been evaluated for various micromeritic properties. The tablets of solid dispersion were prepared by direct compression technique and were evaluated for various physical tests and in-vitro dissolution study. Results: The study showed that prepared solid dispersion has good flow property and compressibility. The solubility of extract was found to be more from solid dispersion prepared by using soluplus than that of prepared by using PEG 6000. The rate of drug release was found to be higher in acidic buffer at pH 1.2 as compared to that of in phosphate buffer at pH 6.8. Conclusion: The study concludes that the solid dispersion tablet of ethanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata can be effectively prepared using soluplus by solvent evaporation techniqu

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Ethanolic extract, PEG 6000, Solid dispersion, Soluplus, Solvent evaporation technique}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.177}, author = {Sachin Annasaheb Nitave and Nilesh B. Chougule and Kailasam Koumaravelou} } @article {607, title = {Hepatoprotective Potential of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb in Hepatotoxicity Induced by Simvastatin and its consequences on Biochemical and Haematological Indices}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {720-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {720}, abstract = {

Objective:To evaluate hepatoprotective activity along with hematological and defensive recital of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced hepatotoxicity in experimental rodents. Methods: In the present study, in- vivo hepatoprotective effect of 50\% methanolic fruit extract of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb (TME 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was evaluated using experimental model, simvastatin (20 mg/kg, p.o.), induced hepatotoxicity in experimental animals. The hepatoprotective activity was estimatedby interpreting using various biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, total protein and albumin along with the haematological and histopathological studies. Results: The treatment with TME significantly (P\<0.05-P\<0.001) and dose-dependently reversed simvastatin induced elevation in serum level ofSGOT, SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin and restored the total protein and albumin level. Furthermore, TME also signify the blood parameters at dose of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg and restored the body defense mechanism. The histological examination revealed that TME at dose of 200 mg/kg showed regeneration of hepatocytes around central vein with near normal liver architecture. Conclusion: The results of this study exhibited liver protective effect of Trichosanthes dioica Roxb against simvastatin induced liver injury and there by scientifically support its traditional use.

}, keywords = {Hepatocytes, Hepatotoxicity, Liver, Simvastatin, Trichosanthes dioica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.120}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/658}, author = {Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Jagannath Sahoo and Amresh Gupta and Sachin Chaudhary} } @article {549, title = {High Efficiency in vitro Plant Regeneration and Secondary Metabolite Quantification from Leaf Explants of Rhodiola imbricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {x}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Aim: Rhodiola imbricata is an endangered medicinal plant of the trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region belonging to the family Crassulaceae. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant and evaluation of cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) was established in this study. Material and Methods: In vitro grown leaves were inoculated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (alpha)- naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BAP) for callus proliferation and regeneration. Results: The highest percentage of rhizogenous callus was induced in medium containing NAA (10.0-15.0 M). The highest percentage of shoot formation from leaf derived callus was obtained in the medium containing of NAA (5.0 M) and BAP (2.5 M) as well as in NAA (1.0 M), BAP (5.0 M) (38.88\% and 37.49\%) respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots were effective when a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 M) was used alone. A maximum number of roots (22.0) and higher length (0.6 cm) was observed. The in-vitro plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully to natural field conditions with a survival rate of over 80\%. Cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) evaluation was also done for the very first time and an upregulation of 49.6\% and 30.6\% were observed in in-vitro roots and shoots when compared with mother root and shoot respectively. Hence, it was proved that the content of secondary metabolites obtained from in-vitro raised plants is higher than mother plant. Conclusion: These results may lay a foundation for genetic improvement and can be used to determine sequential level of targeted secondary metabolites through cell culture in Rhodiola imbricata.

Key words: Regeneration system, Acclimatization, Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Cinnamyl alcohol.

}, keywords = {Acclimatization, Cinnamyl alcohol., Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Regeneration system}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Ashish Rambhau Warghat and Balpreet Arora and Shikha Dhiman and Shweta Saxena and Pratap Kumar Pati and Om Prakash Chaurasia} } @article {582, title = {High Efficiency in vitro Plant Regeneration and Secondary Metabolite Quantification from Leaf Explants of Rhodiola imbricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {470-475}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {470}, abstract = {

Aim: Rhodiola imbricata is an endangered medicinal plant of the trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region belonging to the family Crassulaceae. An efficient propagation and regeneration system via direct shoot organogenesis from leaf explant and evaluation of cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) was established in this study. Material and Methods: In vitro grown leaves were inoculated using Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with (alpha)- naphtalene acetic acid (NAA) in combination with 6- benzyladenine (BAP) for callus proliferation and regeneration. Results: The highest percentage of rhizogenous callus was induced in medium containing NAA (10.0-15.0 M). The highest percentage of shoot formation from leaf derived callus was obtained in the medium containing of NAA (5.0 M) and BAP (2.5 M) as well as in NAA (1.0 \μM), BAP (5.0 M) (38.88\% and 37.49\%) respectively. Rooting of regenerated shoots were effective when a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 M) was used alone. A maximum number of roots (22.0) and higher length (0.6 cm) was observed. The in-vitro plantlets with well-developed shoots and roots were acclimatized successfully to natural field conditions with a survival rate of over 80\%. Cinnamyl alcohol (Secondary metabolite) evaluation was also done for the very first time and an upregulation of 49.6\% and 30.6\% were observed in in-vitro roots and shoots when compared with mother root and shoot respectively. Hence, it was proved that the content of secondary metabolites obtained from in-vitro raised plants is higher than mother plant. Conclusion: These results may lay a foundation for genetic improvement and can be used to determine sequential level of targeted secondary metabolites through cell culture in Rhodiola imbricata.

}, keywords = {Acclimatization, Cinnamyl alcohol, Endangered, Plant growth regulator, Regeneration system}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.77}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/510}, author = {Ashwani Kumar Bhardwaj and Avilekh Naryal and Pushpender Bhardwaj and Ashish Rambhau Warghat and Balpreet Arora and Shikha Dhiman and Shweta Saxena and Pratap Kumar Pati and Om Prakash Chaurasia} } @article {518, title = {Impact of Regularly Supervised Training of Pranayama and Omkar Meditation on the Cardio-Respiratory Parameters and Short-Term Memory of Persons with Special Needs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {366-370}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Background: Yogic practices are known to affect the cardiac, respiratory and mental status of people. Objective: To investigate if the regularly supervised training of pranayama and meditation affects the basic cardio-respiratory parameters and short-term-memory (STM) of mentally challenged young adults. Material and methods: 80 mentally challenged young adults attending a special school were randomly divided into the control group and Yoga group. Yoga group performed Naadishodhan, Kapalbhati pranayama and Aum Chanting under total supervision for 30 min daily for 3 weeks, except on Sundays. Control group was involved with the regular school curriculum. The parameters were measured twice, before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the study period. STM was evaluated under two subcategories, first by the ability to repeat the numbers in reverse order and second, repeating the words in the same order. Respiratory rate, pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured as cardio-respiratory parameters. Results: Both groups had similar baseline scores. At follow-up, highly significant improvements were observed in Yoga-group as compared to control. In the Yoga-group scores of both the sub-categories of STM were higher, respiratory-rate and heart-rate were lower but was within normal range. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures of Yoga group showed no changes as compared to control. Conclusion: The pranayama and meditation has beneficial influences on heart rate, breathing rate and STM of mentally-challenged people.

}, keywords = {Meditation, Mental retardation, Pranayama, Short term memory, Yoga}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.61}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/491}, author = {Kunal and Subbalakshmi Narasajjana Krishnadasa and Pai Sheila R and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arunkumar and Vinodini Nithyananda Anantharaya and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee} } @article {773, title = {In vitro Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. fruits, Traditionally used to Cure Diabetes in Darjeeling Hills (India)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s119-s128}, type = {Orginal Article}, chapter = {s119}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fruits of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. has been reported to be used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes in Darjeeling Himalayan region of India; though the hypoglycemic potential of the fruit has not been assessed till now, and the active constituents are yet to be discovered. Therefore, there is a necessity for the appraisal and characterization of the hypoglycemic properties of the fruits. Methods: Fresh fruits were collected and sequentially extracted with solvents of gradient polarity. In vitro antidiabetic activity was performed by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Free radical scavenging activity was performed by DPPH, ABTS, TPTZ (FRAP assay), NO and OH radical scavenging assays. To identify the bioactive components, GC-MS analysis was also performed. Result: Phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites in different solvent extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, and anthocyanins. Methanolic extract exhibited highest antidiabetic potential with IC50 values of 514.9 μg/ml and 1435.7 μg/ml in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay respectively followed by ethanol extract. Significant free radical scavenging activities were also found in the alcohol extracts. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of principle compounds like oleic acid, morin, apigenin etc. which might be responsible for hypoglycemic activity. Conclusion: Here we report the appraisal of traditional usage of L. cubeba (Lour.) Pers. fruits based on in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant assays along with GC-MS characterization of potent molecules. Our study confirms the traditional knowledge of the people of Darjeeling Hills regarding the use of the fruit of this plant in curing diabetes.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidative, GC-MS analysis, Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.23}, author = {Rakhi Chakraborty and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {772, title = {Inhibitory Actions of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts against Carbohydrate-digesting Enzymes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s113-s118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s113}, abstract = {

Context: The leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (banaba) have been consumed traditionally in several Southeast Asian countries for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The plasma glucose lowering actions of this medicinal plant were proposed to be linked with several mechanisms of action. However, its inhibitory actions against \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase, which play a major role in the regulation of postprandial plasma glucose, have not been clearly established. Aims: This study thus aimed to investigate the effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts (LSA and LSE extracts, respectively) on in vitro carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activities and enzyme kinetics. Settings and Design: In vitro carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activity assay. Materials and Methods: The activities of \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase were indicated by the amounts of maltose and p-nitrophenol generated in the reactions, respectively. Statistical analysis used: The data were analysed by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: The LSA extract significantly inhibited both \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase enzymes with the IC50s of 1.21\±0.16 and 49.71\±0.86 \μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the LSE extract selectively inhibited \α-amylase activity (IC50 = 22.21\±4.00 \μg/mL) with no apparent inhibition against \α-glucosidase activity. Both LSA and LSE extracts inhibited \α-amylase enzyme in a mixed inhibition manner whilst the LSA extract also acted as a mixed inhibitor against \α-glucosidase enzyme. The extracts possessed higher binding affinities toward the enzymes, indicated by the lower Ki values, when compared to acarbose (positive control). Conclusion: These results suggest the potential use of the extracts for a control of postprandial plasma glucose.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers., α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.22}, author = {Wanwisa Khunawattanakul and Passakorn Boonma and Ronnarit Kampetch and Achida Jaruchotikamol and Benjamart Cushnie and Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Pawitra Pulbutr} } @article {614, title = {An Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Embelica officinalis Gaertn. Fruit Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics against Some Bacterial Triggers of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {654-662}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {654}, abstract = {

Background: Embelica officinalis Gaertn. is an Indian plant which is known for its therapeutic properties. It is especially well known as a component of the Ayuverdic medicine Triphala. This study focuses on the growth inhibitory activity of E. officinalis fruit extracts against some bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, both alone and in combination with conventional antibiotics. Methods: E. officinalis fruit powder was extracted with solvents of varying polarity and screened for bacterial growth inhibition by disc diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was quantified by both liquid dilution and disc diffusion techniques. To screen for combinatorial effects, the E. officinalis fruit extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against each bacteria using a liquid dilution assay. Toxicity was examined using Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Results: The ethyl acetate E. officinalis fruit extract displayed the strongest growth inhibitory activity against all of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disease. This extract was a particularly potent inhibitor of P. aeruginosa growth, with an MIC values as low as 264 \μg/mL. The ethyl acetate extract was also a moderate to strong growth inhibitor of P. mirabilis, K. pneumonia and A. baylyi, with MIC values generally 1000-1500 \μg/mL. The methanolic and aqueous extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacteria, although generally with only moderate to low activity. Whilst no synergistic interactions were detected in combinations containing the E. officinalis fruit extracts and conventional antibiotics, a number of combinations produced additive effects. These combinations are beneficial as they provide enhanced antibacterial efficacy compared to treatment with the antibiotic or extract components alone. No antagonistic interactions were detected. Therefore, use of the extracts in combination with conventional antibiotics would not compromise the antibiotics efficacy. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia nauplii and HDF toxicity assays, further indicating their potential for medicinal use. Conclusion: The E. officinalis fruit extracts were moderate inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, the extracts potentiated the activity of chloramphenicol and tetracycline against otherwise resistant bacterial strains. Isolation of the active compounds and the potentiating agents may be beneficial in antibiotic drug design.

}, keywords = {Amla, ankylosing spondylitis, Combinational therapies, Indian gooseberry, Multi-drug resistant bacteria, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Synergy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.108}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/646}, author = {Adrian Hutchings and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {526, title = {Investigation of Immunomodulatory Potential of Whole Plant of Boerhavia erecta Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {241-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The present study was designed to investigate immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of whole plant Boerhavia erecta. The concept of immunomodulation has been gaining much significance worldwide as people started realizing the indispensible role of the immune system in maintaining a disease-free state. Natural products have been considered a plentiful source in the search for new chemical entities that modulate the immune system with reduced adverse effects. Pharmacological evaluation of the crude ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa roots has shown to possess anti proliferative and immunomodulatory properties but not reported from Boerhavia erecta. Due to that, immunomodulatory activity was carried out for the aqueous extract of Boerhavia erecta (Family: Nyctaginaceae). In this present study, aqueous extract of whole plant of Boerhavia erecta exhibited phagocytosis stimulation of human neutrophils against Candida albicans in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Boerhavia erecta, Candida albicans, Phagocytosis stimulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.42}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/472}, author = {Vasuki K and Murugananthan G and Banupriya C and Ramya R and Mohana priya C and Shenjudar D} } @article {612, title = {Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {730-733}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Santalum album L. (Fam. Santalaceae) is a small evergreen tree distributed in South India mainly on the Deccan plateau, especially in Mysore and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful; Santalum album is one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Santalum album L. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically odour and taste, microscopically tyloses, fibres, tailed pitted vessels, uni and biseriate medullary rays, brownish content and oil globules are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the correct botanical source of the plant in crude form and also standardization of herbal formulation containing sandalwood as ingredient.

}, keywords = {Chandana, Macro-microscopic atlas, Pharmacognosy, Sandalwood, Santalum album}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.122}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/660}, author = {Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Nartunai Govindarajan and Arunachalam Chinnapillai and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {568, title = {Nephroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Pimpinella anisum in Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {403-407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {403}, abstract = {

Background: Pimpinella anisum known for its various medicinal properties is also a natural antioxidant and a free radical scavenger with no documented evidence as a nephroprotective agent. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds in a rodent model of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats of either sex, weighing 150\–200 g was divided into 5 groups; normal saline, gentamicin 80mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 8 days, aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds at 1, 2, and 4g/kg, per oral for 8 days, the test extract administered 3 days prior and concurrently with gentamicin for 5 days. Blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen analyses and microscopic examination of kidney were performed. Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in serum urea, serum uric acid, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (107.5\±16.92mg/dl, 0.8\±0.09 mg/dl, 3.05\±0.29 mg/dl, 47.8\±9.07 mg/dl) respectively when compared to the saline treated groups. Co-administration of Pimpinella anisum extract with gentamicin decreased the rise in these parameters in a dose dependent manner. Histopathological analysis revealed epithelial loss with intense granular degeneration in gentamicin treated rats, whereas aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum mitigated the severity of gentamicin-induced renal damage. Conclusion: To conclude, our data suggest that aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum exhibits renoprotective effect in gentamicin induced renal damage and further studies on its mechanism of action are warranted.

}, keywords = {Aniseed, Drug induced nephrotoxicity, Gentamicin, Nephroprotective, Pimpinella anisum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.66}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/532}, author = {Nair Aiswarya and Rao Rashmi R and Shenoy Preethi J and Vinod Chandran and S Teerthanath and Pai Sunil B and KB Rakesh} } @article {465, title = {New Medicinal Plant Variety of Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. (Cucurbitaceae) from Northeastern Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {29-32}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

Objectives: This research was carried out for describing, illustrating and treating a new medicinal plant variety in the genus Trichosanthes. Methods: This research was carried out by collecting plant specimens in the Northeastern Thailand. Morphological characters were studied and compared with the closely related taxon and taxonomic literatures. Results: T. tricuspidata subsp. rotundata var. longirachis, was found. This plant is described and illustrated here and treated as a new variety. It differs from the other of T. tricuspidata subsp. rotundata by having the following combination characters: Comparatively stout herbaceous climber up to 20 m long, tendril 3\–5-brached, probract obovate with obvious glands, mature blade unlobed or 3-shallowly lobed with 1-2 short angles, blade not deeply lobed (unlobed blade found in juvenile plants), blade size 5-11 cm diameter and raceme rachis length 10\–130 cm. Its fruits and seeds were used as medicinal parts. Conclusion: Totally, three subspecies and four variety of T. tricuspidata in Thailand have been recorded so far. Important comparative morphological characters with some closely related variety are discussed. The local people used it as medicinal plant.

}, keywords = {Cucurbitaceae, Ethnobotany, Taxonomy, Thailand, Trichosanthes tricuspidata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.6}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/361}, author = {Wannachai Chatan and Wilanwan Promprom} } @article {656, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

Key words: Essential oils, Bioactives, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo and Denisse Vega-Gaxiola and Alexis Emus-Medina and Jose Basilio Heredia} } @article {677, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {921-924}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

}, keywords = {Bioactives, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries, Essential oils, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.155}, author = {Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo and Denisse Vega-Gaxiola and Alexis Emus-Medina and Jose Basilio Heredia} } @article {756, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Studies of Enhalus acoroides (L.F.) Royle (Rhizome)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s89-s94}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s89}, abstract = {

Introduction: The rhizome of Enhalus acoroides (L.f.) Royle is used in traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases e.g. muscle pains, wounds and stomach problems where pharmacognostical studies are lacking. Many chemical constituents; luteolin, apigenin, luteolin glycosides, stigmasterol, daucosterol have been reported. The aim of this work was to perform a pharmacognostical evaluation. Methods: Macroscopical, microscopical and physicochemical parameters were assessed. Results: E. acoroides has characteristic morphology. Microscopical studies indicated the presence of vessels, fiber, parenchyma cells, sclereids, tracheids and trichomes. Physicochemical parameters of E. acoroides rhizome; foreign matter, loss on drying and total ash content were measured. As well as chemical investigation through TLC and HPLC were specified. Conclusion: The present study of E. acoroides rhizome provides useful information that can serve as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of E. acoroides and will be helpful in characterization of the crude drug in the market.

}, keywords = {Enhalus acoroides, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic, Specification, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.17}, author = {Supattra Klangprapun and Benjaporn Buranrat and Wanida Caichompoo and Somsak Nualkaew} } @article {711, title = {Pharmacognostical Study of Ixora coccinea Flower}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1042-1046}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1042}, abstract = {

Introduction: The medicinal values of Ixora coccinea Linn. (Raktaka) has been recorded since ancient times. It belongs to family Rubiaceae. The roots and leaves are used in treating various ailments. The flower too has therapeutic potentials. Although the flowers are used as medicine by traditional healers it is not known too many. The current study is carried out to provide scientific details in the identification and the authenticity of I. coccinea Linn. floral parts with the help of pharmacognostical standards. Methods: Pharmacognosy of Ixora coccinea flower parts was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The macroscopic detail of the flower is calyx persistent; corolla scarlet orange with long corolla tube; the stamen alternipetalous and gynoecium bicarpellary with basal placentation. The transverse section of flower passing through corolla, corolla tube, calyx and ovary showed the presence of unicellular trichomes, cells of anthocyanin pigments, oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals and paracytic stomata. Powder microscopy showed the presence of oil globules, calcium oxalate crystals, anthocyanin pigments, starch grains, unicellular trichomes, stomata, vessels etc. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (3.1\%), acid insoluble ash (0.2\%), water soluble ash (1.25\%), alcohol soluble extractive value (11.25\%) and water soluble extractive value (12\%) respectively. Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening goes concurrent with the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, etc. Conclusion: The observations confirmed that in Ixora coccinea each floral whorl has its diagnostic characters. These will help in identification, authenticity and to put forth the pharmacopoeial standards of the said plant.

}, keywords = {Flower, Ixora coccinea, Pharmacognosy, Pharmacopeia, Raktaka, Rubiaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.176}, author = {Bindu Gopalkrishnan and Roy Chiranjeev} } @article {602, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Screening for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Kariyat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {April 2018}, pages = {602-610}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {602}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study investigates the protective effect of Kariyat against Indomethacin and Acetic Acid induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease in male wistar rats. Material Method: HPTLC and GC-MS investigations indicated presence of steroid, phenols, terpenoid, alkaloids, saponine, flavonoids. IBD was induced by administration of Indomethacin (7.5mg/kg b.w. S.c.), Acetic Acid (4\% v/v). Two different models used to induce IBD named Indomethacin induces enter colitis and Acetic Acid induces enter colitis in case of Indomethacin induces enter colitis the compromises 5 groups (n=6), normal, control, standard treated (Prednisolone 2mg/kg p.o.), KEE treated (100 mg/kg b.w.), KEE treated (200 mg/kg b.w.) in case of Acetic Acid induces colitis the compromises 5 groups (n=6), normal, control, standard treated (Prednisolone 2mg/kg p.o.), KEE treated (100mg/kg b.w.), KEE treated(200mg/kg b.w.). After treatment of 7 days animals were sacrificed and colon was isolated for macroscopic and microscopic studies. Quantification of inflammation was done by using myeloperoxidase assay (MPO), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Lipid peroxidase (LPO). Result: Evaluation based on macroscopic features showed significantly lower score values for drug treated and standard drug treated groups compared to the disease control groups. Histological examination of disease control group showed massive necrosis of the mucosa and sub mucosa. Drug treated group showed mild lesions, regeneration and inflammatory reaction. The Prednisolone treated group showed suppressed inflammatory reaction. The results observed from MPO, LDH and LPO assays showed significant improvement of disease with extract treated groups compared to disease control group. Histopathological examination of Kariyat treated group revealed less damage compared to Indomethacin and Acetic Acid Induced group. Conclusion: Kariyat have shown to be effective in Indomethacin and Acetic Acid induced colitis in rats, which has protected the animals against experimentally induced disease because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity.

}, keywords = {Indomithacin., Inflammatory bowel Disease, Kariyat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.99}, author = {Nilesh Balasaheb Chougule and Sachin Annasaheb Nitve and Kailasam Koumaravelou} } @article {489, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial Activity, and Mode of Action on Morus nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {167-171}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Morus nigra (Moraceae) known as black mulberry is a well-grown plant in Lembang, Indonesia. Previous studies showed that black mulberry fruit has activity as antibacterial and antioxidant. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract from stem bark, fruit, and leaves of Morus nigra, MIC and morphological changes of the most active extract against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: Agar diffusion and microdilution assays were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the extract by measuring the zone of inhibition and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the test bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to evaluate the morphological changes induced by the extract in cellular membrane of the bacteria. Protein and ion leakage from the bacterial cells induced by the extract were also evaluated. Results: The antibacterial activity showed the most active extract was an ethanol extract of the stem bark against S. epidermidis and P. acnes with MIC value 4 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml, respectively. The extract also induced protein and ion leakage in test bacterial cells. SEM findings revealed that the extract induced potential cellular membrane damage in 4xMIC. Conclusion: The antibacterial activity was related to the damaged of bacterial cell wall.

}, keywords = {Cellular membrane damage., Morus nigra, Propionibacterium Acnes, Staphylococcus Epidermidis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.28}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/414}, author = {Diah Lia Aulifa and Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Seno Aulia Ardiansyah and Diki Prayugo Wibowo and Yolanda Armiliani Julata and Desty Santi Christy} } @article {458, title = {A Review on Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potential of Alpinia galanga}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {09-15}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {9}, abstract = {

Introduction: From the ancient Vedic era, green plants are being used for their medicinal properties to treat several diseases. Green plants represent a big source of bioactive compounds. Alpinia galanga (Linn.) of Zingiberaceae family is one amongst those medicinally important plants. Different parts of the plant are used in the treatment of many diseases for its anti-fungal, anti-tumour, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, antiulcer and many other properties. Several active compounds such as 1\’S-1\’-acetoxychavicol acetate, 1\’S-1\’-acetoxyeuginol acetate, 1, 8-cineol, \α-fenchyl acetate, \β-farnesene, \β-bisabolene, \α-bergamotene, \β-pinene, \β-Sitosteroldiglucoside (AG-7), \β-sitsterylArabinoside (AG-8), 1\’-acetoxychavicol acetate (galangal acetate), p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde has been extracted from the plant. Methods: Relevant information was collected from scientific journals, books, and reports via electronic search using Medline, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. Results: This review provides a comprehensive report on Alpinia galanga having anti-proliferative, apoptotic, anti angiogenic as well as cytotoxic efficacy and their mode of action in vitro as well as in vivo condition. Conclusion: Considering the ability of the golden treasure present in Alpinia galanga, this review is aimed to summarize the information of the chemical constituents, pharmacological and therapeutic effects of the plant.

}, keywords = {1{\textquoteright}s{\textquoteright}-1{\textquoteright}- Acetoxychavicolacetate, Alpinia galanga, Anticancer, Antimicrobial, Bioactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.2}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/357$\#$ref28}, author = {Anirban Chouni and Santanu Paul} } @article {491, title = {Simultaneous Quantification of Bioactive Triterpene acids (Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid) in Different Extracts of Eucalyptus globulus (L) by HPTLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {179-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objective: To develop a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of two triterpenic acids by high-performance thin layer chromatography in methanol and dichloromethane extracts of Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Ursolic acid was also isolated from Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Materials and Methods: Two triterpenic acids (ursolic and oleanolic acid) were extracted using methanol and dichloromethane as the extraction solvents. Study for total triterpenoids present in Eucalyptus globulus leaves was carried out which shows considerable amount of terpenoids present. Because of the similarity of chemical structure, the prechromatographic derivatization was necessary to separate these triterpenic acids. The samples were treated by 1\% iodine solution in chloroform directly on the chromatographic plate and developed with the mobile phase consisting of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone (7.8:2.2:0.1, v/v/v). After drying, the plates were sprayed with 10\% (v/v) ethanol solution of sulfuric acid and heated to 120 \°C for 3 min. Quantification was performed in absorbance/transmittance mode at a wavelength of 345 nm. The developed HPTLC method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Results: Correlation coefficient (r2 \> 0.99), R.S.D. values, detection limits as well as recovery values were found to be satisfactory. Ursolic acid was isolated from E. globulus leaves. The identification of isolated ursolic acid was done on the basis of Rf value (0.26) for HPTLC and peak interpretation for FT-IR. Conclusion: The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of both triterpenic acids in medicinal herbs.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Iodine derivatization, Oleanolic acid, Triterpenes, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.30}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/416}, author = {Arti Gupta and Pooja Maheta and Renu Chauhan and Sonia Pandey and Jitendra Singh Yadav and Shailesh Shah} } @article {396, title = {Alkaloid from Phoebe declinata Nees Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {713-720}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {713}, abstract = {

Introduction: Genus Phoebe have been reported to produce isoquinoline alkaloids as aporphines, noraporphines, and benzylisoquinolines. Many of these isolates exhibit diversified biological activities, including cytotoxic activity. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine cytotoxic activity of compound isolated from Phoebe declinata againts MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line). Methods: Extraction was done by reflux using n-hexane, antioxidant activity measured by DPPH method and reducing power method, cytotoxic activity measured by MTT assay using MCF-7 cell line, struture eucidation was confirmed by NMR. Results: The antioxidant activity measured using DPPH method for 1 and 2 showed IC50 value of 6.42 and 11.80 \μg/mL respectively and using reducing power method for 1 and 2 showed IC50 value of 7.02 and 13.74 \μg/mL respectively. Compound (1) and (2) exhibited cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 82.978 and 93.179 \μg/mL. Conclusion: Compound (1) and (2) exhibited antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, antioxidant activity, Cytotoxic activity, DPPH, MCF-7 cell line., Phoebe declinata nees}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.112}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/165}, author = {Berna Elya and Basah Katrin and Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania and Rosmalena Sofyan and Ryan Adi Chandra} } @article {337, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from the Bark of Cinnamomum mercadoi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {405-409}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cinnamomum mercadoi is a medicinal tree endemic to the Philippines. Cinnamomum species have been extensively studied for their endophytic fungi with pharmacological importance. This study aims to isolate and evaluate the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi associated with the bark of C. mercadoi. Materials and Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface sterilized bark samples aseptically. The pure isolates were identified through their morphological characteristics. Agar plug diffusion assay was employed in the primary screening of their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four active endophytes were fermented and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The antibacterial activity of the EtOAc extracts was screened using the disk diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory activity (MIC) was evaluated using the microdilution method. Results: Twelve (12) endophytes were isolated from the bark of C. mercadoi. All endophytes exhibited antibacterial activity on at least one of the test pathogens. However, only two of the four endophytes subjected to the secondary screening showed wide-spectrum activity and inhibited the growth of all test bacteria. Fusarium sp. 2 was identified to have the most promising activity with MIC values ranging from 2.1 - 4.2 mg/mL. Conclusion: C. mercadoi harbors endophytes, particularly Fusarium sp. 2, which possess antibacterial activity and thus a potential source of antibacterial compounds.

}, keywords = {Cinnamon, Escherichia, Fusarium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.69}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.69}, author = {Jia P. Marcellano and Alyssa S. Collanto and Rolly G. Fuentes} } @article {354, title = {Antimalarial and Antioxidant Potentials of Extract and Fractions of Aerial part of Borreria ocymoides DC (Rubiaceae).}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {534-540}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {534}, abstract = {

Introduction: Borreria ocymoides (Burm F) DC is a weak, erect and decumbent herb that has several folkloric, ethno medicinal uses and is included in antimalarial preparations by some traditional healers. It is also used in treatment of ring worm, eczema and microbial infections. Objectives: To evaluate antimalarial activity of extract and fractions of Borreria ocymoides in Plasmodium berghei infected mice and to investigate their antioxidant activity using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazile (DPPH). Methods: The methanol extract of aerial part of B. ocymoides and the solvent fractions obtained from partition between organic solvents were assessed for antimalarial activity against chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 infected mice using the suppressive and curative test procedures. Chloroquine (10 mg/ml) was used as positive control. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging ability and determination of total phenolic content. Results: The crude extract (250 and 500 mg kg-1) produced a dose dependent anti-plasmodial activity in the suppressive and curative tests. The chemo suppression activity was best in the ethyl acetate fraction (87.31\%) and in the order ethyl acetate \>dichloromethane \> hexane \> aqueous fraction. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract increased with concentration. The antioxidant activity was less than ascorbic acid used as positive control. Oral administration up to 5 g/kg produced no noticeable deleterious effect 24 hours after dosing and up to 7 days afterwards. Conclusion: The results indicated that the extract has a potent anti-plasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei and the activity seems to reside in the mid-polar fractions. Thus, the plant is a potential source of new antimalarial agents.

}, keywords = {Antimalarial, Antioxidant, Borreria ocymoides, Plasmodium berghei, Solvent fractions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.86}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.86}, author = {Sunday Adeleke Adesegun and Celestina Ifeoma Orabueze and Herbert Alexander Babatunde Coker} } @article {334, title = {Antioxidant Activity, Biochemical Components and Sub-Chronic Toxicity of Different Brown Rice Kefir Powders}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {388-394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to investigate and compare antioxidant activity, biochemical components and subchronic toxicity of brown rice kefir powder from three different coloured rice varieties; Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDMLKP, white), Red Hawm (RHKP, red), and Hawm Nil (HNKP, dark purple), with cow milk kefir powder (CMKP). Medthods: Antioxidant activity performed by using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and 2, 2\´-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Biochemical components values including gamma-aminobutyric acid and alpha-tocopherol were determined using high performance liquid chromatography, but total phenolic compounds was detemined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Sub-chronic toxicity test, KDMLKP, RHKP and HNKP at the doses of 150 mg/kg were given orally to the rats every day for 90 days. Results: Antioxidant activity showed that brown rice kefir powders were significantly (p\≤0.05) higher than cow milk kefir powder. Interestingly, HNKP provided the highest FRAB value and the lowest IC50 of DPPH assay. HNKP had also the highest biochemical component values. Repeat administration of KDMLKP, RHKP and HNKP did not produce any symptoms of sub-chronic toxicity; mortality, hematological values, and blood biochemistry in the rats. Moreover, RHKP produced HDL increasing without CHO, TG and LDL changing in rats. Conclusions: These data indicate that brown rice kefir powders show no sub-chronic toxicity and exhibit more antioxidant activity and biochemical component values than cow milk kefir powder. Surprisingly, RHKP showed HDL increasing while HNKP had the highest potent antioxidant activity and biochemical components. Thus, both rice kefir powders are safe and probably a new biochemical resource for health.

{\textquoteleft}}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Biochemical Components, Brown Rice Kefir Powder, Rice, Sub-Chronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.66}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.66}, author = {Supaporn Chunchom and Chusri Talubmook and Sirirat Deeseenthum} } @article {248, title = {Assessment of Biological Activity and Comparison of UPLC and RP-HPLC Chromatographic Profiles of Clausena excavata Burm.F.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {185-191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Clausena excavata Burm. F. (Rutaceae) has long been associated with medicinal benefits in folk medicine, particularly in the treatment of cancer and its related disorders in the eastern region of Thailand. In the the present study Ultra Pressure Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) analysis of methanolic leaf extracts of Clausena excavata were carried out using short (5 cm \× 2.1 mm I.D.) columns, containing 2 m particles at very high pressures (up to 16000 psi) to obtain high efficiency separations in very short run times. The results indicate that UPLC provided better resolution compared to routine RP-HPLC. The analysis time was drastically reduced (4 min.) which is proved to be a faster and more economical analytical tool than RP-HPLC. In addition to that, the present study also evaluates anti-fungal activity against dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentographytes by using an agar incorporation technique. The anti-fungal activity may be due to the presence of Angelecin and gallic acid in the plant extract.

}, keywords = {Angelecin, Clausena, HPLC, Rutaceae, UPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.30}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/297}, author = {Guntupalli Chakravarthi and Alavala Rajasekhar Reddy and Maddi Ramaiah} } @article {350, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Antioxidant-Riched Dendrobium longicornu}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {499-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {499}, abstract = {

Context: Dendrobium longicornu is a traditional medicinal plant widely used in Asia. It has many bioactive compounds like bibenzyl, phenanthrenes, phenolic compounds. There has been little research in the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of D. longicornu. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of this plant. Settings and Design: Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Dendrobium longicornu extracts. Methods and Material: The plant extracts were prepared by soxhlet\’s extractor in organic solvents, acetone and ethanol. The total polyphenol content (TPC) in the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the total flavonoid content (TFC) by aluminium chloride method. The antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The cytotoxic activity was evaluated against human brain tumor cells (U251) and cervical cancer cells (HeLa) using MTT assay. Statistical analysis used: Regression analysis was done for calculation of IC50. Duncan multiple range test and Dunnett test were done to compare the data. Results: The Dendrobium longicornu acetonic extract (DLA) showed significantly highest TPC and TFC than Dendrobium longicornu ethanolic extract (DLE). The antioxidant activity was also significantly higher in DLA followed by DLE. Highest cytotoxicity (i.e., lowest IC50 value) was found for the DLA on U251 cells and DLE on HeLa cells. Conclusions: This result concluded that D. longicornu is a potential source of antioxidant and cytotoxic agents.

}, keywords = {Dendrobium longicornu, DPPH, Flavonoid, MTT, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.81}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.81}, author = {Mukti R Paudel and Mukesh B Chand and Basant Pant and Bijaya Pant} } @article {341, title = {Effects of Rainfall on the Antimicrobial Activity and Secondary Metabolites Contents of Leaves and Fruits of Anadenanthera colubrina from Caatinga Area.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {435-440}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan var. cebil (Griseb) is a plant widely used for medicinal proposes in Brazilian Northeast. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the influence of rainfall indexes (RI) in antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of extracts from leaves and fruits of A. colubrina. Material and Methods: Samples were collected in Catimbau National Park (Bu\íque, Pernambuco, Brazil) at September 2010 (RI: 75 mm) and January (RI: 65 mm), April (RI: 162 mm) and June 2011 (RI: 73 mm). The extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction using cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. The antimicrobial activity was determined by MIC and MBC values. Results: All extracts showed antimicrobial activity, but ethyl acetate extracts (from all periods) were more active. Strong correlations were found between the RI and the average MIC of MLE (\ρ: -0.99), EALE (\ρ: -0.81), CHFE (\ρ: -0.81), EAFE (\ρ: -0.80); while moderate and weak correlations were found for other extracts. Through a HPLC analysis was possible to reveal that the samples collected from dry periods had more chemical diversity (as they presented more peaks). Gallic acid and quercetin (and derivative compounds) were identified. The levels of quercetin were enhanced in extracts from dry months. Conclusion: Our results showed that the rainfall has a positive effect on the antimicrobial activity of leaves and fruits of A. colubrina, however these extracts showed more chemical diversity during dry months.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial agents, Medicinal plants, Natural products, Semi arid area}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.73}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.73}, author = {Daniel Rodrigo Cavalcante de Ara{\'u}jo and Lu{\'\i}s Cl{\'a}udio Nascimento da Silva and Wolfgang Harand and J{\'u}lia Morais Fernandes and Thaciane da Cunha Soares and Silvana Maria Zucolotto Langassner and Raquel Brandt Giordani and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Alexandre Gomes da Silva and M{\'a}rcia Vanusa da Silva and Maria Tereza dos Santos Correia} } @article {351, title = {An examination of the Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {504-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {504}, abstract = {

Background: Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. is a common component of the pharmacopeia\’s of multiple African groupings which inhabit the areas in which it grows. Amongst these groups there is a myriad of medicinal uses in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections, as well as in the treatment of cancers. This study was undertaken to test K. senegalensis bark extracts for the ability to inhibit microbial and cancer cell growth, and thus to validate traditional African medicinal usage of this plant in treating a variety of diseases. Materials and Methods: K. senegalensis bark powder was extracted by both solvent maceration and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE). The extracts were tested for the ability to inhibit bacterial and G. duodenalis growth. Inhibition of Caco-2 and HeLa cancer cells was evaluated using MTS-based colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay and GC-MS headspace analysis was used to identify phytochemical components. Results: K. senegalensis bark extracts displayed strong inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic and subcritical extracts was particularly noteworthy against P. mirabilis (MIC values of 185 and 211\μg/mL, respectively against the reference strains). These extracts were similarly potent growth inhibitors of K. pneumoniae and A. baylyi\ and were moderate inhibitors (MIC \>1000\μg/mL) of P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes growth. The methanolic and subcritical K. senegalensis extracts were also potent inhibitors of G. duodenalis (187 and 328\μg/mL, respectively), as well as Caco-2 (268 and 470\μg/mL, respectively) and HeLa carcinomas (155 and 174\μg/mL, respectively). GC-MS analysis of the SFE extract revealed relative abundances of a variety of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Furthermore, all K. senegalensis bark extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia franciscana toxicity assay, indicating their safety for therapeutic use. Conclusion: These studies validate traditional African therapeutic usage of K. senegalensis in the treatment of microbial infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.

}, keywords = {African mahogany, Anti bacterial activity, Anti-cancer activity, Anti-proliferative activity, Giardia duodenalis, Meliaceae, Sub-critical fluid extraction, Terpenoid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.82}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.82}, author = {Camille Rabadeaux and Lou Vallette and Joseph Sirdaarta and Craig Davis and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {376, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Bauhinia nakhonphanomensis Leaf Ethanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {663-667}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {663}, abstract = {

Context: Bauhinia nakhonphanomensis Chatan. A new species that is endemic to Thailand. Aims: Leaves of B. nakhonphanomensis were extracted and the extract was used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to evaluate the total phenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity. Methods: The extract of B. nakhonphanomensis was analyzed by GC-MS. Quantitative analysis for total phenols was done by the Folin-Ciocatteu method and for total flavonoids by the aluminium chloride method. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated by the DPPH method. Results: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 19 phytochemical constituents. These compounds were identified by comparing their retention times and peak areas with those from the literature and by interpretation of the mass spectra. The major chemical constituents were inositol (48.55 \%), alpha-tocopherol (12.21 \%) and phenol (6.61 \%). Total phenolic content was 48.69\±0.56 mg/100 of Gallic acid equivalent (GE). The total flavonoid contentwas 10539\± 6.14 mg/100 of quercetin equivalent (QE). Antioxidant activity was 17.07\±0.24 \μg/100 of ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity (AEAC).Conclusion: These findings are the first report and suggest that the rich phytochemical content of B. nakhonphanomensis has good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Bauhinia Nakhonphanomensis, GC-MS, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.105}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.105/index.html}, author = {Wilawan Promprom and Wannachai Chatan} } @article {229, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Whole Plant of Rostellularia diffusa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {70-72}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Introduction: To identify the various phyto constituents present in the unexplored plant Rostellularia diffusa (Willd.) by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Methods: The whole plant of Rostellularia diffusa was extracted with ethyl acetate at room temperature for 72 h. The concentrated extract was subjected to GCMS analysis to detect the phyto constituents. Results: Totally 40 compounds were identified and the chromatograph showed 40 peaks with 40 individual compounds. The major constituents were identified in the extract were 16-Hentriacontanone (22.59\%), Hexadecanoic acid (11.23\%), Stigmast-5-en-3-ol (6.78\%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (6.30\%) and many other compounds were identified as low level. This preliminary study gives an idea to isolate the major active constituents present in the plant and also helps to develop potential pharmacologically active compounds

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, phytosterol., Rostellularia diffusa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.13}, author = {Mohamed Saleem Thattakudian Sheik Uduman and Prema Rathinam and Yogendrachari Karuru and Gangadhar Obili and Gopinath Chakka and Ashok Kumar Janakiraman} } @article {371, title = {GC-MS analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts which Inhibit the Growth of the Pathogenic Bacterium Clostridium perfringens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {626-637}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, often result in death. Methods: Tasmannia lanceolata extracts were investigated for C. perfringens growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion analysis and MIC determination. Toxicity was evaluated by Artemia nauplii bioassay and the most potent extracts were phytochemically evaluated by GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: All T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent C. perfringens growth inhibition. The berry extracts were more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding leaf extracts, although the leaf extracts were also potent growth inhibitors. The berry aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 654, 65 and 329 \μg/mL respectively. T. lanceolata leaf also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 839, 1255 and 625 \μg/mL for the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. All extracts were nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \> 1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS analysis of the aqueous, methanolic and ethyl acetate berry extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of terpenoids. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. GC-MS metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of terpenoids, with monoterpenoids being particularly abundant.

}, keywords = {Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene, Myonecrosis, Tasmannia Lanceolata, Winteraceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.100}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.100/index.html}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Cameron Jay Lee and Megan Sarah Jean Arnold and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {230, title = {GC-MS headspace analysis of Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts which inhibit Bacillus anthracis growth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {73-82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) is an endemic Australian plant with an extremely high antioxidant capacity. The fruit has long been used by the first Australians as a nutritional food and as a medicine and recent studies have reported its potent growth inhibitory activity against a broad panel of bacteria. Despite this, T. ferdinandiana extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. Materials and Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using both the fruit and leaf of Kakadu plum. The ability to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis was investigated using a disc diffusion assay. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Solvent extractions of T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf displayed good growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. Fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 451 and 377\μg/mL respectively. The fruit methanolic and chloroform extracts, as well as the aqueous leaf extracts also were good inhibitors of B. anthracis growth, albeit with lower efficacy (MIC values of 1800 and 1414 \μg/mL respectively).The aqueous fruit extract and leaf chloroform extracts had only low inhibitory activity. All other extracts were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. Furthermore, all of the extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values \>1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana fruit ethyl acetate and methanolic leaf extracts, as well as their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against B. anthracis, indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax.

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Bacillus anthracis, Combretastatin, Kakadu plum, Metabolomics., stilbene, Tannin, Zoonotic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.14}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {339, title = {Genetic variability and relationship studies of Ber Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) using morphological and molecular markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {417-424}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ber (Ziziphus nummularia (Burm. F.) is the most commonly occurring branched thorny shrub species in the Indian desert. A total of 10 Zadber accessions collected from different agroclimatic regions of India, were evaluated for phenotypic and genotypic variations using morphological and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Materials And Methods: Morphological characterization was done using descriptors and Molecular characterization studies was done with fifty primers of University of British Columbia (UBC) procured from Geno Biosciences Pvt. Ltd., were used for ISSR-PCR optimisation trials. Eleven primers, which gave the best amplification results with the sample DNA, were selected for final ISSR-PCR analysis. Results: Significant variability was observed in the selected Zadber accessions by the analysis of five quantitative and 25 qualitative morphological characters of leaves, fruits and seeds. ISSR markers also showed polymorphism (86.58\%). Jaccard\’s genetic similarity value of ISSR was found in the range of 0.45-0.77 (average 0.61) suggesting moderate level of genetic diversity within the Zadber group. Two of the eleven ISSR primers were also able to generate cultivar specific amplicons, which may be used for identification of accessions Zadber-5 and Zadber-8. Conclusion: The present study revealed that morphological and molecular markers can be successfully utilized for determining genetic diversity and genetic relationship of Zadber cultivars and used in breeding programmes.

}, keywords = {Genetic variability, ISSR, Morphology, UPGMA, Zadber}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.71}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.71}, author = {Yashmin Akhtar and Ravish Choudhary and Kailash Chandra Sharma and Manju Sharma} } @article {426, title = {In vitro \& ex vivo Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Morinda citrifolia Linn (Noni) Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {900-905}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {900}, abstract = {

Background: Psychological problem is a key medical issue for numerous neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, for example, schizophrenia, Alzheimer\’s, dementia, seizure and Parkinsonism. Morinda citrifolia (Noni) has been utilized for a considerable length of time to cure or counteract assortment of diseases by conventional therapeutic professionals in Hawaii and Polynesia. Objective: The present study is focused to identify the neuroprotective activity of Morinda citrifolia fruit extract (MCFE) on in vitro and ex vivo animal model by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme target used for the treatment of Alzheimer\’s disease. Methods: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was performed by in vitro \& ex vivo methods as described by Ellman et al. In vitro antioxidant assay of the extract was performed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity \& nitric oxide scavenging activity. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was carried out using non linear regression analysis for plotting the line of best fit for the observed values using Graph- Pad Prism software. Results: By performing in vitro antioxidant assay the IC50 value of the standard quercetin was found to be 46.22 \μg/ml as compared to the MCFE which has an IC50 value of 43.14 \μg/ml for DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Similarly the IC50 value of the standard ascorbic acid was found to be 81.85 \μg/ml as compared to the MCFE which has an IC50 value of 148.0 \μg/ml for nitric oxide scavenging activity. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition assay was performed by in vitro method and the IC50 value of MCFE and neostigmine was found to be 31.84 \μg/ml \& 19.71 \μg/ml respectively. Conclusions: The present study investigated the neuroprotective activity of MCFE and it was identified by both in vitro and ex vivo techniques that the phytoconstituents has the ability to improve the learning and memory function by inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, ex vivo., in vitro, Morinda citrifolia, Neuroprotective activity, Noni}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.141}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/194}, author = {Srikanth Jeyabalan and Kavimani Subramanian and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Chitra Krishnan} } @article {343, title = {Inhibition of Caco-2 and HeLa proliferation by Terminalia carpentariae C. T. White and Terminalia grandiflora Benth. extracts: Identification of triterpenoid components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {441-451}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {441}, abstract = {

Background: Terminalia spp. are characterised by their high antioxidant capacities and many have anticancer activity. This study examines the anti-proliferative activity of T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut extracts against Caco-2 and HeLa carcinoma proliferation. Materials and Methods: Powdered T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut were extracted and tested for anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 and HeLa cancer cell lines using colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The extract with the most potent anti-proliferative activity was examined using GCMS analysis and triterpenoid compounds were identified by comparison with a compound database. Results: T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut extracts displayed potent anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 and HeLa carcinoma cells. The methanolic T. grandiflora leaf extract was particularly effective at blocking the proliferation of the colorectal carcinoma Caco-2 (IC50 = 372 \μg/mL). The methanol T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora leaf extracts were similarly potent inhibitors of HeLa cervical cancer cell proliferation with IC50 values of 864 and 833 \μg/mL respectively. The methanolic T. grandiflora fruit and nut extracts, as well as all aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts, were moderate to good inhibitors of carcinoma proliferation. In contrast, chloroform and hexane extracts were generally devoid of anti-proliferative activity. The methanolic T. grandiflora extracts displayed low toxicity in the Artemia nauplii bioassay. All other extracts were non-toxic. GC-MS analysis of the methanolic T. grandiflora leaf extract identified 3 lanostane and 2 pentacyclic triterpenoids. Conclusion: The low toxicity and anti-proliferative activity observed with the T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora extracts against Caco-2 and HeLa indicate their potential for the prevention and treatment of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Australian plants, Caco-2, Chemotherapy, Combretaceae, HeLa, Native almond, Wild peach}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.74}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.74}, author = {Reece Courtney and J. Sirdaarta and A. White and I. E. Cock} } @article {329, title = {Microscopic Characterization of Croton cordiifolius Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {361-366}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Croton cordiifolius Baill. is popularly known as \“quebra-faca\” in the Brazilian Northeast and is used to treat general inflammation, pain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics of C. cordiifolius. Materials and Methods: Cross-sections and paradermic sections of root, stem, petiole and leaf blade were obtained by hand and submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Maceration was performed according to the method of Jeffrey. Results: The secondary root has peridermis, parenchymatic cortex, collateral vascular system surrounded by sclerenchyma. The secondary stem has peridermis, cortical region with lignified cells, isolated groups of fibers, laticifers, prismatic crystals, druses and starch. The vascular system of the stem is bicollateral. The petiole and the leaf blade have stellate, simple and glandular trichomes. The leaf blade is hypostomatic, with paracytic stomata. The mesophyll is isobilateral and the midrib shows a concave-convex contour. Laticifers occur in stem, petiole and leaf blade. Prismatic crystals and druses are found in all organs analysed. Through the maceration it was possible to identify the type of vessel elements. Conclusion: The anatomical features are useful for differentiation of other species of Croton and provide support to their quality control.

}, keywords = {Croton cordiifolius, Euphorbiaceae, Pharmacobotany, Plant anatomy, Quebra-faca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.61}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.61}, author = {Iasmine Andreza Basilio dos Santos Alves and Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {377, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Characteristics of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Stem and Root Bark: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {668-673}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) is a large tree indigenous to China. It is known as the \“Tree of Heaven\”, used in traditional medicine in many parts of Asia, including China to treat cold, gastric diseases, diarrhea and endoparasites. It is also used as a bitter aromatic drug and as an antitumoral. Objective: The present study deals with comparative pharmacognostical parameters for the bark of stem and root of Ailanthus altissima, Mill. Swingle. Materials and Methods: The stem and root bark were collected, shade dried and powdered plant material was studied for its proximate values by standard methods. The extracts were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening for the detection of various phytoconstituents. Results: Proximate analysis revealed that the dry plant powder of stem bark has 6.48 \% total ash, 0.42\% acid insoluble ash, 4.60 \% water soluble ash and for root bark 7.22 \% total ash, 0.74\% acid insoluble ash, 5.98 \% water soluble ash. The Loss on drying for stem and root bark were found out to be 6.62 \% and 10.46 \% respectively. The stem and root bark of plant powder were found to possess phytoconstituents. Fluorescence analysis revealed the behaviour of the plant powder when treated with different chemical reagents. Conclusion: The present study reveals the preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis of stem and root bark of Ailanthus altissima. Information obtained from these studies can be used as markers in the identification and standardization of this plant as a herbal remedy and also towards monograph development on the plant.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Fluorescence analysis, Proximate Analysis, Simaroubaceae, Tree of Heaven}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.106}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.106/index.html}, author = {Weekar Younus Raja and Zulfiqar Ali Bhat and Ishtiyaq Ahmad Chashoo} } @article {250, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization \& Phytochemical Evaluation of Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites Bark \& Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {196-200}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {196}, abstract = {

Introduction: The genus Alphonsea sclerocarpa Thwaites (Annonaceae) includes species distributed widely in the tropical areas. Whole plant of Alphonsea sclerocarpa is traditionally believed for its eminent therapeutic benefits. Despite its medicinal properties the plant seems to be less explored and hence this research aims at exploring the Pharmacognostical parameters for standardization. Physicochemical and Phytochemical analysis was also carried out to establish quality control parameters for the drug. Methods: Morphoanatomical (Transverse Section of Leaf Lamina \& Margin, Radial Longitudinal Section \& Tangential Longitudinal Section of phloem in bark) and Powder microscopic analysis were carried out by employing Formalin fixed as well Macerated specimens. Physicochemical Parameters like Loss on drying, Ash Value, Extractive values etc were carried out as per WHO guidelines. Phytochemical Analysis was also carried out and the phytochemical profile was established. Results: Transverse section of Leaf revealed the presence of Plano convex vascular bundles. Ensheathed by a bundle of sclerenchyma. Transverse section of bark has shown the presence of highly compressed, heavily suberised phellem cells. Tangential longitudinal section (TLS) revealed the presence of Spindle shaped bi or Multi seriate medullary rays. In Radial longitudinal section (RLS) the phloem cells appear rectangular and thin walled. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of Fibres, fibre-tracheids and Calcium oxalate crystals. Total ash value of Bark \& Leaf was found to be 8.75 \& 7 \% respectively. Conclusion: The established Pharmacognostical, Physico-chemical \& Phytochemical parameters will suffice for establishing Monographs for the plant drug.

}, keywords = {Monograph, Radial Longitudinal Section, standardization, Tangential Longitudinal Section}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.32}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/299}, author = {Venkata Naga Anantha Sandhya Rani Nandyala and Kothapalli Bonnoth Chandrasekhar} } @article {399, title = {Photodynamic Toxicity of Chlorophyllin against Fasciola gigantica Carrier Snail Indoplanorbis exustus in Visible Spectral Band}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {729-736}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {729}, abstract = {

Background: Fasciolosis is one of the most debilitating diseases caused by liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Snail Lymnaeidae and Planorbidae is the intermediate host of these flukes. Snail population management is a good tool to control fasciolosis because gastropods represent the weakest link in the life-cycle of trematode. Aim of the present study is to explore the molluscicidal activity of chlorophyllin in visible spectral band against Fasciola gigantica carrier snail Indoplanorbis exustus. Methods: Chlorophyll was transformed into water-soluble chlorophyllin in 100\% ethanol by using different types of chemicals. Ten snails Indoplanorbis exustus were placed in a glass aquarium containing 3 L of dechlorinated tap water. These snails were treated with different concentrations of chlorophyllin in sunlight as well as exposed to different visible spectral band of light. Results: Pure chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 6.54 mg/l) in sunlight was more toxic than extracted chlorophyllin (96 h LC50 939.65 mg/l). There was a significant variation in the toxicity of chlorophyllin with snails, exposed to visible spectral band of light. The highest and lowest toxicity of chlorophyllin against I. exustus was noted in yellow light (96 h LC50 2016.79 mg/l) and green light (96 h LC50 2433.16 mg/l). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) study reveals that the active molluscicidal component extracted in spinach leaves is chlorophyllin. Conclusion: Due to the photodynamic nature of chlorophyllin, it has the potential to control the population of vector snails and ultimately fasciolosis in developing countries.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyllin, Fasciolosis, Indoplanorbis exustus, Photodynamic Product, Visible light band.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.115}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/168}, author = {Divya Chaturvedi and Dinesh Kumar Singh and Vinay Kumar Singh} } @article {417, title = {Pre and Post-Treatment Effects: Estimation of Serum Testosterone and Lipid Peroxidation Levels on Moringa olifera Extract Induced Cadmium Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {846-849}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {846}, abstract = {

Background: Cadmium (Cd), is a toxic metal which affects various organs including testis. It produces oxidative stress leading to male infertility. Moringa tree, is a natural plant with a great therapeutic value and hence it is found to be effective both in prevention and treatment of various conditions including reducing toxicity of hazardous materials. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of Pre-and Post-treatment with Moringa oliefera leaf extract (MoE) on testis in cadmium exposed rats. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College (KMC), Mangalore, Manipal University (MU), Karnataka, India, between (2011-2013). This prospective study consisted a total of 30 rats. These were divided into 5 groups with group I being the control. Data were presented as mean \±SD. student\’s t test was used as statistical tool, p\<0.05 considered statistically significant. Group IV and V were pre-and post-MoE treated groups respectively. Serum testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels were estimated. Results: Treatment with MoE prior and after administration of cadmium, respectively showed an increase significantly in the testosterone levels and a decrease in the tissue lipid peroxidation as compared to the group treated with cadmium. However, the pre-treatment showed better results in combatting the toxic effects of cadmium. Conclusion: This study shows that Moringa olifera leaf extract altered the testosterone and tissue lipid peroxidation levels. Also, pre-treatment showed better outcome.

}, keywords = {Cadmium, MDA, Morniga olifera extract., Oxidative stress, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.132}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/185}, author = {Pratik Kumar Chatterjee and Vinodini Nithyananda Madom Anantharaya and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Sneha Bhoja Shetty and Suman Veerappa Budihal and Mangalore Ramesh Bhat and Kunal} } @article {227, title = {Toxicology and Oral glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) of Thai Medicinal Plant Used for Diabetes controls, Phyllanthus acidus L. (EUPHORBIACEAE)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {58-61}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate toxicity and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of Phyllanthus acidus leaf extract (PAE) on Wistar rat. Methods: PAE was prepared and administered orally to experimental animals used. The extract was tested for toxicity in rats at a dose of 0, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight p.o once daily for 14 days. The hypoglycemic effects of PAE on normal rats and orally glucose-induced hyperglycemic rats were compared with distilled water and glibenclamide. A single dose (250 mg/kg body weight) of PAE was administered and blood glucose level was obtained by pricking the tail vain using glucometer at time -30, 0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. Results: All doses of the extract did not exert any sign or symptom of toxicity and the dead rat was not found. The body weight, white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), platelet (PLT), plateletcrit (PCT), mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), blood chemistry, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alkaling phosphatase (ALP) and organ weight of liver were not significantly different between control and treated rats. However, red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (HCT), lymphocyte (LYM), and hemoglobin (Hb) at a dose 1,500 mg./kg body weight were significantly lower than those in the control group. The blood glucose levels of PAE treated groups were not different with control and Glybenclamide treated. Conclusion: The findings of the present study can be concluded that the PAE are practically non-toxic at a lower dose.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose, Diabetes, Medicinal plant, Phyllanthus acidus, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.11}, author = {Napapach Chaimum-aom and Sanong Chomko and Chusri Talubmook} } @article {244, title = {Vibrational Analysis and Thermal Behavior of Salvia hispanica, Nigella sativa and Papaver somniferum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {157-162}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L., Nigella sativa L. and Papaver somniferum L. are involved in opiate-dependent behavior. It is known that the seeds of these three herbs contain high amounts of antioxidants, which are helpful in disease prevention, but further research is needed on some of their other phytochemical components (terpene alkaloids, benzoquinones and others), which are claimed to affect human opioid receptors. Methods: Seeds from the three afore mentioned plants have been studied by ATR-FTIR vibrational spectroscopy and thermo analytical techniques (TG/DTG, DTA and DSC). Results: The infrared spectrum has confirmed the presence of the ester carbonyl of terpenoid alkaloids (such as nigellamine) and the fully conjugated cyclic dione structure of quinones (e.g., thymoquinone). As regards the thermal stability of these seeds, small differences have been observed in their thermal profiles (endothermic effects at around 333\ºC for chia, 268\ºC for black cumin and 319\ºC for poppy seeds), which can be ascribed to their different content in carbohydrates. Conclusions: The functional groups of the main active constituents and the thermal behavior of these three seeds have been elucidated.

}, keywords = {ATR-FTIR, Black cumin, Chia, Poppy, Thermal analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.26}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/293}, author = {Paula Carri{\'o}n-Prieto and Pablo Mart{\'\i}n-Ramos and Salvador Hern{\'a}ndez-Navarro and Iosody Silva-Castro and Manuela Ramos-Silva and Jes{\'u}s Mart{\'\i}n-Gil} } @article {194, title = {Analytical Quantifiation, immunomodulatory and Sulforhodamine B assay studies on Albizia lebbeck Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {476-482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {476}, abstract = {

Background: Albiza lebbeck leaves have been well known for its ethnopharmacological prospects. Objective: The present study aims three extracts (aqueous, methanolic and hydromethanolic) at two dose levels by oral administration by using immunomodulatory models and in vitro cell lines in correlation to analytical studies. Methods: The extracts were subjected to Haemagglutination Antibody Titre and DTH Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity reaction based on acute toxicity results. Chromatographic studies were undertaken comprising of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and High performance Thin layer Chromatography and screened for in-vitro cell lines such as MCF-7 and HCT 15 by Sulforhodamine B Assay Method. Results: No response was shown at 100 mg/kg. Significant immunomodulatory effect was noticed at 200 mg/kg with Haemagglutination Antibody Titre (554.66 \± 102.78, 597.33 \± 85.35, 426.66 \± 53.98) and DTH Delayed- Type Hypersensitivity reaction (0.225\±0.01, 0.21 \± 0.01, 0.23 \± 0.01) which showed decrease in paw volume (after 48 h) in case of Sheep Red Blood Cells, (0.5\×109) used as antigens. Total flavonoids content in the extracts were revealed by methods described by Singleton and Quettier. Flavonols such as rutin and quercetin were detected by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy based on determination of the functional groups and High Performance Thin layer Chromatography showed well resolved spots. The extracts were screened on in-vitro cell lines (MCF 7 and HCT 15) by using Sulforhodamine B Assay method were unsatisfactory results were obtained at final concentrations of 10 \μg/ml, 20 \μg/ml, 40 \μg/ml, 80 \μg/ml. Conclusion: Thus, present paper suggests that extracts has served as a promising immunomodulator for immune system disorders.

}, keywords = {Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity response, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Haemagglutination Antibody Titre, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, MCF-7., Quercetin, Rutin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.11}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Manjushree kundalik Pawar and Kajal Haribhai Chavda} } @article {165, title = {Anti-anemia Effect of Chlorophyll from Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Leaves on Female Mice Induced Sodium Nitrite}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {375-379}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {375}, abstract = {

Context: Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in blood is highly reactive with haemoglobin (Hb), thus affecting hematopoiesis and induction of methemoglobinemia. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of chlorophyll from katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves on the level of Hb, Malondialdehyde (MDA), ferritin, and schistocytes percentage in female mice induced NaNO2. Settings and Design: Experimental research was conducted using 24 female mice strain Balb-c. Methods and Material: NaNO2 0.3 ml/head/day given during 18 days, while the chlorophyll or Cu-chlorophyllin as much as 0.7 ml/head/day given the following day for 14 days. Statistical analysis used: Results are reported as mean values \± SD and statistically analyzed by One Way Anova test with 95\% significance level. Results: The Hb levels of blood plasma in the control group, NaNO2 induction, induction NaNO2 and chlorophyll of katuk leaves (NaNO2+katuk), induction of NaNO2 and Cu-chlorophyllin from K-LiquidTM (NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin) in sequence is 13.29 g/dl; 11.83 g/dl; 14.54 g/dl; 13.99 g/dl, whilst the MDA levels in each group is 2.10 \± 0.11 mol/L, 3.44 \± 0.38 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.18 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.13 mol/L, and the ferritin levels is 62.71 \± 6.42 ng/ml; 63.22 \± 7.59 ng/ml; 67.45 \± 8.03 ng/ml, and 64.74 \± 7.80 ng/ml, respectively. The fragment schistocytes ocyte percentage\’s in each group is 0\%, 0.11\%, 0.01\%, 0.03\%. The ferritin levels tend to increase in NaNO2+katuk. Mann Whitney test results obtained no significant difference in Hb, MDA level and schistocytes percentage between the groups of mice that received NaNO2+katuk NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin (p\>0.05). This indicates that chlorophyll from S. androgynus leaves as effective as Cu-chlorophyllin in decrease the MDA levels after NaNO2 treatment, and although not significant, it can increase ferritin levels. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant activity of chlorophyll from katuk leaves are able to decrease schistocytes percentage\’s and MDA level. The increasing of Hb and ferritin level indicates its potential in the treatment of haemolityc anaemia. Further studies aimed at the mechanisms of action of this chlorophyll are needed.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Chlorophyll, Ferritin, Schistocytes., Sodium nitrite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.10}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Sampurna Sampurna and Nur Anna C.S and Alvenia Meilina Ednisari and Galuh Dea Urfani and Iqrommatul Laila and Heavin Rakhmat Saintika} } @article {149, title = {Bacillus anthracis growth Inhibitory Properties of Australian Terminalia spp.: Putative Identification of low Polarity Volatile Components by GC-MS Headspace Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {281-290}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {281}, abstract = {

Introduction: Anthrax is a severe acute disease caused by Bacillus anthracis infections. If untreated, it often results in mortality. Many Terminalia spp. have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian Terminalia spp. extracts to inhibit B. anthracis growth. Methods:\ Solvent extracts were prepared from Terminalia carpentariae and Terminalia grandiflora plant material and investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of B. anthracis. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. The most potent extracts were analysed by GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: T. carpentariae and T. grandiflora leaf, fruit and nut solvent extractions displayed good growth inhibitory activity against B. anthracis. Methanolic T. Carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nut extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 74 and 155 \µg/mL respectively. The T. carpentariae leaf ethyl acetate extract was also a good inhibitor of B. anthracis growth (MIC 340 \µg/mL). All other extracts were substantially less potent growth inhibitors. Interestingly, the T. Carpentariae leaf extracts with growth inhibitory activity were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values \>1000 \µg/mL. In contrast, the LC50 value 740 \µg/mL reported for the methanolic T. grandiflora nut extract indicates low-moderate toxicity. Non-biased GC-MS phytochemical analysis of the most active extracts (methanolic T. carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nut) putatively identified and highlighted several compounds that may contribute to the ability of these extracts to inhibit the growth of B. anthracis. Conclusions: The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic T. Carpentariae leaf and T. grandiflora nutextracts against B. anthracis indicates their potential for the treatment and prevention of anthrax. Furthermore, thelack toxicity of the T. Carpentariae leaf and the low-moderate toxicity of the T. grandiflora nut extract, indicates that their use may extend to all forms of the disease (cutaneous, inhalation or gastrointestinal).

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Combretaceae, Metabolomic profiling., Native almond, Terminalia carpentariae, Terminalia grandiflora, Wild peach}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.18}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {198, title = {Bioactive Compounds and Cytotoxicity of Ethyl Acetate Extract From Broussonetia luzonica (Moraceae) Blanco Leaves against Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Hepg2) Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {497-501}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Introduction: Broussonetia luzonica (Moraceae) Blanco is an edible and endemic plant in the Philippines. Other species of the plant are used traditionally in Chinese medicine to treat impotency and eye disorders and was proven to have anticancer potential. To date, there are no published scientific evidences yet to prove the cytotoxicity against hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2) of B. luzonica. Furthermore, the bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate leaf extract were determined. Methods: Bioactive compounds were determined using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). To determine the IC50, the percentage Hepg2 Cell inhibition of the extract at 200 \μg/mL, 100 \μg/mL, 50 \μg/Ml, 25 \μg/mL And 12.5 \μg/ mL concentrations against (HepG2) was evaluated using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol- 2yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) Assay. Results: GC-MS revealed the top three major bioactive compounds of ethyl acetate leaf extract based on quantity (\%). These are 1,2,3-propanetriol, monoacetate (21.21\%), phytol (20.28\%) and squalene (6.85\%). MTT assay showed that ethyl acetate extract at different concentrations exhibited marked inhibition of the HepG2. The concentration of the extracts that will inhibit 50\% of the cancer cell lines (IC50) was also determined. The assay revealed that compared to positive control (doxorubicin) with IC50 5.068 \μg/mL, Ethyl Acetate Extract statistically exhibited greater cytotoxic effect against HepG2 Cell Lines With IC50 1.118 \μg/mL (P=0.001). Conclusion: The presence of several bioactive compounds in ethyl acetate extract from the leaves of B. luzonica confirms the importance of the plant in treatment of diseases. Furthermore, the extract manifested more potent cytotoxic activity than the positive control, indicating promising chemotherapeutic potential of the plant.

}, keywords = {Endemic, GC-MS, Liver cancer, MTT Assay.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.15}, author = {Franelyne P. Casuga and Agnes L. Castillo and Mary Jho-Anne T. Corpuz} } @article {98, title = {Bio-Flavonoids and Garcinoic Acid from Garcinia kola Heckel Seeds with Promising Antioxidant Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {56-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objective: The research was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanol extract, fraction (kolaviron) and compounds (garcinoic acid, GB1 and GB2) of Garcinia kola seeds. Materials and Method: To evaluate the acute anti-inflammatory effect of extract, fraction and compounds of G. kola carrageenan-induced edema model in wistar albino rats was used. Results: Kolaviron (50 mg/kg), garcinoic acid (50 mg/kg) and the crude extract (50 mg/kg) caused 100, 83 and 74\% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema respectively at 6 h post administration. Indomethacin (10 mg/ kg), the reference drug induced 100\% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema. While GB1 (50 mg/kg) and GB2 (50 mg/kg) was prominent at 4, 5 and 6 h post administration. Conclusion: Results showed that the extract possessed anti-inflammatory activity, which have justified their use in Nigeria traditional medicine to treat inflammation.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Garcinia kola, Paw edema, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.12}, author = {Tchimene Kenne Michel and Anaga Arua Ottoh and Ugwoke Christopher Emeka Chukwunonye and Ezugwu Christopher Obodoike and Okunji Christopher and Iwu Maurice Mmaduakolam} } @article {162, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {361-374}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Introduction: High antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment of rheumatic diseases and also in the inhibition of microbial growth. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: C. maritima solvent extracts were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Growth inhibitory activities against bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis were determined by disc diffusion assay and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. Results: All C. maritima solvent extracts displayed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, although the ethyl acetate extract was particularly potent with an IC50 values of 3.4 \μg/mL. The other extracts also had significant radical scavenging activity, with IC50 between 4.7 and 13.6 \μg/mL. The bacterial growth inhibitory activity of the extracts correlated with their free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract displayed the most potent growth inhibitory activity against most bacterial species. This extract was particularly potent against Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC values of 431, 559 and 777 \μg/mL, respectively). The hexane extract was also a potent inhibitor of the Proteus spp., (MIC of approximately 500-800 \μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth, albeit with higher MIC\’s (approximately 1500 \μg/mL). All other C. maritima extract-bacteria combinations generally resulted in mid-low potency inhibition. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxicin with the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 \μg/mL. A total of 97 unique mass signals were detected in the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract by nonbiased GC-MS headspace analysis. A number of terpenoids which may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract were putatively identified. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis by the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinitobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas areuginosa., rheumatoid arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.9}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Abdel Nasser El Gendy and Xin Cai and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {97, title = {Chemical Constituents and in vitro anticancer activity of Tiliacora triandra leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {1-3}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Introduction: \ Tiliacora triandra (F. Menispermaceae) is edible and is also known for medicinal values. The leaves are a popular flavoring in Southeast Asia, especially in the northeast of Thailand.\  The objectives of this study were to determine the major constituents of the leaves of T. triandra, and assess their anticancer activities against human cancer cell lines. Methods: The leaves were extracted by a soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water. Major constituents were then purified and identified using chromatographic procedures and various spectroscopic techniques.\  In vitro anticancer activity tests of T. triandra extracts were performed by resazurinmicroplate assay (REMA), and tested with 3 cell lines: oral cavity cancer (KB), lung cancer (NCI-H187) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Results: The result indicated that the main compound of T. triandra leaves was oxoanolobine. The methanol extract showed the highest cytotoxic activity against lung cancer (NCI-H187) cell line whereas the water extract exhibited the highest activity against oral cavity cancer (KB) cell line. The IC50 of oxoanolobine against the NCI-H187 cell line was 27.60 \± 4.30 \µg/mL. Conclusion:T. triandra leaves contain oxoanolobine as the major constituent and have the potential of anticancer activity but are required to be investigated further.

}, keywords = {In vitro anticancer activity, Oxoanolobine, Phytochemistry, Tiliacora triandra, Yanang.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.1}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Benjamart Cushnie and Ladachart Taepongsorat and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {95, title = {Chemical Profile of Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Drug Resistance-modifying Activity by Gaseous Contact Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {4-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plant products with antimicrobial potential and ability to modulate the action of drugs have become the target of several studies. Many studies of the species Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae have reported biological activities in the essential oil and extracts of various parts of the plant. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial and resistance-modifying activity of the essential oil of O. gratissimum (OEOg) and its major compound eugenol. Materials and Methods: OEOg was extracted by hydrodistillation, and eugenol was obtained commercially. Multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococos aureus were used to test for drug activity. Antibacterial and resistance-modifying activity of OEOg and eugenol was evaluated by gaseous contact. Results: Chemical analysis of OEOg demonstrated the presence of eugenol and other compounds such as 1,8-cineole and \β-selinene as well. In the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, both OEOg and eugenol were unable to form a bacterial growth inhibition zone at any of the concentrations tested. However, the modulation tests with amikacin and erythromycin identified synergism with OEOg and eugenol against E.\  coli and S. aureus. Gentamicin combined with OEOg showed antagonism against S. aureus but synergism against E.coli. When gentamicin was combined with eugenol, there was also synergism against S. aureus, whereas no effect was seen against E. coli. Conclusion: Given the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that OEOg and eugenol may eventually represent a new therapeutic tool against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Eugenol, Gaseous contact, Modifying, Ocimum gratissimum, Resistance.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.2}, author = {Maria Karollyna do Nascimento Silva and Vict{\'o}ria Regina De Alencar Carvalho and Edinardo Fagner Ferreira Matias} } @article {160, title = {Comparative Powder Microscopic and HPTLC Studies on Stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {346-351}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Introduction: Comparative powder microscopic and HPTLC studies were carried out on stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham. to differentiate its identity in Ayurvedic formulations. Method: Powder microscopic and HPTLC studies of these barks were undertaken on a comparative basis and results are reported in this paper. The authentic samples are cleaned, powdered and passed through sieve No. 80. A few mg of powder was stained with saffranin, Toluidine blue and Iodine and photographed under different magnifications with the help of NICKON Labphot -2. HPTLC studies were followed by Sethi and Wagner et al method. Results: The colour, taste, cork cells, fibres, sclereids, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, number of spots and Rf values of HPTLC are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in powdered form of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides. Conclusion: The findings of the present study is believed to be helpful in standardization of Ayurvedic formulation containing stem bark of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides as ingredients in powder form. The study sets the specific microscopic protocol and HPTLC finger print of the two drugs and may lead to global acceptance and reputation of the Ayurvedic system.

}, keywords = {Authentication, Curna, Dasamularistam, Lodhra, Lodhrasavam, Pharmacognosy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.7}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Murugammal Shanmugam and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Venkata Narasimhaji Cheemalapati and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {206, title = {Duboisia leichhardtii (F.Muell.) Extracts Inhibit The Growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {542-550}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

Introduction: Duboisia leichhardtii F.Muell. is a medium to large tree which is native to subtropical regions of eastern Australia. Duboisia spp. contain a number of psychoactive tropane and pyrrolidine alkaloids with reported antibacterial activity. Despite this, D. leichhardtii leaf extracts have not been rigorously examined for growth inhibitory properties against many bacteria, including the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: The antimicrobial activity of D. leichhardtii leaf solvent extracts was investigated by disc diffusion and growth time course assays against a panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The growth inhibitory activity was further quantified by MIC determination and growth time course assays. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: Methanolic and aqueous D. leichhardtii leaf solvent extracts were potent inhibitors of the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The methanolic extract displayed the most potent bacterial growth inhibitory activity. It was particularly potent against P. mirabilis (MICs of 85 and 116 g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively) and P. vulgaris (MIC of 187 g/mL). The methanolic extract was also a good inhibitor of K. pneumoniae growth (MICs of 143 and 118 g/mL against reference and clinical strains respectively). The aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts were also potent bacterial growth inhibitors, albeit with higher MIC values. The antibacterial activity of the methanolic and aqueous D. leichhardtii leaf extracts were further investigated by growth time course assays which showed significant growth inhibition in cultures of P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae within 1 h of exposure. All extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay, indicating their safety for use in preventing these autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Conclusions: The lack of toxicity of the D. leichhardtii leaf extracts and their growth inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis indicate their potential in the development of new therapies targeting the onset of these diseases.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Corkwood, Hyoscyamine., multiple sclerosis, Rheumatic Heart Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, Scopolamine, Solanaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.5}, author = {Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {108, title = {Estrogenic Potential of Flemingia vestita Benth Tubers in Ovariectomized Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {44-49}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objective: This study investigates the potential estrogenic activity of the ethanolic extract of Flemingia vestita Benth tubers using ovariectomized rat model. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of F. vestita tubers has been standardized using validated HPLC method in terms of its genistein content (8.43 \± 0.05 mg/g of extract). Three to four week old young albino Wistar female rats were ovariectomized and treated for 14 days post ovariectomy with the standardized ethanolic extract at three different dose levels (100, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight) with a positive control of Estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg/day). The parameters evaluated were uterine weight, uterine glycogen, G6PDH, LDH, 17\β-estradiol, progesterone, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and histo architecture of uterus. Results: Treatment with the ethanolic extract of F. vestita tubers showed dose dependent increase in uterine weight, glycogen levels, G6PDH levels, estrogen and progesterone levels when compared with the ovariectomized control. Amongst three dose levels, high dose of plant extract showed significant increase in the uterine weight (p \< 0.001), uterine glycogen content (p \< 0.001), 17-\β estradiol and progesterone levels (p \< 0.001), G6PDH and LDH levels (p \< 0.001) as well as significant decrease in HDL and triglycerides levels (p \< 0.001) compared to ovariectomized control. Histopathological evaluation of uteri sections revealed that the high dose of the plant show increase in the endometrial response as indicated by proliferation of endometrial glands and luminal epithelium of the ovariectomized rats. Conclusion: Thus, these data suggests that ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg body weight) of F. vestita tubers may exhibit good estrogenic activity in ovariectomized rat model.

Key words: Estrogenic activity, Flemingia vestita, genistein, HPLC, ovariectomized rats.

}, keywords = {Estrogenic activity, Flemingia vestita, genistein, HPLC, ovariectomized rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.10}, author = {Sunita Shailajan and Suman Kumaria and Suhas Pednekar and Sasikumar Menon and Hiranjit Choudhury and Archana Matani} } @article {143, title = {Evaluation of Antihyperglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Leaf Extracts of Breynia vitis-idaea in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journals}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {259-263}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {259}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of alcohol and aqueous leaf extracts of Breynia vitis-idaea (Burm. F.) Fischer in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced into albino Wistar rats by intraperitonial administration of alloxan (120 mg/kg). Normal and diabetic rats divided into different groups of six each. Alcohol and aqueous leaf extracts (300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) and standard drug (Glibenclamide 500 \μg/kg) was administered orally for 21 days. Blood samples were collected from overnight fasted normal and diabetic rats on 0th, 7th, 14th and 21st days of treatment. Hypoglycemic activity was evaluated by measuring serum glucose level and glycosylated haemoglobin level after dosing with aqueous and alcohol extracts. Hypolipidemic activity was evaluated by measuring various biochemical parameters like total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and phospholipids. Results: Both the extracts significantly (P\<0.001, p\<0.01) reduced fasting blood glucose of alloxan diabetic rats in a dose-related manner, when compared to control and standard. They also have a significant recovery in the levels of parameters measured in lipid profile, when compared to control and standard group. Conclusion: The present investigation established pharmacological evidence to support the folklore claim that it is used as hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic agent.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Breynia vitis-idaea, Glibenclamide, Hypoglycemic, Hypolipidemic.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.15}, author = {Jagdish Chandra Nagar and Lalit Singh Chauhan} } @article {204, title = {Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Some Indian Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {525-533}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {525}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb., Viscum articulatum Burm., Annona squamosa, Capsicum annuum cayenne, Ananas comosus Merrill. are used for the management of microbial infection in Ayurveda. The present study was designed to standardize the extract of S. suaveolens bark (SSB), V. articulatum aerial part (VAAP), A. squamosa leaf (ASL), C. annuum fruit (CACF), A. comosus fruit (ACF) and performed antibacterial activity. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the five extracts were evaluated against certain bacteria such as B. subtilis, B. cereus, S. aureus (gram positive); E. coli, S. typhi, and P. aureugenosa (gram negative) by disc diffusion method, time course assay, pH sensitivity assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) through broth micro-dilution method. Results: The plants extracts VAAP, ASL, and CACF showed potent inhibitory activity against S. aureus with MIC 728, 742, and 698 g ml-1, respectively, while CACF showed inhibitory activity against B. subtilis with MIC 690 g ml-1. The results further demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of CACF against E. coli with MIC 760 g ml-1. P. aeruginosa was inhibited by ASL and CACF with MIC 1100 and 1120 g ml-1, respectively. The ASL showed notable MBC against the tested microorganism. Moreover, all extracts were completely inactivated bacterial strains (except B. cereus, S. typhi) within 2-10 h of exposure, determined by time course assay. Conclusion: The outcomes of our study elucidate that standardized extracts of A. comosus, A. squamosa, C. annuum, S. suaveolens, and V. articulatum may be used as natural antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Ananas comosus Merrill, Annona squamosa, Antibacterial, Capsicum annuum cayenne, Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb, Viscum articulatum Burm.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.3}, author = {Mrinmoy Nag and Pulok k Mukherjee and Rajarshi Biswas and Joydeb Chanda and Amit Kar} } @article {136, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Commiphora molmol Oleo-Resin Extracts which Inhibit the growth of Bacterial Triggers of Selected Autoimmune Diseases.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {191-202}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Myrrh has been used traditionally for the inhibition of microbial growth and for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Despite this, myrrh extracts are yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from commercially obtained myrrh resin were analysed for the ability to inhibit the growth of bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis (P. mirabilis), ankylosing spondylitis (K. pneumoniae) and multiple sclerosis (A. baylyi, P. aeruginosa) by disc diffusion assay, and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent inhibitory extract was investigated using non-targeted GC-MS head space analysis (with screening against a compound database) for the identification and characterization of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results:\ Methanolic myrrh extract inhibited the growth of all bacterial species tested. The growth inhibition of this extract was particularly notable against P. mirabilis and K. pneumoniae, with MIC values substantially \< 1000 \μg/mL for both reference and clinical bacterial strains. Indeed, the MIC values of the methanolic extract against P. mirabilis reference and clinical strains were 572 and 463 \μg/mL respectively. The methanolic extract also inhibited the growth of A. baylyi (MIC approximately 3000 \μg/mL) and P. aeruginosa (MIC approximately 1800 \μg/mL). However, the MICs against these bacteria was indicative of only moderate inhibitory activity. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited the growth of all bacterial species, albeit with moderate (MIC values 1000-5000 \μg/mL) to low efficacy (MIC values \>5000 \μg/mL) against all bacterial species. All myrrh extracts were non-toxicin the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially above 1000 \μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace\ analysis of the methanolic extracti dentified a high diversity of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoid. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity of the methanolic myrrh extract against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Commiphora molmol, Monoterpenoid, Multiple sclerosis., Myrrh, rheumatoid arthritis, Sesquiterpenoid, Terpenoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.4}, author = {Isaac Biggs and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {203, title = {GC-MS Analysis of n-hexane Extract of Stem Bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {520-524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {520}, abstract = {

Context: The stem barks of the plant Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (syn. Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq.), Fam. Symplocaceae is extensively used in Indian medicine under the names of Lodhra/Patikalodhra. Mainly it is used to cure uterine complaints, vaginal and menstrual disorders. Aim: To investigate the phytochemicals from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don., using GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Stem bark of S.crataegoides was extracted by Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane. The extract was injected by splitless injection mode into the GC MS 5975 C Agilent equipped with a QP- 5000 (quadrupole) Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometer. Results: Identification of 57 compounds from n-hexane extract. Those compounds were identified by close matches with standard MS spectra and compared with NIST - 11 and WILEY library data. Undecane (7.51\%) was found as major compound followed by Isopropyl myristate, Dodecane, 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene, Octacosane, 2-methyl-decane, 2-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-benzene, 1,2,3,5- tetramethyl-benzene etc., other constituents were found to be in traceable quantities. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis of S. crataegoides revealed certain interesting facts of presentation of various phytoconstituents in the stem bark. The presence of various phytoconstituents contributes to the medicinal activity of the plant.

}, keywords = {GC-MS analysis, n-hexane extract, Patikalodhra, Symplocos Crataegoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.2}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {130, title = {Growth Inhibitory Activity of Kakadu Plum Extracts Against the Opportunistic Pathogenclostridium Perfringens: New Leads in the Prevention and Treatment of Clostridial Myonecrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {144-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, may result in death. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) fruit has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. Fruit extracts have been reported to inhibit the growth of an extensive panel of pathogenic bacteria. Leaf extracts have also been shown to block the growth of several bacterial species associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf solvent extracts were investigated for growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against a clinical strain of Clostridium perfringens. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts, as well as the leaf ethyl acetate extract, displayed growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against C. perfringens. The leaf extracts were generally more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding fruit extracts, although the aqueous fruit extract had substantially greater efficacy than the aqueous leaf extract. The methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 206 and 117 \μg/ml respectively. The fruit methanolic extract also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 716 \μg/ml. In contrast, the chloroform and hexane extracts of both fruit and leaf were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. All T. ferdinandiana extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of galloand ellagi- tannins. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana extracts and the potent growth inhibitory bioactivity of the leaf methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of tannins.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial extracts, Antioxidant, Australian medicinal plants, Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene., Kakadu plum, Myonecrosis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.8}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Ben Matthews and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {139, title = {Pharmaco-Chemical characterization and Acaricidal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Chassalia Curviflora (Wall ex Kurz.) Thwaites.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {215-219}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Introduction: C. curviflora, an important ethno-medicinal plant used by the Kurichia local people in Western Ghats region of Wayanad is yet to be explored pharmacologically. It is used as paste on the body of cattle and birds for curing skin diseases. Objectives: To characterize the pharmacochemical features and to study the acaricidal effect of ethanolic extract of C. curviflora on engorged female ticks of R. (B.) annutatus. Methods: The pharmaco-chemical features such as physico-chemical, proximate, phytochemical, fluorescence, and HPTLC profiling were carried out using standard techniques. The pulverized leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using ethanol. The ethanolic extract at different concentrations (10\% to 1.25\%) was tested against ticks using adult immersion test (AIT). Result: The preliminary phytochemical investigation showed high contents of saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The HPTLC profiling of ethanolic extract showed the presence of 14 polyvalent components. Based on AIT, the extract at 10\% revealed 43.76\% of inhibition of fecundity (IF) and 29.16\% of adult tick mortality. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract has some active compounds that may influence in the reproductive system of female ticks.

}, keywords = {Acaricidal activity, Chassalia curviflora, Fecundity., HPTLC, Pharmaco-chemical, R. (B.) annutatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.6}, author = {Ajeesh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Adarsh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Sanis Juliet and Kumuthakalavalli Renganathan and Ramasubbu Raju and Sunil Athalathil and Reghu Ravindran and Leena Chandrashekar and Suresh Narayanan Nair and Srikanta Ghosh} } @article {199, title = {Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Different Parts of Indian Kesar Mango{\textendash}A unique variety from Saurashtra Region of Gujarat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {502-506}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {502}, abstract = {

The aim of the present study was to evaluate physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of different parts (ripe seed, unripe seed, ripe peel, unripe peel and stem) of Indian mango (var. \‘Kesar\’) collected from Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The physiochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value and extractive values were carried out. The phytochemical properties such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatanins, triterpenes, steroids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were also carried out. In phytochemical analysis, tannins showed maximum amounts in all five parts. The present study provides the details physicochemical and phytochemical properties of different parts of kesar mango which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopeia parameters.

}, keywords = {Kesar Mango, Physicochemical parameters, Phytochemical analysis, Ripe and Unripe Peel, Ripe and Unripe Seeds, Stem.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.16}, author = {Kalpna Rakholiya and Mital Kaneria and Sumitra Chanda} } @article {150, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts and Inhibition of Giardia duodenalis Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {291-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {291}, abstract = {

Background: Giardiasis is a debilitating disease caused by gastrointestinal parasites of the genus Giardia. Tasmannia lanceolata (Tasmanian pepper berry) has a high anti-oxidant capacity and has documented therapeutic properties for a variety of pathogenic diseases. Materials and methods: Solvent extracts of T. lanceolata berry and leaf were investigated for the ability to block G. duodenalis growth. The IC50 values of the extracts which displayed inhibitory activity were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory activity. The methanolic extracts were the most potent growth inhibitors with IC50 values of approximately 180 \µg/ml and 420 \µg/ml for the berry and leaf methanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited G. duodenalis growth, albeit with lower potency. HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy analysis of the extracts identified 45 compounds which were present in all T. lanceolata berry extracts. Forty of these were putatively identified by screening against 3 compound databases. All T. lanceolata berry and leafextracts were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory bioactivity indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of this disease.

}, keywords = {Alternative therapies, Anti-Giardial activity, Anti-oxidant, Complementary, Gastrointestinal parasite, Giardisis, Tasmanian pepper.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.19}, author = {Paran Rayan and Ben Matthews and Pauline Mc Donnell and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {216, title = {Revelation of β-sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Liquid Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {610-613}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Background: Fruit juice of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Vrindamadhava that is recommended for internal use in snake\’s bites. The fruits have been reported to contain good amount of proteins, enzymes, Vitamin B1 and C1 flavonoid C-glycoside, terpenes, phenolic acids and free sugars such as glucose, rhamnose, mannitol, uronic acid, astilbin, catechin, naringenin, pectic polysaccharides and even some trace metals. Polyalthia longifolia (PL) has been well known for its ayurvedic preparations such as Sitaphala kula, Kaphapitashama, Anulomak and Krimighna. PL leaves has been reported to contain phytoconstituents like polylongine, Aporphine-Noxide alkaloids, allo-aromadendrene, caryophyllene oxide, \β-caryophyllene, \β-selinene, \α-humulene, \α-pinene and camphene. Carissa congesta (CC), known as Bengal currant, have yielded 2-acetyl phenol, carissone, carindone and Des-n-methylnoracronycine. \β-sitosterol, an important phytoconstituent recognized from all these selected plants has been well known for its ethnopharmacological importance. In this new study, the research team members has focused on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves by subjecting the extract to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Materials and Methods: BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by suitable extraction methods. In HPLC, peaks obtained in the extracts were compared with the standard by matching their retention time. Results: The amounts of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts obtained at 254 nm were found to be 36.00, 7.46 and 3.21\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: Thus, BH, PL and CC extracts were said to contain \β-sitosterol as a key constituent.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.15}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {147, title = {Study of Quality Assurance For Peumus Boldus M Products By Botanic Profiling, Extraction Optimization, HPLC Quantification And Antioxidant Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {264-272}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {264}, abstract = {

Introduction: The boldo leaf has several traditional folk medicinal uses, such as for gallbladder, hepatic problems, digestive disorders, rheumatism and others. In the work reported herein, botanic profiling, extraction optimization by Soxhlet, quantification of boldine by an easy/simple to run HPLC method and antioxidant assay are proposed for the quality assurance of boldo dried leaves, standardized extracts, dried extracts, tablets and capsules. Materials and Methods; In this present work we are studying a systematic approach in the quality assurance study of quality assurance for Peumus boldus M products by the ascertainment of pharmacobotanic parameters for boldo identification, investigation of the extraction parameters by Soxhlet method, development and validation of an easy/simple to run HPLC method to quantify boldine in the raw drug, extracts, commercial tablets, capsules and coated tablets, and antioxidant assay. Results: The plant material was submitted to a pharmacognostic evaluation through morpho-anatomical diagnosis, showing that starlike trichomes can be used for boldo authentication. The HPLC validated analytical method is reliable, accurate and precise for boldine quantification. Furthermore, the Soxhlet extraction conditions were optimized. Conclusion: The methods proposed in this paper can be used for the quality assurance of boldo dried leaves, standardized extracts, dried extracts, tablets and capsules.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Boldine, Peumus boldus, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Quantitation.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.16}, author = {Cristiane Cardoso Correia Teixeira and Tatiana Pereira de Freitas Cabral and Jo{\~a}o Paulo Barreto de Sousa and Simone de P{\'a}dua Teixeira and Jairo Kenupp Bastos and Luis Alexandre Pedro de Freitas} } @article {174, title = {Study on Inflammation and the Nervous system of Ethanol extract of Jatropha Curcas seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {335-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jatropha curcas L. seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases or conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects on inflammation and the nervous system of ethanol extract of J. curcas seeds. Materials and methods: It was used 64 mice divided in 8 groups; respectively, 4 groups received 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of ethanol extract of J. curcas seed; and the rest intake Diclofenac, Diazepam, Caffeine and a control group not received any substance. The effects on inflammation was evaluated by Carrageenan-Induced paw oedema test and by Paw skin temperature. Neurological symptoms of toxicity were evaluated using the Irwin test. For the analysis of quantitative variables were used the following tests: one-way ANOVA, Tukey, Shapiro-Wilk and Pearson correlation; for qualitative variables Chi square was used. Results: According to the paw oedema, it was showed a trend on an inflammatory effect of the seeds of J. curcas; this activity was statistically significant in doses of 1000 mg/kg. Also, the skin temperature measurements outcomes reveal a positive dose response manner. Regard to neurological manifestations, Straub tail was founded in doses of 400 mg/kg. Stereotypies were founded in doses of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg throughout the evaluation. Conclusion: J. curcas seeds were showed an inflammatory effect. In addition, effects on the nervous system were founded as stereotypes and Straub tail.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Inflammation, Jatropha curcas, Nervous System., Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.5}, author = {Zambrano-Huailla Alexander and Zambrano-Huailla Rommel and Goicochea-Lugo Sergio and Zavala-Flores Ernesto and Garc{\'\i}a-Berrocal Jorge and Chau-Saravia Angel and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {148, title = {The Therapeutic Properties of Juniperus Communis L.: Antioxidant Capacity, Bacterial growth Inhibition, Anticancer Activity and Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {273-280}, type = {Orginal Article}, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: J. Communi sberry is a high antioxidant fruit which is used in several traditional medicinal systems to treat a variety of diseases including rheumatism, arthritis and gout.This study was undertaken to examine the inhibitory activity of J. communis berry extracts on the growth of several bacteria associated with autoimmune inflammatory disease, and to test their ability to block CaCo2 and HeLa cancer cell proliferation. Methods: J. Communis solvent extracts were preparedusing solvents of varying polarity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of a panel of pathogenic bacteria associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Inhibitory activity against CaCo2 and HeLa human carcinoma cell lines was evaluated using an MTS colorimetric cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The methanol, water and ethyl acetate J. communis berry extracts displayed moderate to potent growth inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The methanol and water extracts displayed the broadest specificity, inhibiting the growth of all bacteria tested. The ethyl acetate extract also displayed antibacterial activity, inhibiting the growth of 9 of the 13 bacterial strains (69\%). The ethyl acetate extract displayed the greatest potency, with MIC values substantially below 2000 \µg/mL for all bacteria which it inhibited. It was most effective at inhibiting the growth of P. mirabilis, P. vulgaris and S. aureus, each with MIC\’s \≤ 500 \µg/mL. The methanol and water extracts also proved effective at blocking the proliferation of the colorectal cancer cell line CaCo2 and HeLa cervical cancer cell growth, with IC50 values in the 1300-2500 \µg/mL range. All extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia nauplii bioassay. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity of the J. Communis berry extracts and their potent growth inhibitory bioactivity against bacteria and HeLa and CaCo2 carcinoma cells indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of selected autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anti-bacterial activity, Antioxidant., Artemia, Autoimmune inflammatory disease, CaCo2, HeLa, Juniper berry, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.17}, author = {Alejandra Fernandez and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {84, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Tinctures from Tree leaves belonging to the Bignoniaceae family and their Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {400-405}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Context: Some species of Bignoniaceae are widely used in medicinal practice by the natives of South America. Aims: Tinctures and infusions from twelve tree species of this family were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The effect of interactions between the four most active extracts and conventional antibiotics was also evaluated. Methods and Material: Bioautography and disc diffusion methods were used to select the most active extracts, then agar macrodilution and broth microdilution method were used to determine the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC). Time-kill assay and checkerboard method were employed to determine the type of antimicrobial effect and synergism, respectively. Results: It could be determined that tinctures from Catalpa bignonioides, Handroanthus pulcherrimus, Tabebuia nodosa and Tecoma stans were able to inhibit bacterial growth. The MIC and MBC observed were between 125-1000 \μg GAE/ ml and 500-1000 \μg GAE/ml, respectively. The tested extracts were more effective against Gram-positive microorganisms. Time-kill experiments indicated bacteriostatic activity. Phytochemical screening showed terpenoids, phenols and flavonoids. Alkaloids were detected only in Tecoma stans. Among these combinations, the best was Tabebuia nodosa extract plus gentamicin. In most cases, MIC values were reduced 16-32 times for antibiotics, and even 8-16 times for extracts. Conclusion: These results revealed that some of the selected combinations could efficiently inhibit the growth of tested strains at lower concentrations than those required for the lonely use of the antimicrobial. These extracts would improve the efficacy of antibiotics against resistant bacteria, hence they could be used for anti-infective therapy.

}, keywords = {Checkerboard method, Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), Gentamicin, Tabebuia nodosa, Time-kill experiments.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.15}, author = {Torres Carola Anal{\'\i}a and Nu{\~n}ez Mar{\'\i}a Beatriz and Isla Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Castro Marcela Paola and Gonzalez Ana Mar{\'\i}a and Zampini Iris Catiana} } @article {1457, title = {Antioxidant and metal chelating activities of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl peel, pulp and aerial parts in relation to their total phenol and flavonoid content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {64-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid content of different parts (peel, pulp and aerial parts) of Lagenaria siceraria. Method: Successive extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of different polarity viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, water. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s reagent method and flavonoid was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antioxidant assays evaluated were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, 2, 2\’-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Results: L. siceraria peel possessed maximum phenol and flavonoid content in acetone and toluene extracts respectively. FRAP was maximum in acetone extract of peel. The peel extract demonstrated stronger DPPH activity with IC50 value of 111 \μg/ml followed by pulp extract. The same extract was effective in scavenging ABTS radical with an IC50 value of 39 \μg/ml while other parts were ineffective. Conclusion: This work demonstrated good antioxidant activity of L. siceraria vegetable cultivated in India and recommends that the peel of this vegetable may be of interest from a functional point of view as a major source of natural antioxidant.

Key words:Lagenaria siceraria, antioxidant activity, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, total phenol.

}, keywords = {ABTS, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, Lagenaria siceraria, total phenol.}, author = {Sumitra Chanda and Pooja Moteriya and Hemali Padaliya and Tejas Rathod and Yogesh Baravalia} } @article {39, title = {Antioxidant and metal chelating activities of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl peel, pulp and aerial parts in relation to their total phenol and flavonoid content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {64-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid content of different parts (peel, pulp and aerial parts) of Lagenaria siceraria. Method: Successive extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of different polarity viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, water. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s reagent method and flavonoid was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antioxidant assays evaluated were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, 2, 2\’-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Results: L. siceraria peel possessed maximum phenol and flavonoid content in acetone and toluene extracts respectively. FRAP was maximum in acetone extract of peel. The peel extract demonstrated stronger DPPH activity with IC50 value of 111 \μg/ml followed by pulp extract. The same extract was effective in scavenging ABTS radical with an IC50 value of 39 \μg/ml while other parts were ineffective. Conclusion: This work demonstrated good antioxidant activity of L. siceraria vegetable cultivated in India and recommends that the peel of this vegetable may be of interest from a functional point of view as a major source of natural antioxidant.

}, keywords = {ABTS, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, Lagenaria siceraria, total phenol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.8}, author = {Sumitra Chanda and Pooja Moteriya and Hemali Padaliya and Tejas Rathod and Yogesh Baravalia} } @article {85, title = {Assessment of Acute and Subacute Toxicity of the Total Dichloromethane-Ethanol Extract of Morinda morindoides (Baker) Milne-Redh (ETDE) on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {372-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Context: ETDE shown good antihypertensive and antioxidant activities in rats made hypertensive. This present study aims to assess its toxicity. Aims: This study was designed to study the toxicity of dichloromethaneethanol extract of Morinda morindoides. Settings and Design: Toxicological activity in vivo. Methods and Material: Alkaloids were characterized from reagents of Bouchardat, flavonoids by reacting the cyanidrine, tannins by the reagent Stiasny, polyphenols by reacting ferric chloride, quinones by the reagent Bornstra\ëgen, sterols and polyterpenes by the reaction of Libermann and saponins by observing the foam after agitation of the extract. Acute and subacute toxicity were studied using respectively 423 and 407 OECD guidelines for testing of chemicals. Statistical analysis used: The graphical representation of the data was performed using the Graph Pad Prism 5.0. The mean value is accompanied by the standard error of the mean (Mean \± SEM). The difference between the two values is considered significant when P\<0.001. Statistical analysis of results was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence in the ETDE of polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols and polyterpenes. The toxicological study shows that ETDE has a LD50 between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw therefore classified in the hazard category 5. The administration of ETDE at repeated dose for 28 days did not significantly affect the weight gain, hematological and biochemical parameters of rats. Conclusion: ETDE toxicity is relatively low with LD50 between 2000 and 5000 mg/kg bw. It does not cause damage to the heart, liver and kidney. ETDE can be used without risk of intoxication.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Damage, Morinda morindoides, Subacute toxicity, Weight gain.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.10}, author = {Boga Gogo Lucien and Bahi Calixte and Yapi Houphou{\"e}t F{\'e}lix and N{\textquoteright}Guessan Jean David}, editor = {Konkon N{\textquoteright}Dri Gilles} } @article {81, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Biological evaluation between five Chlorophytum species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {317-325}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {317}, abstract = {

Objective: To establish comparative pharmacognostic, phytochemical and biological evaluation parameters between five Chlorophytum species i.e. Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau and Fernades, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq., Chlorophytum tuberosum Br., Chlorophytum laxum R. Br. and Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker, of very popular Ayurvedic plant Safed Musali. Materials and methods: Comparative evaluations of Macro and microscopical, physico-chemical parameters of tubers of all five species were investigated and preliminary phytochemical analysis, estimation of major phytochemicals and TLC profiles were also carried out for qualitative phytochemical evaluation. In-vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity was carried out for extract of tubers of all five species. Results: Macro, micro, powder microscopical parameters of tubers of five species were examined and recorded the result. Tubers of all the five species are distinct in their morphology as well as anatomical characters. Physicochemical characters (Ash values, Loss on drying (LOD), swelling index and foaming index) as well as total saponin content shows great variability among five species. Results of In-vitro antioxidant by DPPH method shows difference in antioxidant potential between tubers of all five species. Extract of tubers of all five species do not show any type of In-vitro anticancer activity by SRB method against HL 60 leukemia cell line. Conclusion: All of the evaluated parameters are very good pharmacognostic standards for future comparative identification and authentication of specific species because all five species shows morphological, anatomical, chemical differences as well as varies in antioxidant potential.

}, keywords = {Arundinaceum, Borivilianum, Chlorophytum Comosum, DPPH, HL-60, Laxum, SRB, Tuberosum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.12}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Neha Brijmohan Jajoo and Kailaspati Prabhakar Chittam and Tushar Atmaram Deshmukh} } @article {1472, title = {Comparative pharmacognostic, phytochemical and biological evaluation between five Chlorophytum species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {16th Jan, 2015}, pages = {147-156}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {147}, abstract = {

Five species, Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau and Fernades, Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacq., Chlorophytum tuberosum Br., Chlorophytum laxum R. Br. and C. arundinaceum, of very popular Ayurvedic plant Safed Musali are collected and comparatively evaluated for morphological, microscopical, physicochemical and biological parameters.

Key words: Chlorophytum, borivilianum, comosum, tuberosum, laxum, arundinaceum, DPPH, SRB, HL-60.

}, keywords = {Arundinaceum, Borivilianum, Chlorophytum, comosum, DPPH, HL-60., Laxum, SRB, tuberosum}, author = {Sharada. L. Deore and Neha B. Jajoo and Kailaspati P.A Chittam and T.A.Deshmukh} } @article {1451, title = {Elucidation of β -sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {221-227}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Fruits of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Valliphala due to its vast plethora of medicinal properties, Carissa congesta (CC) is an imperative local plant particularly in rural communities and Polyalthia longifolia (PL) is an ornamentally significant traditionally relevance plant in India system. \β-sitosterol, an active constituent identified from enormous plants has been reported to possess excellent amount of pharmacotherapeutic potential by number of researchers. Objective: In the recent studies, the research team focuses on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots petroleum ether extracts as well as PL leaves ethanolic extract by chromatographic technique in harmony with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Materials and Methods: Respective parts of BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by appropriate extraction methods followed by identification of \β-sitosterol from the extracts by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography after preliminary phytochemical screening extracts for the constituents. Results: The amount of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts was found to be 23.00, 5.94 and 1.81 \% w/w respectively. Research studies elucidated a peak that coincided with standard peak of \β-sitosterol suggesting the presence of constituent in the extracts. Conclusion: Thus, extracts contains important constituent of \β-sitosterol in BH, CC and PL.

Key words:Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, \β-sitosterol.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol.}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {54, title = {Elucidation of β-sitosterol from Benincasa hispida Seeds, Carissa congesta Roots and Polyalthia longifolia Leaves by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {221-227}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Fruits of Benincasa hispida (BH) is regarded as Valliphala due to its vast plethora of medicinal properties, Carissa congesta (CC) is an imperative local plant particularly in rural communities and Polyalthia longifolia (PL) is an ornamentally significant traditionally relevance plant in India system. \β-sitosterol, an active constituent identified from enormous plants has been reported to possess excellent amount of pharmacotherapeutic potential by number of researchers. Objective: In the recent studies, the research team focuses on determining the percentage of the \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots petroleum ether extracts as well as PL leaves ethanolic extract by chromatographic technique in harmony with High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography. Materials and Methods: Respective parts of BH, CC and PL plants were shade-dried and extracted by appropriate extraction methods followed by identification of \β-sitosterol from the extracts by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography after preliminary phytochemical screening extracts for the constituents. Results: The amount of \β-sitosterol present in the BH seeds, CC roots and PL leaves extracts was found to be 23.00, 5.94 and 1.81 \% w/w respectively. Research studies elucidated a peak that coincided with standard peak of \β-sitosterol suggesting the presence of constituent in the extracts. Conclusion: Thus, extracts contains important constituent of \β-sitosterol in BH, CC and PL.

}, keywords = {Benincasa hispida, Carissa congesta, HPTLC, Polyalthia longifolia, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.3}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Pratip Kashinath Chaskar and Hemant Devidas Une} } @article {1478, title = {Flavonoids from Eupatorium illitum and Their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts from Eupatorium illitum, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of Eupatorium illitum afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of selected isolates were evaluated. Results: The flavonoids Kumatakenin (1), Ermanin (2), 7-methoxy-aromadendrin (3) and Naringenin (4), together with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on the human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), and T-47D (breast) presenting a wide range of bioactivities. In general, best results were observed for 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are reported for first time from Eupatorium illitum. Isolated phytochemicals show moderate to low antiproliferative activities when evaluated on the aforementioned human cancer cell lines.

Key words: Eupatorium illitum, Ermanin, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Kumatakenin, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Naringenin.

}, keywords = {4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Ermanin, Eupatorium illitum, Kumatakenin, Naringenin.}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jorge Triana and Jos{\'e} L Eiroa and Jos{\'e} M Padr{\'o}n and Gabriela B Plata and Ernesto V Abel-Santos and Luis A. B{\'a}ez and Diana C Rodr{\'\i}guez and Marco A Jim{\'e}nez and Mar{\'\i}a F P{\'e}rez-Pujols} } @article {51, title = {Flavonoids from Eupatorium illitum and Their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts from Eupatorium illitum, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of Eupatorium illitum afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of selected isolates were evaluated. Results: The flavonoids Kumatakenin (1), Ermanin (2), 7-methoxy-aromadendrin (3) and Naringenin (4), together with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on the human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), and T-47D (breast) presenting a wide range of bioactivities. In general, best results were observed for 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are reported for first time from Eupatorium illitum. Isolated phytochemicals show moderate to low antiproliferative activities when evaluated on the aforementioned human cancer cell lines.

}, keywords = {4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Ermanin, Eupatorium illitum, Kumatakenin, Naringenin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.6}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jorge Triana and Jos{\'e} L Eiroa and Jos{\'e} M Padr{\'o}n and Gabriela B Plata and Ernesto V Abel-Santos and Luis A. B{\'a}ez and Diana C Rodr{\'\i}guez and Marco A Jim{\'e}nez and Mar{\'\i}a F P{\'e}rez-Pujols} } @article {1438, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Livplus- A polyherbal formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {4-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Nill

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.}, author = {Rajesh A Maheshwari, and Bhagyashree Pandya and R. Balaraman, Avinash K Seth and Yogesh Chand and Yadav and Vasa Siva Sankar} } @article {88, title = {Inhibition of Bacillus anthracis growth by Australian native plants used traditionally as antibacterial medicines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {389-396}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {389}, abstract = {

Introduction: Anthrax is a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It is often fatal if left untreated. Many Australian plants have documented therapeutic properties as general antiseptics, inhibiting the growth of a wide variety of bacterial species. This study examines the ability of selected Australian plant extracts to inhibit B. anthracis growth. Methods: Solvent extracts were prepared using plants with documented ethnobotanical usage to treat bacterial infections, or published antibacterial activity. The extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay for the ability to inhibit the growth of an environmental strain of B. anthracis. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: Methanolic and aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus baileyana and Eucalyptus major displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against B. anthracis. The methanolic extracts were particularly potent with MIC values as low as 290 \μg/mL (E. major methanolic extract). Tasmannia insipidia and Tasmannia stipitata extracts also inhibited B. anthracis growth, albeit with low efficacy. The E. baileyana and E. major methanolic leaf extracts as well as the E. baileyana aqueous leaf extract induced significant mortality in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \<1000 \μg/mL, indicating the toxicity of these extracts. Conclusion: The potent inhibitory bioactivity of the E. baileyana and E. major extracts against B. anthracis demonstrate their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of anthrax. However, their toxicity indicates that their use may be limited to the treatment of the cutaneous form of the disease, or for sterilisation of infected sites.

}, keywords = {Anthrax, Antibacterial activity, Bacillus anthracis, Eucalyptus, Scaevola spinescens, Tasmannia stipitata, Traditional medicine., Zoonotic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.13}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {36, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ingeneral, members of Cucurbitaceae are well exploited for their medicinal, economic and culinary values, however few of them are less exploited. The present study deals with pharamcognostical evaluation of one such plant namely Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.called as Appakovai in Tamil. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluations were carried out by organoleptic evaluation, anatomical studies and powder microscopy of leaves, roots and root tubers. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the characteristic white tubers, as storage organs, leaves exhibited a foetidodour when crushed. Anatomy of leaves showed lithocysts and anomocytic stomata, root showed the presence of fissured periderm and cleaved vascular bundles and that of root tubers showed 3 or 4 exarch xylem. Powder microscopy of root tubers showed narrow and wide fibers; long, narrow and drum shaped vessels and scattered sclereids. Conclusion: The present Pharmacognostic and Powder microscopic studiesreveals that, the characteristic features of this plantparts resembles, the other members of cucurbitaceae.

}, keywords = {Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.6}, author = {Kavitha R and Chittibabu CV and Subha TS} } @article {1460, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ingeneral, members of Cucurbitaceae are well exploited for their medicinal, economic and culinary values,however few of them are less exploited.The present study deals with pharamcognostical evaluation ofone such plant namely Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.called as Appakovai in Tamil. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluationswere carried out by organoleptic evaluation, anatomical studies and powder microscopy of leaves, roots and root tubers. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the characteristic white tubers, as storage organs, leaves exhibited a foetid odour when crushed. Anatomy of leaves showed lithocysts and anomocytic stomata,root showed the presence of fissured periderm and cleaved vascular bundlesand that of root tubers showed 3 or 4 exarch xylem. Powder microscopy of root tubers showed narrow and wide fibers; long, narrow and drum shaped vessels and scattered sclereids. Conclusion: The present Pharmacognostic and Powder microscopic studiesreveals that, the characteristic features of this plantparts resembles, the other members of cucurbitaceae.

Key words:Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.

}, keywords = {Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, author = {Kavitha R and Chittibabu CV and Subha TS} } @article {90, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardisation and HPTLC Quantification of Gallic acid in Homonoia riparia Lour}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {383-388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Background: Homonoia riparia Lour. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine used in the treatment of various medical conditions like urolithiasis, renal problems, and inflammation. This is the first report on the pharmacognostical standardisation and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical standardisation parameters of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Materials and Methods: The plant was studied for the morpho-anatomical characters, standardisation parameters such as ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index according to Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines. Phytochemical analysis was also performed by standard methods. Quantification of gallic acid in Homonoia riparia was carried out using HPTLC technique. Results: The detailed microscopy of root revealed the presence of cork, cork cambium, pericyclic fibres, thick walled parenchyma and starch granules. The distinguishing characters of stem are presence of sclereids, xylem, phloem, fibres. Leaf microscopy showed the presence of anomocytic stomata, bicollateral vascular bundles ensheathed by fibres. Rosette crystals are present in all the parts of the plant. Starch grains are abundantly present in root and stem but absent in leaves. Various physicochemical parameters were also determined. Phytochemical screening of the extract and HPTLC quantification of gallic acid was also performed. Conclusion: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the whole plant of Homonoia riparia which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters

}, keywords = {Fluorescence analysis, Gallic acid, Homonoia riparia, Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical parameters.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.12}, author = {Seena Kanniparambil Xavier and Raviraj Anand Devkar and Shilpee Chaudhary and Chandrashekara Shastry Shreedhara and Manganahalli Manjunath Setty} } @article {87, title = {Quantitative Determination and Variation Tendencies of Flavonoids in Five Selaginella Plant Drugs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {378-382}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {378}, keywords = {Amentoflavone content, HPLC, Selaginella, Total flavonoids content, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Variation tendencies}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.11}, author = {Weifang Long and Qi Ding and Yujie Chen and Jiqing Hu and Luyang Li and Fei Zhang and Dingrong Wan} } @article {1464, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia(both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Key words: Terminalia ferdinandiana, rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae , Acinetobacter baylyi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, author = {R. Courtney and J. Sirdaarta and Matthews B and I.E. Cock} } @article {30, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies.Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia (both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.2}, author = {R Courtney and J Sirdaarta and B Matthews and I E Cock} } @article {1553, title = {Antistaphylococcal Activity of Xanthium cavanillesii Lactones}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, pages = {39-42}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objective: The genus Xanthium L., of the Asteraceae Dum. family, (tribe Heliantheae) comprises 30 species of cosmopolitan distribution, many of which, as X. spinosum and X. strumarium are used as medicinal plants. This genus has been the object of numerous phytochemical investigations being sesquiterpene lactones with guaiane or secoguaiane frameworks the main secondary metabolites. Several sesquiterpene lactones have been demonstrated to have antimicrobial activity, in particular against Gram+ bacteria and in Uruguay the infusion of Xanthium cavanillesii Show (common name \“Abrojo\” or \“Abrojo grande\”) which grows wild, is used as antiseptic in popular medicine. In this work we present the results of the antibacterial analysis of several extracts, fractions and pure compounds from X. cavanillesii against both sensitive and resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and Methods: Compounds were isolated from X. cavanillesii aerial parts by several chromatographic and spectroscopic methods antimicrobial analysis were performed according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) found were high for the sensitive 6538p strain when compared with common antibiotics. For the resistant strains, the pure compounds activity clearly outperformed the antibiotics, especially in the case of the multiresistant 700,699 strain with MICs of 31, 236 and 356 \μg/mL for the Xanthium compounds, gentamicin and oxacillin respectively.

Key words: Antimicrobial, abrojo, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sesquiterpene lactones

}, keywords = {abrojo, Antimicrobial, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, sesquiterpene lactones}, author = {Cristina Olivaro and Nicole Paris and M. P{\'\i}a Cerdeiras and Alvaro V{\'a}zquez} } @article {1485, title = {Aqueous Methanolic Bark Extract of Oroxylum indicum Inhibited Testosterone induced Prostate Hyperplasia in Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {79-85}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Oroxylum indicum is a frequently reported traditional medicinal plant known to possess antiproliferative and antitumor activity. The present study investigated the effect of crude methanolic bark extract of Oroxylum indicum on testosterone induced benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in rat. Adult male rats were given either corn oil or testosterone dissolved in corn oil and testosterone with aqueous methanolic bark extracts of Oroxylum indicum (10, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. The inhibitory effect of Oroxylum indicum on testosterone induced hyperplasia was evaluated by prostatic index and histopathological examination. Serum marker of liver injury (alanine aminotransferase, ALT and aspartate aminotransferase, AST) and liver histopathological examination were also conducted. Compared with testosterone induced BPH model group, Oroxylum indicum extract treated groups exhibited significant reduction in the prostatic index. Oroxylum indicum treated group also exhibited reduced hyperplasia of prostatic epithelium likewise finasteride treated group. Aqueous methanolic extract of Oroxylum indicum significantly inhibited testosterone induced prostate hyperplasia thus indicated the presence of efficient ingredients which can be used for the treatment of BPH.

Key words: Benign Prostate Hyperplasia, Oroxylum indicum, Testosterone, Finasteride, Rat.

}, keywords = {Benign Prostate Hyperplasia, Finasteride, Oroxylum indicum, Rat, Testosterone}, author = {Manuj Kr Bharali, and Luk Bahadur Chetry} } @article {1509, title = {Development and Antifungal Evaluation of Cinnamaldehyde Containing Silver Nanoparticles against Candida albicans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {63-65}, type = {Letter To The Editor}, abstract = {

NA

}, keywords = {Letter to the Editor}, author = {Sharada L. Deore and Sharad Chaudhari and Bhushan A. Baviskar and Somshekhar S. Khadabadi} } @article {1512, title = {Immunomodulatory Effect of Water Soluble Polysaccharides Isolated from Metroxylon sagu in Animal Models of Immunosuppression}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {55-62}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of water soluble polysaccharides isolated from Metroxylon sagu (PSMS) by dilute acid extraction, ethanol precipitation in rats by using three different in-vivo experimental models of immunosuppression. Methodology: Three models of immunosuppression include metronidazole (MTZ) induced immunosuppression, pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and Ethanol-induced immunosuppression. Immunological indices like humoral antibody titer values, cellular immune response, percent change in phagocytosis, serum immunoglobulins were estimated. Histopathology of spleen was done in all control and treated groups. The doses of 500 and 250 mg/kg of PSMS were administered orally to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity. Results: Though PSMS was demonstrated to have immunostimulatory activity in almost all three models of immunosuppression, PSMS was found to be more effi cacious against ethanol-induced immunosuppression when compared with pyrogallol induced immunosuppression and MTZ induced immunosuppression. However, dose-dependent improvement in immunological indices was evident in all three models. Conclusion: In summary, water soluble polysaccharides isolated from M. sagu stimulate the immunity in the animal models of immunosuppression.

Key words: Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, oxidative stress, polysaccharides.

}, keywords = {Immunomodulation, immunosuppression, Metroxylon sagu, Oxidative stress, Polysaccharides}, author = {Sireesha Pulla and Nagarjuna Sannithi and Siva Reddy Challa} } @article {1521, title = {The In-Vitro Toxic Effect of The Glycoalkaloids for Some Solanum Species Against The LIM-1863 Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {23-31}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Background The LIM-1863 Cell Line is one of the colon cancer types considered to be responsible for a high rate of deaths, and the glycoalkaloids being natural substances existing in the Solanum species have anticancer effects. Objective This research aims at studying the effect of the glycoalkaloids on viability of the LIM-1863 cancerous cells in-vitro. Materials and Methods The glycoalkaloids in this study are extracted by the ultrasonic waves technique and detecting them by the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) in addition to incubating of the LIM-1863 cells with different concentrations of the glycoalkaloids for 48 hours and then assessing of the cell viability using the MTT assay. Results The findings showed that the glycoalkaloids have a toxic effect on the LIM-1863 cells and that half of the inhibiting concentration (IC50) of the Solanum fruits extract: (Solanum nigrum L.), (Solanum villosum Mill.) and (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) on the LIM-1863 cells have the (164.7, 35.91 and 12.14 \μg/ml) values successively. Conclusion The observations indicated that the glycoalkaloids are able to inhibit the colon cancer cell proliferation.

Key words:Solanum, Glycoalkaloids, TLC, LIM-1863, Viability, MTT.

}, keywords = {Glycoalkaloids, LIM-1863, MTT, Solanum, Viability}, author = {Ahmad Sammani and Esam Shammaa and Fawaz Chehna and Abdulkader Rahmo} } @article {1522, title = {Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi in the medicinal plant Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {10-15}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

The Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant used to treat respiratory tract diseases.It is produced on a large scale for phytotherapic formulation. No studies on the endophytes of Mikania laevigata have been described in the literature. The endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of M. laevigata cultivated in a floral garden located in the south region of the Bahia state, Brazil, were investigated. After surface disinfection, the performing the isolation procedure, a total of forty endophytic fungi were obtained and grouped into different morphospecies. The fungi were characterized by molecular sequencing the ITS rDNA regions, and they were identified by comparing the results published Gen Bank sequences.The phylogenetic analyses revealed four major clades of fungi from the sequenced ITS-rDNA regions: Nodulisporium sp. (3 isolates), Hypoxylon sp.(3 isolates), Daldinia sp. (1isolate) and Xylaria luteo stromata (aunique isolate).The Xylariaceae Genus was the dominant group of fungi associated with Mikania laevigata.

Key words:Mikania laevigata, Asteraceae, Xylariaceae, Endophytic fungi.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Endophytic fungi, Mikania laevigata, Xylariaceae}, author = {Fernanda P.C. Ribeiro and H{\'e}lio M Kamida and Paulo R.M. Almeida and Ana P.T. Uetanabaro and Larissa C.B. Costa and Alexsandro Branco} } @article {1523, title = {Isolation of Phytochemicals From Anticancer Active Extracts of Syzygium alternifolium Walp. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {83-85}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to isolate the phyto molecules from the leaf of endemic medicinal pant, Syzygium alternifolium. The phytochemical investigation of the leaf of the plant yielded a flavonoid Eucalyptin 1 and a triterpinoid Epibetulinic acid 2 in pure state. Results: The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 \µg/ml) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2. Conclusion: The hexane extract of leaves of S. alternifolium yielded compounds 1 and 2 and the structure elucidation, based on spectroscopy, revealed them as Eucalyptin and Epibetulinic acid respectively. The compound 1 is being reported for the first time from this plant. The anti-cancer activity showed leaf hexane extract (IC50 values 8.177 and 2.687 mg/mL) was significantly active, when compared to extracts and compounds, against human cancer cell lines MCF-7 and DU-145. Also, hexane extract potentially inhibited the growth of DU-145 cell lines when compared with the reference compound doxorubicin. Amongst the isolated compounds, 1 was better cytotoxic than 2.

Key Words: Syzygium alternifolium, Myrtaceae, Eucalyptin, Epibetulinic acid, anticancer activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Epibetulinic acid, Eucalyptin, Myrtaceae, Syzygium alternifolium}, author = {B. Komuraiah and Srinivas Chinde and A. Niranjana Kumar and K.V.N. Satya Srinivas and Ch. Venu and J. Kotesh Kumar and K.P. Sastry and Paramjit Grover} } @article {1504, title = {Pharmacognostic study and physicochemical analysis of leaves of Terminalia arjuna}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of present study was to carry out Pharmacognostic and physicochemical analysis of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt. and Arn. (family;Combretaceae) leaf. Method: The present study deals with pharmacognostic characters as identification parameters of the leaves which were subjected to macro and microscopic studies. Phyto- physicochemical studies were done by using WHO recommended parameters and fluorescent behaviour of the leaf sample was also tested. Results: The microscopy study revealed the presence of anomocytic stomata, trichome, xylem fibres, calcium oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. Macroscopic study show alternate thick-coriaceous base obtuse-subcordate while margin was crenate-serrate, obtuse or sub acute at apex. Physiochemical parameters such as ash values, loss on drying, extractive values, fluorescence analysis were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Conclusions: The microscopic and physiochemical analysis of the T. arjuna leaf is useful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

Key words: Terminalia arjuna, pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical, leaf

}, keywords = {Leaf, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Terminalia arjuna.}, author = {Dishant Desai and Sumitra Chanda} } @article {1533, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Stem Bark of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {21-Aug,2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed for Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies of stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb belonging to the family Simarubaceae. The pharmacognostic investigation was carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic parameters. The extract obtained after successive Soxhlet extraction of dried and coarsely powdered stem bark using Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, phytosterols and triterpenenoids. The present investigation reflects the structural identity and chemical nature of the crude drug which could be useful in laying down pharmacopoeial standards as standardization is an important aspect in assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.

Key words:Ailanthus excelsa roxb , pharmacognostic, phytochemical, structural identity

}, keywords = {Ailanthus excelsa roxb, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, structural identity.}, author = {Vaibhav Srivastava and Subodh Dubey and Varun Chaddha and Gaurav Goyanar} }