@article {2538, title = {Acute Toxicity Study of the Crude Aqueous Extract of Tribulus terrestris Dried Fruit with Potential Diuretic Effect}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {566-576}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {566}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tribulus terrestris is an important medicinal plant used in Indian traditional medicine, the crude aqueous extract of the plant is primarily used to induce diuresis for treating cardiovascular diseases and managing renal stones, etc... The safe dose and adverse effect profile of the extract was not explored adequately in preclinical studies. Hence, the present study was undertaken. Methods: The acute toxicity was assessed based on the OECD guideline number 425: Acute Oral Toxicity {\textendash} Up-and-Down-Procedure. A total of 11 animals were used in the study. Initially, one animal was administered with a dosage of 2000 mg/kg; and as the animal survived, four more animals were dosed and were observed for survival and other possible adverse drug reactions. The animals{\textquoteright} body weight was measured before experimenting and at the end of the study. Biochemical and haematological examinations were done on normal control and test groups. Animals from the test group were sacrificed, and histopathological examinations of the vital organs were carried out. Results: No signs of toxicity or changes in the behaviour were observed in the treatment group. As all the animals survived, it was decided that the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. However, the changes observed with platelets, total cholesterol and LDL were within the normal limits. Histological examination of the vital organs did not reveal any changes in the architecture of the organs. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the crude aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris dried fruit does not cause toxicity under the 2000 mg/kg dose limit.

}, keywords = {acute toxicity study, crude aqueous extract, Indian traditional medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Tribulus terrestris, Wistar Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.70}, author = {Amruth Kiran and Praveen Kumar S E and Tatiyana Mandal and K Ganesh Shenoy and Vasudev R Pai and Swati Sharma and Arul Amuthan} } @article {2522, title = {Analysis of Fatty Acids in Wool Oil Extracted from Mongolian Sheep Wool using Gas Chromatography and Infrared Spectrophotometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {444-449}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

To develop a method for extracting wool oil from Mongolian sheep wool, evaluate its quality, and determine the fatty acid composition. The extraction of wool oil was performed using the Soxhlet method. Fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography, while saponification and ester numbers were assessed using titrimetric methods. Functional compounds in the wool oil were identified using infrared spectrophotometry, with further analysis conducted through gas chromatography. Infrared spectroscopy identified valence and deformation oscillations at 3308.01 cm-1, 2922.47 cm-1, 1743.46 cm-1, 1378.34 cm-1, 1465.76 cm-1, 720.83 cm-1, and 1085.39 cm-1. Gas chromatography revealed 14 distinct fatty acids, with saturated fatty acids accounting for 66.6\%, and unsaturated fatty acids making up 33.3\%. Polyunsaturated fatty acids comprised 26.26\%, while monounsaturated fatty acids represented 7.14\% of the total. The analysis identified key functional groups (C=O, CH3, CH2, C-C, C-O, O-H) in wool oil using infrared spectroscopy. The fatty acid composition of the extracted wool oil included a predominance of saturated fatty acids (66.6\%) and a significant proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (26.26\%). This method provides a viable alternative for extracting and utilizing wool oil from Mongolian sheep wool.

}, keywords = {Functional groups; Lanolin; Saponification; Soxhlet extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.56}, author = {Tserennadmid Erdenebaatar and Otgonsuren Daramzav and Bilguun Enkhbat and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Khatanbold Otgonbayar and Munkhbat Sukhee} } @article {2550, title = {Association Between Contraceptive Use and Pap Smear Findings in PKK Women in Bendul Merisi Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {642-643}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {642}, abstract = {

Background: Cervical cancer remains a major health burden for women worldwide. Pap smear is a widely used screening tool, while contraceptive use, particularly hormonal methods, has been debated as a potential risk factor for cervical lesions. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between contraceptive use and Pap smear findings among members of the Family Welfare Movement (PKK) in Bendul Merisi, Surabaya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 64 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and Pap smear results. Statistical analysis was performed using contingency coefficient tests. Results: The study revealed a significant association between contraceptive use and Pap smear results (p = 0.001). Different types and duration of contraceptive use were significantly related to cytological outcomes, with hormonal methods showing a stronger association with abnormal findings such as LSIL (Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion). Conclusions: Contraceptive use, especially hormonal methods with longer duration, influences Pap smear findings, highlighting the need for regular cervical cancer screening among women using hormonal contraception

}, keywords = {Cervical cancer, Contraceptives, Cytology, Pap Smear, Uterine Cervix}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.80}, author = {Nefertiti EP and Sudiarta KE and Redemptus Y and Biutifasari V} } @article {2569, title = {Cytotoxic Effects of Imperata cylindrica Root Ethanol Extract on the Expression of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR in A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {284-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {284}, abstract = {

Background: Imperata cylindrica or Cogon grass is a medicinal plant that has an anticancer effect. We unravel the cytotoxic effect of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract on the expression of PKCα, STAT3 and mTOR in A549 lung cancer cell lines. Methods: The cytotoxic effect tests were carried out on the A549 lung cancer cell line after 48 hours post-treatment using 3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2.5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method to discover the IC50 dose, continued with apoptosis tests at doses of 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL of I.cylindrica root ethanol extract using flowcytometry, as well as measurements of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR mRNA expressions with the RT-qPCR method and measurements of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR protein expressions with Western blot method. Results: This study showed that the ethanol extract of I. cylindrica roots had an IC50 of 541 μg/mL (weak cytotoxic) and the IC50 of erlotinib was at 29 μM (moderate cytotoxic). In apoptotic test, the highest average apoptotic results were found in erlotinib group, while ethanol extract doses of 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL gave apoptotic effects on cancer cells higher than negative control group. From RT-qPCR, found that I.cylindrica significantly inhibit the expression of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR mRNA and from band scanning using Western Blot showed PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR protein expressions in Imperata root ethanol extract, qualitatively produced thinner bands when compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated I.cylindrica root ethanol extract ability inhibiting the expression of PKCα, STAT3 and mTOR genes and proteins in the A549 lung cancer cell line, which can be taken into consideration as a complementary therapy in treatment of lung cancer.

}, keywords = {A549, Cytotoxic, Imperata cylindrica, mTOR, PKCα, STAT3}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.98}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2473, title = {Medicinal Application of the Iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) in Traditional Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {71-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

In recent years, there has been a considerable focus on the utilization of natural medicinal substances, including plant-based medicines and formulations. While traditional medicine has been utilizing various medicinal plants to treat a wide range of diseases, there are still many medicinal plants and substances that have not been thoroughly studied at the scientific level. One such plant is the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) from the Papaveraceae family. Globally, the Papaveraceae family comprises 44 genera and 760 species of which 32 species, representing 7 genera, are identified within Mongolia. The Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is extensively distributed throughout Mongolia, with all parts of the plant, including its fruit and flowers. In addition, it has been traditionally employed in Mongolian medicine to treat a variety of ailments. However, systematic research on the practical applications and studies of the status of the local Iceland poppy in both modern and traditional Mongolian medicine remains poorly reported. Therefore, we aim to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) and its application in the Traditional Mongolian medicinal literature and internationally published studies. Materials and Methods: In this study, data was collected from a comprehensive review of the international and Traditional Mongolian medicine literature to understand the medicinal application of the Iceland poppy. Additionally, current study results were analyzed to assess its practical applications and efficacy in modern medicinal contexts. Results: "In a variant of Mongolian medicinal prescriptions, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is combined with the herb {\textquotedblleft}Govo jad-5{\textquotedblright} Mongolian traditional prescription for treating surgical wounds, torn blood vessels, and both old and new wounds. Furthermore, the book {\textquoteright}Methods and Prescriptions for Using Medicinal Plants in Traditional Mongolian Medicine reports that Iceland poppy is part of a mixture of four types of poppies used to treat conditions such as diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and dysentery, by boiling and administering the concoction. A study by Otgonpurev Sukhbaatar et al., (2018) determined that the optimal conditions for callus and suspension biomass production of Papaver nudicaule L. are 1 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg/L benzyl adenine in MS media. Additionally, Gerelt-Od Yadamsuren et al., reported that the alkaloids 8,14-dihydroamurin, 8,14-dihydroflavinantin, and flavinantin from Papaver nudicaule L. exhibit significant antiviral activity against human rhinovirus-14. Conclusion: Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been used in traditional Mongolian medical practice for a long time. it has been historically widely used in Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wounds under the name of {\textquotedblleft}wound healer{\textquotedblright}. As reported by the scientific literature, the primary uses of these plants include inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme, anti-cancer effects, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, regarding its chemical composition, researchers have conducted studies that confirm the presence of alkaloids in this plant, specifically isoquinoline alkaloids. These compounds are known for their diverse biological activities and potential therapeutic effects, which may contribute to the plant{\textquoteright}s traditional medicinal uses. In summary, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been utilized in traditional medicine for treating a variety of illnesses; however, it suggests that more comprehensive research is necessary to scientifically substantiate these applications.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Medicinal plant, Nudicaulins, Papaver nudicaule L., Protopine, Traditional Mongolian medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.9}, author = {Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Turtushikh Damba and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Norovnyam Ryenchinbyambaa and Otgonsuren Daramzav and Khuvitavilan Battulga and Munkhzul Boldbaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Enkhjargal Dorjval and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Otgonbaatar Urjin and Maria Halabalaki and Wirginia Kukula-Koch and Daariimaa Khurelbat} } @article {2507, title = {New Studies on Drug Discovery for Cardiovascular Diseases from {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} by Jambaldorj}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {323-326}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

This research is to clear the information of the ancient medical books written by toin Jambaldorj, who wrote about some herbal medicines used to treat cardiovascular diseases, and their taste, potency, and quality. Toin Jambaldorj. Gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. A prominent representative of traditional Mongolian medicine, Toin Jambaldorj, wrote his book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} between 1817 and 1823. He used dozens of Indian Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Tibetan medical works of that time to write this book. He also extensively used the Mongolians{\textquoteright} medical heritage. Therefore, this book is considered the most reliable book on pharmacognosy. Toin Jambaldorj{\textquoteright}s book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Wondrous Eye Ornament{\textquotedblright} lists 9 herbal medicines used for cardiovascular diseases. The names of some herbal medicines are written in Mongolian, Chinese, Tibetan, Manchu, and Sanskrit, further evidence that the book was written in many languages and from many different sources

}, keywords = {Ancient medical books, Cardiovascular diseases, Jambaldorj, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.41}, author = {Ariunaa Erdene and Amarjargal Baldandorj and Shagdarsuren Dashjamts and Khaliunaa Baasanjav and Bold Sharav and Selenge Erdenechimeg} } @article {2508, title = {Re-examining Crude Drugs used in the Treatment of COVID-19 from Ancient Medical Books}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {327-330}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {327}, abstract = {

Purpose: Research ancient medical books to find the medicinal ingredients used in the two most widely used recipes for treating COVID-19. Research materials: 1. The following materials were used in the study. Including: Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan (1649-1704). {\textquotedblleft}Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma.{\textquotedblright} Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. 2. Toin Jambaldorj (1792-1855). Gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Research Methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion: The most effective and most widely used drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 were Mana-4 and Norov-7 decoctions. The source of these two decoctions is Lamyn gegeen Luvsandanzanjantsan{\textquoteright}s (1649-1704) book {\textquotedblleft}Man ngag bdud rtsi zegs ma{\textquotedblright}. This book was one of the main textbooks at the Medical School established in Mongolia in 1685. The traditional medicinal indications and usages of the 7 medicinal crude drugs included in the composition of Mana-4 and Norov-7 decoctions were studied in detail in Toin Jambaldorj{\textquoteright}s book {\textquotedblleft}Beautiful Marvelous Eye Ornament.{\textquotedblright} Apart from these 7 medicinal crude drugs, 6 medicinal crude drugs have the effect of treating influenza and influenza-like illnesses according to modern medical theory. Therefore, it has been established that Mana- 4 and Norov-7 decoctions have the effect of treating infectious febrile disorders accompanied by cold chills and shivering, preliminary stages of influenza, and open up bodily pores and induce sweat.

}, keywords = {Ancient medical books, Common cold, COVID-19, Influenza, Mana-4, Norov-7, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.42}, author = {Ochirbat Dagvadorj and Javkhlan Bold and Tserendagva Dalkh and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Bold Sharav} } @article {2567, title = {A Study on Arsenic and Arsenic-Containing Mineral Medicines Referenced in Ancient Books of Traditional Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {270-274}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {270}, abstract = {

Introduction: Arsenic was used to distinguish between red stone poison and white stone poison in traditional medicine from ancient times. However, there is no specific study conducted on "stone arsenic" based on ancient Mongolian medical books and manuscripts. Therefore, this study aims to collect and analyse information on arsenic recorded in ancient traditional medical scriptures and books written in Mongolian and Tibetan as early as the 19th to late 20th centuries, with a focus on its medical applications and associated terminology. Methods: The hermeneutic research method emphasises the interpretive analysis of ancient texts, communications, and their interrelations. Employing the hermeneutics method, we focused on interpreting the meanings within ancient medical texts and manuscripts, including the terminology of the sources selected for analysis. The checklist method was used to categorise and list the facts and information about arsenic in the study sources. The relevant components of the collected information and facts regarding arsenic and arsenic-containing mineral medicines were examined. Results: Several sources of traditional Mongolian medicine have mentioned the use of arsenic as a standalone substance. Additionally, there is limited information about its use in combination with other medications. During the research, it was discovered that an ancient manuscript mentioned its use as an active ingredient. This manuscript, a single-page scripture, is poorly written but contains rare information. The active ingredient of this medicine is arsenic, and the other four ingredients are sulphur native, sal ammoniac, realgar, and resin of the plant Shorea robusta. It is mixed with aged oil and applied to various wounds, and is regarded as one of the most effective remedies for all ulcers and wounds. Conclusion: The research results revealed that there are several clear references to arsenic in ancient traditional Mongolian medical books and manuscripts written in Tibetan and Mongolian. The Tibetan name for arsenic is rdo dug, the Mongolian name is kh{\"u}ntsel, and the Latin name is Arsenicum. The findings indicate that arsenic is incorporated into several traditional prescriptions and serves as an active component in certain medicinal formulations.

}, keywords = {Arsenic, ingredient, manuscript, mineral medicines, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.96}, author = {Sainjargal Ayush and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Ao Wuliji and Hua Naranmandura and Bold Sharav and Javkhlan Bold} } @article {2543, title = {Tribulus terrestris: A Revisit to a Promising Herbal Diuretic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {653-661}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {653}, abstract = {

Background: Standard diuretics are essential for managing fluid as well as electrolyte overload and hypertension but are frequently associated with adverse effects such as electrolyte imbalances, renal dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances. This has prompted increased interest in safer, plant-based alternatives. Tribulus terrestris, a medicinal herb used as a diuretic agent in traditional systems, has shown promising diuretic activity in recent experimental studies. Objective: To provide an outline and assess the reported diuretic effects of Tribulus terrestris, including its phytochemical profile, mechanisms of action, and findings from in vivo, in vitro, and in silico studies. Methods: An extensive literature survey was performed on the PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases for studies published between 2000 and 2025. The inclusion criterion was original articles evaluating the diuretic activity of Tribulus terrestris. Articles without diuretic activity were excluded. Data extraction included the plant part used, extract type, dosage, model used and observed effects. Results: This review highlights the diuretic properties and phytoconstituents of Tribulus terrestris. Most studies have used aqueous or ethanolic extracts of fruits or whole plants and reported significant increases in urine output and urinary sodium excretion, which are often comparable to those of standard diuretics such as furosemide. Conclusion: This review highlights the preclinical diuretic activity of Tribulus terrestris. It has shown effective and welltolerated diuretic potential in preclinical and human subjects. It is a promising, likely herbal-based diuretic, natural alternative or complement, adjunct to conventional diuretics, which warrants further investigation through clinical studies.

}, keywords = {diuresis, diuretic agent, Herbal medicine, Indian traditional medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Tribulus terrestris}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.82}, author = {Amruth Kiran and Praveen Kumar S E and Devasrita Dash and Govindasamy Suresh and Vasudev R Pai and Arul Amuthan and K Ganesh Shenoy} } @article {2426, title = {Adsorption of Metanil Yellow Using Flavonoid Extract from Longan Peel (Dimocarpus longan): Optimization of pH and Concentration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1315-1319}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1315}, abstract = {

Water pollution can come from industrial waste containing various toxic pollutants, one of which is dye. Hazardous dyes are stable and resistant to biodegradation due to their complex aromatic structure, so dyes need to be treated. Metanil Yellow is a dye that is harmful to aquatic life and the human body. One method that can be used is adsorption with the batch method because it has the advantage of low cost and simple processing. Flavonoid extracts have high potential to be used as biosorbents because they have hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. This study aims to determine the potential of flavonoid extracts to adsorb metanil yellow dye using optimum pH and solution concentration and to determine its absorption capacity. The results showed that the optimum pH obtained was at pH 2 and the optimum solution concentration was at 150 ppm with an absorption capacity of 9.22078 mg/g.

}, keywords = {Adsorption, Batch, Flavonoids, Longan Peel, Metanil Yellow}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.212}, author = {Sri Benti Etika and Desy Kurniawati and Melindra Mulia and Rahni Darussalam and Okta Suryani and Edi Nasra and Nada frista} } @article {2332, title = {Cheminformatic and in vitro Bioprospection of Capsicum Annuum L. Metabolites as DNA Gyrase B Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {726-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {726}, abstract = {

Introduction: Capsicum species are known in food and trado-medicinal uses for maladies management due their rich content of phytochemicals, but with little work done on in silico bioprospection of its volatilome. Objectives: This study targeted chemometric profiling, virtual bioprospection of potential lead metabolites in 2 Capsicum annuum L. fruit variants{\textquoteright} (green and red) to identify lead gyrase B inhibitors (GBIs) and provide new mechanistic insights. Methods: Metabolites were profiled using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), and quantitative phytochemical assays. Extracts antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) and antibacterial (susceptibility testing) activities were also determined. In silico [docking, pharmacokinetics, DFT] analyses were used to identify and predict chemical features of potential lead GBIs key to extracts molecular mechanism of action. Results: Mass spectral analysis identified hydrocarbons, fatty acid and other derivatives. Quantitative phytochemical analysis showed flavonoids, cardiac glycosides and alkaloids. The green C. annuum extract had better antioxidative action, while extracts of both green and red variant showed similar antimicrobial profiles against resistant bacterial pathogens. In silico highest docking scores were observed for [1-Ethyloctyl) cyclohexane (-6.6 kcal/mol)] and dibutyl phthalate (-6.4 kcal/mol). All lead GBIs had desirable pharmacokinetics in line with the Lipinski rule of 5, and chemical reactivity properties. Conclusion: In silico and in vitro methods combination provided robust metabolomic profiling. The identified lead C. annuum-based natural GBIs contribute to the bioactivity profile and molecular mechanism of action of fractions. The study provided a first-hand report on natural GBIs derivable from Capsicum fruits which could be exploited in formulations for non-food and pharmaceutical applications.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, Capsicum annuum, Computational analysis., Gyrase B, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.122}, author = {Ajayi Adebimpe Oluwabunmi and Aruwa Christiana Eleojo and Sabiu Saheed and Akinyosoye Felix Akinsola} } @article {2301, title = {Diversification, Organoleptic and Chemical Quality Characteristics of Processed Products Based on Thorn Fish (Hexanematichthys sagor) Smoke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {606-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {606}, abstract = {

The potential of Rupat Island{\textquoteright}s marine natural resources can be seen from the diversity of its marine and mangrove ecosystems. This coastal area has natural resource potential, both marine products and no less important is its marine ecotourism area. The marine tourism area is found at Pesona Beach, Lampin Beach, Ketapang Beach, Makeruh Beach, and Putri Sembilan Beach which have an important role in increasing regional income. The aim of the research is to increase the potential of processed fishery products as souvenirs and tourism. The research method is an experiment using a completely randomized design, with treatments MS0 (smoked fish control), MS1 (smoked fish rendang) and MS2 (smoked fish rendang) and MS3 (Flossed fish). smoke) repeated 3 times. The parameters analyzed are organoleptic (appearance, texture, aroma, taste). The results of the research showed that the best treatment was MS2 (Smoked fish sorondeng) which was liked by the panelists which had the characteristics of a bright yellow color, the aroma of burnt coconut, the texture of mersik was not hard and crunchy, and the taste was savory, with a taste score of 8.6, aroma 8.4 , appearance 8.8, texture 8.5. This product has the characteristics of a bright brownish yellow color, a non-fishy aroma, a smooth texture and a very savory taste (umami). From the results of the threshold test on functional flavor powder, the threshold value was obtained, namely at a concentration of 9\% with a taste value of 8.6, aroma 8. .4, appearance 8.8, texture 8.5. This product has the characteristics of a bright yellowish white color, a non-fishy aroma, a smooth texture and a very savory taste (umami)

}, keywords = {Diversification, Ecowisata, Healthy, Nutrition, Profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.95}, author = {Suparmi and Sumarto and Hendro Ekwarso and Isna Rahma Dini and Ranika Paramita and Syafrani and Taufik Hidayat} } @article {2252, title = {The Effect of Bacterial Enzymes on Reducing Chlorogenic Acid Levels in Cascara Robusta Coffee (Coffea canephora L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {332-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {332}, abstract = {

Background: Coffee skin by-products, namely cascara, have several benefits, namely can ward off free radicals, with the ability of cascara to ward off free radicals so that cascara can potentially prevent the emergence of cancer cells. Cascara contains active compounds caffeine 1.3\%, chlorogenic acid 2.6\%, and caffeic acid 1.6\%. Objective: This study aims to determine chlorogenic acid levels in decaffeinated robusta coffee (Coffea canephora L.) and see the influence of Bacillus subtilis bacteria on reducing chlorogenic acid levels. Methods: The experiment was conducted from June to August 2022 in the Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pakuan, Indonesia. Cascara robusta coffee is fermented using Bacillus subtilis with a concentration of 6\% and a time of 24 hours. After fermentation, the extraction is carried out using the UAE (Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction) method. The chlorogenic acid levels and zero control of cascara robusta coffee obtained were then analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) with the Paired sample t-test method previously carried out with normality test and homogeneity test first. Results: The study found chlorogenic acid levels produced from cascara robusta coffee that had undergone decaffeination. Quantitative analysis of chlorogenic acid levels in cascara robusta coffee was carried out using HPLC mobile phase methanolwater (adjust Orthoposphat pH 2.4), flow rate 0.7 mL/minute, with an isocratic system of an average of 14.8597\%. Conclusion: Chlorogenic acid levels in robusta coffee cascara decaffeinated by microbial enzymes can affect chlorogenic acid levels.

}, keywords = {Bacillus subtilis, Cascara, Chlorogenic acid, HPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.50}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Berna Elya and Hayun Hayun and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Syamsu Nur} } @article {2409, title = {The Effects of Melon Superoxide Dismutase and Gliadin on Glutathione Reductase (GSH) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Levels in Blood Plasma and Vitreoretina in Diabetic Rat Model: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1202-1208}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1202}, abstract = {

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetics causes microvascular damage through four mechanisms of biochemical changes, including activated protein kinase C (PKC) pathway, activated hexosamine pathway, increased polyol pathway, and increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), all of which will increase Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels. ROS can damage proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids and hasten the onset of diabetes. ROS are produced in the presence of normal blood sugar levels, and the natural breakdown of glucose is controlled by insulin. Variables that regulate cellular respiration, including NAD-related substrates, oxygen, succinate, and antioxidant enzymes, modulate ROS levels and sustain cellular redox equilibrium. The conversion of superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide, before subsequently metabolized into water by catalase and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, is facilitated by the metalloprotein superoxide dismutase (SOD). Increased ROS levels can lead to diabetic complications, one of which is diabetic retinopathy. Melon superoxide dismutase (SOD) combined with gliadin (Glisodin{\textregistered}) is a potent antioxidant in counteracting free radicals that can reduce oxidative stress and prevent further cell death. Research related to the use of Glisodin{\textregistered} shows potential as an antioxidant agent with the hope of preventing diabetic complications.

}, keywords = {Blood Plasma, Diabetes mellitus, Glisodin{\textregistered}, GSH, SOD, Vitreoretina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.197}, author = {Octarina Ervianti and Wimbo Sasono and Reni Prastyani} } @article {2378, title = {Influence of Chamomile Leaves extract in Different Doses on Renal Functions and Diabetic indices in Streptozotocin {\textendash} Induced Diabetic Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1029-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Background: The prevalence of diabetes among Egyptians is rising. Therefore, there is always a demand for innovative natural medicines. Medicinal plants have long been a significant source in search of novel, effective alternatives for human therapy. Chamomile is one of the most widely used medicinal plants, which may help hyperglycemic patients by lowering blood sugar levels. Objectives: To determine how chamomile extract affects the kidneys when albino male rats with chronic diabetes are induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: The study was conducted in the Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine (Assiut) pharmacology department animal laboratory. For this investigation, a local strain of fifty adult male albino rats was used as the animal model and weighed 120 to 150 g. In this study, rats were divided into five groups, body weight, and systolic blood pressure was measured, and blood samples were collected for measuring blood glucose and insulin level, HbA1c, Na, K, and renal function tests, and histopathological examination was done. Results: After the study, mean glucose levels, HbA1c, urea, creatinine, K, and systolic blood pressure were significantly decreased in group IV \& group V compared to group III. In contrast, body weight serum insulin level and Na increased dramatically in group IV \& group V compared to group III. Conclusion: The serum levels of urea and creatinine in diabetic patients may be positively affected by chamomile. Additionally, short-term chamomile uses benefits diabetic individuals by decreasing loss of body weight, lowering HbA1c, and increasing insulin levels.

}, keywords = {Chamomile leaves, Diabetes mellitus, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.166}, author = {Mohamed Zaeim Hafez Ahmed and Muhammad Abdelbaeth Hassan Elfiky and Elsayed Elagamy Elsayed Mohamed and Ramadan Hassan Ibrahim Thabet and Ahmed Mohamed Gad Allah and Ahmed Abdrabo Elshenawy Elsisi and Ahmed Abdel Nasser Ahmed Mohamed and Tarek Shikhon and Mostafa Abo-akrab and Sayed A.M.Mahmoud and Mohamed AbdelAziz Doma and Wael Ahmed Mahmoud Khattab and Khaled Saleh Ali Elhamaky and Mohamed El- Salamoni and Fatma Mahmoud Abdelraheem and Mahmoud Ahmad Mohamed Azab and Mahmoud Ahmad Mohamed Azab6 and Mohamed E EL-Refaey and Ahmed A. Abd El-Rhman and Ahmed F. Abdel Ghany and Ghada Adel Hegazy} } @article {2282, title = {In-silico Prediction of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) vs Retinol in Photoaging Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {366-371}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Background: Skin aging is a cumulative damage that occurs due to complex biological processes from genetic and environmental factors that are evident in individual{\textquoteright}s appearance. Clinically photoaging causes wrinkling, telangiectasia, dryness, pigment changes and loss of elasticity. As the predominant element found in green tea, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) exhibits an active physiological function observed in both human and animal skin. Exposure to the two components of solar UV radiation that reach the earth surface, UVA (320{\textendash}400nm) and UVB (290{\textendash}320nm), leads to protein oxidative damage, lipid oxidation, DNA chain damage, and depletion of antioxidant enzymes. Since 1984, all-trans retinol has been incorporated into over-the-counter (OTC) cosmetic products, yet its potential in treating photoaging continues to be investigated. Methods: Search Profile EGCG, Retinol, Hyaluronan, and then Bioactive Prediction with SAR. Predicted EGCG targets were analyzed using Comparative Toxicogenomics Database. Compound Profile Similarity with Tanimoto Similarity. Using AlphaFold model, we obtained three-dimensional configuration of Hyaluronan Synthase 1, as designated target protein in this study, from Uniprot database (https://www. uniprot.org/) with identifier Q92839. Results: Based on SAR analysis to predict potential bioactivity, it shows that EGCG has better potential than retinol as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Target prediction with CTD shows that in curated studies the EGCG CTD is able to target COL1A1, HAS1, NFE2L2, and MMP1. Based on tanimono similarity, the similarity between EGCG and Hyaluron is higher than Hyaluron and Retinol. Conclusions: Docking analysis shows that it is predicted that EGCG is better at interacting with HAS1 and MMP1.

}, keywords = {Docking, EGCG, HAS, MMP1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.56}, author = {Riyana Noor Oktaviyanti and Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa and Esti Hendradi, and Anang Endaryanto} } @article {2368, title = {Irritant-Induced Asthma: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {982-988}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {982}, abstract = {

One of occupational illnesses is irritant-induced asthma (IIA), which IIA is a phenotype of asthma caused by the inhalation of irritant agents. The incidence of IIA is reported as 5-18\% of occupational asthma cases. In some cases, it is challenging to differentiate IIA from work-exacerbated asthma (WEA) because no specific diagnostic tests can determine whether a person has asthma caused by exposure to irritants. In any case of suspected IIA, the diagnosis of asthma should be confirmed by spirometry demonstrating airflow limitation with significant bronchodilator response or nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness (NSBHR) to methacholine/histamine. IIA Management is similar to asthma management, including bronchodilator therapy and inhaled and/or systemic corticosteroids. Several studies recommend treating asthma in adults and adolescents with short-acting beta-agonists (SABA), adding a controller in the form of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as needed to reduce the risk of severe exacerbations and to control symptoms. This type of controller can be given regularly every day, or ICS-formoterol can be given as needed to relieve symptoms in mild asthma. Prevention that can be done at IIA includes health promotion, special protection, early diagnosis and early treatment, limitation of disabilities, and rehabilitation.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Bronchodilator, Health risk, Irritant exposure, Irritant-induced asthma, Occupational illness.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.158}, author = {Yoni Frista Vendarani and Wiwin Is Effendi} } @article {2385, title = {Overview of Cancer and Treatment Challenges: Harnessing the Anti-cancer Potential of Jasminum Sambac and its Nanoparticle Formulations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1069-1076}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1069}, abstract = {

Cancer research strives to discover effective treatment strategies that target tumour cells while minimising the negative effects of traditional chemotherapy. Studies conducted on plant-based leads have yielded promising therapeutic activities, prompting researchers to remain vigilant in exploring further plant-based studies. Research has shown that phytochemicals found in the roots, leaves, and flowers of Jasminum sambac (J.sambac) have demonstrated various active functions, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and anxiolytic effects. The progress made in nanoparticle drug delivery systems for cancer treatment is noteworthy as it allows for higher doses of medication to be delivered directly to cancer cells while minimising the negative impact on healthy cells. Various reports showcase the nanoparticle synthesis of J.sambac for screening multiple diseases. This review provides an overview of cancer and the challenges of available treatments while exploring the potential of J.sambac for its anticancer, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it sheds light on the recent advances made in nanoparticle formulations of Jasminum sambac for cancer and other ailments. Disseminating these updates could encourage additional exploration into the potential anti-cancer properties of J.sambac and foster the development of nanoparticles for more effective cancer treatment.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-oxidant, Cancer therapy, Cytotoxic, Jasminum Sambac, Nanoparticle}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.173}, author = {Yousra.A. Nomier and Anugeetha Thacheril Mohanan and Walaa A. El-Dakroury and Dallin A. Hassan and Sermugapandian Nithya and Aamena Jabeen and Eman Merghani Ali Mohammed and Moataz B. Zewail and Gihan F. Asaad and Zeinah Y. Abbady} } @article {2379, title = {Pharmacological insight into The Potential Efficacy of Some Halophytes in Alleviating Digestive System Disorders}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1036-1042}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1036}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of plants in disease treatment is an important therapeutic option that has long been used by Bedouins. Qassim area is one of Saudi Arabia regions gifted with plant species with diversified metabolic content. The current research aims at evidencing the traditional use of some wild plants in management of gastrointestinal disorders. Methods: Four plants from different plant families: Deverra triradiata (Apiaceae), Suaeda aegyptiaca (Amaranthaceae), Heliotropium aegyptiacum, and Heliotropium bacciferum (Boraginaceae) were investigated for their potential antispasmodic and antidiarrheal effects. The acute toxicity study was conducted using arithmetic Kerber{\textquoteleft}s method. The antidiarrheal efficacy was investigated using in vivo castor oil induced diarrhea model. The antispasmodic activity was evaluated using isolated rabbit jejunum. Results: Indicated highest mortality in animals received extract of the arial parts of D. triradiata (DTE), while the gum of the same plant (DTG) together with the extracts of the three plants: S. aegyptiaca (SAE), H. bacciferum (HBE), and H. aegyptiacum (HAE) caused no signs of neither over toxicity nor death during the 24 hours. observation period following oral administration of doses up to 7-10 g/kg. In castor oil induced diarrhea, all tested extracts, except for DTE, displayed a potent antidiarrheal activity expressed as 89-94.7\% delay of defecation in animals received castor oil. Antispasmodic activity testing noted HAE for powerful antispasmodic efficacy estimated as 90\% inhibition of contraction at a dose of 0.1 mg/100mL. Conclusion: The current results indicated powerful activity of H. aegyptiacum and S. aegyptiaca extracts in management of GITD. These findings recommend extensive phytochemical studies of both species in order to highlight the main metabolites responsible for the recorded activity.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity; Antidiarrheal; Antispasmodic; Environment and human health; Ex-vivo model; In-vivo model; Natural resource management}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.167}, author = {Elham Amin and Mohamed S. Abdel-Bakky and Suliman A. Almahmoud and Omnia A. M. Abd El-Ghafar} } @article {2360, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant and Anti-Arthritis Potential of Decoction Extract from Caulerpa lentillifera}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {927-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {927}, abstract = {

Caulerpa lentillifera also known as sea grape, is a green seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family known for its nutritional benefits and medicinal properties. This study aimed to examine the phytochemical compounds, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant and anti-arthritis properties of sea grape decoction extract. The total phenolic content was measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the total flavonoid content was determined with the aluminum chloride colorimetric method. Antioxidant activities were evaluated using two methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothia-zoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS). The anti-arthritis activities were assessed using bovine-serum protein. The study identified that the extract contained flavonoids, saponin, terpenoids and coumarins, with the total phenolic content of 343.19 {\textpm} 9.86 μg gallic acid equivalents/ mg dry extract and the total flavonoid content of 268.48 {\textpm} 16.57 μg quercetin equivalents/ mg dry extract. The extract showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 309.05{\textpm}5.91 μg/ml using the DPPH method and 572.33{\textpm}3.47 μg/ml using the ABTS method, respectively. Additionally, it exhibited anti-arthritis properties with an IC50 value of 54.60{\textpm}12.71 μg/ml, which was less than 1.69 times the IC50 value of diclofenac sodium. A strong positive correlation was found between the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities measured by the ABTS method, with an R{\texttwosuperior} value of 0.9476. Therefore, this study provides initial evidence supporting the antioxidant and anti-arthritis activities of sea grape decoction extract. The extract shows potential for further development as a product for treating arthritis.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritis activity., antioxidant activity, Caulerpa lentillifera, Phytochemical components}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.150}, author = {Khemjira Jarmkom and Wanna Eiamart and Prakairat Tunit} } @article {2213, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy Analysis of Eleutherine Bulbous (Mill.) Urb Bulb Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {88-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Background: Many traditional medicinal plants were studied for their phytochemical components. Dayak onions (Eleutherine bulbous (Mill.) Urb) is one of traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. Analysis of the phytochemical compounds in the extract of the plant would help in determining various biological activities of the plant. Objective: This study was primarily aimed to identify the phytochemical profile of Dayak onions extract and its fractions. Methods: The Dayak onion bulbs were collected from Pancur Batu District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Multiple solvents used to for extraction and analysis of phytochemical compound by chemical reactions, thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiling, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) profiling. Results: The phytochemical screening of Dayak onions ethanol extract showed it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and triterpenes/ steroids. The n-hexane fraction contained flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids, while the ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids and glycosides. The water fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. By TLC profiling, the bioactive compounds in ethanol extract of the Dayak onion contain steroids, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The bioactive compound in ethyl acetate fraction contains steroids, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids and glycosides. The bioactive compound in n-hexan fraction contains steroids. The bioactive compound in water fraction fraction contains steroids and tannins. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, en-hexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion: The phytochemical qualitative profiling showed that Dayak onion bulb as a rich source of bioactive compounds and have medicinal potential as therapeutic agent. A higher content of bioactive compounds of Dayak onion bulbs found in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, enhexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions.

}, keywords = {Dayak onion, Eleutherine bulbous, Extract, Fraction, FTIR, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.12}, author = {Lokot Donna Lubis and Muhammad Fidel Ganis Siregar and Farhat and Iqbal Pahlevi Adeputra Nasution and Dedy Syahrizal and Kamal Basri Siregar and Putri Chairani Eyanoer and Ichwanul Adenin and Muhammad Rusda and Mustafa M. Amin} } @article {2209, title = {Predictive Simulation and Functional Insights of Serotonin Transporter: Ligand Interactions Explored through Database Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {52-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Through its ability to facilitate the absorption of serotonin into presynaptic neurons, the serotonin transporter, also known as SERT, an essential component in the control of neurotransmission. To discover SERT possible therapeutic application, it is essential to have a solid understanding of its dynamic behavior, ligand interactions, and functional consequences. Within the scope of this investigation, the predictive simulations is crucial to investigate the complexities of SERT to gain a fresh understanding of its operation. We use the 6AWN model to describe the sequence and simulate the behavior of SERT in silico. Within this simulation, we anticipate the conformational changes of SERT and its reaction to ligand binding with paroxetine, cholesterol, dodecyl-beta-D-maltose (DDM), and sodium hydrogen ion. We discover critical residues that are crucial in the interaction between ligands and proteins. They have paroxetine binding to I.172, I.172, Y.176, and F.341 are examples of hydrophobic interactions. Example of hydrogen bonds include A.96 and pi-stacking: F.341. The blockage of the serotonin transporter is the principal mechanism of action that paroxetine has. Cholesterol interacts with SERT W.500, W.500, W.500, W.500, L.504, and A.507, and it also interacts with the outward-facing conformation of this transporter in two different ways. In general, cholesterol interacts with SERT and ligands to stabilize their optimal activity and structure. DDM contact with SERT is also a part of this interaction. R.104, D.328, E.494, Y.495, G.498, P.499, T.503, F.556, L.557, S.559, P.561, Y.579, G.582, T.583, and F.586 are the numbers that are currently in use. Within the context of glucosyl transfer processes, DDM has been utilized as an acceptor. And the interaction of Na with SERT S.263, which causes a change in the structure of SERT. Serotonin transporters are present in the environment.

}, keywords = {Database Analysis, Functional analysis, Predictive in silico, Serotonin Transporter}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.8}, author = {Irzan Nurman and Ninik Mudjihartini and Nurhadi Ibrahim and Linda Erlina and Fadilah Fadilah and Muchtaruddin Mansyur} } @article {2288, title = {Quantification of Active Compounds from Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner cascara and their Potential Against MCF-7 and HeLa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {509-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {509}, abstract = {

Background: The utilization of coffee cascara, a byproduct of coffee cultivation, in cancer therapy research. This research begins with the rationale of exploring medicinal plants, especially coffee, to obtain compounds that can target cancer cells with fewer side effects. Objectivity: This research aims to extract and evaluate the secondary metabolites from robusta coffee cascara, such as friedelin, lupeol, stigmasterol, ursolic acid, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, and catechin, for their cytotoxic activity against Hela and MCF-7 cells. The aim of this research is also to identify and understand the cytotoxic mechanisms of compounds like stigmasterol, which showed significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells, paving the way for developing targeted cancer therapies from natural sources. Methods: Robusta coffee cascara then goes to the process of extraction using ethanol, fractionation, isolation, purification, and characterization, followed by bioactivity evaluation using in vitro method through breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and cervical cancer cell line HeLa and determination of active compound levels. Results: The cascara, a byproduct of coffee cultivation, is rich in proteins, polysaccharides, and bioactive compounds. Through extraction and purification processes, eight compounds were isolated and characterized, including (1) friedelin, (2) lupeol, (3) Stigmasterol, (4) Ursolic acid, (5) caffeine, (6) Chlorogenic acid, (7) caffeic acid, and (8) catechin. Bioactivity evaluation shows that stigmasterol (3) is the most cytotoxic compound with a value against Hela cells with an IC50 value of 25.85 μg/mL in the toxic category and against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 12.83 μg/mL in the very toxic category. The results of determining the levels of active compounds in robusta coffee cascara extract showed that friedelin (1) 0.539{\textpm}0.137\%; lupeol (2) levels were 0.087{\textpm}0.015\%; (3) stigmasterol 0.126{\textpm}0.046\%; ursolic acid (4) 0.627{\textpm}0.002\%; caffeine (5) 3,203{\textpm}0.069\%; chlorogenic acid (6) 0.679{\textpm}0.003\%; caffeic acid (7) 0.153{\textpm}0.003\% and catechin (8) 0.3590.012\% mg/g extract. Conclusion: The research on robusta coffee cascara extract as a potential source of anticancer compounds.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Cascara, Coffea canephora, Cytotoxic, Isolation, servical cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.82}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Berna Elya and Hayun Hayun and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {2309, title = {Synergistic Effect of Imperata cylindrica Root Extract and Erlotinib on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Viability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {656-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {656}, abstract = {

Background: Erlotinib is typically used to treat lung adenocarcinoma and Imperata cylindrica extract has been shown to exert anti-cancer effects in various human cancer cell lines. Therefore, this study evaluated the combined anticancer effects of Imperata cylindrica ethanol root extract and erlotinib on the A549 lung cancer cell line. Method: The A-549 lung cancer cell line was treated with various combinations of 1/2 IC50, 3/8 IC50, 1/4 IC50, and 1/8 IC50 of I.cylindrica root ethanol extract and erlotinib for 48 hours. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, analyzed and interpreted using CompuSyn software and a normalized isobologram curve. Result: Of the sixteen combinations, eleven combinations acted synergistically, four were additive, and one was in the antagonist zone. Conclusion: The combination of I. cylindrica root ethanol extract and erlotinib act synergistically to decrease A549 lung cancer cell viability, therefore they are potential lung cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {A549, Cell viability, Erlotinib, Imperata cylindrica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.103}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2394, title = {Technological Study on The Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts Via Biosynthesis Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1124-1130}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Silver nanoparticles are better than other metal nanoparticles in terms of antimicrobial activity and stability. Recently, the biosynthesis method has been widely used, known for being ecofriendly and having lower toxicity compared to other methods of obtaining metal nanoparticles. This method is characterized by the use of active pharmaceutical ingredients contained in medicinal plants as stabilizers or bio reducers to produce silver nanoparticles. Methods: In this study, we synthesized silver nanoparticles using extracts from the upper parts of Cacalia hastata L., Thymus gobicus Czern., and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which were collected from various provinces from Mongolia. These medicinal plants are used as bio reducing agents. We determined the most sensitive light absorption of each sample with purified silver nanoparticles using a UV-M51 ultraviolet spectrophotometer. Sizes and distributions were analyzed through Nanophox Particle Size Analysis, while morphological structure was examined using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The formations of nanoparticles were determined with instruments such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Results: The appropriate formation times for nanoparticles were 24 minutes with Cacalia hastata L. extract and 16 minutes with Thymus gobicus Czern. extract. XRD analysis revealed characteristic peaks at 38.15{\textdegree}, 44.3{\textdegree}, and 64.55{\textdegree}, indicating the formation of a crystalline structure and confirming the presence of silver nanoparticles. Conclusion: Furthermore, these nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Bio reducing, Eco-friendly, Mongolian plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.183}, author = {Bilguun Enkhbat and Buyankhishig Dorjsuren and Tserennadmid Erdenebaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Zolbayar Baasanjav and Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Shinezaya Dashbaljir and Khatanbold Otgonbayar and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Jambaninj Dambiinyam and Otgonsuren Daramzav} } @article {2205, title = {Unlocking the Potential of Stingray (Dasyatis sephen) Extract: A Novel Investigation into EPA and DHA Effects on Lipid Metabolism in High-Fat Diet-Fed Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {28-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {28}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dyslipidemia is a complex disturbance in lipid metabolism with notable implications for cardiovascular health. Considering the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) on global mortality, lipid regulation should be eminently prioritized. Stingray (Dasyatis sephen) is one of the natural resources believed to be rich in lipid-regulating compounds: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). We aimed to investigate the impact of the stingray extract on the lipid metabolism of Wistar rats subjected to a high-fat diet. Methods: We adopted a true experimental design with three experiment groups: a negative control (standard diet and distilled water), a positive control (high-fat diet and distilled water), and a specified treatment group (high-fat diet and stingray extract). Serum samples were collected after 28 days of treatment and analyzed for HDL and ApoB levels as dyslipidemia markers. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA for HDL and non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests for ApoB levels, followed by post-hoc analysis. Results: The results revealed worsening HDL and ApoB levels in the positive control group compared to the negative control group following a high-fat diet consumption. In contrast, the experiment group showed improvements in HDL and ApoB levels compared to the positive control group following the administration of the extract. However, only the dynamics in HDL level are significant (p\<0.05), while the difference in ApoB levels among all treatment groups was not statistically significant (p\>0.05). Conclusion: This study highlights the potency of D. sephen extract in regulating lipid metabolism despite the complexity of lipid metabolism regulation and the challenges of the conventional reliance on HDL and ApoB as exclusive markers of cardiovascular health.

}, keywords = {ApoB, Dasyatis sephen, HDL, stingray}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.4}, author = {Sihning EJT and Ni Komang Sri Dewi Untari and Dian Maria Pia} } @article {2245, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Essential Oil-Based Cream of Origanum vulgare L. on Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {292-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: The objective was to evaluate the effect of a cream based on the essential oil of Origanum vulgare on skin lesions induced in Mus musculus Balb/c. Materials and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into four groups of 6 specimens each, in which skin lesions of approximately 1 cm in diameter were induced. Group I (Control) received no treatment, Group II (0.1\% Origanum vulgare cream), Group III (0.5\% Origanum vulgare cream), and Group IV (1\% Origanum vulgare cream) received treatment for eight days. Skin lesions were measured on days 4 and 7. At the end of treatment, they were euthanized using sodium pentobarbital 60 m/kg v.ip. Skin samples were obtained and preserved in 10\% formalin for histopathological analysis. Results: When measuring the size of the skin lesions induced in the study groups, it was observed that in the control group, the decrease in the length of the lesions occurred on the fifth day; in group II, III, and IV, the lesions length decrease occurs on the second day. At the end of the experience, the measurements of the lesions were much smaller for the III and IV groups (0.33 and 0.41, respectively) compared to the control group (0.40 cm). On day seven, statistically significant difference was found on skin lesion measure between Group IV and the Control, with a significance level of p\<0.05. Conclusion: It is concluded that the 1\% Origanum vulgare essential oil-based cream has a healing effect on dermal lesions induced in Mus musculus Balb/c.

}, keywords = {Cream, Essential oil, Origanum vulgare, Skin, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.43}, author = {Laurente-Pachamango Katherine G and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Ricardo M Gomez-Arce and Deivy Y Dionicio-Rosado and Julio A. Casta{\~n}eda-Carranza and Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a Abhel A and Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L and Ch{\'a}vez- Flores Juana E} } @article {2140, title = {The Analysis of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue Inhibitor Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Levels in the Amniochorion Membrane Patients on Premature Rupture of Membranes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {910-912}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {910}, abstract = {

Introduction: MMP-9 is essential for extracellular matrix remodeling, which affects the incidence of premature rupture of membranes. In addition, decreased and increased levels of TIMP-1, a preferential MMP-9 inhibitor, have been reported to be associated with premature rupture of membranes because it showed an imbalance in the MMP-9 or TIMP-1 levels. This study aims to analyze MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in amniochorion membrane patients on premature rupture of membranes. Methods: An analytic observational study was conducted on 70 subjects. The MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels in the amniochorion membrane were determined by ELISA. Results: The results of this study indicate that the amniochorion membrane in the incidence of premature rupture of membranes is characterized by increased levels of MMP-9, while TIMP-1 levels do not differ between the incidence of premature rupture of membranes. Conclusion: Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that there are differences in protein levels of MMP-9 but there are no differences in protein levels of TIMP-1 in premature rupture of membranes

}, keywords = {MMP-9, Premature rupture of membranes., TIMP-1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.173}, author = {Meidrin Joni and Eryati Darwin and Herlambang Herlambang and Aisyah Elliyanti} } @article {1960, title = {Analysis of The Effect of Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin, and NPY Markers on Changes in Body Weight of Childhood Epileptic Using Valproic Acid Monotherapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {150-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that occurs due to abnormal neurons in the brain and an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. The first line of OAE in children is VPA (Valproate Acid). However, long-term use can cause weight gain with a frequency of 10-70\%. The underlying mechanism of weight gain in patients remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between levels of biomarkers AMPK, NPY, Leptin, and Adiponectin on changes in body weight in patients with epileptic seizures using VPA monotherapy. Method: This study is an observational cohort design. Data collection in April-June 2019. Inclusion criteria were children aged 2-10 years who used VPA requirement less than two years, not taking any drugs that affect body weight, not diagnose systemic lupus, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Bodyweight and all biomarkers measurement on subjects who came to the clinic at the time of study and at least after one month of taking VPA. A total of 17 subjects participated in this study. Result: The results of the statistical multivariate analysis test of VPA dosage on changes in body weight and biomarker levels found that Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin did not significantly increase in body weight (p\>0.05), but NPY significant increase in body weight (p\<0.05). Conclusion: NPY is the most potent for appetite enhancing, preferential effect on carbohydrate intake, weight regulation, energy storage, and expenditure. Increase production of NPY, there is an increase in energy intake and then increases fat storage and body weight.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, AMPK, Childhood., Epilepsy, Leptin, NPY, Valproic acid, Weight gain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.21}, author = {Wardah Rahmatul Islamiyah and Nasronudin and Abdulloh Machin and Iin Ernawati and Yunita Dwi Tanti and Nur Jaya and Farah Medina and Fathia Faza Rahmadanita and Paulus Sugianto} } @article {2015, title = {Analysis of the Metabolite Compound of the Ethanol Extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Stem and Activity for inhibition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in silico study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {393-398}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Background: Oral cancer is a deadly disease that is expected to increase yearly. Current cancer treatment methods have side effects. C. cinerariifolium plants have potential as anticancer agents. Objective: To evaluate the anti-OSCC properties of the ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stems via an in-silico study. Materials and Methods: Analysis of active compounds in ethanol extracts of C. cinerariifolium stems using TLC and UPLC-QToF-MS/MS metabolic profiling. The data were analysed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). In silico of C. cinerariifolium compounds on protein (PI3K and Cyclin D) from OSCC. Results: TLC procedures utilizing UV light with λ 366 nm after spraying with H2SO4 revealed multiple-colored spots, indicating that H2SO4 is a specific spray detector for terpenoid and carotene. Metabolic profiling in ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stem included Pronethalol (3.96\%), 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N-(1 naphthylmethyl) methanamine (7.34\%), Orphenadrine (24.27\%), Pentazocine (5.09\%), 4-(Dodecyloxy) aniline (6.30\%), Linoleamide (4.95\%), and Pheophorbide A (8.05\%). Orphenadrine had the highest percentage. Based on the Lipinski rule of five, pronethalol has the potential to be used as a drug-like therapy for OSCC. The anticancer activity profile is predicted by PASS online with a likely range of 0.065 to 0.385. An in-silico study showed that the strongest binding affinity is pronethalol to Cyclin D1 and pheophorbide A to the PI3K protein. Conclusion: The active metabolite of the ethanolic extract of C. cinerariifolium stem exhibits potency against oral squamous cell carcinoma via the downregulation of the cell cycle (cyclin D1) and P13K, especially pronethalol.

}, keywords = {Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Cyclin D1, OSCC, P13K.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.61}, author = {Anik Listiyana and Yuanita Lely Rachmawati and Hani Susianti and Nurdiana and Hidayat Sujuti and Roihatul Mutiah and Agustina Tri Endharti} } @article {2091, title = {Community Empowerment with Independent Larva Monitor in Reducing the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Incidence, in Sidrap Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {622-625}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of developing a community empowerment model through independent larva monitor with an overlap in controlling dengue disease incidence in Sidrap Regency. Methods: This study used a mix-method conducted in Tanete Village. The number of samples for quantitative data was 70 respondents, and the qualitative data was 12 informants. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussions, observations, and interviews. The data were analyzed using the McNemar test. Results: The results showed that the behavior of the people affected by dengue fever is people who do not maintain the cleanliness of their environment, litter, and people{\textquoteright}s habits do not routinely drain water tanks, and drinking places for livestock become mosquito shelters. The results of dengue counseling showed a significant difference between people{\textquoteright}s behavior related to dengue fever disease before and after counseling. Most people stated that explanations related to how to make and the process of making ovitrap were easy to do. They were interested in making their own because they used materials that were easy to find at home. In addition, the community has been obedient in implementing independent romantic programs. The results of overlap observations show that simple overlap can trap mosquitoes. Conclusion: The development of empowerment models through independent larva monitor can be used to prevent and control dengue disease.

}, keywords = {Community Empowerment, Dengue fever, Independent Larva Monitor, Ovitrap}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.129}, author = {A. Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Dian Saputra Marzuki and Rezki Elisafitri and Basir and Anwar Mallongi and Aisyah and Ahmad Yani} } @article {2074, title = {Diversity of Types of Medicinal Plants and Local Wisdom of the Kaili Tribe in Processing Medicinal Plants Around the Forest Areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {535-540}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

The forest area in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, is a habitat for various medicinal plant species. Forest areas must be managed appropriately for the local community and society{\textquoteright}s welfare and sustainable use. One of the local people living around the forest is the Kaili tribe. The local wisdom of the Kaili tribe, who inhabit forest areas in Central Sulawesi, in managing forests and forest products, especially using plants as medicine, must be documented in research. This study aimed to identify the species, habitat, habitus, and ways of using the plant as medicine by the Kaili people in the Sigi Regency. Prior to data collection, a literature study was conducted to obtain information regarding the condition of the research location around the forest area and the ethnic/ethnic groups who live permanently around and within the forest area. This stage was then followed by interviews and field surveys. The interviews were conducted by combining purposive sampling and snowball methods. The results showed the high potency of medicinal plants around forest areas used by the Kaili tribe, with the discovery of 113 species in 51 families. Herbs are the most common habitus of medicinal plants. The habitat of medicinal plants is mainly found in the yard. The most used plant part is the leaves, which can be boiled in water and drunk directly.

}, keywords = {Kaili tribe, Local knowledge, Medicinal plants, Species diversity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.115}, author = {Abdul Hapid and Ariyanti Ariyanti and Erniwati Erniwati and Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena and Ketut Agus Adrianta and Karnita Yuniarti and Muthmainnah Muthmainnah} } @article {2198, title = {The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1219-1223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Ramania leaves extract contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenols and terpenoids which can be used as an alternative medicine for socket wound healing. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing and can stimulate the formation of osteoblasts. Analyzing the differences in the number of osteoblasts in the negative control group, positive control given aloe vera gel 15\% and ramania leaf extract gel 15\% on day 5, 7 and 14. This study used true experimental design with posttest-only control design, using 27 rats divide into 3 groups. The experimental animals were sacrificed on days 5, 7 and 14 for histopathological observations. Two-Way ANOVA test results obtained p value = 0.013 \<0.05, which indicates that there is a significant difference between the use of 15\% ramania leaf extract gel 15\% and the number of osteoblasts on days 5, 7 and 14. Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s Post Hoc test showed a difference. The number of osteoblasts was significant among the negative control group with ramania leaf extract gel 15\%. Ramania leaf extract gel 15\% was proven to be able to increase the number of osteoblasts and has the potential as an alternative medicine for socket healing after tooth extraction.

}, keywords = {Bouea macrophylla Griff, Flavonoids, Osteoblast, Ramania leaf extract gel, Secondary metabolite, Tooth extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.221}, author = {Irham Taufiqurrahman and Siti Hajar Norma Gupita and Beta Widya Oktiani and Isyana Erlita and Andi Zulkifli and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Eko Suhartono} } @article {1958, title = {The effect of Sinensetin and Imperatorin on A-549 lung cancer cell viability in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {38-46}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {38}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, so research is ongoing to discover new therapeutics, such as plant-derived bioactive compounds. For example, Sinensetin, a plant-derived polymethoxylated flavonoid, and Imperatorin, a natural furanocoumarin, have anti-cancer properties. This study assessed the effects of sinensetin and imperatorin separately and in combination on A-549 lung cancer cell viability. Method: The A-549 lung cancer cell line was treated with sinensetin (60 μM), imperatorin (30 M), or a combination of both compounds (Sin:Imp 30:30 μM; 50:50 μM and 60:30 μM) for 48 hours. Cell viability was then assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and apoptosis was determined using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin-V/Propidium iodide staining. Results: The combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 and Sin:Imp 60:30 μM reduced cell viability more than the individual treatment of sinensetin and imperatorin, with the lowest cell viability observed for the combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 μM. Likewise, the combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 μM induced the most apoptosis compared to individual treatment. Conclusion: Sinensetin and imperatorin can decrease A-549 lung cancer cell viability and are potent apoptotic inducers, especially when they are used in combination, therefore they are potential lung cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {A549, Apoptosis, Cell viability, Imperatorin, Sinensetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.6}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2179, title = {Elucidating the Use of the Plant Paeonia Anomala from the Ancient Medical Books Kept in Mongolia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1163-1165}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1163}, abstract = {

Background: It is important to determine and study in detail the action of the main chemical and secondary components contained in Paeonia anomala against diseases. In particular, it is of great practical significance to clarify the use of the plant from ancient medical books and scriptures and to determine which of the six main diseases were used in traditional medicine. Purpose: To compare the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Paeonia anomala L. and to clarify the taste, potency, strength, and quality. Research materials and methods: Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. {\textquotedblleft}gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long{\textquotedblright}. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. {\textquotedblleft}gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so{\textquotedblright}. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient medical books and checklists were used in the study. Conclusion: The use of Paeonia anomala has been enriched with indications for use in traditional Mongolian medicine, Mongolian folk medicine, Russian folk medicine, and Chinese, Japanese, and Korean traditional medicine. In his book "ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long", the ancient medical scientist Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir wrote the name of the Paeonia anomala plant in Sanskrit as shogandha and in Tibetan as baspru. On the other hand, Toin Jambaldorj noted in his book "mtshar mig rgyan" wrote Paeonia anomala has a warm and equable quality, thus it can create potency. Therefore, it is appropriate to note that this plant in traditional Mongolian medicine is mainly used to treat back pain caused by cold conditions, chronic kidney disease, arthritis, uterine benign tumors, and bladder stones.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.211}, author = {Ariunjargal Tudev and Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Khurelbaatar Luvsan and Odontuya Gendaram and Bold Sharav and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren} } @article {2138, title = {Elucidating the Uses of the Plant Veronica Incana from the Ancient Medical Books}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {901-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plant research has been successfully carried out in the field of pharmacy and pharmacology in Mongolia, and dozens of research projects are still being carried out. However, there are still fewer studied medicinal plants of practical importance growing in Mongolia. Therefore, there is a need to register and study the ancient medicinal books written by ancient Mongolian doctors about the relatively little-studied Veronica Incana plant. In addition, taking into account that scientific research on Veronica Incana, which grows in Mongolia, has not been done in the field of medicine. Therefore, the topic was selected for research in this field. Purpose: Comparing the information of the ancient medical books written by Mongolian doctors and scientists, who wrote about Veronica Incana, to clarify the taste, power, and quality. Research materials and methods: 1. Research materials: Sumbe khamba Ishbaljir. gso dpyad bdud rtsi {\textquoteright}i chu rgyun gyi cha lag gi nang tshan gyi sman so so{\textquoteright}i mngon brjod dang ngos {\textquoteright}dzin shel dkar me long. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. Toin Jambaldorj. gso byed bdud rtsi{\textquoteright}i {\textquoteright}khrul med ngos {\textquoteright}dzin bzo rig me long du rnam par shar ba mdzes mtshar mig rgyan zhes bya ba bzhugs so. Wooden printing block with Tibetan script. 2. Research methods: Methods of textual analysis for ancient books and checklist methods were used in the study. Conclusion: Gandhabhatra plant is used in traditional Mongolian medicinal practices from ancient times, the plant is called Veronica Incana in Latin. Also called Buural gandbadraa in Mongolian. On the other hand, the traditional medical doctors of China{\textquoteright}s Inner Mongolia and Tibet use Gandbadraa, the Latin name Gnaphalium affine D. Don. The appearance, shape, and color of the flowers of these two plants are different. According to the research of the source, the main instruction and usage of the plants are the same: to destroy benign tumors, to remove poison, to treat colds, and to stop cough.

}, keywords = {Ancient medicinal books., Medicinal plants, Traditional Mongolian medicine, Veronica Incana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.171}, author = {Sansarkhuyag Enkhtur and Ariunjargal Tudev and Tungalag Dagdanbazar and Selenge Erdenechimeg and Odontuya Gendaram and Ulambayar Lkhamsuren and Bold Sharav} } @article {2181, title = {Ethanolic Extract of Propolis from Tetragonula laeviceps: Selective Cytotoxicity for MCF-7 Breast Cancer cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1177-1180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1177}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many patients with breast cancer fail to respond to conventional chemotherapeutic agents; these agents are also associated with numerous adverse events and toxicities. These concerns have led to the ongoing search for natural ingredients with antitumor effects. As such, the aim of this study was to explore the anti-cancer properties of an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), a natural product derived from the stingless bee, from Tetragonula laeviceps. Methods: Bioactive components of EEP were identified by gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS) and antioxidant capacity was tested by 2.2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. Selective cytotoxic actions of EEP on both MCF-7 and Vero cells were then evaluated using the MTT assay. Polyphenols were identified as the major components of EEP from T. laeviceps. Results: our results indicated that EEP was selectively toxic for human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and had only limited impact on African Green Monkey kidney Vero cells. Conclusion: EEP from T. laeviceps has bioactive components that may selectively inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. As such, EEP may be useful source material to be used for the development of novel anti-cancer agents.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells, Proliferation, Propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.213}, author = {Rina Masadah and Savira Ekawardhani and Ramadani Eka Putra and Dzul Ikram and Muhammad Faruk} } @article {1965, title = {The Relationship Between Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition on Body Weight, Incidence of NEC, Sepsis and Length of Care for Preterm Infant in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {86-89}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {86}, abstract = {

The incidence of preterm birth in Indonesia still accounts for the highest mortality rate. Failure to provide adequate nutrition will have an impact on growth failure, risk of infection and longer duration of care for preterm infant. This study aims to analyzing the relationship between enteral and parenteral nutrition on body weight, the incidence of NEC, the incidence of sepsis and the length of care at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. A total 106 subjects were enrolled, 78 infants were LBW, 19 infants were VLBW. Gestational age between 32-\<37 weeks as many as 96 subjects. 68 infants were female. A total of 49 patients (46.2\%) received parenteral nutrition. There is a relationship between enteral nutrition and the incidence of sepsis (p= 0.03), parenteral nutrition and body weight (p= 0.005), parenteral nutrition and the incidence of sepsis (p= 0.001), and parenteral nutrition and the length of care for preterm infants (p= 0.001). There is a relationship between enteral nutrition with the incidence of sepsis and parenteral nutrition with body weight, incidence of sepsis and length of care in preterm infants.

}, keywords = {Enteral, Hospitalization., Neonatal sepsis, Parenteral nutrition, Preterm infant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.12}, author = {Aldila Pratiwi and Martono Tri Utomo and Risa Etika and Kartika Darma Handayani and Dina Angelika} } @article {2137, title = {The Relationship of the Gene Allele Apolipoprotein E with Height in Down Syndrome 21}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {897-900}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a form of polymorphic protein located on the long arm of chromosome 19 at position 13.2 (19q13.2), translated into three alleles of the gene, namely normal allele 3 and dysfunctional allele 2 and 4. Patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 may have different allele frequencies and combinations of APOE gene genotypes with controls, which can result in decreased cognitive function and inhibition of bone growth. This study aims to analyze the relationship of the Apolipoprotein E Gene Allele with the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21. Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a comparative cross-sectional study design. Results: The sample used was the result of DNA extraction of patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 as many as 33 samples and 33 controls stored in the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. The next step is to examine the APOE gene polymorphisms using PCR and sequencing techniques. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and height (p=0.009). Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21.

}, keywords = {Apolipoprotein E, Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome, Height.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.170}, author = {Malinda Meinapuri and Arni Amir and Eva Chundrayetti and Efrida Efrida and Susmiati Susmiati} } @article {1760, title = {The Activities of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) on TNF-α, Macrophages and Leukocytes Male White Mice Exposed by H5N1 Virus Antigens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {253-261}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, it can increase the activity and capacity of mice macrophage phagocytosis at optimum dose of 200 mg/kgbw. Aim: This study aims to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of pegagan embun on TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups, one group as control was given 0.5\% Na CMC suspension, three groups were given pegagan embun extract at a dose of 10 mg/kgbw, 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8th day, all mice were induced with 0.3 mL H5N1 vaccine subcutaneously, then left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the mice were sacrificed and then TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types were determined. The research data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (significance was taken at p\<0.05) and continued with the Duncan test. Results: The results showed that pegagan embun extract significantly reduce TNF-α levels and total macrophages, also significantly increase total leukocytes and percentage of leukocyte types in mice (p\<0.05). Significant increases and decreases occurred on average at doses of 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that pegagan embun extract have immunomodulatory activity.

}, keywords = {Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Immunomodulators, Leukocytes, Leukocytes types, Macrophages, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.31}, author = {Salman Umar and Nengsyih Putri Erman and Armenia and Elsa Badriyya and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1861, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment of Freeze-Dried Lipote Fruit Extract (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) in ICR Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {490-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {490}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive contents. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was conducted following the OECD 425 guidelines to investigate the toxic effects of freeze-dried lipote fruit extract (LFE) in male and female ICR mice at doses of 55, 175, 550, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. Results: At the end of the 14-day experimentation period, no physical, behavioral, neurologic, or cardiorespiratory signs of toxicity nor mortalities were recorded in LFE-treated mice. Also, physiologic parameters such as body weight, and feed and water intake registered normal throughout the study. Hematologic values such as total RBC, total WBC, and differential WBC for both sexes remained normal, apart from the male mouse administered with 2000 mg/kg LFE dose which presented erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia after the end of the experimentation period, most likely due to extraneous factors unrelated to treatment. Meanwhile, the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values remained within their respective normal reference ranges. Conclusion: It can be inferred from results of this acute oral toxicity study that LFE is relatively non-toxic, has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, and like other closely related Syzygium berries, does not elicit any adverse effects on the physiologic, hematologic, and blood chemical levels of kidney-filtered substances in mice. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies must be conducted to determine the safety of continuous oral ingestion of lipote fruit.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Lipote, Mice, Philippine berry, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.126}, author = {Mark Joseph M. Desamero and Liezl M. Atienza and Maria Adrianna Isabella G. Claravall and Roxanne P. Gapasin and Jonna Rose C. Maniwang and Dianne Jane A. Sunico and James Ryan D. Aranzado and Joan I. Delomen and Loraine C. Bainto-Ancheta and Katherine Ann T. Castillo-Israel and Rohani B. Cena-Navarro and Maria Amelita C. Estacio} } @article {1821, title = {Alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV Inhibitory Activities of Ethanol Extract from Caesalpinia sappan, Andrographis paniculata, and Syzygium cumini}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {702-709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing global health problems of the 21st century. Antidiabetic medicine has been widely marketed with various mechanisms of action. However, there are side effects from these drugs. Therefore, most diabetic patients consume herbal as complementary. Plants that have been shown to have potential as an antidiabetic are Caesalpinia Sappan, Andrographis Paniculata and Syzygium Cumini. Objective: This study aims to examine the in vitro antidiabetic activity of single and combined ethanol extract of those three plants by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV (Dipeptidyl peptidase IV) enzymes. Materials and Methods: The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined using the paranitrofenil alfa-D-glukopiranosida (pNPG) reaction at a wavelength of 405 nm. Acarbose was used as the positive control. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity using H-Gly-Pro-AMC substrate and detected by fluorescence at λex = 365 nm and λem=415-445 nm. Sitagliptin was used as the positive control. LC-MS analysis was performed to identify the compounds contained in the combined extract. Results: Caesalpinia sappan showed better activity to inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzyme than acarbose at IC50 of 9,29 μg/mL. The combined extract obtained higher inhibition as DPP-IV inhibitor than single extract at 63, 69\%. The highest compound in the combined extract were 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4{\textquoteright}-hydroxybenzyl) chromone, Protosappanin E-1, Saurufuran B and candidate mass C36H38N4O5. Conclusion: These results indicate that single extract or combined extract potential as antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, DPP-IV Inhibitor, Syzygium cumini.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.89}, author = {Sabila Robbani and Berna Elya and Raditya Iswandana} } @article {1941, title = {Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antiplasmodial Activities of Sonchus arvensis L. Leaf Ethyl Acetate Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {993-998}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Infection is one of the health problems and a disease that mainly causes death. Malaria is a parasitic infection that is transmitted through the Anopheles sp. The female then causes infection and besides malaria, other contaminants that caused infection are bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to determine the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiplasmodial activity of Sonchus arvensis L. ethyl acetate fractions. In vitro antiplasmodial activity was carried out by Rieckman methods against Plasmodium falciparum strain 3D7. In vitro antioxidant activity was conducted by Prieto method against (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Then antimicrobial activity was performed using well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Maceration of S. arvensis L. dried leaves used n-hexane and ethyl acetate successively. Then the ethyl acetate extract was fractionated by vacuum column chromatography, using n-hexane and ethyl acetate as mobile phases. There are five fraction groups based on thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis. The IC50 of antioxidant and antiplasmodial activity showed that fraction IV was the lowest value and categorized as active for antioxidant (IC50=22.56 μg/mL), for antiplasmodial (IC50=12.07 μg/mL). Fraction IV also had antimicrobial activity, with diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) of 19.22 mm against Escherichia coli and 17.167 mm against Staphylococcus aureus.

}, keywords = {Biological activities, Escherichia coli., Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Sonchus arvensis L., Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.202}, author = {Dwi Kusuma Wahyuni and Anindya Nariswari and Agus Supriyanto and Hery Purnobasuki and Hunsa Punnapayak and Wichanee Bankeeree and Sehanat Prasongsuk and Wiwied Ekasari} } @article {1882, title = {Antioxidants, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Toxicity Assay of Ampelas (Tetracera macrophylla Wall.Ex Hook.F.\& Thoms) From Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {642-648}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {642-648}, abstract = {

Background: High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contribute to disease pathogenesis. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are effective as antioxidants. Objective: This research aimed to measure the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content and leaf toxicity of Tetracera macrophylla. Methods: DPPH and FRAP were used to determine antioxidants, and the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method was used for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content with AlCl3 and toxicity with MTT assay against RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Methanol extract has antioxidant activity with IC50 = 81.582 μg/mL (DPPH) and 11840 mol/g (FRAP), total phenolic content of 353.781 mg GAE/g dry weight, and flavonoid content of 279.2 mg QE/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts had weaker antioxidant activity than the methanol extracts. The IC50 toxicity assay methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract respectively showed 288.792 μg/mL and 541.472 μg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Tetracera macrophylla showed the highest yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and had the highest antioxidant activity. Methanol extract has low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Tetracera macrophylla, total flavonoid, total phenolic, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.147}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Kusmardi} } @article {1794, title = {Azadirachta indica Hexane Extract: Potent Antibacterial Activity Against Propionibacterium acne and Identification of its Chemicals Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {489-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

Background: Acne is a skin surface disease that appears when the excessive fat deposits clogged the skin pores, causes the growth of acne-causing bacteria and stimulates inflammation. Propionibacterium acnes is one of common acne-causing bacteria which usually manage by synthetic chemical-based drug. However, the presence of its long- used side effects pointed the urgent need of new anti P. acne drug discovery. Azadirachta indica is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antibacterial. A. indica leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against P. acne but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against P. acne is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of A. indica leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro anti- P. acne activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC-MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of A. indica. Evaluation of the anti-P. acne activity showed that the hexane extract had highest anti-P. acne compared to others. Further chemical identification showed that hexane extract contains three steroids, one saturated acids and one phenolic compounds. Conclusions: A. indica hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an acne antibacterial.

}, keywords = {Anti-Propionibacterium acne, Azadirachta indica, Chemical content., Hexane extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.62}, author = {Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana and Ratika Rahmasari and Berna Elya} } @article {1933, title = {Correlation Between the Suitability of Empirical and Definitive Therapies According to Culture Results with the Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Bacteremia Due to Carbapenem- Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) at Dr. Soetomo Tertiary Referral Hosp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {942-947}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Carbapenem administration is an important therapy for nosocomial infections due to MDRO, especially Acinetobacter baumannii. The global increase in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) that causes this pathogen has significantly threatened public health due to the lack of adequate treatment options due to the very few currently available antimicrobial agents that actively fight CRAB. Antimicrobial resistance is a major negative impact of inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing. Ineffective empiric treatment (initial antibiotic regimen not sensitive to identified pathogens based on in vitro sensitivity test results) is associated with a higher rate of deaths compared to effective empiric treatment. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between the suitability of empiric and definitive antibiotics and the clinical outcomes of patients with bacteremia due to CRAB treated in the inpatient ward of Dr. Soetomo Tertiary Referral Hospital, Surabaya. There were 227 isolates of bacteremia due to CRAB, consisting of 156 carbapenem-resistant A. baumanni and 71 carbapenem-sensitive A. baumannii. There were 88 isolates that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and all of them were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefepime, and ciprofloxacin. A total of 29.5\% of the isolates were sensitive to cotrimoxazole, 3.4\% of the isolates were sensitive to tigecycline, and 2.3\% of the isolates were sensitive to amikacin, levofloxacin, and cefoperazone sulbactam. Adequate empirical antibiotics and definitive antibiotics (sensitive based on culture sensitivity test) amounted to 12.5\% and 27.3\%, respectively. There is no significant correlation between the suitability of empiric and definitive therapies with the patients{\textquoteright} clinical outcomes (death and length of stay).

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacteremia, Carbapenem-resistant, Clinical outcomes., Definitive antibiotics, Empirical antibiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.194}, author = {Nafdzu Makhmudatul Muna and Ni Made Mertaniasih and Pepy Dwi Endraswari} } @article {1770, title = {The Effect of Antioxidant activity, Total Phenols and Total Flavonoids on Arginase Inhibitory Activity on Plants of Genus Sterculia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Background: The genus of Sterculia has the main compound of phenol and flavonoids. The secondary metabolites which have an arginase inhibitory activities were phenol and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity from genus Sterculia. The Plant of Sterculia: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. ex Miq., Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia parkinsonii F. Muell, Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth. The simplisia were leaves and woods. Materials and Methods: The simplisia were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract determined the arginase inhibition activity. The active extracts as an arginase inhibitory, determined the total flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant activity, and the chemical content. Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth., have arginase inhibitory activity. Results: The ethyl acetate extracts of Sterculia Stipulata leaves is an active extract. The methanol extract which have an arginase inhibitor activity were Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. wood and leaves, Sterculia macrophylla Vent., wood and leaves, Sterculia stipulata Korth., wood, and leaves. The methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Woods has the highest content of total phenols, antioxidant activity, and arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. has the highest content of total flavonoids, but this extract as an arginase inhibitory activity more lower than Sterculia comosa. The active extract as an arginase activity was methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Conclusion: The total phenols were more contributed for the response of the arginase inhibitory activity much more than antioxidant activity and total flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Enzyme, Flavonoids, Phenols, Sterculia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.41}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1793, title = {The Effect of Pomegranate Peel Ethanol Extract to TNF-α Expression of Mice Colonic Epithelial Cells Induced Using Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {480-488}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {480}, abstract = {

Introduction: The conventional drugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have many side effects that impact patient{\textquoteright}s quality of life, leading to the emergence of alternative therapies such as pomegranate peel ethanol extract (PPE). This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of PPE by observing TNF-α expression in mice induced chronic inflammation of the colon using dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Methods: 28 Swiss Webster mice samples were taken and divided into five groups, the control group (6 mice), the negative control group (5 mice), the group that was given DSS and aspirin (6 mice), the group was given DSS and a high dose of PPE (5 mice), and the group was given DSS and a low dose of PPE (6 mice). In mice, distal colonic tissue was taken and then stained immunohistochemically against TNF-α and observed with light microscopy at 400x magnification, and TNF-α expression was assessed using the H-Score. Results: TNF-α expression was significantly lower in the group given a high dose of PPE than the negative control group (p \<0.05), with mean rank scores of 3.00 and 8.00. There was no significant difference between the group given PPE with a high dose and aspirin (p\> 0.05). Conclusion: TNF-α expression in colonic epithelial cells of mice given DSS decreased upon treatment of a high dose of PPE, indicating a mechanism of decreasing inflammation. PPE also has the same effect as aspirin in reducing inflammation.

}, keywords = {Colonic epithelial cells, Dextran sodium sulfate, Mice., Pomegranate peel ethanol extract, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.61}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Raja Yasmin Khalilah and E Zuraidah and Ari Estuningtyas and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1901, title = {Effects of Acalypha indica L. Extract on Inflammatory Response in The Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview of TLR9, NFκB and TNFα Expression in Hepatocytes and Macrophages of Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {710-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

Background: Complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) include 67\% of the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Acalypha indica L., (AI) which is one of a herbal plant had been known as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of AI for therapy investigated by looking of the immune defense mechanisms. This researched was assessed by molecular docking approached on TLR9, NFκB, TNFα expression and liver morphological changes. Methods: Animal models of steatohepatitis were collected from high-fructose and cholesterol diet (HFCD) of Sprague-Dawley rats for 12 weeks and followed by therapy for 8 weeks. There were 5 groups from twenty five researched rats, include normal group (K1), HFCD group (K2), HFCD group supplemented with 400 mg Acalypha indica L. (K3), combination between 400 mg AI+Gemfibrozil (Gem) 31 mg (K4) and Gem 31 mg/kg (K5) in kgBW, respectively. Results: The results of molecular docking were carried out by assessing the interaction between hydrogen molecules of AI compounds and amino acid residues in TLR9, NFκB, TNFα. Morphological changes were assessed by scoring system. Statistical analyzed used Kruskall Wallis with post hoc Mann Whitney test continued by Spearman correlation test. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis showed that, an alkaloid compounds were found besides the flavonoid compounds that can bind to the binding pocket of inflammatory markers with the best binding energies. Other compounds, there are dasycarpidan-1- methanol, acetate (ester), fenofibrate and quinine. Supplementation of AI would reduced hypertrophy (p=0.031), macrovesicular steatosis (p=0.018), inflammation foci (p=0.005) and also decreased of TLR9 (p=0.009), NFκB (p=0.009), TNFα (p=0.009) expression, but not as good as the combination of AI+Gem.

}, keywords = {Acalypha indica L., NAFLD, NFκB, TLR9, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.158}, author = {Novianti Supriatna and Nurjati Chairani Siregar and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Linda Erlina} } @article {1903, title = {Effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on coping premenstrual syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {728-735}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {728}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 61 participants were divided in two groups, comprising an experimental with essential oils and a control group with no treatment. Main psychological symptoms were assessed with the used of Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) as well as total score of premenstrual syndrome was evaluated with Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Results: chemical analysis showed that linalool (17.6\%) was the main component. All variables showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was observed for anxiety (d = 1.25; Δ = 1.35). Besides, moderate changes were found for depression (d = 0.79; Δ= 0.81) and premenstrual syndrome total score (d = 0.62; Δ = 0.56). Conclusion: The essential oil of Satureja brevicalyx exerts a potencial use, especially for the treatment of psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Premenstrual syndrome, Satureja brevicalyx}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.160}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Olga Gessy Rodr{\'\i}guez Aguilar and Ana Mar{\'\i}a Honores Alvarado and Elsa Roc{\'\i}o Vargas D{\'\i}az and Lesly Alexandra Cabrera Cabrera and Klersy Almendra Truyenque Rom{\'a}n and Edwar Guido Brice{\~n}o Esquivel} } @article {1806, title = {Efficacy of Probiotic on Duodenal TNF-α Expression and the Histological Findings in the Liver and Lung in Animal Model Canine Coronavirus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {591-597}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Currently, Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is an enteric pathogen of the Alphacoronavirus-1 species that causes mild to severe diarrhea in puppies. The pathogenesis of this infection will cause severe lymphopenia and lead to death in puppies. This study aimed to determine the administration of probiotics on TNF-α expression, histological findings of the liver and lung in mice infected with CCoV. A total of 28 mice were randomly assigned into seven treatment groups, i.e. (C-) placebo; (C+) active CCoV vaccine induction; (T1) CCov + Isopronosin; (T2) CCoV + Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic; (T3) CCoV + Lactobacillus Acidophylus and Bifidobacterium probiotics; (T4) CCoV + colustrum fermentation probiotic; (T5) CCoV + ginger, turmeric and ginger probiotics. Thereafter, the expression of TNF-α in the duodenum was stained using immunohistochemistry, liver and lung were stained using hematoxylin eosin. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA test followed by the Tukey test with a significance level (p\<0.05). TNF-α expression on T4 and T5 decreased significantly (p\<0.05) compared to C+, T1, T2 and T3. Histologic findings of the liver in the C- and T4 groups showed normal features in the central vein. On the other hand, glycogen accumulation was found in hepatocyte cells, hemorrhage with sinusoid dilation, lymphocyte infiltration in centro lobular area in group C+. Lung histology showed normal features of sinusoids and alveolar septa in groups C- and T4. Meanwhile, intra-alveolar hemorrhage was found with neutrophil cell infiltration and fibrin plasma accumulation in group C+. In conclusion, colostrum fermentation probiotics can reduce TNF-α expression in the duodenum and improve the liver and lung physiology in mice infected with CCoV.

}, keywords = {Biodiversity, Canine coronavirus, Liver, Lung, Probiotic, TNF-α.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.76}, author = {Iwan Sahrial Hamid and Juni Ekowati and Rondius Solfaine and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1921, title = {The Ethanolic Extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower has Antioxidant, Anti-Gout, and Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {867-872}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {867}, abstract = {

The goal of this research was to explore the potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) flower extract as an antioxidant utilizing the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method; the possibility that it might be used as a treatment for gout by employing the 2,4,6-tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (TBHBA) technique, as well as the possibility that it could be used as an antibacterial agent against E. coli and B. subtilis. Results: The IC50 value for the extract{\textquoteright}s ability to serve as an antioxidant is 8.62{\textpm}0.006 mg/L, indicating that it is quite effective. In addition, the extract of ethanol possesses highly potent anti-gout properties, being capable of bringing about a 81.95{\textpm}0.1\% reduction in uric acid levels. In spite of this, the antibacterial properties of E. coli as well as B. subtilis bacteria were not particularly robust. Conclusion: The RnLK flower has the potential to produce alternative chemicals with the ability to reduce blood uric acid levels, but according to the results of the test, the antibacterial activity has little impact on E. coli and B. subtilis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, FRAP, RnLK, TBHBA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.181}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1752, title = {Extraction, Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds from Moroccan Satureja nepeta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {182-192}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Satureja nepeta is an aromatic medicinal plant, widely used by the Moroccan population. The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of extraction methods on total phenolic compounds (TPC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC). The phytochemical characteristics are subsequently analyzed to determine the components constitution as well as the evaluation of antioxidant activity. The extraction optimization and the extraction of total polyphenols was carried out using three methods (decoction, infusion and hydroethanolic). The antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the DPPH free radical trapping method, reducing power assay and the ABTS radical reduction test. Polyphenols were identified by the HPLCUV method. The optimal hydro-ethanol extraction conditions defined from the experimental design are: ethanol/water, 60/40 (v/v), 15 hours, 42.5 {\textdegree}C TPC and TFC of the infused extract were the highest. The evaluation of the antioxidant capacity showed that the infused extract had a good antioxidant efficacy. HPLC-UV and GC-MS has been used to identify some phenolic compounds in various extracts. In conclusion, optimizing the extraction of S. nepeta seems to be an efficient and quick method to establish the best extraction conditions. Also, Satureja.

Key words: Moroccan Satureja nepeta, Antioxidant activity, Total polyphenol, Total flavonoids, Total tannins.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.24}, author = {A EZAOUINE and M R SALAM and Y SBAOUI and B NOUADI and S ZOUHIR and M ELMESSAL and F CHEGDANI and F BENNIS} } @article {1744, title = {FTICR/MS Analysis of Micromeria Fruticosa and Teucrium Polium Growing in Lebanon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {112-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Micomeria fruticosa and Teucrium polium are Lamiaceae plants found throughout the Mediterranean, including Lebanon. Aerial parts of both plants were taken from a rocky mountain in Lebanon{\textquoteright}s Bekaa region and alcoholic extraction and chromatographic separation were performed. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) was used to examine crude extracts of both plants A and B, as well as their fractions. The mass spectra of both plants revealed great chemical complexity with a total of 6352 ions (peaks) for crude extract of plant A and 5147 ions (peaks) for extract B. The majority of chemicals found in both plants are condensed aromatics, particularly polyphenols which could explain the previously documented anticancer effects of both plants.

Key words: Micromeria, Teucrium chromatographic analysis, FTICR-MS.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.16}, author = {Mohamad Al- Hamwi and MahaAboul Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany and Youssef BAKKOUR and Ziad Mahmoud} } @article {1813, title = {In silico Analysis of the Polyphenolic Metabolites of Zea mays L. "Purple Corn" on HMG-CoA Reductase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {549-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {549}, abstract = {

This research aims to identify the polyphenolic metabolites, reported in ears and grains of Zea mays L. "purple corn" according to the current literature, with more significant interaction on HMG-CoA reductase, through in silico assays. Using the keyword combination {\textquotedblleft}Zea mays L{\textquotedblright} AND {\textquotedblleft}polyphenols{\textquotedblright}, a search was made in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases, identifying 22 polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic ligands and control molecules were prepared with the OpenBabel program and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. In addition, the crystallized structure of HMG-CoA reductase (1DQA) was downloaded from the Protein Data Bank database, then prepared in PyMOL and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. Molecular docking was performed in AutoDock Vina with a 100-time repetition for each ligand-target interaction. The results show that the hydrogen bonds with amino acids of importance in HMG-CoA reductase are ASN 658, ARG 590, and GLU 559. Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid presented lower affinity energy (ΔG{\textdegree}). The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the molecules with the best pharmacodynamic interaction were analyzed with the SwissADME and pkCSM servers, showing that protocatechuic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, p-coumaric and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids have the best physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, this study gives us a clearer idea of the action of polyphenols on HMG-CoA reductase, which will allow obtaining new drug candidates for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, HMG-CoA reductase., in silico, Polyphenols, Zea mays L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.70}, author = {Horna-Rodriguez Alexsandra M and L{\'o}pez-Gamboa July A and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1844, title = {Knowledge and Awareness about Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Among the Students of College of Medicine, Shaqra university in Dawadmi, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {367-372}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {367}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine are the two rapidly emerging areas in medical field which will determine the drug therapy of the future. It is very important for current medical students to be aware of these medical fields and apply these principles in their medical practice. There is huge scope for research in this area, hence an awareness study was conducted among medical students of college of medicine, Shaqra university, Dawadmi. Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among the medical students of Shaqra university, Dawadmi by self-administered questionnaire. 150 students participated in the study. Results: Out of the 150 students participated in the study Pharmacogenomics is relevant to my education 25\% strongly agree. 45\% agreed to recommend pharmacogenomic testing. Familiarity with genetics is only 16\% and only 14\% are familiar with interpreting results of pharmacogenomic tests. Knowledge testing showed overall less percentage. Only 16\% can identify drugs that require pharmacogenomic testing. But 36\% are confident to use the results of pharmacogenomics tests to make an appropriate adjustment to a patient{\textquoteright}s drug therapy. Knowledge about personalized medicine is 31\% with scale of 3 out of 7.40\% of students agreed to undergo genetic testing. 52\% of the participants agreed to know about their risk for developing genetic based chronic diseases. Conclusion: There is genuine interest and awareness about Pharmacogenomics and Personalized medicine among the medical students but the knowledge is lacking. Hence including these areas in the undergraduate medical curriculum will impart valuable knowledge to the future medical students.

}, keywords = {Personalized medicine, Pharmacogenetic testing, Pharmacogenomics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.109}, author = {Inbaraj Susai Domnic and Faisal Fahad Al Otaibi and Noureldaim Elnoman Elbadawi and Prasanna Mohana Bhaskaran and Mohammad Azhar Rashikh and Dinesh Dimri} } @article {1864, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti- Inflammatory Potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the secondary metabolite compound in the flower extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnK); The potential of the extract as a radical scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); and its potential as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results: Phytochemical screening results on the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flowers revealed the presence of steroid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract has a strong ability to scavenge DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 77.07 {\textpm} 0.05 mg/L. Besides that, the ethanol extract has very strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 13.88 {\textpm} 0.2 mg/L. Conclusion: According to these findings, the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flower can be used as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Anti-inflammatory., BSA, RnK}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.129}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1781, title = {Potency of Antidiabetic Effects of the Combination of Syzygium cumini and Andrographis paniculata in Rats with High-Fat Dietand Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {406-412}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

Andrographis paniculata (AP) and Syzygium cumini (SC) are known for their antihyperglycemic effects. However, the combined effects of these plants have not yet been assessed. This study evaluated the oral acute toxicity and in vivo antihyperglycemic effects of the extract combining AP and SC (SCAP) in rats with high-fat diet- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Thirteen female DDY mice for toxicity test were divided into three groups and orally administered one dose SCAP (0, 300, or 2000 mg/kg). On day 15, animals were euthanized, their internal organs were observed, and blood samples were collected for clinical biochemistry analyses. In vivo antihyperglycemic activity was examined in male Sprague- Dawley rats-induced diabetes. Diabetic rats were assigned to once-daily oral treatment with metformin, AP, SC or SCAP for 1 week. Concerning toxicity, SCAP had no effects on liver and kidney and histology of these organs displayed no abnormalities. Blood glucose levels had a tendency to reduce in treatment groups compared with the findings in the diabetic control group. SCAP treatment protected rats against pancreatic damage. These results illustrated that the combined SCAP treatment had beneficial effects on blood glucose levels and pancreatic β-cell function, in rats-induced diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Combination, Diabetes, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.52}, author = {Gumilar Adhi Nugroho and Febrika Wediasari and Zahra Fadhilah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and ELFAHMI} } @article {1845, title = {Potential of Rhinachanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Leaves Extract as an Antioxidant and Inhibitor of α-Glucosidase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {373-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this study is to learn more about the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) leaf extract. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique was used to extract the leaf material, and the solvent used was ethanol with a 70\% concentration. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracted material was determined. The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method was used to examine antioxidant activity, whereas α-glucosidase activity was used to test antidiabetic action. Results: The ethanol extract of RnLK leaves yielded 8.36\%, with a TPC of 607.1{\textpm}0.2 mg GAE/g sample. The IC50 value for leaf extract antioxidant activity was 19.1{\textpm}0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, the leaf extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and has an IC50 value of 81.3{\textpm}3 mg/L, making it an antidiabetic. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of RnLK leaves can be used as an alternative antioxidant and antidiabetic material, according to the findings of this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, CUPRAC method, RnLK, UAE, α-glucosidase activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.110}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1838, title = {Quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {327-337}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {327}, abstract = {

Introduction: Imperata cylindrica, commonly known as cogon grass, is currently widely distributed and used as a medicinal plant. The major compounds that have been isolated and identified are polyphenols and flavonoids, which have many biological activities such as antioxidant, and anticancer. Polyphenols and flavonoids are mostly found in the roots and leaves. This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening on I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia and determine the total polyphenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity and quantify Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of the extract. Method: Quantification of all parameters were measured using visible spectrophotometric methods. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride reagent, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, and quantification of Sinensetin and Imperatorin were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: I cylindrica root ethanol extract had a total polyphenol content of 1.109\% gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 0.1\% quercetin equivalent, and antioxidant activity IC50 824.30 μg/ml. Sinensetin and Imperatorin were also identified in Fractions 1 to 11 with concentrations of 0.0157 and 0.0178 mg/kg extract, respectively. Conclusion: I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen had active phytochemical compounds of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants as well as Sinensetin and Imperatorin.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Imperata cylindrica, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.103}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {1942, title = {Senna Siamea Hexane Extract: Potent Antifungal Activity Against Candida albicans, Candida Krusei and Identification of Its Chemicals Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Background: Senna siamea contains several chemical: flavonoid, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloid, and tanin which is as an antifungal againts of Candida sp because interfere function of the fungal cell membrane and inhibit syntesis of chitin. Candida albicans and Candida krusei could causing oral candidiasis, vulvovaginal infections, life threatening candidiasis, such as candidemia and internal organ infections. S. siamea is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antifungal. S. siamea leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against Candida sp but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against C. albicans and C. krusei is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of S. siamea leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro antifungal activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of S. siamea. Evaluation of the antifungal activity showed that the hexane extract had highest antifungal compared to others. Conclusions: S. siamea hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an antifungal. Further in vivo research are needed.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Chemical content., Hexane extract, Senna siamea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.203}, author = {Diny Kamilah and Berna Elya and Robiatul Adawiyah and Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana} } @article {1799, title = {Subchronic Toxicity Studies of a Combined Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels, and Caesalpinia sappan L Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {531-535}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini and Caesalpinia sappan (ASC) are plants that are widely used as traditional medicines in treating diabetes. The acute toxicity test results of the combination of these three plants were safe up to 5000 mg/Kg BB. Objectives: To evaluate subchronic toxicity of a combined ASC extract. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were acclimatized for 14 days and then fed a normal diet with ASC extract at doses of 150, 575 and 1000 mg/kg BW daily for 135 days. At the end of the study, the rats were sacrificed and then blood, heart, pulmonary, liver, kidneys, spleen and pancreas were collected. Result: The results showed no abnormality in the experimental group compared with the control group. All values of other parameters assessed remained within the normal range. Conclusions: The combination of ASC extract given orally for 135 days to male and female rats did not show any subchronic toxicity.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, Rats., Subchronic yoxicity, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.67}, author = {Atini Solawati and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Raysa Yunda Pratiwi} } @article {1730, title = {Total Phenolic, Flavonoids, and Carotenoids Content and Anti- Obesity Activity of Purslane Herb (Portulaca oleracea L.) Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {08-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to determine total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) of ethanolic extract of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.). Material and Method: Herb of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) was extracted using ethanol. Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), and total carotenoid content (TCC) The method used spectrophotometer UV-VIS by the used standard curve to compare the total content by linear regression calculation. Result: The results of this study demonstrated the TPC, TFC, and TCC value was 2.00 mg HE/g DW, 0.53 mg EQ/g DW, 128 mg GAE/g DW, respectively. For anti-obesity, a 200 mg/kg BW sample group had the greatest percentage decrease compared to the other groups (21.868\%). Conclusion: This study showed that Purslane is a good source of flavonoids, phenolic, and carotenoids. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract of this plant has prospect potential as anti-obesity.

Key words: Anti-obesity activity; Portulaca oleracea L.; Total phenolics, Flavonoids, Carotenoids content.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.2}, author = {Rizqi Nur Azizah and Andi Emelda and Ira Asmaliani and Islamudin Ahmad and Muammar Fawwaz} } @article {1818, title = {Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Tyrosinase Enzymes from Extract and Fraction of Passiflora ligularis Juss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {672-680}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {672}, abstract = {

Background: Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grows in the cool highlands of Indonesia, one of which is the province of West Sumatera. Sweet granadilla has potent antioxidant activity and can inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Objective: This study was performed to determine content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition in different part of P. ligularis extract and fraction. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, peels and seeds P. ligularis were separately extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using 70\% ethanol. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water. The ethanol extract and active fraction were determining antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH method, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. This study was equipped with analysis of light microscopy, SEM microscopy and LC-MS. Results: The highest total polyphenol content was found in the seed extract 176.22 {\textpm} 1.51 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was found in leaves extract 5.77 {\textpm} 0.48 mg QE/g extract. The highest antioxidant activity by FRAP method was found in seeds extract 80.79 {\textpm} 1.29 g Fe2SO4 equivalent/100 g extract and DPPH method was found in stem extract with IC50 value 9.00 {\textpm} 0.09. The highest percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (1 mg/ml) was found in seed extract 52.4 {\textpm} 2,55 \%. In fraction of seed extract show that ethyl acetate fraction most active than others. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of seed P. ligularis has potent antioxidants and good inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Passiflora ligularis Juss, Sweet granadilla., Tyrosinase, Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.86}, author = {Selvia Wiliantari and Raditya Iswandana and Berna Elya} } @article {1887, title = {Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline In vitro Activity Against Methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {671-674}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {671}, abstract = {

MRSA-infected patients incur twice as many costs as MSSA-infected patients. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and, most recently, Ceftaroline are among Indonesia{\textquoteright}s several MRSA treatment options. Therefore, we sought to assess the efficacy of these three medications. The investigation was done at the Dr. Soetomo General Academy Hospital{\textquoteright}s Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Surabaya. The bacterium ATCC 25923, ATCC 43300, MSSA clinical isolate, and MRSA clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus were studied. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and ceftaroline were administered at respective dosages of 1 MIC, 2 MIC, and 4 MIC. In addition, a time-kill test was performed, which consisted of counting the growth of colonies on solid media, generating a time-kill curve, and determining MBC. The number of colonies in the antibiotic groups at 4, 6, and 8 hours varied significantly, according to the study (Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline). In contrast, the number of bacteria did not differ significantly between Vancomycin and Linezolid until the fourth hour. Except at 6 and 24 hours, neither Vancomycin nor Ceftaroline significantly altered the number of bacteria. There was a significant difference in the number of colonies between Ceftaroline and Linezolid at 4, 6, and 8 hours. Vancomycin, Linezolid, and Ceftaroline against MSSA and MRSA isolates vary greatly.

}, keywords = {MRSA, MSSA, Time-kill curve}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.152}, author = {Eny Purwoningsih and Pepy Dwi Endraswari and Agung Dwi Wahyu Widodo} } @article {1704, title = {Alterations in Body Weight, Blood Glucose Levels, and Lipid Profiles in High-Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1562-1567}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1562}, abstract = {

Introduction: New preventive and therapeutic strategies to treat Type 2 diabetes (T2D) continue to be pursued, the complexity of this disease makes it imperative to establish preclinical animal models which must provide accurate similarities to the pathogenesis of diabetes in humans. Making a diabetic animal model using rats with high-fat diet (HFD)-streptozotocin (STZ) induction is popular because it is relatively low cost and simple. Objectives: This study aims to analyse the changes in body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profiles that occur in diabetic rat models created by induction of HFD in combination with lowdose STZ. Methods: This study used forty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-240 g). After the adaptation period, thirty rats were fed with HFD for 28 days (DM group), while the other ten rats continued to be fed with standard feed (NC group). After then, diabetes was induced to the DM group by low-dose STZ (35 mg/kg BW). The body weight of the rats was measured before and after diet manipulation periods. Blood samples were taken before and after STZ induction to determine lipid profiles and blood glucose levels. Results: During the diet manipulation period, the HFD group experienced a significantly greater weight gain, higher blood glucose levels, and cholesterol (TC) levels. After STZ injection, rats{\textquoteright} blood glucose levels, TC, and triglycerides significantly increased. Conclusion: HFD feeding combined with a low-dose STZ effectively work to mimic specific condition that is similar to T2D, and the stability of the experimental animal conditions remains constant for up to 6 weeks.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Diabetic animal model, High-fat diet, Insulin resistance, Low-dose streptozotocin, Stable diabetes type 2 profile.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.199}, author = {Raysa Y. Pratiwi and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Atini Solawati and Rosmalena} } @article {1404, title = {The Anthelmintic Activity of Cawat Anuman (Bauhinia Sp.) Leaves Against Ascaridia galli Worms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {626-630}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

Background: Traditionally, the people in Anik Hamlet usually use the Bauhinia sp. leaves as anthelimintic. Objective: The research was conducted to observe the anthelmintic activity of the ethanol extract of cawat anuman (Bauhinia sp.) leaves against Ascaridia galli by in vitro procedure. Methods: Group I was treated with NaCl 0.9\% as the negative control, also group II and III were treated with cawat anuman leaves ethanol extract at dose of 25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ ml respectively, and group IV was treated with mebendazole at dose 5 mg/ml as the positive control. Results: Compared to the negative control, the ethanol extract of cawat anuman leaves has activity as an anthelmintic (p\<0.05), moreover the potency of leaves extract at dose 50 mg/ml as anthelmintic against Ascaridia galli as strong as mebendazole at dose 5 mg/ml (p\>0.05). Conclusion: It concluded that the ethanol extract of cawat anuman leaves at dose 50 mg/ml has anthelmintic potency as strong as mebendazole 5 mg/ml.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic activity, Ascaridia galli, Bauhinia sp. Leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.79}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Ela Elisa and Eko Sri Wahyuni} } @article {1338, title = {Anticancer Activity of Micromeria fruticosa and Teucrium polium Growing in Lebanon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {103-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

The anticancer activities of two Lebanese plant extract Micromeria fruticose (A) and Teucrium polium (B) and their fractions were tested against MCF7 and A549 cancer cell lines using MTT assay. Separation was carried out through column chromatography and TLC analysis. Results showed that both plants possess a promising and dose dependent inhibitory activity with IC50of extract A 28.52 and 26.47 μg/ml on MCF7 and A549 cells respectively, and that of extract B was 41 and 27.9 μg/ml on MCF7 and A549 cell lines, respectively. More interestingly, combination treatment with either extracts A or B and cisplatin, significantly boosted the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin against the two cancer cell lines. Further studies are recommended to determine the active components in both plants responsible for these activities and explore their interactions at molecular level.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.15}, author = {Mohammad Al-Hamwi and Maha Aboul-Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany and Salam Nasreddine} } @article {1690, title = {Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Syzygium cumini Leave in Kadipaten, Central Java Indonesia, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1502-1508}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1502}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnomedicaly, jamblang (java plum) has been used as antidiabetic treatment in Dayak Tribe. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of the jamblang leaf extract as an antidiabetic. Objective: Evaluate Effecticity of Syzigium cumini (java plum) as anti-diabetic herb. Method: The antidiabetic activity test, used an animal model which gaven food a high fat diet High Fat Diet (HFD) then it was induced with Streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. The subjects used in the study were male rats (Ratus novergicus) Sprague-Dawley strain. Results: Oral administration of jamblang extract has anti hyperglycemic activity through decrease of fasting blood glucose point significantly (dose 1, 50mg/ Kg Bw p: \<0.0001, dose 2, 100 mg/Kg BW p: \<0.0001).

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperglicemic, Fasting blood glucose, Syzigium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.191}, author = {Zahra Fadhilah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Gumilar Adhi Nugroho and Febrika Wediasari and Eem Masaenah and Varda Arianti} } @article {1707, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Fractions Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1694-1701}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Methanol extract of X. moluccensis was found to be significantly effective in scavenging DPPH method. Therefore, this research is a follow-up research study from Budiarso et al (2020).. The methanol extract was then fractionated and tested for antioxidant activity. Objective: To assess antioxidants activity of methanolic fractions from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvent. The methanolic extract was fractionated using a chromatographic column were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Results: F3 Fractions IC50 of X. moluccensis exhibits the highest DPPH scavenging activity compared with F2, F3, ascorbic acis as control positif, F5, and F4, wich are 4.64, 6.79, 9.69, 10.49, and 227.44 respectively and Ferric reducing power from methanolic fraction of X. moluccensis stembark F3 exhibits higher antioxidant power compared to F2, F1, F5, ascorbic acid and F4, respectively which are 667.8 μmol/gr, 607.8 μmol/gr, and 573.8 340.48 and 309.8 μmol/gr, respectively

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., DPPH, FRAP, Kayu Sarampa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.218}, author = {Fitri Santy Budiarso and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Andy Howard Limengan and Ratika Rahmasari} } @article {1611, title = {Antioxidant and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor Screening of Merremia peltata L. as Potential Traditional Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {902-908}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {902}, abstract = {

Introduction: Merremia peltata is ethnomedicine plant used as traditional medicine in Sulawesi, Sumatra, Maluku and Papua. M. peltata is used for diabetic. Diabetes mellitus therapy with inhibit activity of alpha glucosidase enzyme could delay absorption of monosaccharides after a meal and interrupt glucose transport into the circulation. Objective: This research purpose is to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitor leaves and stem extract of M. peltata. Method: The Stem and leaves of M. peltata were extracted sequentially using the UAE method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phase/solvent. The M. peltata extracts were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by an enzymatic alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Result: The extract which had best performance in antioxidant activity was stem ME with value of IC50 in DPPH 47.41 μg/mL and total antioxidant power 340.04 μmol/g. This study showed that leaves and stem extract of M .peltata have potential alpha glucosidase inhibitors for diabetic therapy. Stem ME had the best activity with IC50 value 47.44 μg/mL, almost two times better than acarbose as a positive control (IC50 = 98.38 μg/mL). Leaves ME, leaves EA, and stem EA also give better activity of alpha glucosidase inhibitors than acarbose with IC50 value 67.24 μg/mL, 69.38 μg/mL, and 72.85 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: M. peltata has potential antioxidant and alpha glucosidase inhibitor activity for diabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Merremia peltata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.116}, author = {Bannan Muthi{\textquoteright}atul Af-idah and Muhammad Hanafi and Berna Elya} } @article {1342, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Bioassay on Blumeodendron toxbrai (Blume.) Stem Bark Hexane, Dichloromethane, and Methanolic Ekstract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {139-141}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {139}, abstract = {

Introduction: Blumeodendron toksbraii has the potential to be anti-HIV and anti α-glucosidase. Objective: This research was conducted to examine the effects of antioxidant and cytotoxicity in vitro from these compounds from methanolic stem bark extract. Method: Stem bark to be extracted with maceration using hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol solution. Extracts were quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Anticytotoxic activity was determined by cytotoxicity assay using MCF-7 cell line with Alamar Blue method. Results: The observed IC50 value from hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extract for antioxidant assay were 88.33 {\textpm} 0.19 μg/ mL, 74,54 {\textpm} 0,61 μg /mL and 94.1 {\textpm} 0.19 μg/mL respectively. IC50 value of anti-cytotoxic assay from hexane extract, dichloromethane and methanol extract is 121.24 {\textpm} 0.15 μg/mL, 55 {\textpm} 0,48 μg/mL and 70.71 {\textpm} 0.15 μg/mL. Conclusion: dichloromethane extract showed good promising result for anti-oxidant and cytotoxic assay, futher study needed to isolate compound from this plant.

}, keywords = {Anticytotoxic DPPH, Antioxidant, Blumeodendron toksbraii, Cancer, MCF-7}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.19}, author = {Andreas Susilo Adi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi} } @article {1389, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Protective Effect of Aqueous and Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby "Llancahuasi" on Erythrocytes Subjected to Oxidative Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {516-527}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {516}, abstract = {

Objective. To evaluate the antioxidant capacity and protective effect of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby in rat erythrocytes subjected to oxidative stress with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Methodology. This study used an experimental design. The extracts were obtained through maceration with 96{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR96), 70{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR70), 50{\textdegree} ethanol (SeR50) and through infused water (SeRAc). Secondary metabolites were identified through colorimetric reactions and precipitation. In each extract, we could determine the capacity to eliminate 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), the reduction of ferric ion and the total polyphenol content. In addition, the activity on the plasma membrane redox system (PMRS) was evaluated in each extract. The protection against oxidative stress in erythrocytes was evaluated by determining the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Results. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sesquiterpene lactones and sugars were identified in all the extracts. The total polyphenols content showed a correlation with the reduction of ferric ion (r=0.885) and with DPPH radicals elimination (r = -0.899), where the one with the highest antioxidant capacity was SeR50. Thus, the SeR50 (all concentrations) and SeR70 (100 μg/mL concentration) significantly increased the PMRS activity compared to the control group. After inducing oxidative stress in erythrocytes, all the extracts maintained the GSH level and inhibited MDA formation significantly compared to the H2O2 group. Conclusion. The antioxidant capacity of hydroalcoholic extracts (96{\textdegree}, 70{\textdegree}, 50{\textdegree}) and aqueous infusion of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby is related to the content of polyphenols. They increase the plasma membrane redox system activity in rat erythrocytes and protect them from oxidative stress induced with H2O2, showing an increase in the concentration of reduced glutathione and a decrease in malondialdehyde.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Lipoperoxidation, Plasma membrane redox system, Reactive Oxygen Species, Reduced glutathione}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.65}, author = {Justil-Guerrero Hugo Jes{\'u}s and Ch{\'a}vez-Flores Juana Elvira and C{\'a}rdenas-Orihuela Robert Armando and Ramos- Jaco Antonio Guillermo and {\~N}a{\~n}ez-del-Pino Daniel and V{\'a}squez-Quispe {\'A}ngel David and Rojas-Cardenas Nathalie Felicita and Fern{\'a}ndez-Flores N{\'e}lber} } @article {1661, title = {Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus Nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and Its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1297-1303}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aims to obtain a stem bark extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and reveal: the total phenolic content in the extract; The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with copper-reducing strength parameters, and its potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity. Results: The crude ethanol extract of R. nasutus stem bark obtained from the UAE process was 7.4896 g with a yield of 4.99\%. The high total phenolic content, namely 677.3343{\textpm}0.0007 mg GAE / g sample, the antioxidant activity test using the CUPRAC method gave an IC50 value of 18.43{\textpm}0.20 mg / L. In addition, the ethanol extract of stem bark has a high ability to inhibit the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 10.95{\textpm}0.28 mg / L. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus from UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase enzyme, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total phenolics content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.164}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1379, title = {Bioactive Secondary Metabolite from Endophytic Aspergillus Tubenginses ASH4 Isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {434-442}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {434}, abstract = {

Background: Endophytes are the richest sources of natural compounds, showing biological varieties and pharmacological activities. Objective: This study aims to isolate bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses with study the biological activity of the isolated bioactive compounds. Materials and Methods: Anofinic acid were obtained from Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract using chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Nine endophytic fungi were isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus plant. The most efficient isolate was AF3 identified as Aspergillus tubenginses ASH4 by 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Anofinic acid is an isolated active metabolite biosynthesized by A. tubenginsis was extracted from ethyl acetate with UPAC name of 2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyran-6-carboxylic acid. It shows a strong antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Bacillus subtilis. Moreover, anofinic acid inhibits biofilm formation and has antioxidant activity, with strong activity against some carcinoma cells such as HCT-116, Hep-G2 and MCF-7. Conclusion: Anofinic acid was purified from the endophytic Aspergillus tubenginses crude extract and showed antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, anticancer activities.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus tubenginses, Bioactive secondary metabolite, Endophytes, Hyoscyamus muticus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.55}, author = {Heba I Elkhouly and Ahmed A Hamed and Asmaa M El Hosainy and Mosad A Ghareeb and Nagwa M Sidkey} } @article {1703, title = {Comparative Modulatory Assessment of the Sperm Quality and Testicular Function by Solvent Fractions of the Cannabis Extract in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1678-1687}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1678}, abstract = {

Background: The bioactive ingredients present in medicinal plants have various pharmacological activities which have explored for therapeutic and management of disease conditions like infertility. Objective: This study evaluated the comparative modulations on semen quality and testicular function in the rat by solvents soluble portions of ethanolic leaf extract in varying polar solvents. Methods: Thirty Wistar rats were randomly placed into five groups (A, B, C, D, E and F) with five rats per group: A, control: 0.2 ml 2 \% DMSO was administered, B (vitamin C): 90 mg/kg body weight, 4.4 mg/kg body weight of n-hexane, 3.65 mg/kg body weight of ethyl acetate, 0.52 mg/kg body weight of n-butanol and 0.18 mg/kg body weight of the residual portion of Cannabis leaf extract were given to groups C, D, E and F, respectively. The rats were sacrificed 24 hours after the last day of 60 days of treatment. Results: Sperm indices, testosterone, FSH, LH, and HDL showed significant increase (p <= 0.05) across the treatment groups compared to normal control. Similarly, there was a significant increase in activity (p <= 0.05) of ALP, ACP, SOD, and CAT across the treatment groups compared to normal control. In addition, there were significant increases in GSH, MDA, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein concentration levels across the treatment groups compared to normal control. The n-butanol soluble portion showed normal histomorphology with typical seminiferous tubule with spermatogonia lying on the basement membrane. Conclusion: Testicular integrity and improved sperm quality were pronounced in rats administered n-butanol solvent portion.

}, keywords = {Cannabis, Fertility, Medicinal., Sperm, Testis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.216}, author = {Nwonuma Charles O and Favours God{\textquoteright}slove Oluwafemi and Rotimi Damilare E and Alejolowo Omokolade O and Ojo Oluwafemi A and Afolabi Boluwatife L and Irokanulo Emenike O} } @article {1674, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Peronema canescens Jack Leaves on Human Cells: HT-29 and Primary Adenocarcinoma Colon Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1389-1396}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Background: In Indonesia, this species was well known in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Java, and Sulawesi. Peronema canescens Jack (Sungkai) was traditionally used as an anti-flatulent, fever, toothache. Sungkai leaves contain many secondary metabolites with potential anticancer activity. The reported anticancer research was still limited to the cytotoxic activity of chloroform extract on the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. However, it was necessary to uncover the underlying mechanism. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism (such as cell cycle inhibition, induces cells apoptosis, and necrosis) of subfraction chloroform (SF3) from P. canescens extract has anticancer activity on HT-29 cells and primary Adenocarcinoma (AdenoCa pT3N1cM1) colon cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The extraction by maceration method using methanol solvent, the fractionation process was using vacuum column chromatography (VCC) with polarity gradient eluent. The cytotoxicity of SF3 was measured by MTT assay. The cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis induction, and necrosis cells were evaluated with the Flow cytometry method. Results: Cytotoxicity value (IC50) against AdenoCa cells was 1.897 μg/ml. The inhibition activity of synthesis and mitosis phase in cell cycle demonstrated that the different concentrations of SF3 have inhibition activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ml) of 26.79\% and 0.16\%, AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) of 10.27\% and 19.29\%, respectively. For induced apoptosis activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ml) and AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) were 26.58\% and 11.50\%, successively. Whereas, necrosis activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ ml) and AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) were 0.02\%, and 9.56\%, respectively. Conclusion: The subfractions chloroform (SF3) of P. canescens extract has potential activity on HT-29 and Adenocarcinoma cells through cell cycle inhibition, induces apoptosis and necrosis cells.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Colon cancer cells, Necrosis, Peronema canescens Jack}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.176}, author = {Arsyik Ibrahim and Siswandono and Bambang Prajogo EW} } @article {1691, title = {The Effect of Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) Leaf Extract on the Mucin 1 Expression in Mice Colonic Epithelial Cells Induced by Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1509-1515}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1509}, abstract = {

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammation caused by the malignant inflammation response and if not treated, could lead to colorectal cancer. One of the researched treatment is mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) leaf extract that has flavonoid compound known to reduce inflammation. This study was aimed to prove that mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation of mice colon induced with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) and observe MUC1 expression from colon epithelial crypt of Lieberkuhn. Methods: This was a laboratory experiment using biological material (paraffin block) taken from 28 mice and divided into 5 groups: normal, aspirin, low and high dose mahkota dewa, and negative control. They were processed into immunohistochemistry and stained microscopic slides. Afterwards, they were observed with 400x magnification and 5 field-of-view of mice colon crypt of lieberkuhn. Then MUC1 expression was counted using ImageJ to obtain mean immunohistochemistry score and analyzed with SPSS. Results: There were significant reduction of MUC1 expressions from normal, aspirin, and high dose mahkota dewa groups compared to the negative control group. The result shown MUC1 expression from high dose mahkota dewa (M=149.90,SD=3.81) and aspirin (M=158.92,SD=5.28) were closer to normal group (M=148.02,SD=5.28). There were no significant results between negative (M=175.39,SD=14.30) and low dose mahkota dewa group (M=149.90,SD=5.02). Conclusion: There was a reduction of MUC1 expression in DSS-induced mice colonic epithelial cells for high dose mahkota dewa group. This shown that high dosage mahkota dewa leaf extract could reduce inflammation like aspirin.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory agent, Colon epithelial cell, Inflammatory bowel Disease, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa), MUC 1 expression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.192}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Natasha Yemima Situmorang and Endah Zuraidah and Ari Estuningtyas and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1413, title = {Effect of Soybean on Bone Health and Some Metabolic Parameters in Postmenopausal Egyptian Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {688-697}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {688}, abstract = {

Introduction: Great concern has been raised recently concerning the therapeutic impact of soybean. The present study aims to investigate the effects of soybean on bone health and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this clinical study, 72 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 45-65 years were given soybean bioactive fraction 2 capsules (500mg each) daily for 24 weeks. Each capsule contained 31.25 mg proteins, 3.2 mg carbohydrates and 4.84 mg isoflavones. Blood pressure, bone mineral density, plasma osteocalcin (OCN), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), fasting insulin and blood glucose, lipid profile, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and TSH were assessed prior and after the period of the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostatic model assessment-IR formula (HOMA-IR). Results: Soy ingestion resulted in a significant increase in T score of the hip and OCN; recording -1.97{\textpm}0.13/-1.76{\textpm}0.12 and 22.44{\textpm}0.60ng/ml/30.93{\textpm}0.57ng/ml before/after treatment, respectively. A marked decrease was also detected in CTX from 2.22{\textpm}0.10ng/ml to 1.48{\textpm}0.08ng/ml. With regard to metabolic parameters, there was a significant decrease in fasting insulin (5.40{\textpm}0.62uU/ml vs 4.15{\textpm}0.45uU/ ml), however, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR showed no significant alterations. Lipid profile displayed remarkable decline in total cholesterol (188.86{\textpm}7.23mg/dl vs 159.60{\textpm}4.72mg/dl, triglycerides (97.09{\textpm}5.23mg/dl vs 83.56{\textpm}4.27mg/dl), LDL-c (75.60{\textpm}3.06mg/dl vs 63.95{\textpm}1.86mg/ dl) accompanied with a significant elevation in HDL-c (53.09{\textpm}0.88 vs 65.81mg/dl{\textpm}0.80mg/ dl). A significant decrease in both TSH (1.97{\textpm}0.13 uIU/ml vs 1.40{\textpm}0.08 uIU/ml) and serum creatinine (0.82{\textpm}0.02mg/dl vs0.77{\textpm}0.02mg/dl) was also noticed. Conclusion: Consumption of soy improves bone health, reduces cardiovascular risk with no adverse effects on kidney, liver or thyroid functions.

}, keywords = {Bone health, Bone mineral density, Hypocholesterolemic effect, Insulin resistance, Metabolic parameters, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.88}, author = {Mouchira Abdel Salam and Hala M. Raslan and Doha A. Mohamed and Aliaa Elgendy and Rehab A. Hussein and Omneya Moguib and Maha Abdelhadi and Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna and Karem Fouda and Safenaz Y. El Sherity and Emad N. Zikri and Nagwa M. Ammar} } @article {1387, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water (TCW) on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels also known as hyperglycemia. Continuous hyperglycemia can increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS causes oxidative stress and increases the formation of TNF-α expression as a marker of inflammation. Tender coconut water is rich in sources of free amino acids, L-arginine and vitamin C which can prevent oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research design using posttest control group design. Twenty four male wistar strain rats were used in this study were divided randomly into 4 groups, which are group K1 (control); K2 (DM type 2); K3 (DM type 2+ Glibenclamid 0,18mg/200grBW); K4 (DM type 2+ tender coconut water 8mL/200gr BW). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kg body weight and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kg body weight. The administration of tender coconut water were given on day 3 after DM condition is reached, given daily for 4 weeks with dose of 8 mL/200 gr BW. Data on of TNF-α , IL-1 and IL-6 levels were analyzed by One Way Anova. Result: Average TNF-α level, IL-1 level and IL-6 level in Group 2 increased compared to Group 1 , in Group 3 it decreased compared to Group 2 as well as in Group 4 .The results of the analysis has the p values \<0.05. Conclusion: Administration of tender coconut water can be decreasing of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 levels in wistar strain male rats with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, IL-1, IL-6, Tender coconut water, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.63}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Joko Wahyuwibowo and Mochammad Navi Suharto and Bagus Haruno Enggartiasto and Mohammad Iqbal Raka Ortanto and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {1423, title = {Elastase Inhibitory Activity, Determination of Total Polyphenol and Determination of Total Flavonoids and Pharmacognosy Study of Faloak Plant (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) from East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {758-764}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {758}, abstract = {

Introduction: Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) is one of the typical plants of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Faloak contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds, and show strong antioxidants activity which potentially correlated with its elastase inhibitory activity. Therefore, in this research, elastase inhibitory activity on various part of Faloak plant was investigated. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol, determination of total flavonoids, and also pharmacognosy characterization of Faloak leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. Methods: Sample of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks were extracted by 70\% ethanol using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Phytochemical screening, microscopic identification and elastase inhibitory activity testing were performed on the leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks extract. This extract with the highest elastase inhibitory activity was then determined for its total polyphenol content and of total flavonoids content. Results: UAE method with 70\% ethanol successfully extracted active compounds from leaves, stems, roots, and stem barks of Faloak. Extract of all Faloak parts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and glycosides. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the strongest elastase inhibitory activity as compared to the extract from other parts, with IC50 of 73.7 μg/mL. Alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside were detected as secondary metabolite in the extract of leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the highest elastase inhibitory activity with IC50 73.7 μg/mL. The total flavonoids and total polyphenol content of Faloak stem bark extract were respectively 28.75 mg/gram and 45.25 mg/gram extract. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol extract of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks of Faloak showed elastase inhibitory activity, and stem barks extract showed the strongest activity. Faloak stem barks extract can be considered as potential to be developed as active compound in anti-aging product, both in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

}, keywords = {Elastase inhibitory, Flavonoids, Polyphenol, Sterculia quadrifida}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.97}, author = {Sofiah Yunita Radjah and Kunia Sari Setio Putri and Berna Elya} } @article {1671, title = {Evidence Based Evaluation of Pharmacological Activity and Herb-Herb interaction of Organic Extracts of Certain Natural Anti- Diabetic Mixtures}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1366-1376}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1366}, abstract = {

Objective: This work aims to find a new treatment based on the development of safe natural anti-diabetic mixtures. It assesses the hypoglycemic activity of natural mixtures and determines whether there are any negative side effects from the interaction of the herbs and the herbs. Methods: Six natural mixtures were tested for anti-diabetic activity, which was confirmed by a pathological histological examination. We performed a GC-MS analysis on active mixtures 1 and 2, yielding 54 and 38 compounds, respectively. The major compounds were Gingerol, Butan-2-one and 4-(3-hydroxy-2-methoxyphenyl) (97 and 64.02 per cent). Results: Among the six samples, the organic extract of mixture 1 and 2 showed a significant reduction in BGL compared to the standard drug glimepiride at a dose of 10 mg/kg ip and demonstrated a beneficial effect on renal function in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. These results were confirmed by a histopathological study which revealed that both mixture 1 and mixture 2 had decreased morphological and ultrastructural changes in the triggered liver. Docking of cuminaldehyde, Gingerol and α-Copaenin at the active site of human pancreatic enzymes α-amylase and aldol reductase revealed that these compounds had binding affinity at the active site of the enzymes. Conclusion: Our results revealed the anti-diabetic activity of non-polar mixtures consisting of long chain hydrocarbons, oils and non-polar components, thus suggesting that the herbal formulation is safe and effective for the treatment and complication of type 2 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic herbs, Herb-herb interaction, Medicinal Plants.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.173}, author = {Asmaa Sayed Abd Elkarim and Amal H. Ahmed and Abdelbaset M. Elgamal and Radwan El Haggar and Alaa Khedr and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Roula Bayram and Samah Shabana} } @article {1364, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Cordia lutea Lam Flower Extracts Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {309-316}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {309}, abstract = {

Background: Paracetamol or acetaminophen overdose leads to hepatotoxicity. This study evaluates the effect of Cordia lutea extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Three different doses of dry fluid extract of C. lutea (200, 400 and 600 mg / Kg) were evaluated and compared with Silymarin 200 mg / Kg. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were evaluated, and histopathological changes in the liver were studied and evaluated. Results: C. lutea reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increases proteins significantly, although the reduction of bilirubin was not significant, the extract at 400 mg / Kg reduced the levels better than the extract at 600 mg / Kg. The histopathological evaluation suggested that C. lutea extract reduced paracetamol-induced liver necrosis. Conclusions: The extract of C. lutea has a marked hepatoprotective effect, significantly reducing the levels of ALT, AST and ALP, in addition to increasing the levels of albumin, globulin and total proteins, in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. C. lutea extract is an excellent candidate for use in paracetamol-induced liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Acetaminophen, Biochemical parameters, Cordia lutea, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology, Paracetamol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.40}, author = {Ruiz-Reyes SG and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz William Antonio and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Venegas Casanova Edmundo A and Miranda-Leyva Manuel and Valdiviezo Campos Juan Ernesto and Cuellar-Cuellar Armando} } @article {1329, title = {The Impact of Sub Acute Administration of Purified Gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to The Liver and Kidney Functions and its Reversibility on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {44-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Introduction: The impact of sub-acute administration of purified gambier (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) to the liver and kidney function and its reversibility had been studied on rats. Methods: Rats at the aged of 2-3 months and the bodyweight of {\textpm}250 g were treated with water solution of purified gambier at the dose of 5 mg/kg10 and 20 mg/kg for 7 to 14 consecutive days. Plasma ALP, AST activities, creatinine clearance, liver and kidney ratios were determined on the day 1, 7, 14 one week after the doses stopped. All data on each parameter were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s multiple T-test and significance was taken at p\<0.05. Results: The results showed that all parameters was not affected significantly (p\>0.1), except ALT activity and liver organ ratio decreased significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: These indicated that purified gambier is relatively non-toxic to the liver and the kidney of the rats at doses of 5-20 mg/kg BW for 14 days.

}, keywords = {ALP, ALT, CrCl, Liver function, Purified gambier, Renal function}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.7}, author = {Armenia and Dita Permatasari and Lathifah Putri Sinamar and Keke Estera and Almahdy Ahmadin} } @article {1657, title = {In Vivo Antimammary Tumor Effects of Soybean Extract with Targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1269-1276}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1269}, abstract = {

Background/Objective: Lunasin is a peptide, consist of 44 amino acids which have anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The price of commercial Lunasin was very expensive due to the high cost of lunasin synthesis and the lack of methods to obtain the pure lunasin weight from plant sources, involving time-consuming analytical instruments. To overcome these problems, the soybean extract with targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun) was made. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-cancer properties of ET-Lun in breast cancer models in vivo. Methods: Effect of ET-Lun was evaluated in 7,12-Dimetilbenz[a]antrasen (DMBA) induced breast cancer rat model. Tumor Mass, volume, and number were measured. The expression of HER2 and EGFR from each treatment group in DMBA-induced rat was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: The results shown that ET-Lun could reduced tumor volume (p=0,021). ET-Lun decreased EGFR expression compared to negative control DMBA (p=0,012). Conclusions: These results indicated that the ET-Lun has anti-breast cancer activity in vivo.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, EGFR, HER2, In-vivo, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.160}, author = {Numlil Khaira Rusdi and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Berna Elya and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1711, title = {Liver-Histological Improvement after Capsaicin Administration in Mice with Aflatoxin B1 oxication}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1577-1581}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1577}, abstract = {

Context: Public health issues are considered to provide safety for public consumption. The distribution of mycotoxins in food is still a concern to be solved. Capsaicin is a property in chili that inhibits the biotransformation of mycotoxins by modifying the activity of liver enzymes in phase I. Objectives: A total of 20 mice were divided into 4 treatment groups, namely (T0) 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) 0.5 ml of capsaicin + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) 0.1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0.5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. Methods: Liver histology was performed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and then evaluated descriptively. Result: The T3 group showed significant improvement in sublobular vein, interlobular vein, centralis vein, interlobular duct. Meanwhile, based on scores of hepatocyte form, focal necrosis, hypertrophy, fibrosis, cholestasis, and steatosis were evaluated for improvement in the T3 group. Conclusion: Capsaicin was revealed to improve the liver histology in mice with aflatoxin B1 toxication.

}, keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Capsaicin, Liver, Public health.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.202}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Faisal Fikri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1719, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves and Fructus of Arctium lappa L. (Asteraceae Bercht. \& J. Presl)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1734-1745}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1734}, abstract = {

Introduction: The state quality assurance system ensures the confidence of consumers that the product meets its quality requirements. In this study, pharmacognostic standards of the leaves and fructus of burdock are specified for the first time. Methods: Microscopic analysis was carried out by using the microscope Carl Zeiss. The UV spectrum were measured on an SF-2000 spectrophotometer. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are heart-shaped, broad-heart-ovate-shaped with a spaced emarginatedserrate or whole edge, with a wide, wedge-shaped, rounded, uneven base, acute apex, green on the outer surface, grayish slightly pubescent on the inner surface. The fructus are obovate or wedge-compressed, slightly curved, the color is brown/black with spots, or variegated with black spots on a gray background. The microscopic examination of the leaves revealed the presence of epidermis, large submerged and non-submerged stomata of the anomocytic type, 2 types of simple unbranched multi-cellular and glandular capitate trichomes; essential oil glands. Microscopic examination of the leaf petiole revealed the presence of 2 types of simple multi-cellular trichomes, epidermis, angular collenchyma, bicollateral bundles, parenchyma. The stomatal index value is 8.28{\textpm}0.81 per 1cm2. The microscopy of the fructus revealed the presence of elongated cells of the pericarp epidermis; mesocarp; endocarp; endosperm with aleurone grains and drops of fatty oil. The qualitative phytochemical analysis of revealed the presence of polysaccharides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic acids. Conclusion: Physical and chemical parameters (moisture, extractive value, ash content) were also specified. These specific data are important for establishing diagnostic indicators for standardization, identification, preparation of new quality standards.

}, keywords = {Analitical standarts, Arctium lappa L., Fructus, Leaves, Pharmacognostic standarts, Phytochemical analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.224}, author = {Kolomiets Natalia Eduardovna and Korolev Stepan Alexandrovich and Isaykina Nadezhda Valentinovna and Abramets Natalia Yurievna and Kudryavtseva Darya Vladimirovna and Boev Roman Sergeevich and Zhalnina Ludmila Vladimirovna and Ali Abdujalil Kaid Hasan and Bondarchuk Ruslan Anatolevich} } @article {1414, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves of Hyptis Suaveolens Linn. (Labiatae) (Poit)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {698-705}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {698}, abstract = {

The pharmacognostic standards of fresh, powdered and transverse sections of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) leaf were carried out to determine its macroscopic, microscopical (both qualitative and quantitative), analytical standards and phytochemical profile. The macroscopy revealed a simple leaf, oppositely arranged along the stem with a dark green colour on the outer surface and pale green on the inner surface, ovate in shape and bilateral base, acute apex with a serrate margin. The qualitative microscopy of the powdered leaf shows xylem vessels parenchymal cells with diacytic type of stomata. Also epidermal cells with stoma wall, polygonal parenchymatous and collenchymatous cells making up the cortex with starch grains; non-glandular uniserate, multicellular septate trichome, irregular shaped prisms of calcium oxalate crystals and small bundle of mucilage cells. The quantitative microscopy of the leaf showed the values of palisade ratio, stomatal number (upper and lower epidermal stomatal index (upper and lower surface), vein-islet number and vein termination number to be 5.10, 50stomata/mm2, 80 stomata/mm2, 12.33, 23.14, 35/mm2 and 20/mm2 respectively. For the analytical standards; 9.90 \%, 1.67 \%, 0.38 \% 6.39 \%, 0.61 \% w/w, 1.16 \% w/w, 11.70 \% and 7.25\% were obtained for total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash, alcohol soluble extractive value, water soluble extractive value, moisture content and fibre content respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis on Hyptis Suaveolens leaves showed presence of carbohydrates, reducing sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins. These specific standards obtained are of importance in the establishment of diagnostic indices for the standardization, identification and preparation of monograph on the plant.

}, keywords = {Analytical standards, Hyptis Suaveolens L. (Poit), Macroscopy, microscopy, Pharmacognostic standards, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.89}, author = {Eleje Oboma Okonta and Peculiar Feenna Onyekere and Patience Ngozi Ugwu and Helen Ogechukwu Udodeme and Vincent Obisike Chukwube and Uchenna Estella Odoh and Christopher Obodike Ezugwu} } @article {1417, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Collection and Study of its Hepatoprotective Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {713-721}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {713}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of this work is pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation consisting of elecampane rhizomes and roots (Inula helenium L.), fruits of rose (Rosa sp.) and hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), leaves of pepper mint (Mentha piperita L.) and cowberry leaves (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.), spiny eleuterococcus rhizomes and roots (Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr.et Maxim.) Maxim., low cudweed herb (Gnaphalium uliginosum L.s.l.) as well as determination of its hepatoprotective activity. Materials and methods: An electron microscope, HPLC and methods of the State Pharmacopoeia of Russia were used in pharmacognostic study of herbal formulation. The hepatoprotective, antioxidant and choleretic activities of the herbal formulation were studied in vivo model of liver damage induced by tetracycline hydrochloride and 40\% ethanol. Results: The content of biologically active substances (BAS) collected: essential oils - at least 0.30\%; flavonoids in terms of luteolin - not less than 1.0\%; ascorbic acid - not less than 0.5\%; tannins - not less than 3.0\%; arbutin - at least 0.4\%; eleutheroside B - not less than 0.01\%.It has been found that the course administration of herbal formulation to white Wistar rats with liver damage eliminates the prooxidant effect of tetracycline and ethanol, reduces the manifestation of cholestasis and increases the rate of bile secretion for 1-3 hours. Conclusion: The herbal formulation has hepatoprotective activity, antioxidant, choleretic effect and stimulates regenerative and antitoxic processes in the liver in rats with a model of combined liver damage induced tetracycline and ethanol. The obtained research results argue the possibility of using herbal formulation for prevention and complex treatment of liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Hepatoprotective activity, microscopy, Phenolic compounds, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.91}, author = {Lubsandorzhieva PB and Rendyuk TD and Dashinamzhilov Zh.B and Dargaeva TD and Ferubko EV} } @article {1380, title = {Potential Inhibition by Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract on Ki-67 Expression in Distal Colon Mouse}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has been an important aspect of an incurable chronic inflammatory disease over the last few decades. To find useful therapies for UC, one of which is herbal therapy, many researches have been conducted. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian indigenous herb, is considered to be the alternative therapy for UC. Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is then used in this research to determine its effect on UC by using Ki-67 as a marker of proliferation. PMLEE was created from dry PM content undergoing maceration. The animals were classified into six categories: normal, positive control, negative control and PMLEE group (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected for 7 consecutive days into BALB/c mice that were caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). DSS is used for modeling UC in the colon tissue of mice. All mice were terminated and then stained with anti-Ki-67 after their colons were extracted. Subsequently, the stained parts were analyzed with ImageJ based on the color intensity produced by the results of H-score. Based on H-score, PMLEE 300mg and 200mg has significantly decreased the expression of Ki-67 compare to the negative control (p=0.001 and p=0.01). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference from PMLEE 300mg and 100mg (p=0.002). It then concludes that PMLEE is related to Ki-67 expression in cells, as it was inversely proportional in this analysis.

}, keywords = {Dextran sodium sulphate, Inflamation, Ki- 67, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.56}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo and Alfred Pakpahan} } @article {1326, title = {Potential of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract to Upregulate the Expression of Caspase-3 in Mouse Distal Colon after Dextran Sodium Sulphate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {23-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a part of incurable chronic inflammatory disease that has gained importance over the past few decades. A lot of research has been done to find effective treatments for UC, one of which is herbal medicine. Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian native plant, is thought to be an alternative therapy for UC because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this research, Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is used to assess its effect on UC by using Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker. PMLEE was made from dried material of PM that undergo maceration. Animals were separated into six groups: normal, negative control, positive control, and PMLEE groups (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected to BALB/c mice that have been induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 7 consecutive days. DSS is used to model UC in mice colon tissue. All animals were sacrificed and their colons were collected then stained with anti-Caspase-3. The stained sections were subsequently examined with ImageJ based on color intensity which generated H-Score as the results. Based on H-Score of each group, PMLEE 300mg has significantly upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 compare to the negative control (p=0.015). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference between PMLEE doses. Therefore, it concludes that PMLEE is able to upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 in colon cells as in this study it was directly proportional. Key words: Mahkota Dewa, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ulcerative colitis.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Inflammation, Mahkota Dewa, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.4}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1681, title = {Quantification of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Myricetin in Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, and Brazilin in Caesalpinia sappan L. by HPLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1437-1444}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1437}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin are bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini, and Caesalpinia sappan plants that have potential as medicinal ingredients. Objectives: To determine the levels of andrographolide in A. paniculata herb extract (APE), myricetin in S. cumini leaf extract (SCE), and brazilin in C. sappan wood extract (CSE) as marker compounds for extract quality control using the HPLC method. Methods: The separation was carried out on a reverse-phase C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm). The isocratic was prepared from methanol - water (50:50 v/v); 0.1\% orthophosphoric acid - methanol (60:40 v/v); and 0,3\% acetic acid - acetonitrile (85.5: 14.5 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL/min for andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin determination, respectively and detection using UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm, 369 nm, and 280 nm, respectively. Results: The linear regression for andrographolide was y = 14113x + 5948.8 (r2= 0.9994); myricetin was y = 87766x {\textendash} 138895 (r2=0.9996); and brazilin was y = 18520x {\textendash} 42668 (r2=0.9992). The andrographolide content in APE was found to be 14.4686 \%. The myricetin content in SCE was found to be 0.3190 \%. The brazilin content in CSE was found to be 2.1280 \%. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for the analysis of the APE, SCE, and CSE. This method can be used for the identification and quantification of andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin in herbal raw materials or herbal products containing these three extracts.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, HPLC, Marker compounds, Quality control, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.182}, author = {Eem Masaenah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Zahra Fadhilah and Varda Arianti} } @article {1352, title = {Reconstruction and Scientific Explanation of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) From West Sumatra as Ethnomedicine and Source of Science Learning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {206-211}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest land in the world, this makes Indonesia rich in diversity of flora and fauna. This diversity produces a variety of cultures, traditions and local wisdom. One of the local wisdoms of the people of West Sumatra is the use and utilization of the biodiversity around it as a medicine for various diseases. The type of medicinal plant that is the focus of this research is the type of Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.). This research is an educational research conducted using an ethnoscience approach, meaning that it is based on the indigenous knowledge of the local community. This study aims to reconstruct knowledge from a cultural / community perspective in the health sector. which later will become a knowledge with scientific explanation. The data were obtained through direct observation to the research location regarding indigenous knowledge about the Akar Kuning plant and also based on laboratory test data on antibacterial activity carried out in the biology laboratory of Semarang State University. All data obtained will be analyzed and also strengthened by various sources. The analysis concluded that the Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Plant contains bioactive compounds that act as antibacterials, thus inhibiting bacterial growth. This is evidenced by the inhibition zone diameter data produced during laboratory tests showing the results that the Yellow Root plant extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.)

}, keywords = {Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.), Ethnoscience, Reconstruction, Scientific explanation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.29}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Sudarmin and Annisa Efendi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Biomechy Oktomalioputri and Rehani Ramadhani} } @article {1339, title = {Repurposing of FDA Approved Alkaloids as COVID 19 Inhibitors; in silico Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {110-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Background: Alkaloid drugs were permitted for using as a treatment of numerous diseases. Colchicine, codeine, piperine, papaverine, ergometrine, theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are recognized safe alkaloids and used for many human disfunctions. The chemical structures of alkaloids have flexible chemical moieties with various electronic and chemical characters. COVID-19 is a horrible disease as result from that the discovering of potent drugs from previously FDA approved drugs is the main objective of this study. Methods: docking studies were used for discovering the interactions of alkaloids with protease proteins. The nature of selected alkaloids structures was utilized for advance insights studies to predict new medical applications. Results: Docking studies for alkaloids were completed and the obtained outcomes, displayed that all tried alkaloids have great attraction with the five protease proteins, the energy docking score ranged from -2.9516 (for colchicine with 5R82) to -24.7449 (for ergotamine with 5R80) kcal/mol with 1-5 variable interactions bond. Conclusion: Among the tested drugs, papaverine and ergometrine revealed high docking scores for all five proteins (score ranged from, -14.1058 to 23.1619 for papaverine and, -4.7900 to 24.7449 for ergometrine) and number of interactions with all tested proteins are two to three for papaverine but for ergometrine are two to five.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, COVID-19, Docking study, FDA, Natural drugs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.16}, author = {Ehab M Mostafa and Mohammed Gamal and Mohammed M Ghoneim and Shaimaa Hussein and Ahmed H El-Ghorab and Mohamed A Abdelgawad and Arafa Musa} } @article {1708, title = {Role of Capsaicin in the Repair of Cellular Activity in Mice Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1573-1576}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

This study aimed to determine the capsaicin efficacy on Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells in mice liver induced with aflatoxin B1. A total of 20 mice were used as sample, assigned into four group i.e. (T0) administered 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T1) administered 0,5 ml of capsaicin + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T2) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of polyethylene glycol, (T3) administered 0,1 ml of aflatoxin B1 + 0,5 ml of capsaicin, respectively. All treatment were done for a month then followed by liver dissection for hematoxylin eosin staining. The differential cells counted then analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison test (p\<0,05). The cell determination showed that Kupffer cell, polymorphonuclear, stellate, and fibroblast cells decreased significantly (p\<0,05) in T3 group compared to T2 group. Meanwhile, the T1 group showed similar (p\>0,05) with T0 group. It can be concluded that capsaicin has a potential effect to improve cellular activity in mice liver with aflatoxin B1 toxication.

}, keywords = {Aflatoxin B1, Animal, Capsaicin, Fibroblast., Kupffer cell, Stellate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.201}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Faisal Fikri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1393, title = {Synthesis of Novel pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline-4-one Derivatives and Assessment as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {550-562}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {550}, abstract = {

Objective: Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as one of the serious global health problems of the 21st century that threatens the efficient treatment and prevention of an everincreasing range of infections caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Therefore, it would be favorable to find promising agents with antioxidant and antimicrobial activity combined in one molecule. Key findings: Pyrimido[4,5-b] quinolines are biologically active compounds that are known to rely primarily on the functional group{\textquoteright}s existence and location. Quinolinbenzo-[ 1,3]oxazin-4-one (3) was prepared and played as electrophilic interface/mediator for the synthesis of many compounds, such as pyrimido[4,5-b]quinoline, quinoline-carboxamide and oxoquinazolin-acetamide by reacting with nucleophilic reagent. Summary: Results revealed that pyrimido[4,5-b] quinoline derivatives (17b, 9d and 9c) are the most potent compounds that displayed significant antimicrobial activity along with compounds 17a, 29b, 5, 19, 23b, and 25b that appeared to be more promising as antioxidant agents than ascorbic acid.

}, keywords = {antimicrobial agent, Antioxidant agent, Benzoxazinones, Pyrimidoquinolin, Quinoline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.69}, author = {Usama Fathy and Rasha S Gouhar and Ahmed Younis and Dina H El-Ghonemy} } @article {1701, title = {Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1673-1677}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1673}, abstract = {

Background: Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays an essential part in the process of melanin synthesis. High exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or high stimulation of melanocytes could cause excessive melanin pigments to lead to hyperpigmentation. Objective: This study aimed to find potential natural skin lightening ingredients from Garcinia latissima Miq. Methods: Stem bark, fruits, and leaves of Garcinia latissima Miq. were extracted with successive maceration. The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test was measured spectrophotometrically at 490 nm using 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-DOPA) as substrate and kojic acid as a positive control. Results: The tyrosinase inhibitory activity test at a concentration of 100 ppm showed that the bark ethyl acetate extract 15.94\% {\textpm} 7.70, bark methanol extract of 28.94\% {\textpm} 5.73, fruit n-hexane extract 25.16\% {\textpm} 10.22, fruit methanol extract 23.26\% {\textpm} 9.10; and leaf methanol extract 30.59\% {\textpm} 0.63 with kojic acid inhibition 65.07\%. Conclusion: Methanol extract of leaf from Garcinia latissima Miq was the most active extract as a tyrosinase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Extract, Garcinia latissima Miq., Succesive maceration, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.215}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Berna Elya and Yesi Desmiaty and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1286, title = {Acute Diuretic Activity of the Aqueous Ethanol Root Extract of Corrigiola telephiifolia Pourr. In Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1552-1558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1552}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was undertaken to justify and validate a very frequent traditional use of a very well-known and widely used plant by a large part of the Moroccan population. It{\textquoteright}s about Corrigiola telephiifolia, and the activity in question is the diuretic activity. Methods: The aqueous ethanol root extract of CMethods:orrigiola telephiifolia (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 700 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats. The urinary excretion rate and pH, and electrolyte excretion were measured in the urine of saline-loaded rats. Negative control group received only an equivalent volume of distilled water, while the positive control groups received the diuretic drugs hydrochlorothiazide at dose 10 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that hydrochlorothiazide induced significant diuresis and electrolytes excretion at 1, 6 and 24 h after the treatment. Both the higher doses of the extract produced a significant increase in urine volume than the control from the first hour until the end of observation. However, the lowest dose increased significantly only at 24 h after the treatment. With regard to the electrolyte excretion, the tested doses of CTRE which have shown a significant increase in Na+, K+ and Cl-excretion in comparison to normal control rats, are 400 and 700 mg/kg bw. Conclusion: These findings collectively indicate that the extracts of C. telephiifolia have a potential to induce diuresis markedly, and providing evidence, for its traditional use.

}, keywords = {Corrigiola telephiifolia, Diuretic activity, Diuretic plants, Kaliuresis, Urine electrolytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.213}, author = {Imane Zakariya and Omar Elhamdaoui and Zineb ibn lahmar Andaloussi and Abdelhak Chergui and El Amine Ajal and Khalid Taghzouti and Rachid Nejjari} } @article {1118, title = {Anti-Elastase, Antioxidant, Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content of Wuru Ketek (Myrica javanica Reinw. ex Bl.) from Tangkuban Perahu, West Java - Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {293-297}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Introduction: The presence of elastase and ROS can cause skin aging, phenolic compounds and flavonoids can be used to inhibit elastase activity and as an antioxidant. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the anti-elastase, antioxidant activities, TPC and TFC of extracts from Myrica javanica. Methods: In this study, the leaves, stems and fruit of Myrica javanica were macerated with 96\% ethanol. The extracts obtained were analysed for anti-elastase and antioxidant activities. It was also evaluated for TPC and TFC. Result: IC50 anti-elastase on leaves extract (LE), stems extract (SE), and fruits extract (FE) respectively showed 64.71 ppm, 197.49 ppm, and no activity. The anti-elastase result of three extracts are lower if compared with Myricetine (9.54 ppm). SE showed highest DPPH and TPC value (IC50=16.36 μg/mL; 307.00 mgGAE/g dry weight) and LE showed highest FRAP and TFC value (421.68 Mol/gram; 15.80 mgQE/g dry weight). Conclusion: In summary, anti-elastase and antioxidant activity are influenced by differences in the content of compounds in the extract.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Antiaging, Antioxidant, Myrica javanica, TFC, TPC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.46}, author = {Varda Arianti and Berna Elya and Iskandarsyah} } @article {1115, title = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Oxidant of Rubus Fraxinifolius Stem Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {271-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {271}, abstract = {

Introduction: Some Rubus were reported had anti-skin aging activity. Rubus fraxinifolius was one of Rubus genus which lives in Indonesian highland. Objective: This study was to examine elastase, tyrosinase, and oxidant inhibitory activity of R. fraxinifolius stem (RFS) extract. Methods: Extraction was done by a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. Elastase inhibition activity was determined, which based on the formation of p-nitroaniline. Tyrosinase inhibition activity evaluated based on inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by the sample with L-DOPA as substrate. The activity of antioxidant was determined using the DPPH radical scavenger method. LC-MS was used for prediction of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Results: The RFS extract yield was 9.03 \%. The RFS extract revealed inhibition activity against elastase and tyrosinase with IC50 128.85 ppm, and 155.19 ppm, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity gave IC50 63.04 ppm. Total phenolic content of the extract was 387.99+3.21 mg GAE/g extract. The LC-MS analysis showed the presence of at least 13 different organic compounds in RFS extract, which might contribute to the bioactivity. Conclusion: Therefore, this experiment further proved that RFS extract might be useful as a natural product ingredient of anti-photoaging skincare products because of its ability to inhibit elastase, tyrosinase, and as an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant, Rubus fraxinifolius stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.42}, author = {Yesi Desmiaty and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Muhammad Hanafi and Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya} } @article {1220, title = {Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Punica granatum peels Ethyl Acetate Extract on Fludrocortisones Induced Hypertension in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1135-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1135}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) has several medicinal properties. Pomegranate juice has been reported to be an effective source of high amounts of phyto-constituents with many health and nutritional benefits. This work assessed the possible effect on blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate of P. granatum peel ethyl acetate extract (PGE) at a dosage of 400 mg / kg / day on hypertension-induced fludrocortisone Wistar rats. PGE therapy substantially lowered the B.P of hypertensive rats treated with salt fludrocortisones, but the mean blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive rats were not altered. In isolated aortic strip, the contractile reactions to noradrenalin of PGE-treated hypertensive rats have been substantially reduced. The active fraction was purified by successive chromatographic techniques resulted in isolation of quercetin and ursolic acid, this bioactive mixture induced a significant decrease in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats as compared to hypertensive control rats at a concentration of 10 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Hypertension, Punica granatum, Quercetin, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.160}, author = {Rafik Monir and Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Alsayed Ahmed Zaki and Samah Shabana} } @article {1312, title = {Antihypertensive, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Indonesian Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1623-1629}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1623}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesian people have long used herbal medicine (jamu) to overcome various diseases, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are two diseases that are directly related and require proper and thorough management. Objectives: The present study investigated the antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities ethanol extracts of Indonesian traditional medicine (jamu). Material and Methods: Jamu was extracted by maceration using ethanol. Antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity investigated by measurement of ACE inhibitor, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and antioxidant activity at a concentration ranging from 125-1000 μg/mL, respectively, by in vitro method. Cytotoxic evaluation of the extract was carried out using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Results: measurements of ACE inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant activity showed that herbal extracts had ACE inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 292.15 μg/mL, 36.13 μg/mL, and 24.43 μg/mL respectively. Ethanol extract of herbal medicine (jamu) exerts a cytotoxic effect on larvae of shrimp Artemia salina with an IC50 value of 215.04 μg/mL. Conclusion: Jamu extract has antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity in vitro and cytotoxic effects.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitors, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Jamu}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.222}, author = {Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff and Hermanus Ehe Hurit and Sri Teguh Rahayu and Muhammad Unggul Januarko and Putu Gita Maya WM} } @article {1176, title = {Anti-Inflammation of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) Against Hemorrhoids in Mice Induced by Croton Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {784-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {784}, abstract = {

Background: Hemorrhoids are rectoanal venous plexus swelling that causes inflammation, pain, and bleeding. Plants with phenolic compounds are known to improve venous tone and anti-inflammation. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) known contain phenolic compounds and have been used to cure inflammation. However, studies on anti-inflammatory soursop leaves for hemorrhoids are still limited. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of Soursop Leaves Ethanol Extract (SLEE) on the histopathological features and expression of COX-2 and TNFα in rectoanal tissue. Methods: Swiss mice 20 weeks induced 3 times with 6\% croton oil through the anus. SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg and aspirin as a positive control were given orally for 7 days. Histopathological examination of the rectoanal tissue of mice was assessed by counting cell necrosis, inflammation, vasodilation, and edema using hematoxylin-eosin. Positive cells expressing COX-2 and TNFα were counted on inflammatory epithelial cells using immunohistochemistry. Results: Administration of SLEE at all doses showed different levels of inflammation, necrosis, vasodilatation and edema in histopathology of rectoanal tissue P \<0.00. All three doses of SLEE show significant anti-inflammatory effects on hemorrhoidal tissue. SLEE doses of 200, 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased COX-2 P \<0.05 compared to negative controls, and SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased TNFα P \<0.05 compared to negative controls. Conclusions: SLEE can reduce inflammation and has the potential to be developed as a natural remedy for hemorrhoids.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, COX-2, Croton oil, Hemorrhoid, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.112}, author = {Nurul Qurrota Ayun and Kusmardi and Nurhuda and Berna Elya} } @article {1101, title = {The Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia stipulata Korth Woods and Leaves by FRAP Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {236-239}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Background: Phenol compounds and flavonoids are known have antioxidant activity. Sterculia genus has secondary metabolite rich of phenols and flavonoids. Objective: The aim of this study of the activity antioxidants of Sterculia stipulata Korth. Woods and leaves by FRAP method. Materials and methods: Extraction done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol extract was determined antioxidant activity using the FRAP method and also determined the total phenols content, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening. Results: The antioxidant activity of wood extract was 4.74 {\textpm} 1.03 FeEAC (mol/g) while leaves extract 41.17 {\textpm} 1.99 FeEAC (mol/g). Total phenols content for wood extract 16.46 {\textpm} 3.51 mg GAE/g, for leaves extract 141.62 {\textpm} 10.54 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoids content for woods extract was 27.99 {\textpm} 0.62 mg QE/g for leaf extract 41.45 {\textpm} 5.83 mg QE/g. The compounds of woods and leaves are the same; it is consist of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and negatives for anthraquinone. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leaves of Sterculia stipulata Korth. is greater than its wood activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, FRAP, Phenols, Sterculia stipulata Korth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.36}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1083, title = {Antioxidant and Antibacterial Assay Against Fish Pathogen Bacteria of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {173-179}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {173}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. (local name: tombe uwa) is a plant endemic to Sulawesi, Indonesia, and grows around lakes or aquatic environments where fish live. Based on phytochemical screening in previous studies, i.e. methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from the leaves of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., the methanol extract gives positive results containing polyphenol compounds in the flavonoid group which have been known to have strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Objective: To test the effectiveness of the comparison of the natural content in the compounds (antibacterial and antioxidant properties) and the total content of phenol in Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr., which was extracted using two methods, i.e. maceration and Ultrasonic- Assisted Extraction (UAE), in fish-disease bacteria. Method: The leaves were separated to be extracted with two different methods: maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). Extracts were first screened qualitatively for antioxidant activity and then quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Antibacterial activity was determined by the paper disc diffusion method and microdilution. Results: 70\% Ethanol in leaves extract of Kjellbergiodendron celebicum (Koord.) Merr. The extract which has the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test is the extract from UAE extraction with IC50 value of 9.81512 μg/mL and ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) value of 1.661.3 μmol/gr. UAE method also has a higher potential in antibacterial activity based on the diffusion method of paper discs and microdilution with the MIC obtained as much as 390.6 μg/mL. Conclusion: the UAE extraction method is better at scanning polyphenol compounds compared to the conventional maceration extraction method. Therefore, the results of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity using the UAE method are better than the maceration method.

}, keywords = {Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Flavobacterium columnare, Maceration, Phytochemical compound, Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.26}, author = {Bianca Priscilia and Media Fitri Isma Nugraha and Hessy Novita and Berna Elya} } @article {1109, title = {Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Mempening (Lithocarpus bancanus) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {328-334}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {328}, abstract = {

Background: Lithocarpus bancanus or commonly called as mempening in Talang Mamak Tribe, Indonesia is a plant that is used as a traditional medicine. Objective: This study aim to evaluated antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of L. bancanus leaves extract. Material and Methods: The methanol extract was obtained by maceration of the leaves. The n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were prepared by successive partition process of the methanol extract. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity), and ABTS (2,2{\textquoteright}-azonobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Total phenolics were estimated based on the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method, while, aluminum chloride methods were employed to estimate total flavonoids. Antidiabetic activies was determined by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase method. Results: antioxidant activity assay against DPPH radical as well as the total phenolic and flavonoid content of L. bancanus leaves showed that the methanol extract possessed IC50 value of 39.469 {\textpm} 0.273 μg/mL with total phenol and flavonoid were 11.426 {\textpm} 0.432 mg GAE/g dry weight sample and 15.423 {\textpm} 0.213 mg QE/g respectively. The FRAP, CUPRAC and ABTS values of methanol extract were 3494.302 {\textpm}0.456, 26665.501 {\textpm} 5.940 and 2857.977 {\textpm} 0.715 μM TE/g dry weight sample respectively. Antidiabetic activity of methanol extract with IC50 value of 30.565 {\textpm} 0.331 μg/mL. Conclusion: It could be concluded that leaves of L. bancanus have antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Lithocarpus bancanus, Talang Mamak Tribe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.52}, author = {Muhammad Almurdani and Adel Zamri and Titania T Nugroho and Jasril Karim and Yum Eryanti and Rudi Hendra and Hilwan Yuda Teruna} } @article {1096, title = {Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {227-231}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb. Material and method: stem bark of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol subsequently. The ethyl acetate extract was fractioned. Then, the fractions were subjected to arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid assay. Correlation was considered by statistical analysis. Result: Out of eight fractions, two fractions have no activity. Two fractions (3 and 6) have strong activity in arginase with inhibition 90.72 \% and 91.41\% respectively. Fraction 3 and 6 have strong antioxidant activity with IC50 25.98 μg/mL and 48.01 μg/mL respectively. Statistical analysis shows arginase inhibitor activity was not related with antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in this plant. Conclusion: Activity in arginase inhibition of fraction from ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb are not related to antioxidant, total phenolic and flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb, Flavonoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.34}, author = {Nadilla N Atikasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Berna Elya} } @article {1193, title = {Capsaicin Bioactive in Cabai (Capsicum Annum L.) as Anticancer Through Inhibition of over Ekspresi Protein Target RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) on Hepatocyt Cell Mice (mus musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {911-915}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {911}, abstract = {

Capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Chilean plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Screening of components in Capsicum Annum L. against the target proteins AKT1 and MAPK1 is needed as an initial stage of drug discovery. Further screening of Capsaicin compounds for oncogenic proteins produced in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis signaling. In silico data that have been obtained, Capsaicin in chili (Capsicum Annum L.) has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with energy and potential activity score (Pa) 0.690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptotic agonists, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity. Statistical data using Kruskal Wallis obtained information that Capsaicin can inhibit the expression of AKT 1 and MAPK 1 on mice hepatocyte cells induced by AFB1 in vivo administration, therefore it can be a candidate for anticancer drugs.

}, keywords = {AKT1, Anticancer, Capsaicin, Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), MAPK1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.129}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Sri Agus Sudjarwo and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Pudji Srianto and Aulanni{\textquoteright}am and Rr Sri Pantja Madyawati and Mirni Lamid and Hani Plumeriastuti} } @article {1221, title = {Chemical Composition and Content of Polysaccharides from the Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) Rhizomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1012-1018}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1012}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the composition and content of the polysaccharide complex and polysaccharide fractions from yellow iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) rhizomes growing in Russian Federation (Moscow region). Materials and Methods: Traditional pharmacognostic methods were used in the analysis of polysaccharides as biologically active substances. The total amount of polysaccharides was determined by a gravimetric procedure with alcohol precipitation. Fractions of polysaccharides were isolated by sequential changing of solvents. The content of monosaccharides was determined by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography with refractometric detection (HPLC-RID) after acid hydrolysis. HPLCRID procedure was performed using Chromatograph Agilent 1260 Infinity, Sugar-Pak column (300{\texttimes}6.5 mm), and isocratic elution mode. Results: Polysaccharide complex was isolated, the total content of polysaccharides in the rhizomes of I. pseudacorus was determined, as well as their distribution by fractions (water-soluble polysaccharides, pectic substances, hemicellulose A, hemicellulose B), the composition of individual sugars (glucose, xylose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose) was determined for each fraction. Conclusion: In our experiment polysaccharide complex was first identified and described in detail for I. pseudacorus grown in Moscow region.

}, keywords = {Hemicellulose, Iris pseudacorus L., Pectins, Polysaccharides, Water-soluble Polysaccharides, Yellow iris}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.143}, author = {Tikhomirova EA and Sorokina AA and Bubenchikova VN and Kostikova EN and Zhilkina VYu and Bessonov VV} } @article {1173, title = {Chemical Profile and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Euphorbia paralias and Euphorbia geniculata (Euphorbiaceae) from Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {762-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {762}, abstract = {

Background: Plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia were used traditionally to treat several health disorders and diseases. Objective: the aim of this study is evaluation of secondary metabolites and hepatoprotective activity of the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias (Ep) and Euphorbia geniculata (Eg). Materials and Methods: UPLC-ESI-MS/ MS technique was used for identification of the secondary metabolites. The hepatoprotective potential of the two plants was evaluated for the first time in male rats with thioacetamide induced liver injury. Results: A total of 32 secondary metabolites were identified in the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of both species. Ellagitannins such as tetragalloyl hexoside, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and flavonoids such as kaempferol-3-O-β-(6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-galloyl-Oglucopyranoside), quercetin glycosides (glucoside and arabinoside) were found to be the major components in Ep whereas flavonoid glycosides including quercetin rutinoside, quercetin glycosides (glucoside, arabinoside and rhamnoside) and kaempeferol glycoside derivatives were highly abundant in Eg. Administration of thioacetamide resulted in marked elevation in liver enzymes, elevation of lipid profile and alteration in oxidative stress parameters. While pretreatment of rats with Ep and Eg ethyl acetate fractions significantly attenuated the hepatic toxicity through reduction of liver biomarkers, improving the redox status of the tissue and so brought down the serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile nearly toward the normal levels. Conclusion: The studied fractions show hepatoprotective potential with promising value as hepatoprotective drugs of natural origin in comparison with silymarin as the standard hepatoprotective drug.

}, keywords = {Euphorbia, Hepatoprotective, Polyphenolics, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.109}, author = {Afaf E Abdel Ghani and Sayed AA El-Toumy and Wagdi IA El-Dougdoug and Ahmed M Mansour and Wafaa HB Hassan and Hanaa M Hassan} } @article {1245, title = {Comparison of Cytotoxicity between Ethyl Acetate and Ethanol Extract of White Turmeric (Kaempferia rotunda) Rhizome Extract Against HeLa Cervical Cancer Cell Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1297-1302}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is to compare between ethanol and ethyl acetate rhizome extract of K.rotunda against HeLa cervical cancer cell in vitro. Material and Methods: Methods used in this research are test the chemical compound of extracts using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical screening test, also cytotoxicity test using MTT assay. Result: Ethyl acetate extract contains flavonoid, alkaloid, tannin, and triterpenoid, while ethanol extract have flavonoid, triterpenoid, and alkaloid. In addition, ethanol extract has strong cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 16,939 μg/ml) while ethyl acetate extract has moderate cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 127,9 μg/ml). Each of extracts showed significant results (p <= 0,05) although when compared between concentrations there are several concentrations that are not significant and also small coefficient of determinant values caused by various confounding factors. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of K.rotunda rhizome extract has the higher cytotoxicity activity compared to ethyl acetate extract of K.rotunda rhizome extract against HeLa cervical cancer cell.

}, keywords = {Anti cervical cancer, HeLa, in vitro, Kaempferia rotunda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.178}, author = {Surya Dwira and Ariska TP and Fadilah Fadilah and Norma Nur Azizah and Linda Erlina} } @article {1079, title = {Correction of Toxic Liver Damage with a Multicomponent Herbal Extract in an Animal Experiment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {168-172}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {168}, abstract = {

Background: Digestive diseases constitute a significant part in the overall structure of human diseases. Herbal cholagogues are indicated for a treatment of chronic liver, gall bladder, and bile ducts diseases. The aim of the work is to determine the choleretic effect of a new multicomponent plant extract. Materials and Methods: Multicomponent plant extract was obtained from the following types of plant materials: 300 g of immortelle flowers (Helichrysum arenarium L.), 100 g of tansy flowers (Tanacetum vulgare L.), 100 g of rose fruits (Rosa sp.), 100 g of leaves of common nettle (Urtica dioica L.), 50 g of mint leaves (Mentha piperita L.), 50 g of licorice roots (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). The extract was standardized by the total flavonoid content. It was calculated and expressed in terms of luteolin and isosalipurposide standards (total flavonoids content: not less than 4\% and 15\% respectively). The animal experiments being done in 80 nonlinear male rats with initial body weight 180-200 g. In order to study a choleretic effect of multicomponent herbal extract, naive rats recieved the single experimental dose of 250 mg/kg. Pharmacotherapeutic activity was studied in white rats with CCl4-induced hepatitis. Results: Studies indicate a pronounced choleretic effect of the studied plant extract, that is comparable with the effect of {\textquotedblleft}Allochol{\textquotedblright} in intact rats experiments. The course administration of a per os (peroral) multicomponent plant extract in a dose of 250 mg/kg to white non-linear rats with tetrachloromethane liver damage has a choleretic effect: it increases the rate of bile secretion, stimulates the synthesis and secretion of cholates with bile, and also the excretion of cholesterol and bilirubin. Conclusion: The obtained research results argue the feasibility of using a multicomponent plant extract containing biologically active substances of phenolic nature in the prevention and comprehensive treatment of liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Choleretic effect, Experimental hepatitis, Multicomponent extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.25}, author = {Ferubko EV and Nikolaev SM and Dargaeva TD and Rendyuk TD} } @article {1064, title = {Determination of Sugar Profile in Viburnum Fruits and its Dosage Forms by HPLC-RID}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {103-108}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Background: In the Russian Federation, the viburnum fruits are used to obtain infusions and syrups as medications. This medicinal herbal raw material contains a large number of biologically active substances: vitamins, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, iridoids, carbohydrates, organic acids, lipids etc. The research aimed to study one of the biologically active substances group responsible for the formation of the organoleptic properties of aqueous extracts{\textendash}monomeric carbohydrate composition and content. Materials and methods: Dried viburnum (guelder-rose) fruits, an aqueous infusion based on it, and viburnum syrup of industrial manufacture (Russia) were purchased from the pharmacy and prepared for research. For HPLC analysis of monomeric sugars Agilent 1260 Series HPLC system equipped with autosampler/injector, four-channel gradient pump, column thermostat, refractive index detector), software (ChemStation Version B.01), column (Waters Sugar-Pack I, 10 μm, 300 {\texttimes} 6.5 mm) were used. Isocratic elution was performed using purified water (with the addition of Ca-EDTA 0.05 mg/ml) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column was maintained at 80{\textdegree}C, the refractive index detector {\textendash} at 35{\textdegree}C. The injection volume was 10 μL, analysis time {\textendash} 20 min. Results: The main free carbohydrates of viburnum fruits and preparations based on them are glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total content of simple sugars in the viburnum fruits is 28.393 {\textpm} 0.528\%, in the infusion {\textendash} 0.499 {\textpm} 0.015\%, in the syrup {\textendash} 69.736 {\textpm} 1.551\%. The characteristic ratio of glucose: fructose: sucrose in dried viburnum fruits is 8.1:5.4:1, in infusion {\textendash} 7.0:5.7:1, and in syrup {\textendash} 9.2:8.8:1. The sugars{\textquoteright} degree of passing into infusion is 74.34\%. Conclusion: The composition and content of carbohydrates determined by HPLC-RID are an important characteristic data. It can be used for viburnum fruits Russian pharmacopoeial standardization along with the quantifying total content of organic acids.

}, keywords = {Guelder-rose, HPLC-RID, Monomeric carbohydrates, Viburnum fruits}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.16}, author = {Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Plakhotnaia ON and Krasnyuk II and Bessonov VV} } @article {1209, title = {Development and Evaluation of New Choleretic Agent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {962-966}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {962}, abstract = {

Background: The aim of the research is the determination of pharmacological activity during the development of the optimal way of a new choleretic agent obtaining. The multicomponent herbal medicinal product under the code name Hexaphyte (herbal multicomponent dry extract) is developed. It contains the following species of medicine plant raw materials: Helichrysum arenarium L., Tanacetum vulgare L., Rosa sp., Urtica dioica L., Mentha piperita L., Glycyrrhiza glabra L. in the ratio of 6:2:2:2:1:1. Materials and Methods: Herbal tea was extracted three times with hot water at the temperature of 75-85{\textordmasculine}С; water extracts were combined, filtered and dried. Hexaphyte was standardized by the content of phenolic compounds {\textendash} sum of flavonoids in terms of luteolin standard and isosalipurposide standard. Phenolic compounds (flavonoids) are dominating substances (35-37\%) in the obtained extract. The obtained multicomponent medicine under the code name Hexaphyte was administered per os in the experimental and therapeutic dose of 250 mg/kg to the laboratory animals having experimental induced damages of gallbladder and liver. Results: In Hexaphyte the content of the flavonoid sum (CFS) referred to luteolin standard at a wavelength of 350 nm was not less than 4\%; CFS referred to isosalipurposide standard at a wavelength of 315 nm was not less than 15\%. It was revealed in the results of the realized experiments that it has a choleretic effect superior in a number of indicators to the activity of the Allochol reference drug. The pharmacotherapeutic effect of Hexaphyte at experimental damages of gallbladder and liver is due to the presence of biologically active substances, mainly of phenolic nature. Conclusion: The obtained results of the research argue the feasibility of using the developed multicomponent medicine Hexaphyte containing biologically active substances of phenolic nature in the prevention and complex treatment of hepatobiliary system diseases.

}, keywords = {Choleretic activity, Choleretic herbal medicine Hexaphyte, Experimental damage of liver and gallbladder, Preclinical studies}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.136}, author = {Ferubko EV and Rendyuk TD and Dargaeva TD and Nikolaev SM} } @article {1229, title = {Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Artemisia absinthium L. on Diclofenac-induced Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1032-1041}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1032}, abstract = {

Background: Artemisia absinthium L. is known for its antimalarial activity however, hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extracts has also been reported but, nephroprotective activity not yet evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of A. absinthium against diclofenac-induced toxicity on rats. Materials and Methods: Three different doses of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) were evaluated and compared with silymarin 100 mg/kg. Rats received these doses for 5 days and on the 3rd and 4th day diclofenac (50 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 1 h after treatment. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after the last injection of diclofenac. Biochemical blood parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine, and histopathologic changes of liver and kidney were studied and evaluated. Results: A. absinthium reduced the elevated blood levels of ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine with the methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day being more effective. The histopathologic evaluation suggested that A. absinthium decreased hepatic and renal necrosis induced by diclofenac. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium were demonstrated, being methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day the most effective. This provides scientific support for the use of medicinal plants such as A. absinthium in the treatment of liver and kidney disorders.

}, keywords = {Artemisia absinthium, Biochemical parameters, Diclofenac, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology, Nephroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.146}, author = {Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a Abhel A and Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Ruiz-Reyes Segundo G and Ch{\'a}vez-Flores Juana E} } @article {1239, title = {In vitro Assay and Study Interaction of Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. as Anti-fibrotic Activity Against A549 Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1232-1240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1232}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is to finding inhibitor potential from several compounds in gambir plant by using in vitro MTT assay and study interaction with molecular docking. The interaction of amino acids on the binding site with substances in the gambir plant was analyzed to determine its potential as a herbal-based therapy candidate for pulmonary fibrosis. Material and Methods: Protein target using TGFβ1 and NF-κB and compounds from gambir plant ((+)-Catechin. Epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-Epicatechin, Gambiriin A1, Gambiriin A2, Gambiriin B1, Gambiriin B2, Gambiriin C, Procyanidin B1, Procyanidin B3). Result: The results from docking analysis observed that compounds from gambir fruit contain anti-fibrotic activity which act by inhibiting DNA transcription of NF-κB and TGF-β1receptors. The compound Procyanidin B3, an essential amino acid, contains a hydrogen bond with the greatest NF-κB inhibitory activity on Gly214 and Lys337. Compounds from Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. can be an inhibitor to TGFβ1, all the compounds are on the active site of TGFβ1, and use native ligand which is an inhibitor of TGFβ1 (Naphtyridine). The positive compound catechin has the highest inhibitory activity. Gambiriin B1 and Gambiriin A2 are the most identical compounds with similar affinity binding value. Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. is already a proven antifibrotic which is further confirmed by (IC50: 19,255 {\textpm} 1.08 μg/ml, p \< 0.05) in A549 cell line. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Gambiriin have cytotoxic effects and was found potentially as anti-fibrotic by MTT assay and in silico evaluation.

}, keywords = {Gambiriin compounds, Inhibitor of p50 NF-κB, Molecular docking, Pulmonary fibrosis, TGF-β1 receptors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.172}, author = {Desdiani Desdiani and Iris Rengganis and Samsuridjal Djauzi and Agus Setiyono and Mohamad Sadikin and Sri Widia A Jusman and Nuryati Chairani Siregar and Suradi and Putri C Eyanoer and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {1155, title = {Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and its Bioactivity from Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 Using Shrimp Shell Wastes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {636-644 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {636}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this study we isolated bioactive compounds using different chromatographic techniques from culture filtrate of Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 grown in fermentation media containing shrimp shell waste as substrate under optimum conditions. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of crude extract and purified compounds were evaluated. Methods: The test fungi strain Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 was isolated from Egyptian soil and identified by18 S ribosomal RNA. Optimization conditions were carried out in fermentation media containing shrimp shell waste as sole carbon source, inoculated by 106 spores/ml of Sarocladium kiliense SDA20 at pH 7.0 produce 84.5\% of the total toxins. Different chromatographic techniques for ethyl acetate extract of culture filtrate of fungi were used resulting in isolation of pure compounds were elucidated spectroscopically and comparing their data in literature. GC/MS analysis of extract was used for identification of other chemical compounds. Antibacterial and biofilm activity was evaluated using MTT assay. Results: Five compounds for the first time were identified: Cholest-5-en-3-ol (C1), Palmitic acid (C2), Oleic acid (C3), Nicotinamide (C4), Tricin (C5). GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twenty-seven compounds. Antibacterial activity of crude and pure compounds displayed a strong inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis. C1, C4, C5 showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli, followed by C2, C3. Meanwhile,\ Staphylococcus aureus was less susceptible to pure compounds with low activity of C3, C5. The crude extract and pure compounds displayed biofilm inhibition activity against four pathogenic bacterial strains. Conclusion: Shrimp shell wastes are one of the economic bioproducts used for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites from fungi.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antibiofilm activity, GC/MS analysis, Sarocladium kiliense SDA20, Secondary metabolities, Shrimp waste shell}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.95 }, author = {Dina M Eskander and Sherien MM Atalla and Ahmed A Hamed and Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy} } @article {1316, title = {Isolation and Identification of Chemical Compounds from Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb Stem Bark Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1641-1652}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1641}, abstract = {

Background: Garcinia is a tropical plant that grows in Indonesia. Garcinia has many health benefits for the body. Garcinia contains many phenolic compounds and their derivatives, such as xanthon, flavonoids, benzophenone, lactone, and phenolic acids. Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. comes from the family Clusiaceae. The results of the phytochemical examination showed that G. fruticosa bark extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins. Objective: This study aims to isolate and identify chemical compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of G. fruticosa Lauterb stem bark. Method: G. fruticosa Lauterb bark. dried, milled, and extracted with Step Gradient Polarity/SGP maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Isolation was done by column chromatography and identified by thin layer chromatography and IR spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC). Results: Compound D7a has a molecular weight 168.0496. The IR spectrum shows the presence of a group {\textendash}OH appears on 3483 cm-1, aromatic presence in 1609 cm-1. The H-NMR spectrum shows the presence of aromatic signals on 6.96 (d, 8 Hz), 6.96 (d, 2 Hz) and 7.70 (dd, 8; 2 Hz). The C-NMR spectrum shows the presence of a carboxylic-COOH group appearing at 166.57 ppm, the presence of 2 x C-OH appearing at 147.18 and 151.18. In the HMBC spectrum, the -OCH3 position is located at C-3 with a correlation between the 3.79 (s) signal and the C signal at the chemical shift 147.18. Conclusions: Structural elucidation shows that compound D7a is a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoate acid (Vanylic Acid) and isolate I-1 is an impure compound namely β-Sitosterol and Stigmasterol.

}, keywords = {4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid, Garcinia fruticosa, Isolation, Stigmasterol, Structural elucidation, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.224}, author = {Novia Delita and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi} } @article {1167, title = {Isolation, Identification Similarity and Qualitative Expression of Metallothionein Gene in IR-Bagendit Rice (Oryza sativa)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {709-715}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {709}, abstract = {

Metallothionein (MTs) is an enzyme that plays a role in the binding of metals in plants. Various types of rice have been known to contain MTs and IR-Bagendit rice leaves have the highest MTs protein content compared to other rice varieties. However, MTs coding gene in IRBagendit rice variety is still unknown. OsRAC1 gene is reported as the down-regulator of MTs and there is an analogous gene for MTs-like gene using RAP1 and RAP2 primers in various plants. This study aimed to isolate, identification of similarity, and analysis of qualitative expression of MTs gene in IR-Bagendit rice as compared to Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34. The steps of this research were DNA isolation, PCR in OsRAC1 gene, RNA isolation and cDNA reverse transcription using primer RP1 and RP2, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Amplification quality of OsRAC1 gene in IR-Bagendit, Inpari, IR-36, and IR-34 showed the same result. Qualitative expression of MTs by reverse transcription showed that IR-Bagendit has the highest MTs-like gene compared to other samples.

}, keywords = {IR-Bagendit, Metal Exposure, Metallothionein, MTs-like gene, Rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.103}, author = {Budi Santosa and Budi Santosa and Aprilia Indah Kartika and Fitri Nuroini and Aditya Rahman Ernanto and Annisa Ayuningtyas and Mohd Nazil Salleh and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah} } @article {1196, title = {Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp (Laminaria sp.) as Pharmacopoeial Herbal Drugs and Food Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {929-937}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, the chemical composition of Laminaria J.V. Lamour. species is well studied; they have found applications in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The main groups of biologically active compounds are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron) that are determined according to pharmacopoeial and All-Union State Standards requirements. Materials and Methods: For data obtaining various types of search tools and engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature (including Russian sources), normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition, All-Union State Standards, and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed were used. Results: In the course of this review study, a modern characteristic of the kelp thallus as a pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food substance of plant origin is presented. The data on the chemical composition, harvesting, and processing of raw materials are summarized. The standardization and safety issues of kelp thallus are considered taking into account modern pharmacopoeial and food international requirements. The approaches to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, iodine) and the determination of safety indicators are studied. Conclusions: The regulatory documentation that is used in the quality control of kelp needs to be finalized and updated. For pharmacopoeial analysis, all possible physicochemical methods (gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric) should be presented in the newly approved monograph. In this case, modern procedures should be developed, including HPLC with various types of detection (determination of the carbohydrates profile and polysaccharides, including methods with acid and enzyme hydrolysis). This will ensure the required level of quality, the safety of kelp (Laminaria) raw materials.

}, keywords = {alginic acid, Fucoidan, Iodine, Kelp, Laminaria japonica, Laminaria saccharina, Laminarin, Mannitol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.132}, author = {Bokov DO and Potanina OG and Nikulin AV and Shchukin VM and Orlova VA and Bagirova GB and Kakhramanova SD and Al- Khafaji H and Balobanova NP and Evgrafov AA and Samylina IA and Krasnyuk II and Golubeva OA and Kuleshova ES and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1194, title = {Molecular Mechanism of Capsaicin from (Capsicum Annuum L.) on Expression of MAPK1 and AKT1 Protein as Candidate of Anticancer Drugs: In silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {916-919}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

One of the most important compounds in Capsicum annuum L. is capsaicin, capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Capsicum Annuum L. plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Further screening of the capsaicin compound against the oncogenic protein produced in the HCC pathogenesis signaling is needed. Screening components in Capsicum annuum L. against MAPK1 and AKT1 target proteins is the initial stage of drug discovery. MAPK1 and AKT1 protein bundles and capsaicin ligand bundles that were prepared previously in Autodock 4.0 were molecular dockings (molecular docking). After molecular docking, it was found that capsaicin binds to MAPK1 / ERK with the free energy of Gibbs of -5.5 Kcal/mol and AKT1 of -6.7 Kcal/mol. The free energy of Gibbs is so negative that it is ensured that the reaction will take place spontaneously and lead to high affinity. The data that has been obtained, capsaicin in Capsicum annuum L. has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with the binding energy of -5.5 Kcal/mol and -6.7 Kcal/ mol and Potential Activity Score (Pa ) equal to 0,690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptosis agonist, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity and accordingly become candidates for anticancer drugs.

}, keywords = {AKT1, Anticancer, Capsaicin, Capsicum annuum L., MAPK1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.130}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Sri Agus Sudjarwo and Mustofa Helmi Effendi} } @article {1065, title = {Nanoparticle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. Extract to the Growth of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {109-114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {109}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and in Indonesia. Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. is a herbal plant from South-East Asia which is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of Estrogen Receptor (ER) + breast cancer cell line from the former study. However, its effect on ER- breast cancer cell lines had not been studied. Therefore, we want to examine the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. on ER- breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Nanoparticle is a form of preparation that optimizes the activity of any compound to the targeted cell. Therefore, it is expected that it can increase the effectivity of anticancer in Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. In this study, the rhizome of K. pandurata Roxb. trituration was dried and extracted with n-hexane solvent. Nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. was synthesized with CaCl2, chitosan, and alginate by stirring with a magnetic stirrer, adjusting pH, and centrifugation. Then, nanoparticle was analized by UV/VIS spectrofotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of K. pandurata Roxb. extract and nanoparticle were examined with MTT assay. The result of this test is data of inhibition percentage and IC50 value. The result showed that n-hexane extract of K. pandurata Roxb. is synthesized into nanoparticle form with 99,43\% yield percentage (entrapment value). Anticancer activity of n-hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. is moderate with IC50 value of the extract is 87,23 μg/ml and the nanoparticle is 24,23 μg/ml. The nanoparticle{\textquoteright}s activity is better than the extract. n-Hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. has cytotoxicity effects towards MDA-MB-231 cell line. Nanoparticle can increase the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. extract because its hydrophobic feature and nanometer size.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Kaempferia pandurata Roxb., MDA-MB-231 cells, Nanoparticle, Temu Kunci}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.17}, author = {Risya Amelia Rahmawanti and Fadilah Fadilah and Brenda Cristie Edina and Lowilius Wiyono and Rafika Indah Paramita} } @article {1143, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies of Leaves of Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {541-550}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn; is used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, fever, and management of diabetes in Nsukka, South-eastern Nigeria. Owing to its increasing ethno-medicinal relevance, proper identification and evaluation are vital to prevent adulteration. This research article presents a detailed pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation on the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The fresh and powdered leaves were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. Physicochemical properties and phytochemical screening were carried out based on standard procedures by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Psydrax horizontalis is a petiolate, stipulate and compound bi-pinnate leaf with reticulate venation, entire margin, chordate base and has opposite leaf arrangement. Microscopic diagnostic characters observed were paracytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, microsphenoidal shaped calcium oxalate crystals, lignified vessels and fibres as well as numerous starch grains. The total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash compositions were 6.5, 0.5, 2.75 and 0.5\% respectively. The moisture content, alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive values obtained were 8.8, 3.8 and 3.7\% respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening showed flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenols and alkaloids at 100.00{\textpm}0.035, 22.00{\textpm}0.036, 19.50{\textpm}0.024, 15.00{\textpm}0.032 and 13.00{\textpm}0.014 mg/g respectively as the major phytochemical constituents. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic standards of the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis were determined and serve as quality control parameters for their purity, identification and standardization.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Psydrax horizontalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.82}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Peculiar-Onyekere Chioma Obianuju and Nwafor Felix Ifeanyi and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1080, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Cyclamen coum Mill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {204-212}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Background: This review focuses on characterization of Cyclamen coum Mill. (Myrsinaceae), composition and content of biologically active substances presented in the above-ground and underground parts, reporting use of this plant in traditional medicine, predicting possible pharmacotherapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: Various electronic search engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature, electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: Cyclamen L. is classified in the Myrsinaceae family now. It is a typical element of the Mediterranean flora. C. coum. is a species characteristic of the Caucasus and Crimea with rounded leaves and rounded corolla lobes, bright and pink-purple flowers. Chemical composition of biologically active substances of C. coum was described in sufficient detail. C. coum contains saponins (coumoside A, coumoside B, cyclaminorin, deglucocyclamin, cyclacoumin, and mirabilin lactone), sterols (stigmasterol and other related compounds), piperidine alkaloid (2-β-D-glycopyranosyl-2-undecil-3,5-dihydroxy-6-carboxypiperidine), flavonoids, phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities are established for different C. coum extracts. Conclusion: C. coum can be used for the production of potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal drugs. It should be noted that more pharmacognostic, pharmacological studies are needed for providing further information to use this medicinal plant in the official medicine. Also, standardization procedures for a crude herbal drug should be developed.

}, keywords = {Coumoside A, Coumoside B, Cyclacumin, Cyclamen coum, Cyclaminorin, Deglucocyclamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.31}, author = {Bokov DO and Krasikova MK and Sergunova EV and Bobkova NV and Kovaleva TYu and Bondar AA and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Krasnyuk II and Moiseev DV} } @article {1125, title = {Pharmacopoeial Analysis of Inulin-Containing Medicinal Plant Raw Materials and Drugs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {415-421}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {415}, abstract = {

Background: Today, there are some unresolved issues and discussions concerning inulin quantitative determination in medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). MPRM containing polyfructans or fructosans (inulin and others) are rather complex multicomponent matrixes with many interacting compounds. The article discusses the prospects for further standardization of inulin-containing pharmacopoeial MPRM that include, in addition to polysaccharides (inulin), other biologically active compounds with pharmacological activity. Materials and Methods: Different types of search tools such as Google scholar, Google, scientific literature, normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: The pharmacopoeial spectrophotometric procedures of inulin determination in the Russian Federation are approved in a version that does not fully satisfy modern standardization criteria. Regulatory changes required in the near future. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, to determine inulin quantitatively, it is necessary to modify the existing spectrophotometric procedures and introduce an additional alternative, more specific HPLC-RID (or similar) ones.

}, keywords = {Fructosans, HPLC-RID, Inulin quantitative determination, Polyfructans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.64}, author = {Bokov DO and Karabeshkin DI and Samylina IA and Potanina OG and Krasnyuk II and Malinkin AD and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu and Bobkova NV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Evgrafov AA and Galiakhmetova EK and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1062, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-diabetic Activity of Leaf extract of Psydrax horizontalis Schum and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {95-102}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

Introduction: Rubiacaeae is a large family of flowering plants of 630 genera with over 13000 species widely distributed in the tropical and warm regions of the world. The Psydrax genus has been reported to have various pharmacological activities. Based on ethno-pharmacological information, Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn. (Bridson) locally known as {\textquotedblleft}Akata-ike{\textquotedblright} in Nsukka is used in the management of diabetes in South-eastern Nigeria. However as at the time of this research, no previous work has been done to investigate its phytochemical constituents and anti-diabetic activity. Methods: The methanol extract (ME) obtained by maceration was analysed for phytochemicals present using standard procedures. Alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg/Kg was used to induce diabetes. Acute toxicity test was done using the Lorke{\textquoteright}s method. The normoglycemic and alloxan-induced groups of twenty animals each were treated orally with 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg of ME; 5 mg/Kg of glibenclamide and 2 mL/kg of 3\% Tween 80 as the controls. The fasting blood glucose concentrations were monitored at 0, 1, 3 and 6 h, as well as 1st, 3rd and 5th day. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Median lethal dose was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, significant activity at p\<0.01 on the 6th hour was recorded at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg ME on day 3. Conclusion: The ME of Psydrax horizontalis possesses significant anti-diabetic activity in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results obtained validate its traditional use in management of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Alloxan monohydrate, Diabetes, Extraction, Flavonoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.15}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1262, title = {Phytochemical and Antioxidant Evaluation of the Flavonoids and Tannins from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1421-1428}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1421}, abstract = {

Background: The methanol extract (MeE) of the aerial parts from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae) has more Polyphenols and used to treat several diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is isolation, purification and identification of Polyphenols that showed good antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: In the present study, purification of the MeOH-H2O extract (70:30) from the air-dried aerial parts of S. grantii resulted by different chromatographic tools. The antioxidant activities were evaluated for the examined compounds by several methods using DPPH, Reducing power, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: A total of 14 compounds were isolated from this plant species for the first time. The results obtained showed that all the examined compounds possess remarkable antioxidant activity through all assays especially compounds 2 and 4 where they showed the highest antioxidant activity among the other compounds and very close to the results of the standard compound BHA. Conclusion: The compounds examined have exhibited antioxidant activity with promising value as natural source antioxidant drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ephorbiaceae, Flavonoids, Synadenium grantii, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.196}, author = {Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Sahar Abdelaziz and Hany Gouda Attia and Hanan AA Taie and Rafik Monir} } @article {1255, title = {The Potential of Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen)) as α-glucosidase Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1368-1376}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1368}, abstract = {

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million people, increases about 3\% in a year. Kayu Sarampa or Nyirih batu (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen) has traditionally been used to treat diabetic patient by native people in Ratahan, North Celebes, Indonesia. Therefore, this research was sequentially extracted bioactive component from stem bark of kayu sarampa showed alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Objective: To assess antioxidants and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phae/solvent. The Hexane Extract (HE), Ethyl Acetic Extract (EAE) and Methanol Extract (ME) were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by enzymatic alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Results: The extract which had the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test was the ME compared with EAE, and HE with IC50 values of 16.51 μg/mL, 34.10 51 μg/mL, and 38.82 51 μg/mL , respectively. Ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) method, methanolic extract had a higher reduction capacity than the EH and EEA which were 148.96 μmol/gr, 48.96 μmol/gr, and 148.96 μmol/gr, respectively. The result showed that kayu sarampa stem bark exhibited antidiabetic activity due to its high inhibition compared with control (acarbose). ME showed inhibition of 53,11\% followed with EAE 49,7\%, HE 44,53\%, and acarbose as control 29,32\%.Conclusion: stem bark of kayu sarampa have bioactive component as alpha glucosidase inhibitor

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Kayu Sarampa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.189}, author = {Fitri Santy Budiarso and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania} } @article {1177, title = {Protection of Erythrocytes against Lipoperoxidation and Antiinflammatory Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Encelia canescens Lam Leaves in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {798-804}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Background: Encelia canescens Lam is a plant traditionally used in Peru for medicinal purposes, and is attributed antioxidant properties, indicating that it could be used in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the protection of erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of E. canescens leaves in mice. Materials and methods: Protection from lipoperoxidation was evaluated by inhibition of hemolysis and quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration against oxidative stress induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 200, 150, 100, 50 and 25 μg/mL E. canescens concentrations. The 1\% carrageenan-induced air pouch model was used for evaluated inflammation, where albumin, total proteins, MDA, number and leukocyte differentiation were determined in the exudate, and a histopathological evaluation was performed. The concentrations evaluated were 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of E. canescens Results: All the concentrations evaluated protected protected erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation (p\<0.05), being E.D. value 200 μg/mL. Regarding anti-inflammatory effect, the albumin, total proteins and MDA values of the treatment groups were lower than carrageenan 1\% group (p\<0.05), but, due to less leukocyte migration and presence of macrophages and the histopathological evaluation, the E.D value was 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of E. canescens leaves protect erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and have dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects maybe for presence of p-hydroxyacetophenone-derived, and these could be new safer anti-inflammatories.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammatory, Carrageenan, Encelia canescens Lam, Hemolysis, Lipoperoxidation, Malondialdehyde}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.114}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez-Flores N and Rojas-Cardenas NF and Vásquez-Quispe AD and Chávez-Flores Juana E and Justil-Guerrero Hugo J and Parre{\~n}o-Tipian JM and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1320, title = {Representatives of the Genus Goryanka (Epimedium L) {\textendash} a Promising Source of Raw Materials for the Creation of Medicines for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Men}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1710-1715}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1710}, abstract = {

Erectile dysfunction and multiple mechanisms of its development are one of the most pressing problems of modern medicine. In the twenty-first century, millions of men around the world suffer from sexual disorders, and the number of such patients is only growing from year to year. The flavonoid icariin, contained in plants of the genus Epimedium L., is a promising pharmacologically active substance used for erectile dysfunction, due to its ability to affect type 5 phosphodiesterase, inhibiting its activity. To date, domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies produce biologically active food additives and herbal preparations, which include Goryanka extract. But the range of standardized herbal medicines is very small.

}, keywords = {Drug, Epimedium Estrellita, Icariin, Impotence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.231}, author = {Bukinich Darya Dmitrievna and Salova VG and Odintsova EB and Rastopchina OV and Solovyovа NL and Kozlova AM and Krasniuk II (jun) and Krasniuk II and Kozlova Zh M} } @article {1127, title = {Standardization of Indonesian Traditional Antihypertensive Medicines (Jamu) through the ACE Inhibitor Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {422-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {422}, abstract = {

Introduction: Herbal medicine (jamu) is a traditional Indonesian drug that has been used by the community in efforts to overcome health problems. One of the herbs that are frequently used by the public is antihypertensive jamu. This study aimed to determine the standardization parameters of 8 antihypertensive jamu in the form of specific and nonspecific parameters, antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) activity. Materials and methods: Jamu were extracted using ethanol. Nonspecific parameters that are water content, ash content, ash insoluble acid content, level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water, Coliform microbial contamination, and mold/yeast numbers. Determination of specific parameters including determining organoleptic (color and texture), chemical content, identification of infrared spectrum, in-vitro antioxidant activity, and ACE inhibitor activity. Results: nonspecific parameter such is the average water content of 5.92-8.1 v / w; total ash content of 5.85-7.2 w / w, levels of ash insoluble acid content were 0.45-0.55 w/w and the level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water were 24.22-54.21 and 24.22-54,21, respectively. The eight extracts were uncontaminated with coliform, mold, and yeast microbes. Antioxidant and ACE inhibitor activity test showed that all eight extracts had antioxidant activity in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 9.31 - 157.9 ppm and ACE inhibitor activity with the IC50 value is in the range of 18.37-740.8 ppm. Conclusion: The eight antihypertensive jamu met the standard of extract parameters both the specific and nonspecific and have potential in-vitro activities as ACE inhibitors.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitor, Antihypertensive, Antioxidant, Herbal medicine (jamu)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.65}, author = {Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff and Sri Teguh Rahayu and Putu Gita Mahayasih and Muhammad Unggul Januarko} } @article {1104, title = {Study of Quality Medicinal Plants Bark Walnuts and Extract from it}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {282-286}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {282}, abstract = {

Objective: The bark of walnut is currently poorly understood and is not represented in the Russian State Pharmacopeia. The purpose was to study the quality indicators medicinal plants walnut crust and extracts therefrom were studied: moisture content, total ash, ash insoluble in 10\% hydrochloric acid feedstock walnut crust; content of tannins and juglone in walnut crust; GC-mass spectrometric study of the composition petroleum extract from the bark of a walnut. Materials and Methods: Microscopy was prepared by the pharmacopoeial method. The chemical composition of the petroleum extract was investigated by chromatomass spectrometry. Results: The content of glycosides amount in terms of gidroyuglone glucoside and absolutely dry RL was 5.30 {\textpm} 0.15. Humidity was 9,41\% {\textpm} 0,21. total ash content was 10,18\% {\textpm} 0,1. The ash content insoluble in 10\% hydrochloric acid was 4.8 {\textpm} 0.16. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method in petroleum extraction from the bark of walnut were identified following compounds: oktadetsilgeksanoat (28\%) of 4-isopropenyl- 1-methyl-2-cyclohexenol-1 (38\%), cineole (1,6\%), thujone (0.7\%), camphor (16.6\%), 2 - benzamidoantrahinone (0.45\%), 4,5 - dihydroxy - 3,4 - dihydro - 1 (2H) - naftalenon (6.4\%) ethyl ester of palmitic acid (8.25\%) Toxic effects petroleum extract was TD50 = 2,5. Chronic absent. All mice in the experimental group had diarrhea. It was established that the extraction has petroleum anthelmintic properties at askaridioze. Conclusions: The analysis of petroleum extraction from walnut partitions was carried out, the content of basic biologically active substances was revealed. The main anatomical and diagnostic signs of walnut bark walls were studied.

}, keywords = {Juglans regia, Total ash, Toxic effect}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.44}, author = {Strelyaeva AV and Lezhava DI and Luferov AN and Kuznetsov RM and Bobkova NV and Lazareva YuB and Kostikova EN} } @article {1306, title = {UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS Profiling of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens and Significant Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1518-1524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1518}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antibiotic resistance is a major problem that is spreading and increasing while the development of new antibiotics is ceasing. As a result, some bacterial infections that were easily treated previously became untreatable. The antibacterial activity of Clerodendrum inerme and Clerodendrum splendens leaves were investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the widely known multi-drug resistant bacterium. UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS is characterized by high sensitivity, resolution and speed for identification of plant metabolites even the minor ones. The chemical constituents of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were investigated by UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS metabolic analysis. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of the two species under investigation was evaluated against the multi-ethanol drug resistant bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis using MABA assay. The methanol extracts of the leaves of C. inerme and C. splendens were subjected to comparative UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis. Results: The ethanol extract of C .inerme leaves showed significant antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while that of C. splendens showed moderate activity. The UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/MS analysis revealed a total of 36 metabolites detected and tentatively identified in the two species under investigation, among them 28 chromatographic peaks were assigned in C. inerme while only 14 were assigned in these C. splendens. The main classes of secondary metabolites detected were Phenylpropanoid and, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, diterpenoids, phenolic acid and fatty acid derivatives. Conclusion: The results of the antibacterial activity and UPLC-PDA-ESI-MS/ MS analysis showed stronger activity and higher number of metabolites for C. inerme as compared to C. splendens.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum, Diterpenoids, Iridoids, Mycobacterium, Phenyl-propanoids, UPLC profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.208}, author = {Hesham I Elaskary and Omar M Sabry and Asmaa M Khalil and Soheir M El Zalabani} } @article {814, title = {Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Jojoba Wax Liquid (Simmondsia chinensis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {191-194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Simmondsia chinensis, also known as Jojoba, is the sole member the Simmondsiaceae{\textquoteright}s family and has been known traditionally for many medical uses. Objectives: Herein we evaluate the value of crude jojoba oil (J.O) as an antimicrobial agent in vitro. Methods: J.O was tested for potential antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Asperigillus flavus. Results: Our results did not show any effect on fungi or yeast. However, a significant antibacterial activity was observed against B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis. A high activity was observed for J.O at Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level of 12.5 mg/ml. Interestingly, S. typhimurium, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa were found to be highly resistant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that J.O may have a medicinal potential as natural antibacterial agent.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial activity, Jojoba oil, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Simmondsia chinesisis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.31}, author = {Ahmed Al-Ghamdi and Thanaa Elkholy and Shahd Abuhelal and Hatim Al-Abbadi and Dina Qahwaji and Nahlaa Khalefah and Hanaan Sobhy and Mohammad Abu-Hilal} } @article {862, title = {Antidiabetic Aptitude of Cordia sebestena and its Outcome on Biochemical Parameters, Serum Electrolytes, and Hematological Markers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {418-423}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study investigated the antidiabetic outcome of ethanolic extract of Cordia sebestena fruit (EECSF) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetogenic rodents and evaluated its consequence to improve the level of biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes level, and hematological indices along with its impact on body weight. Materials and Methods: The albino rodents were selected to observe oral glucose tolerance test by oral intake of aqueous glucose solution (4 g/kg, body weight) in normal rodents and assessment of blood glucose level after administration of EECSF at 100 and 200 mg/kg and standard drug glibenclamide at 0.6 mg/kg, body weight. Antidiabetic activity was estimated in the chronic biological model by STZ (65 mg/kg/i.p.)-induced diabetes in rodents escorted by the determination of blood glucose. Further pharmacological research was carried out to explore the effect of EECSF on body weight, variations in biochemical parameters including aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and total protein, transformations in serum electrolytes such as Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+ along with estimation of hematological indices such as red blood cells, white blood cells, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Results: It was discovered that EECSF significantly lowered the blood glucose level of diabetic rodents along with enhancement in body weight. Correspondingly, EECSF significantly ameliorated the biochemical parameters, serum electrolytes, and hematological indices. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the antidiabetic potential of EECSF in STZ-induced diabetes in rodents, and it could be selected to benefit from diabetes and its affiliated complexities inclusive of anemia, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and hepatitis.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Antidiabetic, Cordia sebestena, Glucose, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.65}, author = {Sachin Chaudhary and Harish Chandra Verma and Mandeep Kumar Gupta and Hitesh Kumar and Sudhansu Ranjan Swain and Ramesh Kumar Gupta and Abdel-Nasser El-Shorbagi} } @article {939, title = {Anti-Elastase Activity of Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) Rhizome Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {754-758}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {754}, abstract = {

Objective: Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) often trigger the activation of elastase to degrade the elastin, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that provides resilience and elasticity of the skin. Therefore, the inhibition of elastase could reduce the wrinkles formation in the skin. Rumput teki (Cyperus rotundus L.) is used empirically to increase the skin elasticity but the scientific justification was still limited. This study aimed to determine the activity of Cyperus rotundus L (CyR) in inhibiting the elastase activity. Methods: Extraction of CyR was performed by maceration method using 70\% ethanol. The inhibition percentage and IC50 were determined by the colorimetric method using porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) and N-Succ-(Ala)3-p- nitroanilide (SANA) as substrate. Phytochemical screening, determination of Total Phenolic content (TPC), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) were also performed to calculate the level of phenolic and flavonoid content in the sample. Results: The extract of CyR rhizomes contained TPC and TFC of 62.72 mgGAE/g and 10.72 mgEQ/g extract respectively and showed an inhibitory activity on elastase with IC50 of 178.72 μg/mL, smaller than IC50 of quercetin as reference drug (200.00 μg/mL). Conclusion: This finding suggested that extract of CyR rhizomes could be used as elastase inhibitor but the further research still needs to be developed.

}, keywords = {Cyperus rotundus L., Elastase, Skin ageing, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.119}, author = {Isni Rizqi Putri and Rosita Handayani and Berna Elya} } @article {782, title = {Anti-Inflammatory and Neurobehavioral Effects of the Leaves from Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pavon) Briquet in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {75-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Context: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) has long been employed in Peru as a traditional alternative therapy for several diseases, including cancer, arthritis and diarrhea. Recent studies show that several species of Maytenus have effects on nociceptive and inflammatory signaling, as well as toxic effects on behavioral neuronal pathways. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and neurobehavioral side manifestations of the leaf of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pav{\'o}n) Briquet. Methods and Materials: Experimental study, double blind. 60 male albino mice strain Balb/c were divided in ten groups and each group, was orally feed with different doses of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus macrocarpa (500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mg/kg), others group received distilled water, caffeine 32 mg/kg, diazepam 32 mg/kg, diclofenac 15 mg/kg and the last group without substance. Neurobehavioral effects were assessed by the Irwin test. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the Carrageenan paw oedema test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA test and Fisher exact test. Results: Anti-inflammatory effects of M. macrocarpa were observed in a non-significant trend of dose dependent form. M. macrocarpa displayed an anti-inflammatory effect at 1250 mg/kg and these effects were higher in comparison with diclofenac (74.14\% vs 58.62\%, one way ANOVA, p\<0.05). Neurobehavioral side effects secondary to M. macrocarpa therapy were also identified, these included excitation, abnormal gait, abdominal cramps, piloerection, stereotypes and scratching (Fisher exact, p\<0.05, CI 95\%). Conclusion: M. macrocarpa leaves presented anti-inflammatory activity and concomitants neurobehavioral side effects.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammation, Diclofenac, Leaves, Maytenus, Mice, Neurobehavioral manifestations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.14}, author = {Luj{\'a}n-Carpio Elmer and Medina-Salazar Henry and Mayor-Vega Alexander and Medrano-Canchari Karola and Mazuelos-Rivas Mar{\'\i}a and Lizarraga-Casta{\~n}eda Zaida and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {1040, title = {Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1563-1571}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1563}, abstract = {

The popular use of natural products has great benefits for the health of the human population. In this study we highlight Equisetum hyemale, belonging to the phylum Sphenophyta and the family Equisetaceae. Popularly, the stems of this plant are used for their diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this context, and the fact that the growth of antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for global public health, this plant could be used as an alternative, to increase our therapeutic arsenal. Therefore, it is important to more clearly elucidate the complex structures present in plants, because these substances are mainly responsible for their beneficial and/or toxic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the phenolic compounds separately. The substances luteolin, ferulic acid and coumarin were identified at high concentrations by ultra-high performance chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Antimicrobial activity was elucidated through microdilution in broth; the phenolic compounds were able to inhibit the visible growth of the standard bacterial strains at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and genotoxicity was analysed through cellular damage using a Comet assay; the results showed that it did not present cytoxicity or genotoxicity at the corresponding concentrations. With this, we suggest that E. hyemale may be an alternative for the treatment of infections by microorganisms that are resistant to synthetic drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity, Equisetum hyemale, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.239}, author = {Camilla Filippi dos Santos Alves and Pauline Cordenonsi Bonez and Marcia de Souza Ebling and Camila Casagrande and Litiane Freitas and Carolina Dolwitsch and Fernanda Pires and Michele Rorato Sagrillo and Gerson Fernandes de Brum and Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos and Roberto Christ Vianna Santos} } @article {894, title = {Antioxidant Activity of the Germinated Seed of Four Varieties of Amaranthus Caudatus L. from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {588-593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of four varieties of germinated seeds of Centenario, Cristalino, Oscar Blanco and Taray of Amaranthus caudatus L. compared to non-germinated seeds. Material and Methods: The determination of total phenols was carried out by using Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids by the method of aluminum chloride and the antioxidant activity by the methods of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Results: Cristalino variety had the highest germination (3.0 cm of height) and all varieties had a 50\% germination rate. Cristalino and Taray varieties had the highest content of total phenolics (GAE 32.92 and 35.00 mg/g sample), Cristalino variety had higher content of flavonoids (580.95 mg QE/g) (P \< 0.05); Cristalino and Taray varieties showed greater scavenging activity of DPPH radical (151.85 and 151.38 mg TE/g sample), ABTS (178.09 and 180.18 mg TE/g sample); and reducing capacity of the ferric ion (FRAP) (132.75 and 136.42 mg TE/g of sample). Conclusion: Sprouts of Cristalino and Taray varieties had higher antioxidant activity than non-germinated seeds and they are directly related to higher content of total phenols and flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Amaranthus caudatus L., antioxidant activity, Germinated seeds, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.93}, author = {Enrique Javier Aguilar-Felices and Marta Romero-Viacava and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Pablo Com{\'u}n-Ventura and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Luz Chacaltana-Ramos and Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {1046, title = {Azadirachta indica: Antibacterial Activity of Neem Against Different Strains of Bacteria and their Active Constituents as Preventive in Various Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1597-1604}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1597}, abstract = {

Neem has become valuable plant in the world which shows the solutions for hundreds to thousands problems. Azadirachta indica (Neem) is a rapidly growing evergreen well known tree found Pada generally in various regions of world like America, Africa and India. It has been widely used in Chinese, Ayurveda and Unani medicines across the world especially in Asians countries for the prevention and treatment of diseases. The different parts of neem plant contain biological compounds responsible for antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. It is considered as safe medicinal plants and modulates the numerous biological processes without any adverse effect. Neem tree produces some active compounds which contain biological activities, parts of neem tree such as Root, bark, leaf, flower, seed and fruit together possesses biological activities. Various compounds have been obtained from various parts of neem. Biological activities of few of them have been studied. Hence, the article is aims to utilize the medicinal properties of whole neem plant in various disorders of mankind.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Azadirachta indica, Natural antibiotics, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.244}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Kainat Ejaz and Mahnoor Wajid and Muzzamil Shehzad and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Edwin Enciso-Roca and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate} } @article {824, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. Extracts Inhibit Caco2 and HeLa Human Carcinoma Cell Growth: GC-MS Analysis of an Anti-Proliferative Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {258-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: Exposure to high levels of antioxidants has been linked to the treatment and prevention of some cancers. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. Methods: Solvent extracts prepared from C. maritima plant material were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Anti-proliferative activities against Caco2 and HeLa cancer cells were determined by an MTS based cell proliferation assay. Toxicity was determined by the Artemia franciscana bioassay. The most potent anti-proliferative extract (hexane) was further investigated using non-targeted GC-MS headspace analysis. Results: Good DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated for all C. maritima extracts. The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts had particularly strong antioxidant activity (IC50 of 4.7 and 3.4 μg/mL respectively). Interestingly, the hexane extract which had the lowest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 13.6 μg/mL), was the most potent inhibitor or Caco2 and HeLa carcinoma cell growth, with IC50{\textquoteright}s of 12 and 126 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract was also a potent inhibitor of proliferation (IC50 values of 185 and 468 μg/mL against Caco2 and HeLa, respectively). The methanolic extract (IC50 values of 2261 and 2046 μg/mL against CaCo2 and HeLa respectively) displayed only moderate anti-proliferative activity, demonstrating that antioxidant activity did not correspond with anti-proliferative activity. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxic in the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 μg/mL. Non-biased GC-MS headspace analysis of the C. maritima hexane extract highlighted several interesting compounds that may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the anti-proliferative activity of the hexane and ethyl acetate C. maritima extracts against HeLa and Caco2 cancer cell lines indicates their potential in the treatment and prevention of some cancers.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidant, Brassicaceae, CaCo2, European searocket, HeLa, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.40}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Rihab Taher and Walaa El-Kashak and Joseph Shalom and Alan White and Ian Cock} } @article {1018, title = {Comparative Antioxidant Activities of Selected Apiaceous Plants Using EPR Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1359-1364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Introduction: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a unique technique able to identify and quantify free radicals in the complex biological matrices. In this study, free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits, shoots and roots of dill and parsley was examined using EPR technique, in addition to the determination of their contents of total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC). Method: The hydroxyl anion scavenging activity (HASA) of the tested extracts was determined using EPR spin trapping technique and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system generating (O{\textbullet}-2). The TPC and TFC were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Results: Both aqueous shoot of dill (ADSh) and methanol root of parsley (MPR) demonstrated the strongest inhibition of HASA. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of dill fruit at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was found to be pro-oxidant (49.43 \%), but at 10 mg/ml demonstrated potent inhibition of HASA (98.12 \%). TPC was found to be the highest in the methanol extract of parsley fruit (MPF, 88.62 {\textpm} 0.6 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in MPR (4.34 {\textpm} 0.050 mg GAE/g). On the other hand, TFC was the highest in MPF (584.29 {\textpm} 2.10 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in the methanol extract of dill fruit (MDF, 1.28 {\textpm} 0.02 mg rutin/g). Conclusion: In this study, EPR provided a direct insight that all tested apiaceous plants extracts showed effective HASA except two extracts that proved to be pro-oxidant at 0.5 mg/mL This study confirmed that there is no correlation between antioxidant potential and TPC and TFC.

}, keywords = {Anethum graveolans, Free Radicals, Petroselinum crispum, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.210}, author = {Ayat M Emad and Sherifa F Ali and Meselhy R Meselhy and Essam A Sattar} } @article {841, title = {Comparative DNA Fingerprinting and Botanical Study of Certain Haworthia and Gasteria Species Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {388-394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Introduction: Haworthia Duval and Gasteria Duval are succulent plants, native to South Africa. They have been used worldwide in folk medicine. They are members of the Alooideae subfamily, which has been always viewed as a taxonomically confusing sub-family. The present study aims to differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln. growing in Egypt. Methods: A comparative botanical and genetic investigation is presented. Macromorphological and micromorphological botanical features of the leaves and stems of the species under investigation using the entire specimens, transverse sections and isolated elements. Moreover, their DNA was extracted from the leaf samples and RAPD-PCR analysis was made using 10 primers. Results: The comparative botanical criteria of the examined leaves and stems were identified. Furthermore, the total number of amplified products produced by the ten primers was 98 fragments. Primers OPB-07, OPB-01 and OPB-02, recording high percentage of polymorphism (78.6, 70.6 and 57.1\%, respectively), can be used to differentiate between the examined species. While primers OPB-01, OPB-04, OPB-07 and OPB-08, generating fragments with wide molecular size (17, 14, 14 and 11fragments, respectively), can be used for the identification of Haworthia limifolia, Gasteria carinata and Gasteria minima. Conclusion: The macromorphological, micromorphological and genetic identifying parameters presented in the current study revealed good crieteria to authenticate and differentiate between Haworthia limifolia Marloth, Gasteria carinata (Mill.) Duval and Gasteria minima Poelln.

}, keywords = {Gasteria, Haworthia, Macromorphology, Micromorphology, RAPD-PCR}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.60}, author = {Ali Mohamed El Shamy and Seham Salah El Din El Hawary and Heba Ahmed Fahmy and Shahira Mohammed Ezzat} } @article {979, title = {Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Tannin Content of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) (Crassulaceae) Extract with the Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1003-1009}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1003}, abstract = {

Bryophyllum pinnatum is a perennial herb used in traditional medicine against varieties of ailments such as memory disorder. This study quantitatively estimated the total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC) and total proautocyanidin (TPA) contents of extract and fractions of B. pinnatum and correlated them with its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities. Methanolic extract of the dried leaves was partitioned into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. Total phenolic, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins content were estimated as gallic acid or quercetin equivalents. DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging activity as well as ferric reducing power assays were used to evaluate antioxidant activity, using 2,6-di-tert-butyl- 4-methylphenol (DDM) and ascorbic acid as standards. In vitro anticholinesterase activity was evaluated by Ellmann{\textquoteright}s colorimetry assay with phsiostigmine (serine) and donepezil as positive control. The crude methanol extract had the highest phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content. The ethyl acetate fraction had the highest DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50 0.004 mg/ml) while the aqueous fraction had the highest NO scavenging and ferric reducing effects with values of IC50 0.012 mg/ml and 0.007 mg/ml respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction had the best cholinesterase inhibitory effect (IC50 0.951 μg/ml AChE; 3.546 μg/ml BuChE). DPPH radical scavenging effect correlated strongly with total phenolic, flavonoids and proautocyanidins (r2 0.896, 0.651 and 0.619 respectively) while ferric reducing power showed weak correlation and NO scavenging as well as AChE inhibition had no correlation. The study shows DPPH radical scavenging could be due to the phenolic content while other class of compounds are responsible for the cholinesterase inhibition.

}, keywords = {Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant, Bryophyllum pinnatum, Total flavonoids, Total Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.158}, author = {Taiwo O. Elufioye and Damilare M. Olusola and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {928, title = {Determination of Specific and Non-Specific Parameters of Simplicia and Ethanolic 70\% Extract of Gadung Tubers (Dioscorea hispida)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {759-763}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {759}, abstract = {

Background: D. hispida can be used as a painkiller, rheumatic drugs and antioxidant. Based on its medicinal properties, D. hispida can be used as a traditional medicine that must be guaranteed on quality, safety and benefit. Therefore, standardization is needed. This aim of this study was to obtain some specific and non-specific parameter of simplicia and ethanolic 70\% extract of D. hispida tubers from three different regions. Materials and Methods: The samples were macerated by using ethanol 70\%. Results: The results showed that the specific parameters of D. hispida simplicia; the total water soluble extract was 11.25-16.20\%; the total ethanol soluble extract was 6.42-9.39\%; the chromatogram profile was obtained by using thin layer chromatography in toluene-ethyl acetate-chloroform (5:1:4) mobile phase with β{\textendash}sitosterol as standard, the total phenolic content was 2.15{\textendash}2.50 expressed in mgGAE/g simplicia. The non-specific parameters of D. hispida simplicia; the total loss on drying was 10.53-12.40\%; the total ash content was 5.81-5.94\%; the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.20-0.22\%. The specific parameters of D. hispida extract; the total phenolic content was 10.30-11.72 expressed in mgGAE/g extract. The non-specific parameters of D. hispida extract; the total water content was 10.27-10.47\%; the total ash content was 2.84-2.93\%; the total acid insoluble ash content was 0.14-0.19. Conclusion: conform the parameters.

}, keywords = {D. hispida, Gadung, Non-specific parameter, Specific parameter, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.120}, author = {Sasmita Retno Sari and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {1037, title = {Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) on Genotoxicity in Mice (Mus musculus) and Subchronic Toxicity in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1549-1557}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1549}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plukenetia volubilis is known as Sacha Inchi (SI) is originary from the peruvian amazone and it has been cultivated and consumed since the pre and Inca{\textquoteright}s time. Objective: Sacha inchi oil was assessed for genotoxicity in Balb C albino mice and subchronic toxicity in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Material and Methods: The genotoxicity was assessed in Mus musculus Balb C (n = 25) separated into five groups randomly selected of twenty-five each one. Groups were 10 mL / kg normal saline (NS), 40 mg / kg cyclophosphamide group (CP) and the three other groups received cyclophosphamide and sacha inchi oil of concentrations 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg respectively. The substances were administered three times during 24 hours. The genotoxicity in mice was evaluated determining micronucleus levels in blood and bone marrow. The subchronic toxicity was assessed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) (n = 48) separated into four groups randomly selected of six each: normal saline group (control) and three groups that received doses of 10, 100 and 1000 μg sacha inchi oil per litre of water respectively for 45 days. Results: The values of weight, length, growth rate, condition factor (K) and number of survivors were recorded. CP group showed higher micronuclei levels in blood and bone marrow compared with sacha inchi oil 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg groups (ANOVA Test p \<0.01 Scheffe{\textasciiacute}s Post Hoc p \<0.05, p \<0.01 and p \<0.001 respectively). The subchronic toxicity assessment in goldfish showed isometric growth, a decline in "K" and a similar specific percentage growth rate per day in all groups (ANOVA test p\> 0.05). Conclusion: Sacha inchi oil was not toxic under experimental conditions.

}, keywords = {Genotoxicity, Plukenetia Volubilis, Sacha Inchi Oil, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.237}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez-Asmat and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Victor Chumpitaz Cerrate and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Luz Chacaltana-Ramos and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas} } @article {803, title = {Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Root Extracts of Olax subscopioidea on Inflammatory Parameters in Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant-Collagen Type II Induced Arthritic Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {16-25}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: Rural and Urban dwellers in Nigeria claim to treat their arthritis with Olax subscorpioidea root extracts. One of the reasons they chose this treatment is that it is effective and cost less than orthodox drugs with their accompanying side effects. Hence the aim of this study is to investigate the anti-arthritis effects of Olax subscorpioidea Afzel ethanol and aqueous root extracts on chicken type II-Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis rat model. Materials and Method: The anti-arthritic potential of ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea was evaluated using the chicken type II-Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant model in 135 female wistar albino rats. The rats were treated with aqueous and ethanol root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea at varying doses and standard indomethacine drug. Results: The ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant anti-arthritic activity that was statistically similar to that of indomethacine. Our results suggest that the alcoholic extract of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant (P\<0.05) anti-arthritic potential.

}, keywords = {Adjuvant, Arthritis, Indomethacine, Plant extracts, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.4}, author = {Nkiru Nwamaka Ezeani and Udu Ama Ibiam and Obasi Uche Orji and Ikechuku Okorie Igwenyi and Chinyere Aloke and Esther Alum and Partrick Mmaduabuchi Aja and Okechukwu Paul Chima Ugwu} } @article {1055, title = {Evaluation of Immune Boosting Properties and Combating of Multiple Respiratory Viral Infections by fifteen Euphorbiaceae Plant Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1490-1503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1490}, abstract = {

Objective: Fifteen Euphorbiaceae plant extracts were evaluated for their antiviral and immune boosting properties. Methods: The maximum non-toxic concentration of each extract in specific pathogen{\textendash}free embryonated chicken eggs was estimated and their antiviral efficacy was determined in terms of reduction in viral titers, measured by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The antiviral efficacy was compared with ribavirin. The active extract was further subjected to estimation of total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents. Also, GC/ MS analysis was used to analyze its unsaponifiable and saponifiable matters. Results: The cytotoxic concentration fifty (CC50) of Breynia distacha recorded the value of \>200 and \>300 for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian influenza virus (AIV) H5N1, respectively. This extract showed antiviral inhibition concentration (IC50) values of <= 2 and <= 3, respectively and antiviral therapeutic index of 100\% compared with ribavirin as standard. The serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with B. distacha has recorded the highest HI titers (7.1 and 8.3 log2) at the day of 28 post vaccination with high protection percentage (100 and 90\%) post NDV and AIV H5N1 challenge, respectively. Also, a high HI titer (6.9 log2) was recorded in serum of the vaccinated chicks treated with Aleurites moluccana, Jatropha curcas, Ricinus communis, Putranjiva roxburghii with protection percentage of 95-100\% post-NDV challenge. GC/MS analysis allowed identification of 91.10\% of the total unsaponifiable matter, (1-heptatriacotanol represented the major component, 24.61\%) and 82.51\% of the fatty acid methyl esters content (methyl palmitate represented the major component, 26.13 \%). Conclusion: This study highlighted the potential of many Euphorbiaceae plants especially B. distacha, to be new candidate of plant-based prototypes that carry antiviral and immunogenic features against respiratory viral infections.

}, keywords = {Euphorbiaceae, GC/MS, Hemagglutination, Immune, Respiratory viral infections, SPF-ECEs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.230}, author = {Howaida I Abd-Alla and Heba-tollah M Sweelam and Walaa A El-Kashak and Mounir M El-Safty} } @article {990, title = {Flavonoids in Passiflora incarnata L. Dry Extract of Russian Origin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1143-1147}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids are one of the main classes of biologically active substances providing the pharmacotherapeutic effect of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.) preparations. In this article studies on the standardization of Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract (PDE) by flavonoids are presented. The aim of this work was to study the composition and content of flavonoids in PDE with the help of precise modern physicochemical methods. Materials and Methods: PDE was prepared from crude herbal drug {\textendash} P. incarnata herb of Russian origin. Reverse phase HPLC-UV analysis was performed with Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic column was Atlantis C18 (250 mm {\texttimes} 4.6 mm {\texttimes} 5 μm); analytical wavelength {\textendash} 350 nm; mobile phase {\textendash} 0.01\% formic acid solution and methanol: acetonitrile (25:75); column temperature {\textendash} 35{\textdegree}C; analysis time {\textendash} 90 min; flow rate of the mobile phase {\textendash} 0.8 ml/min in gradient elution mode. Commercially available samples of flavonoids were used for identification and quantitative determination. Results: 20 compounds of flavonoid structure are presented in the PDE. 9 flavonoid compounds have been identified, they are: isovitexin, vitexin, rutoside, hyperoside, luteolin, kaempferol, kaempferitrin, orientin, and isoorientin. The content of vitexin is 0,867 {\textpm} 0,011\%, the total flavonoids content in terms of vitexin is 3,762 {\textpm} 0,049\%. Conclusion: The obtained data will be used to create regulatory documentation for drugs based on PDE.

}, keywords = {Dry extract, Flavonoids, Passiflora incarnata, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.178}, author = {Guseinov MD and Bobkova NV and Svistunov AA and Tarasov VV and Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu} } @article {1051, title = {Impact of Solvent on the Characteristics of Standardized Binahong Leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1463-1470}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1463}, abstract = {

Background: Binahong is a plant that has the potential to be used as a traditional herbal medicine in Indonesia, and has several kinds of classes of compounds, one of them is a flavonoids glycosides (vitexin). Previous research reported that binahong leaves have pharmacological activities as antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic, antibacterial, and others. A traditional plant that has proven efficacious needs to be standardized to ensure the quality and its safety. Objective: This study aimed to characteristics of binahong leaves simplicia obtained from Bogor, West Java. Materials and Methods: The crude extract was obtained by the maceration method using 40\%, 70\%, and 96\% ethanol solvent. The selected extract then standardized, which includes macroscopic and microscopic observations and sets the standard parameter values binahong leaf extract. Parameters LCMS to identify active compounds semiquantitatively. Results: The yield of binahong ethanol extract from 40\%, 70\%, 96\% showed a value of 10.9\%, 11.4\%, and 12.32\%, respectively. From these results, 96\% ethanol extract has proceeded for standardization. Macroscopic observation results showed that binahong leaves simplicia has a fine and notched form with 5-10 cm long and 3-7 cm diameter. The microscopic binahong leaves contain palisade tissue, parenchymal tissue, chlorophyll grains, rosette Caoxalate crystals, and spiral type. Phytochemical screening of binahong leaves showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenolic compounds.The standardization of binahong leaves ethanol extract down showed a levels of ethanol-soluble extract\> 14.8\%, water-soluble extract content \> 13.5\%, drying \< 10\%, water content \< 8.9\%, total ash content \< 7.2\%. LCMS profiles showed that ethanolic extract 40\%, 70\%, and 96\% all contained vitexin at retention time 5.02 minutes, and m/z values 433.1111. Conclusion: 96\% ethanolic extract of binahong leaves contains vitexin with pharmacognostic parameters carried out following the standards listed in the Indonesian herb pharmacopeia.

}, keywords = {Anredera cordifolia, Extract, LCMS, Simplicia, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.226}, author = {Dwitiyanti and Yahdiana Harahap and Berna Elya and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {1019, title = {Influence of Milk on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Power of Black Tea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1262-1268}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1262}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tea leaves are rich in several polyphenolics and flavonoidal compounds that could potentially have health-promoting properties. The objective of the present study was to analyze the antioxidant capacity of black tea and to study the effect of addition of fresh milk and packed milk on the phenolics concentrations and antioxidant efficacy. Methods: The black tea infusion (BT), black tea infusion with fresh milk (BTFM) \& black tea infusion with packed milk (BTPM) samples were comparatively analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids and HPLC profiling of major phenolic content. All samples were investigated for their total antioxidant capacity and glutathione level in different organs (brain, liver, kidney and heart). Results: The results shown that BT(black tea infusion) had higher total phenolics and flavonoids followed by BTPM (black tea infusion with packed milk) and then the BTFM (black tea infusion with fresh milk). The analytical HPLC results obtained also indicated that BT contained higher amount of catechins and garlic acid derivatives than BTFM, and BTPM may be due to chelation of free phenolics with some fats and protein in the tested milk samples, which reduces the levels of free phenolics significantly. Concerning antioxidants capacity both tested milk samples reduced antioxidant capacity to more than 50\% in different tested tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that black tea is a valuable source of antioxidants and that the inhibitory effect of milk on the total antioxidant capacity may be related to complex formation of the fat \& protein content of the milk with major phenolics in the black tea.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Black tea, Glutathione, HPLC. Flavonoids, Milk, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.196}, author = {KM Meselhy and Ghada A Abdel-latif and Amany A sleem and Walaa Ayman and Maram K Imam and Kholoud A Kassab and Sherouk Eissa} } @article {1000, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Different Varieties of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Tubers Extracts on Lipoxygenase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1195-1198}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1195}, abstract = {

Background: Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) with purple, orange and white varieties can be differentiated by their skin and flesh tubers{\textquoteright} colors. Research on anti-inflammatory activity of this plant is still limited although has been used traditionally. Objective: This study aimed to determine IC50 value of sweet potato tubers extracts in inhibiting lipoxygenase activity. Methods: Dried tubers of sweet potato were macerated with ethanol 70\%. Each extracts were tested for soybean lipoxygenase inhibitory activity, phytochemical screening and total flavonoid contents. IC50 value and total flavonoid contents obtained from each extracts were analyzed statistically. Results: IC50 value of purple, orange and white sweet potato tubers extracts are 46.09, 52.12 and 63.69 μg/mL respectively. Each extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. Total flavonoid contents in purple, orange and white sweet potato extracts are 8.45{\textpm}0.41; 7.57{\textpm}0.03; and 6.12{\textpm}0.14 mgQE/g extract respectively. Conclusion: Total flavonoid contents and IC50 values of each extracts are strongly correlated and inversely proportional with significance value of 0.026 and correlation value of -0.999 which indicate that the higher total flavonoid contents, the stronger inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Ipomoea batatas L, Lipoxygenase, Sweet potato tubers, Total flavonoid contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.185}, author = {Sendangratri and Rosita Handayani and Berna Elya} } @article {1023, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Sangketan (Achyranthes aspera L.) Roots Extract on Arginase Activity and Determination of Its Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1231-1234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Background: Achyranthes aspera, or commonly called as Sangketan in Indonesian is a wild plant that is used as a traditional medicine. The roots of Sangketan can be used as a wound healer by involving the role of arginine and its metabolites, nitric oxide, that directly affect the wound healing process itself. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the potential of Sangketan roots extract in inhibiting arginase activity. Methods: The roots were extracted using multistage ultrasound-assisted extraction method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent. Each extract from different solvents was tested for the inhibition of arginase activity using a microplate-based colorimetric method, followed by determination of total phenolic concentration and total flavonoid concentration. Results: The results of inhibition test of arginase activity by n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were 9.56; 17.58; and 29.77\% sequentially/respectively at concentration of 100 μg/ml; the total phenolic concentration were 3.91; 4.83; dan 11.18 mgGAE/g of sample respectively; and the total flavonoid concentration are 0.29; 0.80; and 0.88 mgQE/g of sample respectively. Conclusion: From this research, it can be concluded that Sangketan roots extract had low potency of arginase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera, Arginase, Inhibitory effect, Sangketan, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.191}, author = {Dieah Siti Rahmawati and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {915, title = {Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and Cytotoxicity of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {718-723}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {718}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this study is to isolate and identify sterols and terpenes from the chloroform/methanol extract (3:1) of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of crude extract and phytol for the first time from this plant. Methods: Different chromatographic techniques for the aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha extract were used resulting in isolation of eight compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1HNMR, 13CNMR, EI/MS spectrometry and by comparing their data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. The mode of action of the extract was predicted by using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit for Tubulin beta (TUBb). Results: Eight compounds for the first time from this plant were identified as Palmitic acid (1), Phytol (major) (2), Stigmast-4-en- 3-one (3), mixture of α-amyrin (4) and β{\textendash}amyrin (5), 1,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaen-3- ol,2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl (all-E) (6) and mixture of α{\textendash} amyrin acetate (7) and β-amyrin acetate (8). The extract showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line as well as HCT-116 colon carcinoma cell line at different concentrations (100-6.25 ug/ml) with IC50 (21.8 {\textpm} 0.9) and (40.9 {\textpm} 1.3) respectively. Phytol showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cell line at different concentrations (100-12.5 ug/ml) with IC50 (60 {\textpm} 2.4), while it had no cytotoxic effect on HCT-116 cell line. The extract showed significant TUBb polymerization inhibition activity. Conclusion: The extract of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and also phytol compound has cytotoxic activity due to the presence of phytochemicals such as sterols and terpenes.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Jacquemontia pentantha, MTT Assay, Sterols, Terpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.114}, author = {Dina M Eskander and Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy and Mary H Grace and Marian Nabil and Mahmoud I Nassar and Marwa M Mounier} } @article {901, title = {Liquid Chromatography Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC/SQ MS) Analysis Reveals Presence of Novel Antineoplastic Metabolites in Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Annona muricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {660-668}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

Background: Annona muricata, a tropical plant species belonging to family Annonaceae is one of the most used plants in folk medicine because of its many medicinal uses. Despite its wide usage, there is still need to continue scientifically evaluating its medicinal properties in order to avoid any adverse effects. Elucidating the detailed chemical composition of this plant is a significant step towards this evaluation. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct LC MS analysis on the ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata for detection of novel metabolites. Materials and Methods: Leaves and fruits of Annona muricata were collected from Eastern Uganda during the month January 2018. Extraction was conducted using the tissue homogenization method and the extracts were analyzed on an LC/SQ MS detection system. The results were obtained by analyzing the MS spectra using the retentions time and fragmentation patterns on the NIST Library. Results: The study revealed that the fruits extracts contain 1,3-Dimethylthiourea and (4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(Z)-3-(dimethylamino) prop-1-enyl]quinolin-6-yl]-(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methanol, which are reported antioxidant and antineoplastic agents. The leaves contained 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline another antioxidant and antineoplastic agent, while compound (dichlorozirconium(2+);dimethyl-bis(2-methyl-4- phenylinden-1-id-1-yl)silane was found in both extracts of fruits and leaves. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata contain compounds which are potent antioxidant, antineoplastic and therapeutic agents for various conditions and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens from these plant parts. Finally, the compounds reported in this study have been identified for the first time as being found in Annona muricata.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Antineoplastic, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extracts, LC/SQ MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.104}, author = {Yahaya Gavamukulya and Esther N Maina and Amos M Meroka and Edwin S Madivoli and Hany A El-Shemy and Gabriel Magoma and Fred Wamunyokoli} } @article {925, title = {Macroscopic and Microscopic Studies of Polyscias guilfoylei L. H. Bailey Leaves (Araliaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {824-827}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {824}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. (Araliaceae) were reported to have medicinal value. Therefore, authentication of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. is important to ensure the reproducible quality of herbal raw materials. Objective: This study aims to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic parameters of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. Methods: Organoleptic, macroscopy, and microscopy of fresh leaves and microscopy parameters of leaves powder were observed. Results: Organoleptic and macroscopic studies found that the leaves had a smooth surface with green color, pinnate venation, elonged to lanceolate shape, cuspidate apex, serrated margin, broad base steam, a bit of distinctive smell, and characteristic taste. The leaves microscopy indicated the presence of anisocytic and paracytic stomata, druses type of calcium oxalate crystals, spiral type xylem, and essential oil were found. Conclusion: The results obtained can be used as quality control parameters, especially diagnostic features for the herbal raw material of Polyscias guilfoylei L.

}, keywords = {Araliaceae, Morphological studies, Plant anatomy, Polyscias guilfoylei, Puding leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.132}, author = {Siti Marwah Lestari and Berna Elya and Sutriyo} } @article {1059, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) in an Experimental Model of Epilepsy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1591-1596}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1591}, abstract = {

Background: Experimental studies have demonstrated that fatty acids such as omega 3 and 6 have anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, cardio protective and anti-tumor effects. Objective: The main objective was to determine the protective effect of sacha inchi oil on pentylenetetrazoleinduced seizures in albino mice. Material and Methods: Thirty male Balb/C albino mice of 8 weeks of age were purchased from the National Institute of Health (Lima-Peru). The animals were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each one. Group I: Control; PTZ (pentylenetetrazole 80 mg / kg, s.c.). II: PTZ + Diazepam (1 mg / kg; s.c.). Group III, IV, V: PTZ + sacha inchi oil at single doses of 250, 500, 1000 mg / kg respectively orally. Sacha inchi oil was administered 30 minutes before induction of seizures by PTZ. Next, various parameters such as latency, seizure frequency, duration and score were scored according to Racine scale. The program Graph Pad Prism v.4 was used for statistical analysis. Results: As result, the experimental group treated with sacha inchi oil at maximum dose of 1000 mg/kg showed better results in response to PTZ induced seizure; low levels of seizures, frequency and duration (P\<0.001; ANOVA, P \<0.001 Post-hoc Dunnett test). Conclusion: It is concluded that Sacha inchi oil presented anticonvulsant effect at the highest doses tested being very similar to Diazepam. The main mechanism could be by reducing free radical and improving GABA levels in the brain.

}, keywords = {Convulsion, Epilepsy, Omega, Pentylenetetrazole, Plukenetia Volubilis, Sacha inchi}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.243}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Edwin Enciso-Roca and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and Linder Figueroa-Salvador} } @article {988, title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma curtisii Polysaccharides After Kainic Acid-Seizure Induced}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1046-1054}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1046}, abstract = {

Background: Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders affecting world population. Although, some Ganoderma species have shown neuroprotective activities, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma curtisii on epileptic seizures have not been reported. Objective: The aims of the present study were to determine whether treatment with a polysaccharide fraction (GCPS-2) from a Mexican Ganoderma curtisii strain can reduce seizures, and the increases in the levels of apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in kainic acid-induced seizure mouse model. Materials and Methods: Rats were separated in groups: Control group received 2.5\% Tween 20 solution; GCPS-2 groups were administered GCPS-2 (10, 40, or 80 mg/kg); KA group received KA 10 mg/kg; GCPS-2+KA received GCPS- 2 and 30 min later KA. Pathological changes in neuronal morphology, expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin1-β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the rat hippocampus and cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides (GCPS-2) inhibited convulsions in rats. Moreover, treatment with GCPS-2 reduced the increased levels of apoptotic signaling molecules (Bcl-2) and proinflammatory mediators (in the kainic acid-treated hippocampus and cortex). Conclusion: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides have a neuroprotective potential against epilepsy, partially through its ability to inhibit neurotoxic events in the in vivo hippocampus and cortex.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticonvulsant, Ganoderma curtisii, Neuroprotective, β-glucan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.164}, author = {Ismael Leon-Rivera and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Maria Yolanda Rios and Samuel Estrada-Soto and Angelica Berenice Aguilar and Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Jazmin Mendez-Miron and Victoria Campos-Pena and Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa and Eva Hernandez and Gerardo Hurtado} } @article {1021, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and Artemisinin Content of Artemisia Annua L. Grown in Togo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1331-1335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1331}, abstract = {

Objective: Artemisia annua grown in Togo is used as an antimalaria drug. The present study shows a detailed analysis of pharmacognostic evaluation of leaf powder and root that will be used for the purpose of identification, authentication, and consequent standardization. Materials and Methods: Both the leaf and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. The physicochemical parameters of the leaf powder and its phytochemical screening were done based on its total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content. Artemisinin content was also performed using weigh method after extraction. Results: Physicochemical evaluation yielded water, alcohol, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether soluble extractive values which are 2.25\%, 1.25\%, 4.22\%, 8.12\% and 3.77\% (w/w), respectively. Fluorescence analysis imparted characteristic colors to the leaf powder when observed under visible, UV light 254 and 365 nm. Phytochemical screening of leaf powder showed the presence of alkalo{\"\i}ds, flavono{\"\i}d, and anthracene derivatives. Total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content were 32.5 {\textpm} 0.67 mEq Gallic Acid/100 mg and 11.3 {\textpm} 1.52. mgEq Quercetin/100 mg, respectively. Artemisinin content value was 0.009\% (w/w). Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic parameters which were evaluated assisted in identification and standardization of A. annua leaf in powder and crude form.

}, keywords = {Artemisia, Artemisinin, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostic, Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.205}, author = {Messan Koffi Adjogbl{\'e} and Batomayena Bakoma and Kossi Metowogo and Kodjovi Dots{\`e} Amouzou and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu-gadegbeku and Kodjo A Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {786, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies of the Leaves, Stem and Root of Capparis erythrocarpos Isert (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Introduction: The roots of Capparis erythrocarpos are used traditionally across Africa for the management of pain, arthritis and other forms of inflammatory conditions. Owing to its proven efficacy, it has gained commercial value, particularly as a key ingredient in several herbal products and alcoholic beverages. The increased scarcity owing to demand outstripping supply lend the roots of C. erythrocarpos to adulteration. This paper presents a detailed pharmacognostic evaluation of the leaf, stem and root of C. erythrocarpos which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The leaf, stem and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features as were the physicochemical parameters and phytochemical screening done. Results: Leaves are alternately arranged, have collateral vascular bundle, crystal sheaths and a pericyclic fibre. Actinocytic stomata and secretory cells were contained in powdered leaves. The stem showed lenticels and thorns, stellate and branched trichomes which leave off cicatrices in older stems. The powdered stem and roots contained stone cells, secretory cells and scalariform vessels. However, the roots lacked thorns, trichomes and had smaller secretory cells. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves, stem and roots were slightly acidic to neutral. Ash values of leaves, stem and roots are (16.58 {\textpm} 0.09) \% w/w, (5.01 {\textpm} 0.09) \% w/w and (6.53 {\textpm} 0.19) \% w/w respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the leaves, stem and roots showed the presence of glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Conclusion: The determined parameters for the leaf, stem and root of C. erythrocarpos constitute quality parameters for their unequivocal identification.

}, keywords = {Capers, Cicatrices, crystal sheaths, Herbal medicine, Morphological features, Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.19}, author = {Twumasi Mary A and Ekuadzi Edmund and Mante Priscilla K and Boakye-Gyasi Mariam E and Mensah Merlin LK and Woode Eric} } @article {850, title = {Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Antimicrobial Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {362-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Aim: Diospyros mespiliformis is one plant used by the natives for the treatment of certain diseases including wounds. In this present study, preliminary screening of the methanolic leaf extract of D. mespiliformis was carried out for its phytochemical and proximate constituents in addition to investigating its antimicrobial activity against four bacteria species. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis were carried out using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using the whole in-plate and broth serial micro dilution assays on two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium) and two Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and volatile oil. Similarly, preliminary proximate analysis of the root, bark and leaf extracts of D. mespiliformis exerts revealed the presence of carbohydrate, crude protein, moisture, lipid and nitrogen, ash and fibre. The extract demonstrated greater inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) than on S. typhymurium (MIC=312.5 μg/ml). Conclusion: These findings revealed that the crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis and its fractions demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Diospyros mespiliformis, Extract, Phytochemical, Proximate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.55}, author = {Abdullahi Aliyu Ebbo and Dahiru Sani and Mohammed Musa Suleiman and Abubakar Ahmed and Adamu Zoaka Hassan} } @article {822, title = {Phytochemical Compounds Of Cichorium intybus by Exploring its Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {248-257}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

Introduction: The current study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Cichorium intybus n-hexane extract on diabetes mellitus and its antioxidant effect in vivo in alloxinated animals. Diabetic neuropathy improvement was also tested as well as insulin levels and histology of the pancreas were performed. Methods: The chromatographic standardization of C. intybus extract was performed using isocratic HPLC, which indicated the presence of numerous phyto-constituents. The hexane extract was studied for its effect on blood glucose levels and painful diabetic neuropathy (DN) in diabetic mice. Hyperalgesia and mechanical-allodynia were evaluated using thermal stimuli, pain response to radiant energy experiments and a mechanical sensitivity test respectively. Subsequently, after eight weeks of being alloxinated, BGL, body weight, antioxidant activity, insulin levels and glycated hemoglobin were recorded to evaluate antidiabetic potential and the DN. Results: The administration of Cichorium intybus extract (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) and a combination of Cichorium intybus extract and Camellia sinensis (50 + 200 mg/kg, respectively) have revealed an acute hypoglycemic effect ranging from 14.15\% and 42.4\%. The sub-chronic anti-diabetic effect ranged from 23.41\% and 44.8\%. They diminished hyperalgesia and tangible allodynia significantly (p\<0.05), (n=7 per group). The powerful neuroprotective properties might serve as potential lead-compounds for further analysis. Conclusion: The histological study and the potent antioxidant effect showed that they could assist in the management of diabetes mellitus and DN by amelioration of insulin levels and regeneration of pancreatic beta cells.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic effects, Antioxidant, Cichorium Intybus, Phytochemical analysis, Serum insulin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.39}, author = {Dina Kanj and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Safaa Baydoun and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {944, title = {Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Chuquiraga spinosa Less and Baccharis genistelloides on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {858-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {858}, abstract = {

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting middle-aged men, with oxidative stress postulated as an important factor in its development. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the association of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG) on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six male rats were randomized into groups: 1) Inductor Group: Testosterone enanthate (ET) 25 mg/Kg on days 8 and 14 intramuscularly. 2) Group P80: Polysorbate-80 3\% 10 mL / Kg. 3) Positive Group: ET + Dutasteride (DU) 0.5 mg / Kg, 4) ET + ChS 250, 5) ET + ChS 500, 6) ET + BaG250, 7) ET + BaG 500, 8) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 250, 9) ET + ChS 500 + BaG 500, 10) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 500, 11) ET + ChS 500 + BaG250. PSA, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), prostate dimensions by ultrasound and histopathological findings were quantified as main markers. Results: Lower levels of NO, MDA and PSA were observed in all groups treated with extract compared to the Inductor group (p \<0.01), with the reductive capacity of the mixture ChS 250 + BaG 500 and ChS 500 + BaG 250 compared with Dutasteride (p \<0.05). The volume of the prostate was lower in the Dutasteride, P80 and ChS250 + BaG500 groups compared to the inducer (p \<0.05). Regarding the histopathological study, it was observed that the association of variable doses (ChS250 + BaG500 and ChS500 + BaG250) had a better protective effect. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, the association of the extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa and Baccharis genistelloides has an effect in the protection of BPH induced with testosterone, which could be linked to its antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

}, keywords = {Baccharis genistelloides, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chuquiraga spinosa, Dutasteride, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.138}, author = {Robert Palomino-De-La-Gala and Hugo Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Rojas-Armas and Cristian Aguilar-Carranza and Jaime Mart{\'\i}nez-Heredia and Edwin Cieza-Macedo and Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-Bustamante and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez- Asmat and Lester Dominguez-Huarcaya} } @article {1014, title = {Rationale for Manufacturing of Cut-Pressed Granules from Herbal Raw Material Rich in Essential Oil: An Example of Chamomile Flowers and Sweet Flag Rhizome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1285-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1285}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, there are at least 43 different dosage forms present on the Russian Federation pharmaceutical market. A novel, unique dosage form {\textendash} cut-pressed granules (CPG) {\textendash} was developed in order to improve manufacturing characteristics and, therefore, quality of herbal drug products released in tea bags. However, treatment conditions may result in decreased levels of active substances in some of the plants, especially those containing essential oil, which is prone to degradation. The aim of this study was to assess feasibility of CPG manufacturing from herbal raw material rich in essential oil. Materials and Methods: Different morphological groups of raw material from two commonly used medicinal plants, chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) flowers and sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) rhizome, were chosen as the objects of the study. Qualitative composition of lipophilic constituents in herbal raw materials and CPG was assessed using thin-layer chromatography. Essential oil content was determined by steam distillation. Results: The results confirmed equivalence of chromatographic profiles for the analyzed raw materials and CPG; thus, granulation didn{\textquoteright}t affect qualitative composition of lipophilic components in chamomile flowers and sweet flag rhizome. The study also showed that the granulation process, in fact, promoted stability of the dosage form: during long-term storage the content of essential oil in all of the assessed cut-pressed granules was equivalent or higher than in corresponding herbal raw material. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Matricaria recutita L. flowers and Acorus calamus L. rhizome can be used as herbal raw material for CPG manufacturing.

}, keywords = {Chamomile, Cut-pressed granules, Dosage form, Essential oil, Herbal drugs, Sweet flag}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.199}, author = {Olga Trifonova and Olga Evdokimova and Vera Prokofieva and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {958, title = {Review on Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Genus Anthemis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1155-1166}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1155}, abstract = {

Genus Anthemis of Family Asteraceae contains mainly flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones belonging to germacranolides, eudesmanolides, guaianolides, sterols and essential oils. The Plants of genus Anthemis have been known to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities due to their rich contents of important physiological and biological compounds. They are referred to as nature{\textquoteright}s biological response modifier{\textquoteright}s and are involved in energy transfer, photosensitization and morphogenesis. Several clinical studies have shown that people who take diets rich in flavonoids and sesquiterpenes have reduced risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This article covers most of constituents of plants of genus Anthemis reported from 2002 up to 2018. Furthermore, the biological activities of plants of genus Anthemis will be presented.

}, keywords = {Anthemis, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Flavonoids, Sesquiterpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.180}, author = {Rima Boukhary and Maha Aboul-Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany} } @article {1005, title = {Screening of Nasal and Hands Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Colonization among Lebanese Nutraceuticals Handlers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1336-1341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1336}, abstract = {

Introduction: Poor personal hygiene of the nutraceuticals handlers could be a potential source of diseases due to the high occurrence of bacterial contamination. Methods: A cross sectionnal study was conducted among Lebanese nutraceuticals handlers. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for collecting information on age, sex, marital status, service years, educational status, status of training of nutraceuticals-handlers. Results: Nasal and hands swabs were investigated for S. aureus, MRSA, CoNS and MRSE.Among 144 nutraceuticals handlers, 41\% and 69\% exhibited no bacterial growth in their nasal and hand swabs.The carrier rate of S. aureus was 11.8 and 5.6\% for nose and hands in nutraceuticals handlers.The nasal and hands carrier rate of MRSA is 6.3\% and 2.1\%, respectively.MRSE presented a rate of 10.4\% and 7.6\% for the nasal and hands carriage. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Lebanese nutraceuticals handlers are a vehicle of different resistant bacterial strains in their nasal and hands carriage,which poses a significant risk to the Lebanese consumer.

}, keywords = {Carriage, Hands, Nasal, Nutraceuticals handlers, Resistant, S.aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.206}, author = {Nada El Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El-Ghazzawi} } @article {879, title = {Secondary Metabolites from Pterocaulon alopecuroides and their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {493-495}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Pterocaulon alopecuroides, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activities on selected human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. alopecuroides afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of all isolates were evaluated. Results: The compounds 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-6-methoxycoumarin (1), 5,6-methylenedioxy- 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) coumarin (2), Dihydrokaempferol (3), 5,7,4{\textasciiacute}-trihydroxy- 6-(α,α-dimethylallyl)dihydroflavonol (4) and 5,4{\textasciiacute}-dihydroxy-7-(γ,γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol (5) were isolated. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds was evaluated in a panel of six human solid tumor cell lines showing GI50 values for the most active compounds in the low micromolar range. Conclusion: Compound 2 is reported for first time from P. alopecuroides. Isolated coumarins show no antiproliferative activity, whilst among flavonoids compound 5 showed the best antiproliferative activity.

}, keywords = {4{\textasciiacute}-dihydroxy-7-(γ, 5, Antiproliferative activities, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Pterocaulon alopecuroides, γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.78}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jos{\'e} M. Padr{\'o}n and Anastacio Emiliano} } @article {1052, title = {Study of Molecular Docking of Vitexin in Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Leaves Extract on Glibenclamide-CYP3A4 Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1471-1476}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1471}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus is a disease that has a high prevalence in Indonesia. About 90-95\% of all diabetes cases were caused by the failure or incapability of insulin target cells to respond to the insulin in normal state. The use of glibenclamide antidiabetic drugs with herbs has been occurred frequently in the community. Vitexin, one of active compounds in binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) leaves, has been known to have an antidiabetic effects. This study aimed to determine the molecular docking interaction of glibenclamide and vitexin in binahong leaves against CYP3A4 as antidiabetic drug. Method: Molecular docking methods were carried out using Autodock Vina software and interaction was visualized using discovery studio. Results: The study indicated that the value of glibenclamide complex free energy with CYP3A4 was -3.2 kcal/mol and the stability has increasing to -4.4 kcal/mol after docked with vitexin. The glibenclamide and vitexin complexes had 7 Pi alkyl hydrophobic bonds, 1 hydrocarbon hydrogen bond 1 Pi-cation electrostatic interactions, other interactions between Pi bond and sulfur atoms in cysteine amino acid residues, Pi bond interactions in phenylalamin aromatic groups with electron pairs oxygen atom. Conclusion: This study concluded that vitexin could improve glibenclamide stability.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Glibenclamide, Molecular docking, Vitexin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.227}, author = {Dwitiyanti and Yahdiana Harahap and Berna Elya and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {643, title = {Alpha-Mangostin Effect on Inhibition Development Stadium and Globin Accumulation Against Plasmodium falciparum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {783-788}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {783}, abstract = {

\α--Mangostin is a widely reported group of Xanthone compounds from the Clusiaceae family of 40 genera and over 1000 species spread across the tropics and subtropics area. The Objective for determine effect of \α-mangostin from Garcinia tetrandra Pierre stem bark against development stadium inhibition and globin accumulation of Plasmodium falciparum. Inhibition stadium development assay used based on the Rosenthal method. Plasmodium falciparum parasitic globin accumulation assay. Globin accumulation assay used the highest concentration of in vitro antimalarial test using SDS-PAGE with positive control E-64 and \α-mangostin were incubated together with the malaria parasite during 24 h. Result of Inhibition stadium development of Plasmodium falciparum against \α-mangostin show inhibition from development stadium of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Electrophoresis show globin accumulation from electrophoresis followed by staining using Coomassie brilliant blue. \α-mangostin showed inhibition the growth of malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum with dose 10 \μg/ml is expected to occur a large accumulation of globin, which can be viewed both morphologically and by the method of SDS-PAGE.

}, keywords = {Development stage inhibition, Garcinia tetrandra, Plasmodium falciparum, SDS-PAGE, α-mangostin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.132}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/670}, author = {Hadi Kuncoro and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Taslim Ersam} } @article {698, title = {Analysis of bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana Extracts using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {854-858}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {854}, abstract = {

Aim: Bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana (VC) leaves were evaluated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Method: The leaves were harvested, cleaned and air dried for 7 days. They were ground to yield 5kg weight powder which was macerated and extracted in 8000 mL of 80\% ethanol for 48 hours, yielding 310.3g (6.2\%) of crude extract after evaporation of the solvent. The paste (251.8g) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel (mesh 60 \– 120\μm) and eluted with 1.5L of n-hexane and methanol respectively. The fractions were analyzed for bioactive constituents using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (30m x 0.25mm ID x 0.25\μm film thickness). Result: The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presences of twelve compounds with phytol (46.67\%), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (33.40\%), octadecanoic acid (11.25\%), pentadecane carboxylic acid (10.69\%), 9, 12, 15-octadecatrien-1-ol (8.12\%) and ethyl palmitate (7.68\%) in the n-hexane fraction, while methanol fraction was observed to have 14 compounds with oleic acid (33.40\%), hexadecanoic acid (12.49\%), 2-butanone (14.32\%), palmitadehyde (8.36\%), 11-octadecenoic acid (5.56\%), Z-4-nonadecen-1-ol-acetate (5.36\%) and limonene Oxide (4.37\%) as well as other compounds in trace concentrations. Conclusion: it may be concluded from the results that, extracts of Vernonia calvoana contain various bioactive components that may be exploited as a good source of new drug for pharmaceutical industries.

}, keywords = {Bioactive constituents, Methanol, n-hexane, Vernonia calvoana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.144}, author = {Iwara A. Iwara and Godwin O. Igile and Friday E. Uboh and Mbeh U. Eteng and Patrick .E. Ebong} } @article {492, title = {Antidiabetic Activity Studies of White Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {186-189}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {186}, abstract = {

Background: The high polyphenol content of white tea exhibits antiseptic and antioxidant properties that can prevent free radicals, inhibit oxidative stress and inflammation associated with various diseases such as obesity, diabetes and other degenerative diseases. Oral administration of white tea ethanolic extract (WTE) is expected to use as an alternative in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effect of WTE on reducing fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Methods: Antidiabetic activity study of white tea extract performed on diabetic Sprague-Dawley male rats induced streptozotocin-nicotinamide for 14 days of oral administration. The antidiabetic effect compared to normal control, diabetic control, and standard control groups. Results: The administration of WTE for 14 days showed decreased fasting blood glucose level in diabetic rats. The dose of 100 mg/kg BW of WTE has the highest effect on reducing fasting glucose level significantly compared to negative control group (p\<0.05). The content of flavonoids, especially catechin compounds are suspected to play a role in lowering fasting blood glucose levels. Conclusion: The administration of WTE for 14 days has potentially antidiabetic activity in diabetic rats induced streptozotocin-nicotinamide.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Camellia sinensis, Catechin, Hypoglycemic, Streptozotocin, White tea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.31}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/417}, author = {Lia Ardiana and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {639, title = {Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-pyretic and Acute Toxicity Effects of n-Butanol Extract of Atractylis flava Desf in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {763-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {763}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was aimed to explore the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of n-butanol etract of Atractylis flava Desf (A. Flava) using experimentally induced inflammation and pyrexia models in rats. Methods: In the acute toxicity study, a single oral dose of 2000 mg/kg of n-butanol extract was given to rats. The antipyretic activity was evaluated using brewer\’s yeast induced pyrexia in rats. In addition, albumin induced rat paw edema was performed by the injection of 100 \μL undiluted fresh egg albumin to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of the plant. Results: The results of the present study revealed that n-butanol extract of A. Flava significantly (P\<0.001) reduced fresh egg albumin-induced rat paw edema and also inhibited fever significantly in brewer\’s yeast induced pyrexia. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that A. flava possesses antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity in the models studied.

}, keywords = {Atractylis flava desf, Brewer{\textquoteright}s yeast, Egg albumin, Inflammation, Pyrexia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.128}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/666}, author = {Melakhessou Mohamed Akram and Benkiki Naima and Marref Salah Eddine and Bouzidi Soumia} } @article {630, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Fractions from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {682-685}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Introduction: Radicals were compounds that generated in normal metabolism and create cell damage. A significant increase of free radical and decreased radical elimination can lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of many diseases. Enhanced supply of antioxidants will help prevent the morbidity of many diseases. Garcinia hombroniana Pierre has potency as an antioxidant, but study to evaluate the active fractions as an antioxidant has not been done. Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate antioxidant activity of fractions separated from ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extract of Garcinia hombroniana leaves and to obtain active fractions to facilitate finding a pure antioxidant compound. Methods: The extract was fractionated using column chromatography, while antioxidant activity assay was conducted in vitro using spectrophotometric methods with DPPH and FRAP method. Results: EtOAc extract of G. hombroniana leaves yielded EA-8 with radical scavenging percentage 32.67\% (10 ppm, with DPPH method) and EA-11 with antioxidant activity percentage 25.73\% (10 ppm, with FRAP method) as the most active fraction from EtOAc extract, while MeOH extract yielded M-3 with radical scavenging percentage 37.42\% (10 ppm, with DPPH method) and 26.70\% (10 ppm, with FRAP method) as the most active fraction from MeOH extract Conclusion: Most active fractions has good antioxidant activity, worthy for further study to isolate antioxidant compound which is responsible for antioxidant activity. However, the percentage of radical scavenging or antioxidant activity of all active fractions were smaller than quercetin as a positive control.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Free Radicals, Spectrophotometric thin layer chromatography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.112}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/650}, author = {Nita Triadisti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {681, title = {Antioxidant and Antidiabetes Capacity of Hexane, Ethylacetate and Ethanol Extracts of Durio zibethinus Murr. Root}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {937-940}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {937}, abstract = {

Introduction: Active natural products from medicinal plants are good sources for the antioxidant and antidiabetic agent. Natural antioxidants protect human health against oxidative stress and free radicals which cause degenerative disease such as diabetes. Objectives: This study was conduct to try one approach to treat diabetes that is to reduce gastrointestinal glucose absorption through the inhibition of the \α-glucosidase enzyme. Methods: We make three different root extracts from Durio zibethinus Murr. The extracts were examined for their DPPH radical scavenging activity, antioxidant activity using \β-carotene-linoleic acid assay, and their \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by a standard method. Additionally, we have also determined their total polyphenols and total flavonoids quantitatively using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. Results: The root extracts Durio zibethinus Murr. were effectively scavenged DPPH radicals in varied rate. The hexane (EHD), ethyl acetate (EEAD), and ethanol (EED) extracts revealed DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 541.28, 83.95 and 11.24 \μg/ml respectively and their \β-carotene-linoleic acid assay showed activity with IC50 of 273.58, 139.53, and 166.83 \μg/ml, respectively. In vitro assay of the \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the EHD, EEAD, and EED extracts showed an IC50 of 119.84, 23.69, and 3.35 \μg/ml, respectively. Conclution: In this present study, we found that ethanol extract revealed the most active antioxidant activity and the highest inhibitory activity against \α-glucosidase enzyme. The total phenolics and total flavonoids contents of the extracts were studied, where the ethanol extracts were found to have the highest than that of other extracts. This study proofs the medicinal potencies of Durio zibethinus Murr. root extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Durio Zibethinus Murr., Extracts, roots, α-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.158}, author = {Yayu Mulsiani Evary and Amir Muhammad Nur} } @article {480, title = {Anti-Staphylococcal and Antioxidant Properties of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Macrofungi Collected from the Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {106-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Macrofungi have been used in the Philippines as source of food and traditional medicines. However, these macrofungi in the Philippines have not yet been studied for different biological activities. Thus, this research determined the potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of crude ethanolic extracts of seven macrofungi collected in Bataan, Philippines. Methods: Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution method were used to screen for the antibacterial activity and DPPH scavenging assay for the determination of antioxidant activity. Results: F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum and P. pinisitus exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 6.55 \± 0.23 mm to 7.43 \± 0.29 mm against S. aureus, D. confragosa, F. rosea, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus and P. pinisitus showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with an MIC50 ranging from 1250 \μg/mL to 10000 \μg/mL. F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with F. rosea having the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracts tested (3.0 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Based on the results, these Philippine macrofungi showed antistaphylococcal activity independent of the antioxidant activity. These can be further studied as potential sources of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Mushrooms, Philippines, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.19}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/405}, author = {Christine May Gaylan and John Carlo Estebal and Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {737, title = {Arginase Inhibitory Activity and Total Flavonoid Content on Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1180-1183}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous in nature, have been known for their pharmacological as antifungal, diuretic, antihistamin, antihypertension, insecticide, bactericide, antiviral, antioxidant, and enzim inhibitor. Flavanones found in all parts Scutellaria indica, has the ability to inhibit arginase, flavanols found in the seeds of Theobroma cacao L. Previous study showed that Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark contains flavonoid compound. Objective: The objective of this study to analyze arginase inhibitory activity and to determine the total flavonoid content of Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark by using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Methods: Dried Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks were refluxed with three different solvent with gradual gradient polarity i.en-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested to determine arginase inhibitory activity. Total flavonoid content was determined on extract showed the highest arginase inhibitory activity. Results: Methanolic extract showed arginase inhibitory activity of 12.81\% and flavonoid content was 2 mgQE/g. Phytochemical screening on Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark ethyl acetate extract showed that it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, meanwhile Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark methanolic extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Conclusion: Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark extracts were not potential to inhibit arginase.

}, keywords = {Arginase, Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart, Flavonoids}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.202}, author = {Devi Indriani and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {736, title = {Arginase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. Bark Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1174-1179}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1174}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory and the antioxidant activities of the bark extract of Caesalpinia coriaria (Jacq.) Willd. (Dewi tree). Methods: The bark of Dewi tree was extracted successively under reflux condition with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested for its activity in inhibiting arginase activity by measuring the quantity of urea produced in the reaction mixture using a microplate reader. The active extracts were determined for their total flavonoid content followed by antioxidant activity by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Phytochemical screening was conducted to determine the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Results: Arginase inhibitory activity test showed that the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts have average inhibition values of 14.43 and 33.59\%, respectively, at concentration of 100 \μg/mL. The total flavonoid content of the methanol and ethyl acetate extract were 7.75 and 6.30 mgQE/g sample, respectively. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed antioxidant activity with an IC50 values of 4.720 and 3.647 \μg/mL, respectively. The ethyl acetate extract contained flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and steroid, while the methanol extract contained flavonoid, tannin, and saponin. Conclusion: In conclusion, C. coriaria bark extracts possessed low arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts have good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Arginase inhibitory activity, C. coriaria, Phytochemicalscreening, total flavonoid content}, doi = {:10.5530/pj.2018.6.201}, author = {Arini Wulansari and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {715, title = {Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity and Pharmacognosy Study of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1109-1113}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1109}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and also pharmacognostical study of Sterculia macrophylla leaves. The main component of genus Sterculia was flavonoid that was well known to demonstrate arginase inhibitory activity. Methods: Sample was extracted gradually using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents, subsequently. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract were determined for their arginase inhibitory activity. The most active extract was methanol extract. This extract was determined for its antioxidant activity, arginase inhibitory activity, identification of chemical compound, chromatogram profile and determined the content of total flavonoid. The leaves and powder of Sterculia macrophylla were identified with microscopic and macroscopic evaluation. Results: The most active extract was methanol extract with IC50 114,659 \μg/mL for arginase inhibitory activity and IC50 78.47 \μg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The secondary metabolite of methanol extract presence compound of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside. The total flavonoid content was 141.10 mg/gram extract. The star-shape trichoma was identified as a specific fragment. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla showed activity as arginase inhibitor and antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostical, Sterculia macrophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.188}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty} } @article {468, title = {Chemical Constituents from Salvia fruticosa libanotica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {45-48}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {45}, abstract = {

Objective: Plants of genus Salvia are used in traditional folk medicine for their antidiabetic, anti-oxidant effects and for gastric disorders. The oil has an antiseptic property and it is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes. An infusion of the leaves is widely used as a mouthwash or gargle and for the treatment of inflammation of the mouth and throat. It is used as carminative, antiinflammatory, astringent, cytotoxic and antispasmodic. Materials and Methods: Air-dried powdered aerial parts and roots of Salvia fruticosa libanotica were extracted separately with ethanol and acetone then their residues were separately extracted with different solvents on silica gel columns. Results: From Salvia fruticosa libanotica, eight phenolic compounds were isolated from methylene chloride, ethyl acetate and butanol extracts of the chosen plant. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined by NMR, MS, IR and UV spectroscopic methods. Conclusion: Among these compounds three Flavonoids named apigenin, luteolin and rutin were identified in addition to three phenolic acids which are ferulic acid, gallic acid and rosemarinic acid from aerial parts. Moreover, carnosol and dehydro-abietic acid were also isolated from Salvia fruticosa\ libanotica \ root extract. All the isolated compounds were obtained for the first time from Salvia fruticosa libanotica .

}, keywords = {Anti-oxidant, Antidiabetic, Dehydroabietic acid, Rutin; Carnosol, Salvia fruticosa libanotica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.9}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/364}, author = {Rima Boukhary and Maha Aboul-Ela and Othman Al-Hanbali and Abdalla El-Lakany} } @article {727, title = {Cholesterol-lowering Effects of Extract from Garcinia daedalanthera in Hyperlipidemic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1125-1128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1125}, abstract = {

Background: A native plant from Indonesia, Garcinia daedalanthera has been scientifically proven have antidiabetic effects and antioxidant activity. We hypothesized that Garcinia daedalanthera can modulate the lipid profiles of hyperlipidemic rats. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic potential of Garcinia daedalanthera extract. Materials and Methods: Garcinia daedalanthera leaves extract (GDE) were orally administrated to high fat diet-induced rats for 15 days. After the end of experimental period (43 days) the lipid profiles were estimated along with histopathological liver examination of animals. Results: The results showed that Garcinia daedalanthera extract significantly reduced the level of serum total cholesterol, total triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein as compared to control group with an increasing level of serum high-density lipoprotein. Furthermore, the extract has a favorable effect on histopathological study. Conclusion: This study proved antilipidemic property by lowering altered levels of lipid profile in male wistar rats and suggest lipid lowering effects of Garcinia daedalanthera extract which serves as a new potential natural product for preventing hyperlipidemia.

}, keywords = {Anti-cholesterol, Garcinia, Herbal, In vivo, Pre-clinical study, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.191}, author = {Sarah Zielda Najib and Wilzar Fachri and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya and Raymond Tjandrawinata} } @article {493, title = {Dipeptidyl peptidase IV Inhibitory Activity of Fraction from White Tea Ethanolic Extract (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) ex vivo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {190-193}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {190}, abstract = {

Background: Treatment for type-2 diabetes mellitus focuses on the incretin hormone, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1). However, it has a short half-life. Inhibition of the enzyme Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) required maintaining the active form of GLP-1. Based on the previous studies on the highest activity of DPP IV enzyme inhibition of white tea extract, this study conducted on the fraction of white tea extract using rat blood serum (ex vivo). Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the inhibitory activity of fraction from white tea extract. Methods: White tea leaves extracted with ethanol. The inhibitory activity determined by using rat blood serum as DPP IV enzyme source (ex vivo), AMC (7-amino 4-methyl coumarin) as fluorescence substrate of DPP IV and sitagliptin as the standard reference. The the cleavage of fluorescence reaction product observed by a microplate reader with \λex = 360 nm and \λem = 460 nm at 37oC. Data expressed as mean \± SD and the IC50 value determined by nonlinear regression curve and fit using Prism Graph 7. Result: Methanol fraction (250 \μg/mL) has the greater inhibition percentage (50.487\%), and the fraction of n-hexane and ethyl acetate are 32.417\% and 36.541\%. The methanol fraction IC50 value is 227 \μg /mL. Conclusion: The methanol fraction is the most active to inhibit DPP IV enzyme.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Camellia sinensis, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, DPP IV, Fraction, White tea.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.32}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/418}, author = {Meiliza Ekayanti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {699, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {859-870}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {859}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study documented the species of medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes, preparations, mode of administration of these medicinal plants were determined. The most important species based on use values and informant consensus factors were also calculated. Methods: A total of 26 informants were interviewed regarding the plants they utilize for medicinal purposes. Free and prior informed consents were obtained from the informants. Taxonomic identification was done in the Botany Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. Informant consensus factor (FIC) and use values (UV) were also calculated. Results: Ayta communities listed a total of 118 plant species classified into 49 families used as herbal medicines. The Family Fabaceae was the most represented plant family with 11 species. Leaves were the most used plant part (43\%). Majority of medicinal preparations were taken orally (57\%). It was found that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the three communities with the use value of 0.814. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of useful plants of the Ayta and serves as a physical record of their culture for the education of future Ayta generations.

}, keywords = {Ayta, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Philippines, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.145}, author = {Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and MARLON LIAN C. CONDES and Hanna Hasmini T. Estadilla and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {749, title = {Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Pterocarpus marsupium: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s1-s8}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Pterocarpus marsupium is an important therapeutic and medicinal plant belonging to family Fabaceae and commonly named as Indian Kino tree, Bijasal, Venga or Vijayasara. It is a huge deciduous plant and widely distributed in the Central, Western and Southern regions of India. Role of P. marsupium is found in Ayurveda, Homeopathic and Unani systems of medicine. It is a decent source of tannins and flavonoids hence, used as influential astringent, anodyne, cooling, regenerating agent and also used for the treatments of leprosy, leucoderma, toothache, fractures, diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, and dysentery, bruises and diabetes. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetic anemia, indigestion, asthma, cough, discoloration of hair, bronchitis, ophthalmic complications, elephantiasis and erysipelas. Researchers have been stated the presence of several phytoconstituents in P. marsupium and also their pharmacological activities. The current review aimed to define the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of P. marsupium which will have been help in the researchers for further qualitative research.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Epicatechin, Indian Kino, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.1}, author = {Mohd Saidur Rahman and Md. Mujahid and Mohd Aftab Siddiqui and Md. Azizur Rahman, and Muhammad Arif and Shimaila Eram and Anayatullah Khan and Md Azeemuddin} } @article {705, title = {Evaluation of Different Fractions of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacterial and Fungal Isolates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1055-1060}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1055}, abstract = {

Background: The effectiveness of antibiotics used in the treatment of bacterial infections has been on the decline due to bacterial resistance. To improve clinical management of recalcitrant bacterial infections, alternative therapy such as medicinal plant products are now being evaluated. This study investigates the antimicrobial effects of Garcinia kola fractions on clinical isolates of multidrug resistant gram negative bacteria and Candida. Materials and Methods: Escherichia coli\ , Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens and Candida species were used for the study. Microbial isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out using basic microbiological procedures. Confirmation of all isolates was done using the VITEK 2 compact automated system (BioMerieux, Marcy I\’Etoile France). The powdered dried seeds of G. kola were extracted with 70\% methanol for 7 days, using a cold maceration method. The crude extracts were evaporated to dryness, using different solvents to obtain the fractions according to standard fractionation techniques. Results: The aqueous, butanol, chloroform and hexane fractions at minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 25mg/ml were active against A. baumannii. Ethyl acetate fraction at MIC of 20 mg/ml also produced growth inhibition of same isolates. At the same MICs, the different fractions were observed to inhibit the growth of candida albicans (CF1) isolate. Overall, aqueous fraction of G. kola produced more growth inhibition followed by butanol fractions, with chloroform fractions producing the least effects. Conclusion: The antibacterial potencies of these extracts could be useful for the treatment of multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii. The aqueous fraction showed better activities than the other fractions studied.

}, keywords = {Clinical isolates, Garcinia kola, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Sensitivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.178}, author = {Lorina Ineta Badger-Emeka and Hany Ezzat Khalil and Promise Madu Emeka} } @article {685, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Spondias purpurea L (Anacardiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {941-945}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {941}, abstract = {

Background: There are ongoing efforts to identify the chemical composition of plants used as food or medicines in other to correlate their components with the numerous claims of their medicinal usefulness in folklore. Objective: This work is aimed at profiling the phytochemical composition of Spondias purpurea using GC-MS, as well as to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacity by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Methods: Whole fruit and stem bark of Spondias purpurea were collected, dried, extracted with methanol and concentrated in vacou before assessing them for their total phenolic content by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s phenol reagent method; total flavonoid content and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activities. The whole fruit and stem bark extracts were partitioned into n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions. The n-hexane fraction of the stem bark and whole fruit were analyzed on GC-MS. Results: The stem bark had the highest phenolic content of 29.81\± 1.18 GAE mg/g. Similarly, free radical scavenging activities assay showed the stem bark to be most active with IC50 of 6.20 \± 1.51\μg/ml, better than the standard, ascorbic acid with IC50 of 11.51 \± 0.3\μg/ml. The n-hexane partitioned fractions of the fruit and stem bark on GC-MS analysis showed 9 prominent compounds including 9,17-Octadecadienal (5.43\%), 3-((4Z,7Z)-Heptadeca-4,7-dien-1-yl) phenol(12\%), (Z)-3-(Heptadec-10-en-1-yl) phenol (11.76\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (7.07\%) and 13 compounds including 9,17-Octadecadienal (20.51\%),trans-13-Octadecenoic acid (12.61\%), Pentadecanoic acid (8.3\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid(15.24\%). Conclusions: This study provides justification for some of the folkloric use of Spondias purpurea.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, DPPH, GC-MS, Spondias purpurea, Total flavonoids, Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.159}, author = {Taiwo Olayemi Elufioye and Tomayo Ireti Berida} } @article {766, title = {HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Mesocarp Water Extract for Herbal Tea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s141-s146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s141}, abstract = {

Context: High cholesterol in the blood is a risk factor for atherosclerosis that causes various diseases. The main pharmacologic intervention to reduce cholesterol levels is inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. One of the genera of Garcinia, Garcinia dulcis, has potential as an anti-cholesterol. Based on chemotaxonomy, Garcinia latissima Miq. is also estimated to have a potency as anti-cholesterol. Aims: This study aims to test the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase water extract activity of G. latissima fruit flesh with different duration of infusions. Materials and Methods: Garcinia latissima Miq. mesocarp was extracted using infusion method with different duration of infusions. Each of extracts was tested the inhibitory activity of HMG-CoA reductase as well as the determination of total flavonoid and total phenol content. In addition, the simplicia of the mesocarp of G.latissima Miq. will be made as a herbal tea and a hedonic test is performed to find out the degree of liking for the tea. Result: The test results showed the inhibitory activity of 100 ppm G. latissima Miq. mesocarp water extract with infusion for 5, 10 and 15 min respectively 11.32; 29.02; 13.03\%. The 10 min extract with the largest enzyme inhibition had total flavonoids content of 31.24 mg QE / gram extract and total phenol content of 4.64 mg GAE/ gram extract. The result of the hedonic test for the colour, aroma, flavour of herbal tea formula A respectively 30; 30; 20\% and formula B respectively for 40; 33.3; 50\%. Conclusion: The water extract of G.latissima Miq mesocarp has a low potency in HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activities.

}, keywords = {Anti Cholesterol, Garcinia Latissima, Herbal Tea, HMG-CoA reductase, Mesocarp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.26}, author = {Herra Williany Monalissa and Berna Elya and Nuraini Puspitasari} } @article {625, title = {In silico, in vitro and in vivo Tests of Ficus deltoidea Jack Leaves Extract as Inhibitor for Beta-Catenin Expression in Colon Carcinogenesis Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {808-813}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {808}, abstract = {

Context: Ficus deltoidea Jack leaves extract as anticolorectal cancer. Aims: This study aims to analyze the potential of FD extract to be an anti-colon cancer by investigating the extract capability in reducing \β-catenin expression and inhibiting colon cancer cells growth. Settings |and Design: The research was conducted in Medical Faculty Universitas Indonesia with experimental design. Methods and Material: FD ethanol extracts was tested in vitro, in silico and in vivo. In vitro test was conducted to human colon cell lines. In vivo test was conducted to Balb/c mice induced with 10 mg/kg azoxymethane (AOM) and dextran sodium sulfate 1\% (DSS). The colonic tissue collected was the distal portion. \β-catenin expressions in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the epithelial cells of the colon crypt were semi quantitatively assessed using the immunohistochemistry staining on ten visual fields with 400x magnification. Statistical analysis used: SPSS. Results: FD ethanol extracts inhibit the expression of \β-catenin in the crypt ephitelial cells of mice colon induced with AOM/DSS. The extracts also inhibit the growth of human colon cancer (HCT 116) with IC50 value of 5.41 mg/mL. Phytochemical screening to the extracts gave three groups of compounds: alkaloid, flavonoid, and tannin. Water fraction is the best fraction. Based on in the results of in silico analysis with molecular docking, FD extract is believed to influence the expression of \β-catenin, in which vitexin and isovitexin are the main candidate compounds to influence the expression of the protein. Conclusion: FD ethanol extract is potential to be an anti-colon cancer proven by the extract capability to reduce \β-catenin expression.

}, keywords = {Azoxymethane, Colon carcinogenesis, Ficus deltoidea, in silico, β-catenin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.137}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/675}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Tedjo Aryo and Wuyung Puspita Eka and Fadilah Fadilah and Priosoeryanto Bambang Pontjo and Fachri Wilzar} } @article {642, title = {In vitro Antifungal Effects of Hesperetin and Silibinin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {789-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing resistance of microorganisms against available antimicrobial agents is of major concern among scientists and clinicians worldwide. To overcome the resistance and other drawbacks of the current antimicrobial drugs and to obtain more efficacious drugs, an antimicrobial drug having a novel mode of action should be developed. The flavonoid compounds have demonstrated for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agents previously. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant derived compounds such as hesperetin (HSP) and silibinin (SBN) compounds in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifungal effect of two plant derived flavonoid compounds i.e., SBN and HSP against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Malassezia furfur, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum. The disk diffusion test was performed to test the antifungal effect of HSP and SBN with three different concentrations i.e., 15, 20, 25 mg/ml of HSP and SBN. The antifungal efficacy was studied for 72 h. Results: Our results indicate that SBN has significant antifungal effect than that of HSP. The high sensitivity of these compounds was found against C. albicans, C. tropicalis. Conclusion: These drugs could be good candidate to combine with regular antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Candida albicans, Flavonoids, Fungal infection, Hesperetin, Silibinin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/671}, author = {Ramar Gowtham and Fysal Yousuf MA and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Shanmugam Sambantham and Balakrishnan Anandan} } @article {709, title = {Interactive Antimicrobial and Toxicity Profiles of Scaevola spinescens R.Br. Extracts with Conventional Antibiotics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1024-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1024}, abstract = {

Background: Scaevola spinescens was traditionally used by Australian Aborigines to treat a variety of conditions including bacterial and viral infections, inflammation and cancer. Conventional antibiotics are amongst the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs in allopathic medicine. Therefore, these therapies may be used concurrently by practitioners of complementary medicine and there is a need to evaluate their effects in combination. Methods: Plant extracts were prepared using solvents of varying polarity and subjected to qualitative phytochemical screening analysis. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using disc diffusion and liquid dilution minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against a panel of pathogenic triggers of some autoimmune diseases. Interactions between the S. spinescens extracts and conventional antibiotics were studied and classified by determining the sum of the fractional inhibitory concentration (\ΣFIC). Synergistic interactions were further examined across a range of ratios using isobolograms analysis. The toxicity of the individual samples and of the combinations was assessed using the Artemia lethality assay (ALA) and an MTS HDF cell viability assays. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts showed moderate to good inhibitory activity against several bacterial pathogens known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. However, combinations of the methanolic, aqueous, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Klebsiellia pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes (bacterial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever respectively). In total, 4 combinations proved to be synergistic, all of which contained tetracycline as the conventional antibiotic component. Furthermore, all conventional antibiotics and S. spinescens leaf extracts were determined to be nontoxic when tested alone in the Artemia nauplii and HDF bioassays. Combining the extracts and antibiotics did not significantly affect the toxicity of the combinations. Conclusion: S. spinescens extracts were effective inhibitors of the growth of several bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases when tested alone. Additionally, the methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts potentiated the activity of tetracycline against bacterial otherwise resistant to its actions. Isolation of the synergising compounds in these extracts may be beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatic fever.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic resistance, Australian plant, Conventional antimicrobials, Interaction, Maroon bush, Medicinal plants, Synergy, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.174}, author = {Baxter Blonk and Ian E.Cock} } @article {485, title = {Nephroprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Lantana camara and Squash (Cucurbita pepo) on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats and Identification of Certain Chemical Constituents of Lantana camara by HPLC-ESI- MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {136-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent; its clinical use is severely limited by serious side effects as nephrotoxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of defatted methanolic extract of two Egyptian plants: Lantana camara and Cucurbita pepo and certain fractions derived from the defatted methanolic extract of L. camara on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Also, identification of certain chemical constituents of L. camara by HPLC-ESI- MS. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by single dose of cisplatin. The effect of plants extract at doses 100-400 mg/kg.b.wt comparing with standard; ascorbic acid; was determined using serum urea, creatinine and some ions. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts on some renal antioxidant enzymes and histopathological examination of kidneys were examined. Results: The defatted methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of L. camara showed the highest improvement of renal parameters. Also, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of L. camara extracts exhibited bioactive phenolic compounds including phenyl ethanoid, flavonoids and phenolic acids. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents of L. camara are responsible for their nephroprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Ascorbic acid, Creatinine, Flavonoids, Histological studies, Phenyl etanoid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.24}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/410}, author = {Heba Abdel-Hady and Mortada Mohamed El-Sayed and Afaf Ahmed Abdel-Hady and Maher Mahmoud Hashash and Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Hady and Tarek Aboushousha and El-Sayed Saleh Abdel-Hameed and Ezzat El-Sayed Abdel- Lateef and Eman Abdalla Morsi} } @article {656, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

Key words: Essential oils, Bioactives, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo and Denisse Vega-Gaxiola and Alexis Emus-Medina and Jose Basilio Heredia} } @article {677, title = {Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Hedeoma patens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {921-924}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {921}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oregano is a plant consumed as a spice and used to a lesser extent as a medicinal plant for the treatment of respiratory and stomach diseases, among others. Oregano is made up of a large number of species and is currently under study for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. However, pharmacognostic studies of some wild species are lacking. Methods: The present research aims to identify taxonomically and to evaluate the morphological characteristics of Hedeoma patens, a plant used as oregano in Mexico. Results: The specimens were identified as Hedeoma patens J. and their main morphological features were trichome-pelted sites for synthesis of essential oils. Conclusion: The plant used in Badiraguato, Sinaloa is Hedeoma patens J. and the structures that synthesize phenolic compounds and essential oils could suggest a potential use of this plant and will form a basis for future research.

}, keywords = {Bioactives, Chemical/ Nutraceutical Industries, Essential oils, Hedeoma patens J, Oregano, Pharmacognostic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.155}, author = {Laura Aracely Contreras-Angulo and Denisse Vega-Gaxiola and Alexis Emus-Medina and Jose Basilio Heredia} } @article {565, title = {Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {571-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll ex.Miq leaves have been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia. There is no report about pharmacognosy and phytochemical study with this plant.Objective: The main aim of this research is to establish pharmacognosy, phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves. The plant used to cure many diseases of Indonesia. Methods: In the present study, pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of plant material were performed as per the Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia. Results: Microscopy powder of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves shows star shape trichoma as a specific fragment. Physicochemical parameters including total ash (17,152 \%), acid-insoluble ash (0,922 \%), water-soluble extractive (1,610 \% w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (4,524 \% w/w), hexane-soluble extractive (4,005 \% w/w), and ethyl acetate-soluble extractive (3,160 \% w/w) were evaluated. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids-terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols. And absent of saponins and Anthraquinones. Antioxidant activity with IC50 157, 4665 ppm and flavonoid total was 59,436 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Conclusion: The pharmacognosy, physiochemical, and phytochemical evaluation provides information for the safety, identification, and class of chemical constituent\’s presents in this crude extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Sterculia rubiginosa zoll. ex Miq}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.93}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/526}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti} } @article {477, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing GC-MS Exploring its Antimicrobial Effects against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {99-105}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Introduction: The alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to existing antimicrobial agents has demanded alternative strategies. Medicinal plants are now considered as an alternative treatment because of their secure choice in several diseases. Among them, Nigella sativa is a promising traditional herb having rich medical background. The aim of the study is to perform phytochemical analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing Gas chromatographic\–mass spectrometric (GC/MS) exploring its antioxidant and antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content of N. sativa seed extracts and its commercially available oil were determined. Their radical scavenging activity using DPPH was also tested. The antibacterial activity of N. sativa seed extracts and its oil against MDR gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains was studied using disc diffusion test and the biofilm formation assay. GC-MS studies were also performed. Results: Among the different preparations used, N. sativa oil showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity against highly resistant gram-positive bacteria with the greatest suppression of biofilm formation, which was attributed to its high bioactive contents. Conclusion: This study indicates that N. sativa extracts and its oils can be used as natural antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Nigella sativa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.18}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/404}, author = {Fatima A. Saleh and Nada El-Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El Ghazzawi} } @article {697, title = {Phytochemical Investigation of Psoralea bituminosa L. and its Anti-Diabetic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {841-853}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {841}, abstract = {

Introduction: Psoralea bituminosa L. (Fabaceae), is a very important medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia, and America, and in Africa for, its antiseptic, antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potentials. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of Psoralea bituminosa (Pbt.) in the management of diabetes and diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, this study aimed also to investigate the volatile oil constituents of Pbt. growing in Lebanon utilizing GC-MS method. Methods: Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured using gluco-meter while diabetic-induced thermal hyperplasia of Pbt. growing in Lebanon was measured using tail flick and hot plate methods. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radicals method. Volatile oil of fresh and dried aerial parts of Pbt. was analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The result of study conducted on Lebanese Pbt. revealed that acute anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. in the 3 extracts subjected a decrease in BGL ranging between 34\% to 38.5\%. In subchronic anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. BGL dropped in range 19\% to 44\%. Moreover, Pbt. extract showed 1.7\% to 13.6\%increase in body weight at all doses with respect to 8th day. On the other hand, alloxan diabetic induced mice reported melioration by 63.8\% to 86.3\% on the 8th week alloxan after injection in diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia hotplate latency method. Nevertheless, a marked improvement in tail flick latency on the 8th week after alloxan injection by 22.7 \% to 48.6 \%. Pbt. extract revealed DPPH radical decreases at 82.6\% at concentration of 100 mg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content measured of Pbt. was 135.83 mg/g while total phenolic content showed 217.48 mg/g. Conclusion:Psoralea bituminosa\  showed a significant effect in the management of diabetes and neuropathic pain conditions and limiting expected side-effects, which might be used as a future antidiabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Diabetic neuropathy, Essential oil, Psoralea bituminosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.143}, author = {Sara Al Ayoubi, Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {652, title = {Phytochemical Investigation of Psoralea bituminosa L. and its Anti-Diabetic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-85}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction:Psoralea bituminosaL. (Fabaceae), is a very important medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia, and America, and in Africa for, its antiseptic, antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potentials. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of Psoralea bituminosa (Pbt.) in the management of diabetes and diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, this study aimed also to investigate the volatile oil constituents of Pbt. growing in Lebanon utilizing GC-MS method. Methods:Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured using gluco-meter while diabetic-induced thermal hyperplasia of Pbt. growing in Lebanon was measured using tail flick and hot plate methods. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radicals method. Volatile oil of fresh and dried aerial parts of Pbt. was analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The result of study conducted on Lebanese Pbt. revealed that acute anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. in the 3 extracts subjected a decrease in BGL ranging between 34\% to 38.5\%. In subchronic anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. BGL dropped in range 19\% to 44\%. Moreover, Pbt. extract showed 1.7\% to 13.6\%increase in body weight at all doses with respect to 8th day. On the other hand, alloxan diabetic induced mice reported melioration by 63.8\% to 86.3\% on the 8th week alloxan after injection in diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia hotplate latency method. Nevertheless, a marked improvement in tail flick latency on the 8th week after alloxan injection by 22.7 \% to 48.6 \%. Pbt. extract revealed DPPH radical decreases at 82.6\% at concentration of 100 mg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content measured of Pbt. was 135.83 mg/g while total phenolic content showed 217.48 mg/g. Conclusion:Psoralea bituminosa showed a significant effect in the management of diabetes and neuropathic pain conditions and limiting expected side-effects, which might be used as a future antidiabetic therapy.

Keywords:Psoralea bituminosa,Antidiabetic,Antioxidant,Essential oil,Diabetic neuropathy.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sara Al Ayoubi and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {483, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Total Flavonoid and Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb are traditionally used in Indonesia to treat various diseases, but still limited study about different part of this plant. Objective: The aim of this study was to screen the phytochemicals, to evaluate the total flavonoid and total phenolic contents as well as antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of root, stem, leaves, and seed kernel of C. bonduc. Methods: Each part of plant were extracted by reflux using 70\% ethanol as the solvent for 2 h and repeated 3 times. Total flavonoid content was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric assay on 415 nm. Total phenolic content was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger methods. Results: Phytochemical screening showed that all of samples positively contain flavonoid and saponin. Total flavonoid content was the highest in leaf and the lowest in root whereas total phenols content was highest in leaf and the lowest in seed kernel. The crude extracts displayed DPPH free radical scavenging activity with highest value in leaf extract followed by root, stem, and seed kernel. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol leaf extract of C. bonduc showed the highest yield, total flavonoid content and total phenolic content among other parts investigated. Moreover, leaf extract has highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (79.802 g/ml) which could be related to its higher phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia bonduc, DPPH, Phytochemical screening, total flavonoid, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.22}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/408}, author = {Elin Novia Sembiring and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {396, title = {Alkaloid from Phoebe declinata Nees Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {713-720}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {713}, abstract = {

Introduction: Genus Phoebe have been reported to produce isoquinoline alkaloids as aporphines, noraporphines, and benzylisoquinolines. Many of these isolates exhibit diversified biological activities, including cytotoxic activity. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine cytotoxic activity of compound isolated from Phoebe declinata againts MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line). Methods: Extraction was done by reflux using n-hexane, antioxidant activity measured by DPPH method and reducing power method, cytotoxic activity measured by MTT assay using MCF-7 cell line, struture eucidation was confirmed by NMR. Results: The antioxidant activity measured using DPPH method for 1 and 2 showed IC50 value of 6.42 and 11.80 \μg/mL respectively and using reducing power method for 1 and 2 showed IC50 value of 7.02 and 13.74 \μg/mL respectively. Compound (1) and (2) exhibited cytotoxic activity against MCF-7 cells with an IC50 value of 82.978 and 93.179 \μg/mL. Conclusion: Compound (1) and (2) exhibited antioxidant activity and cytotoxic activity against MCF-7.

}, keywords = {Alkaloid, antioxidant activity, Cytotoxic activity, DPPH, MCF-7 cell line., Phoebe declinata nees}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.112}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/165}, author = {Berna Elya and Basah Katrin and Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania and Rosmalena Sofyan and Ryan Adi Chandra} } @article {367, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Isolation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {607-610}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {607}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L. have been known to demonstrate strong antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activities. The aim of this study was to isolate antioxidant and XOD inhibitor from the leaves of the plants. Methods: Isolation of antioxidant and XOD inhibitor were conducted using chromatography techniques. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Results: In this study, a flavonoid was isolated and characterized as methoxylated flavonoid based on the spectral data including UV, IR, GC-MS, and NMR. The compound demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 28.79 \μg/ml, and XOD inhibitory with IC50 of 0.67 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The isolated compound was determined as 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-((3S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5, 6-trihydroxy-2(hydroxymethoxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyrane-3-iloxy) phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-on or camarosids. The isolated compound demonstrated strong DPPH free radical scavenging and XOD inhibitory activity.\ 

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Flavonoid., Ruellia Tuberosa, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.96}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.96/index.html}, author = {Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad and Berna Elya and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {262, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibition Assay with Total Flavonoid Assay of Garcinia porrecta Laness. Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {257-266}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {257}, abstract = {

Introduction: The genus Garcinia which is rich of secondary metabolites, mainly flavonoids, have known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of lipoxygenase. There isn\’t found literature indicating research on inhibition of lipoxygenase activity been done in this plant. The purpose of this study is to obtain the data and determine the potential antioxidant activity, and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity of Garcinia porrecta Laness. stem bark extracts. Methods: This research is included FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method antioxidant assay, in vitro lipoxygenase inhibition assay, flavonoids qualitative analysis by thin layer chromatography, and total flavonoids assay in the most active extract. Results: The results showed the methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts of G. porrecta Laness. stem bark using FRAP method, has antioxidant activity with EC50 values respectively 1.33; 4.97; and 19.96 g/mL and lipoxygenase inhibition activity with IC50 values 0.23; 0.52; and 4.87 g/mL. The most active extract in the both assay is methanol extract which has total flavonoids of 5.66 mg QE/g (quercetin equivalent). Conclusion: The results from the study show extracts of the stem bark of G. porrecta Laness. has antioxidant activity and potential for lipoxygenase inhibition.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, FRAP, Garcinia porrecta Laness, Lipoxygenase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.44}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/311}, author = {Amalia Cipta Sari and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {263, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibition Assay with Total Flavonoid Content from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {267-272}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Objective: Garcinia hombroniana Pierre leaves extract have been known to contain flavonoid, but it has not been known yet for its antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. This study aims to determine antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity of G. hombroniana leaves extract. Method: Antioxidant activity tested by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity using baicalein as the positive control. Total flavonoid assay is also quantitatively done by AlCl3 colorimetric method on the most active extract using quercetin as the positive control. Results: The test result showed that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves have antioxidant activity which showed by EC50 value consecutively are 36.260; 2.969; and 7.416 \μg/mL, and also can inhibit lipoxygenase activity which showed by IC50 value consecutively are 2.052; 0.134; and 1.314 \μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves has the most active antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. Total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves is 42.004 mg QE/g sample. Conclusion: Garcinia hombroniana Pierre leaves extract has antioxidant activity and can inhibit lipoxygenase activity.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammation, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, FRAP, Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, Lipoxygenase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.45}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/312}, author = {Shinta Marlin and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {265, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibitory Assay with Total Flavonoids Content from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Stem Bark Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia has been known as a rich source of xanthones, flavonoids, and phenols. The aim of this research is to obtain data of antioxidant activity and to observe potential inhibition of lipoxygenase activity that most active from methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts with total flavonoids content from most active extracts from the bark of Garcinia hombroniana Pierre. Methods: The antioxidant activity was measured using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), the anti-inflammatory assay was measured using inhibition of lipoxygenase activity test, qualitative analysis of flavonoids using thin layer chromatography, and total flavonoids content was measured using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Results: The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract from G. hombroniana Pierre stem bark as the most active extract for antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activity with EC50 and IC50 value consecutively 15.34 \μg /ml; 0.26 \μg /ml. Total flavonoids content of ethyl acetate is 7.430 mg QE/g extract. The results of this study showed bark extract Garcinia hombroniana Pierre has antioxidant activity and potent to inhibit lipoxygenase activity. Conclusion: Based on the research for methanolic, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract, it can be concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre as the most active extract for antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, Inflammation, Lipoxygenase, Total flavonoids content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.47}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/314}, author = {Amanda Listiyani and Berna Elya and Nuraini Puspitasari} } @article {266, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Inhibition Test with Total Flavonoid Content from Garcinia kydia Roxburgh Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {280-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {280}, abstract = {

Introduction: Antioxidant is one of the therapeutic strategies to overcome oxidative stress and inhibit synthesis of inflammatory mediators through lipoxygenase pathway. Garcinia is the largest of Clusiaceae family which has been proven to provide antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Garcinia kydia Roxburgh is one of the plants of this genus which is known to have antioxidant activity but lipoxygenase inhibition activity from this plant was unknown. Methods: This study aimed to test antioxidant activity of the methanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract from Garcinia kydia Roxburgh leaves by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method, anti-inflammatory activity was tested by inhibiting lipoxygenase and total flavonoid content by colorimetric methods AlCl3. Results: The results showed an antioxidant activity of methanol extract, ethyl acetate and n-hexane leaves of Garcinia kydia Roxburgh have EC50 value, respectively 18,448; 12,389 and 31,260 \μg/mL, and the lipoxygenase inhibition activity have IC50 value, respectively 0,556; 0,212 and 3,575 \μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract of Garcinia kydia Roxburgh leaves was the most active extract in this study which has total flavonoid content, 30,650 mgQE/ gram extract. Conclusion: The conclusion, Garcinia kydia Roxburgh has antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition activity, with ethyl acetate extract as the most active extract which contains total flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid content, FRAP, Garcinia kydia Roxburgh, Lipoxygenase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.48}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/315}, author = {Nur Laily Putri and Berna Elya and Nuraini Puspitasari} } @article {252, title = {Cytotoxic Effect of Caralluma fimbriata Against Human Colon Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {204-207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study was designed to examine the cytotoxic effects of ethanolic leaf extract of Caralluma fimbriata in the COLO 320 cell line. Materials and Method: The anti-proliferative effects were evaluated using the MTT assay. The COLO 320 cells were treated with different concentrations of the leaf extract of Caralluma (100 \– 300 \μg/ml) for 24 h. The cell viability and IC50 was calculated from the cytotoxicity. The morphology of the Caralluma treated cells, control, and positive control were observed under reverse phase inverted microscope. Result: The C. fimbriata ethanolic leaf extract showed dose dependant increase in cytotoxicity in COLO 320 human colon cancer cells. The maximum cytotoxic effect was noticed with maximum dose used in this study i.e., 300 g with an IC50 value of 233.87 g. Conclusion: The present study shows that the ethanolic leaf extract of Caralluma fimbriata is capable of reducing cell proliferation by inducing cytotoxicity of COLO 320 cells.

}, keywords = {Caralluma fimbriata, COLO 320 cell line, Colonic cancer, Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.34}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/301}, author = {Shenai Ashwini and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Roy Anitha} } @article {344, title = {Designing monographs for Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia L.: Two Lebanese species with significant medicinal potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {452-474}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {452}, abstract = {

Introduction: The world health organization recommends validating medicinal plants to ensure safety and efficacy. Lavandula is valued for the production of essential oil used in aromatherapy. Rosmarinus is known for its folk use as anti-oxidant and antidiabetic. This study aims to design monographs for Rosmarinus officinalis (Linn.) and Lavandula angustifolia (Linn.) cultivated, in conditions similar to their natural habitat, at Beirut Arab University botanical garden. Also screening the antioxidant activity of both plants, and assessing the antidiabetic effect of R. officinalis (Linn.). Methods: macroscopic and microscopic examination, hydrodistillation to obtain essential oils (EOs), thin layer chromatography, Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry, and physiochemical properties of the EOs were determined. The antioxidant effect of the EOs is determined by DPPH assay. The antidiabetic effect of Rosemary EO is investigated using alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Results: the qualities of studied species are in agreement with the standards described in WHO monographs and in the British pharmacopeia. Composition of the EO produced from either Rosemary (REO) or Lavender (LEO) collected at different months showed differences. The EO of both showed significant antioxidant effects in DPPH assay (p\<0.05). In vivo investigation of the antidiabetic effect of REO showed a significant antidiabetic effect in diabetic mouse model (p\<0.05). Conclusion: both plant species and their EOs fulfilled most of standards specified by the British Pharmacopeia 2013. Rosemary collected in April (Spring) showed the best antioxidant activity. Lavender collected in September (Early Fall) showed the best antioxidant activity. REO revealed significant lowering in blood glucose level at the dose of 110 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Glandular trichome, Optical rotation, Prismatic crystals of Calcium oxalate, Refractive index, Rosmarinic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.75}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.75}, author = {Mariam Koleilat and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {348, title = {Fractionation and α-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Fractions from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {488-492}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {488}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus become one of the biggest global health problems of the 21st century. Type 2 diabetes play role for the majority of cases of diabetes worldwide which is characterized by the increase of postprandial blood glucose level. Maintaining postprandial glucose level through inhibition of \α-glucosidase is one of the essential strategies in the treatment of diabetes. Inhibitory effect of \α-glucosidase was commonly used to identify active compounds potentially to treat diabetes. Natural resources have potency as antidiabetic that can be used in diabetes treatment. Objective: The objective of the study is to separate active fraction in the crude extract of Garcinia hombroniana leaves to facilitate obtaining a pure biologically active compound as the \α-glucosidase inhibitor. Methods: Fractionation to separate active fraction was performed using column and thin layer chromatography methods while \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity assay was performed in vitro using spectrophotometric methods at \λ 400 nm. Results: Ethyl acetate and methanol extract of G. hombroniana yielded 14 and 12 fractions, respectively. Two fractions with the higher percent inhibition compared to other factions are fraction 8 from ethyl acetate extract (FEA8) and fraction 3 from methanol extract (FM3). The IC50 values of FEA8, FM3 and acarbose are 16.370 \μg/mL, 59.042 \μg/mL, and 39.534 \μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: Fraction 8 from ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana leaves (FEA8) was separated and known in this study as the most bioactive \α-glucosidase inhibitor agent compared with another extract, fractions, and acarbose.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Diabetes mellitus, Fractionation, Thin layer Chromatography, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.79}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.79}, author = {Nita Triadisti and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {264, title = {Inhibition of Alpha-Glucosidase and Antioxidant Test of Stem Bark Extracts of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {273-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the global health emergencies that characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia). Type 2 DM is the most common type in diabetic populations. Inhibition of alphaglucosidase can ameliorate postprandial hyperglycemia that occurs in patients with type 2 DM. Adding antioxidants to the therapy of DM is intended to reduce complications caused by oxidative stress. Some species of Garcinia have been proven to inhibit alpha-glucosidase and have antioxidant activity, but there is no research on Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. Therefore, the aims of this research were to determine the activity of Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. stem bark in inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and as an antioxidant. Methods: In this research, the Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. stem bark was dried, grinded, and extracted by multistage maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase test has been done in vitro on concentrated extracts and measured by microplate reader at 400 nm. The antioxidant test has been done using DPPH scavenging method and was measured by microplate reader at 519 nm. Results: Ethyl acetate extract is the most active extract for both test. IC50 values for inhibition of alpha-glucosidase test are 20.18 \μg/mL that is more active than standard (acarbose) which has IC50 value 141.55 \μg/mL. Meanwhile, IC50 value from an antioxidant test is 8.93 \μg/mL that is not more active than standard (quercetin) which has IC50 value 2.51 \μg/mL. Conclusion: Phytochemical screening shows that the ethyl acetate extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and tannins.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Antioxidant, DPPH, Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. Stem bark, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.46}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/313}, author = {Nusaibah Zahratunnisa and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {442, title = {Molecular Docking, ADMET Analysis and Dynamics Approach to Potent Natural Inhibitors against Sex Hormone Binding Globulin in Male Infertility}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s35-s43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s35}, abstract = {

Objectives: The Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) plays an important role in male infertility. Methods: The present research computationally emphases to SHBG protein with 47 natural phytocompounds using docking studies. Results: From the results showed the interactions between 1KDM protein with 47 phytocompounds, a natural compound chlorogenic acid showed the best glide docking XP score -7.255 kcal/mol and the binding energy value of -47.869 kcal/ mol. Based on the result, the chlorogenic acid and target were run on MD simulations stable at 10 ns. Conclusion: Finally, this study concludes the chlorogenic acid is a suitable drug candidate for infertility.

}, keywords = {ADMET property, Male infertility, MD simulations, Molecular docking, Phytocompounds, SHBG}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.155}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/379}, author = {Morvin Yabesh Jobu Esther and Vijayakumar Subramaniyan and Arulmozhi Praveen Kumar and Mahadevan Subramanian and Manogar Palani} } @article {340, title = {Neuropathic Pain: Literature Review and Recommendations of Potential Phytotherapies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {425-434}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the common syndromes that affect humanity is neuropathic pain (NP), yet poorly understood with no efficient treatment till now. Consequently, it is extremely crucial to seek further evidence for accurate diagnosis and optimum treatment. The aim of this work is to summarize the findings related to neuropathic pain in terms of etiology, types, diagnosis, current and future management prospective, and identify the gaps in neuropathic pain therapy. Methods: A literature investigation was carried out by analyzing classical peer reviewed papers and textbooks, taking into consideration worldwide well established scientific databases mainly PUBMED and SCOPUS to retrieve accessible published literature. The selection of phytotherapies was based upon their potentials in relieving NP in pre-clinical or clinical models. Results: One of the most critical points in this research is that recommendations of the future plans should be focused on the engagement of phytotherapy in the treatment regimen aiming at improving patients\’ quality of life and reaching optimum efficacy and minimum toxicity. Phytotherapies offer relatively low-risk options to NP patients and have an increasing evidence to be the future of neuropathic pain management. Patients suffering from neuropathy are depending increasingly on phytotherapies; however, they need more clinical trials in order to fully understand their mechanism of actions. Conclusion: Health-care specialists should be regularly informed about neuropathic pain current therapies and promising future phytotherapies, bearing in mind the risk/benefit profile of the utilization of these therapies in the amelioration of NP.

}, keywords = {Current therapies, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, Neuropathy Pain, Phytotherapies, Recommendations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.72}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.72}, author = {Karim Raafat and Rawan El-Haj and Dania Shoumar and Rana Alaaeddine and Yousra Fakhro and Natalie Tawil and Farah Shaer and Amani Daher and Natalie Awada and Ali Sabra and Khouloud Atwi and Malak Khaled and Raneem Messi and Nour Abouzaher and Mohamed Houri and Samer Al Jallad} } @article {349, title = {Pharmacognostic and Antimicrobial Studies of Garcinia latissima Miq. Leaves (Clusiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {493-498}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia latissima Miq known as Dolo magota (Maluku), is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Clusiaceae. The purpose of the research was to explore the phytoconstituents present, pharmacognostic details, and their antimicrobial efficacy. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical components were qualitatively examined using the standard method systems. The antimicrobial screening was carried out using the good diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using dilution method. Results: The phytochemical screening of different extract of G. latissima Miq leaves revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and alkaloids and the results were tabulated. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts from its leaves showed antimicrobial activity especially for Bacillus subtilis, a positive bacteria; the hexane extract did not show any activity against the selected microba. Conclusion: The results of the phytochemical and bio-efficacy study revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of this leaves in the traditional system of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Garcinia Latissima, Pharmacognostical, Phytoconstituent}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.80}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.80}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad and Berna Elya and Amarila Malik and Muhamad Hanafi} } @article {255, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Standardization of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis L. Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {221-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Background: Tea or also known as Camellia sinensis (Theaceae family) is the most popular plant and beverage in the world because of the sensory properties, prices are relatively cheap, stimulant effects, and their potential health benefits but white tea is not widely known. White tea is made from unfermented tea leaves young shoots protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenols degradation which inhibits of the chlorophyll formation and causing the white color on the leaf buds. Objective: The objective of research and development of herbal medicine is to improve the quality and safety of natural products. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical and microscopical features of the leaf have been analysis using an optical microscope and fragment analysis under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phytochemical and physico-chemical analysis were evaluated. The observation of the FTIR spectrum profiles is done by interpreting the typical peak that appears. Results: The leaf has actinocytic stomata, unicellular trichomes, heterogenous mesophyll which is characterized by the presence of calcium oxalate crystals and sclereid cells. Phytochemical analysis indicated resources the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides and saponins.The content of polyphenol from white tea leaves ethanolic extract is 35.73\% with the largest concentration of catechins is 18.84\% and 17.43\% tannins. The derivative content of catechins is EGCG with 7.37\%. FTIR analysis showed functional groups of O-H, C-H, N-H, C=O, C=C, and C-O. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic and phytochemicals features established in this study may be used as part of the pharmacopoeial standard which can play an important role in its standardization.

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physico-chemicals, Phytochemicals, Theaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.37}, author = {Meiliza Ekayanti and Lia Ardiana and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {414, title = {Phenolic Constituents, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activities of Cyperus laevigatus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {828-833}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Cyperus species are well known traditional plants and used for several diseases around the world. Aim of the Study: Our study aimed to identification of the phenolic constituents in addition to evaluation of different extracts of Cyperus laevigatus L as antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic agents. Materials and Methods: The phenolic constituents were identified using spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro DPPH assay. Total extract, methanol and EtOAc fractions were evaluated for their antiinflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophages assay. Antidiabetic activity of the total extract was examined biochemically and histopathologically using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results: A new flavone, chrysoeriol 7-O-\β-(6'''-O-acetyl-\β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1\→4) glucopyranoside (1), along with seven knowns (2-8) were isolated from Cyperus laevigatus L. The structures of isolated compounds were established depending upon 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activity while the isolated flavonoids exhibited from moderate to weak antioxidant activity. The total extract, MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages model by decreasing of NO accumulation by 76 \– 66\% and 84 \– 67\%, of the original accumulation values with increasing concentrations in comparison with the reference drug, dexamethasone. The total extract exhibited antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and this effect was manifested by decreasing serum levels of glucose, glucagon and NO. It also increased level of insulin and promoted paraoxonase activity. Conclusion: These results proved that this plant may be multiple sources for medicinal natural drugs especially for anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic., Antioxidant, Cyperus Laevigatus, New Flavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/182}, author = {Abdelsamed Ibrahim Elshamy and Mohamed El-Shazly and Yomna Mahmoud Yassine and Mona Anwar El-Bana and Abdel- Razik Farrag and Mahmoud Ibrahim Nassar and Abdel Nasser Singab and Masaaki Noji and Akemi Umeyama} } @article {346, title = {Preliminary Acute Oral Toxicity Study of White Tea Leaf (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) Ethanolic Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {479-482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Background: White tea is a kind of tea which manufactured with minimal processing only drying without fermentation process. White tea prepared from very young tea leaves or buds of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae, covered with tiny, silvery hairs, and dried immediately after picking to prevent oxidation and commonly used as a beverage and herbal medicine. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the safety of the white tea leaf ethanolic extract (WTE) with acute toxicity tests. Methods: The acute oral toxicity of WTE performed at dose 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/Kg BW of Deutschland, Denken, and Yoken (DDY) mice. The animals observation for any mortality, behavioral, body weight and feed-water consumption pattern during the 14- day study. The liver, kidney, and heart isolation performed on day-15 to observe macroscopic and relative organ weight (ROW). Results: No treatment-related toxic symptom or mortality observed for the first 4 hours and 24 hours after oral administration of WTE at a dose of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg BW. All the groups of mice did not show the significant changes in behavior, breathing, and motoric activity. Conclusions: This studies showed that the oral LD50 of WTE was greater than 5000 mg/kg BW and suggests that the WTE is practically non-toxic in a single dose of level 5000 mg/kg BW.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Safety, Teh Putih, Theaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.77}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.77}, author = {Lia Ardiana and Meiliza Ekayanti and Sarah Zielda Najib and Rani Sauriasari and Berna Elya} } @article {165, title = {Anti-anemia Effect of Chlorophyll from Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Leaves on Female Mice Induced Sodium Nitrite}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {375-379}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {375}, abstract = {

Context: Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) in blood is highly reactive with haemoglobin (Hb), thus affecting hematopoiesis and induction of methemoglobinemia. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the effect of chlorophyll from katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaves on the level of Hb, Malondialdehyde (MDA), ferritin, and schistocytes percentage in female mice induced NaNO2. Settings and Design: Experimental research was conducted using 24 female mice strain Balb-c. Methods and Material: NaNO2 0.3 ml/head/day given during 18 days, while the chlorophyll or Cu-chlorophyllin as much as 0.7 ml/head/day given the following day for 14 days. Statistical analysis used: Results are reported as mean values \± SD and statistically analyzed by One Way Anova test with 95\% significance level. Results: The Hb levels of blood plasma in the control group, NaNO2 induction, induction NaNO2 and chlorophyll of katuk leaves (NaNO2+katuk), induction of NaNO2 and Cu-chlorophyllin from K-LiquidTM (NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin) in sequence is 13.29 g/dl; 11.83 g/dl; 14.54 g/dl; 13.99 g/dl, whilst the MDA levels in each group is 2.10 \± 0.11 mol/L, 3.44 \± 0.38 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.18 mol/L, 2.31 \± 0.13 mol/L, and the ferritin levels is 62.71 \± 6.42 ng/ml; 63.22 \± 7.59 ng/ml; 67.45 \± 8.03 ng/ml, and 64.74 \± 7.80 ng/ml, respectively. The fragment schistocytes ocyte percentage\’s in each group is 0\%, 0.11\%, 0.01\%, 0.03\%. The ferritin levels tend to increase in NaNO2+katuk. Mann Whitney test results obtained no significant difference in Hb, MDA level and schistocytes percentage between the groups of mice that received NaNO2+katuk NaNO2+Cu-chlorophyllin (p\>0.05). This indicates that chlorophyll from S. androgynus leaves as effective as Cu-chlorophyllin in decrease the MDA levels after NaNO2 treatment, and although not significant, it can increase ferritin levels. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant activity of chlorophyll from katuk leaves are able to decrease schistocytes percentage\’s and MDA level. The increasing of Hb and ferritin level indicates its potential in the treatment of haemolityc anaemia. Further studies aimed at the mechanisms of action of this chlorophyll are needed.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Chlorophyll, Ferritin, Schistocytes., Sodium nitrite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.10}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Sampurna Sampurna and Nur Anna C.S and Alvenia Meilina Ednisari and Galuh Dea Urfani and Iqrommatul Laila and Heavin Rakhmat Saintika} } @article {135, title = {Bioactive Constituents of Pulicaria jaubertii: A promising Antihypertensive Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {81-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract of Pulicaria jaubertii aerial parts. Material and Methods: The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were chromatographed on silica gel and sephadex LH 20 to afford six compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the bases of extensive NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) and MS analysis. The antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract was evaluated against L-NAME\–induced hypertensive rats. Results: One new monoterpene glucoside; (2R, 4S)-p-menth-1-ene- 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside [1] along with five known compounds; thymoquinol 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (zataroside-B) [2], quercetin 7, 3{\textquoteleft}-di-Omethylether (rhamnazin) [3], quercetin 7-O-methylether (rhamnetin) [4], quercetin 3{\textquoteleft}-O-methylether (isorhamnetin) [5] and stigmasterol 3-Ob- D-glucopyranoside [6] were isolated. The alcoholic extract significantly reduced the elevated SBP and partially restored the diminished nitric oxide metabolites. Conclusion: Compound [1] is a new and compounds [2-6] are reported for first time from Pulicaria jaubertii. The possible antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract may be due to its flavonoids and phenolic contents.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive activity, Flavonoids, Monoterpene glucoside, Nitric oxide., Pulicaria jaubertii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.18}, author = {El-Sayed M. El-Ghaly and Usama Shaheen and Ehab Ragab and Atef Ahmed El-hila and Mohamed Raafat Abd-Allah} } @article {162, title = {Cakile maritima Scop. extracts inhibit the growth of some bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases: GC-MS analysis of an inhibitory extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {361-374}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Introduction: High antioxidant capacities have been linked to the treatment of rheumatic diseases and also in the inhibition of microbial growth. Although Cakile maritima has a high antioxidant capacity, it is yet to be tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: C. maritima solvent extracts were analysed for antioxidant capacity by the DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Growth inhibitory activities against bacterial species associated with initiating rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis were determined by disc diffusion assay and quantified by MIC determination. Toxicity was determined by Artemia franciscana bioassay. Results: All C. maritima solvent extracts displayed good DPPH radical scavenging activity, although the ethyl acetate extract was particularly potent with an IC50 values of 3.4 \μg/mL. The other extracts also had significant radical scavenging activity, with IC50 between 4.7 and 13.6 \μg/mL. The bacterial growth inhibitory activity of the extracts correlated with their free radical scavenging activity. The ethyl acetate extract displayed the most potent growth inhibitory activity against most bacterial species. This extract was particularly potent against Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC values of 431, 559 and 777 \μg/mL, respectively). The hexane extract was also a potent inhibitor of the Proteus spp., (MIC of approximately 500-800 \μg/mL). The ethyl acetate extract also inhibited Klebsiella pneumoniae growth, albeit with higher MIC\’s (approximately 1500 \μg/mL). All other C. maritima extract-bacteria combinations generally resulted in mid-low potency inhibition. All of the extracts were determined to be nontoxicin with the Artemia franciscana bioassay, with LC50 values substantially \>1000 \μg/mL. A total of 97 unique mass signals were detected in the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract by nonbiased GC-MS headspace analysis. A number of terpenoids which may contribute to the therapeutic bioactivities of the extract were putatively identified. Conclusion: The lack of toxicity and the inhibitory activity against microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis by the C. maritima ethyl acetate extract indicates its potential in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinitobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas areuginosa., rheumatoid arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.9}, author = {Elsayed Omer and Abdelsamed Elshamy and Abdel Nasser El Gendy and Xin Cai and Joseph Sirdaarta and Alan White and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {174, title = {Study on Inflammation and the Nervous system of Ethanol extract of Jatropha Curcas seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {335-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jatropha curcas L. seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases or conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects on inflammation and the nervous system of ethanol extract of J. curcas seeds. Materials and methods: It was used 64 mice divided in 8 groups; respectively, 4 groups received 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of ethanol extract of J. curcas seed; and the rest intake Diclofenac, Diazepam, Caffeine and a control group not received any substance. The effects on inflammation was evaluated by Carrageenan-Induced paw oedema test and by Paw skin temperature. Neurological symptoms of toxicity were evaluated using the Irwin test. For the analysis of quantitative variables were used the following tests: one-way ANOVA, Tukey, Shapiro-Wilk and Pearson correlation; for qualitative variables Chi square was used. Results: According to the paw oedema, it was showed a trend on an inflammatory effect of the seeds of J. curcas; this activity was statistically significant in doses of 1000 mg/kg. Also, the skin temperature measurements outcomes reveal a positive dose response manner. Regard to neurological manifestations, Straub tail was founded in doses of 400 mg/kg. Stereotypies were founded in doses of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg throughout the evaluation. Conclusion: J. curcas seeds were showed an inflammatory effect. In addition, effects on the nervous system were founded as stereotypes and Straub tail.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Inflammation, Jatropha curcas, Nervous System., Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.5}, author = {Zambrano-Huailla Alexander and Zambrano-Huailla Rommel and Goicochea-Lugo Sergio and Zavala-Flores Ernesto and Garc{\'\i}a-Berrocal Jorge and Chau-Saravia Angel and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {83, title = {Anti-diabetic Properties of Thymoquinone is unassociated with Glycogen Phosphorylase Inhibition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {406-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {406}, abstract = {

Background: Nigella sativa L. (Black seed), is commonly used by traditional healers as a remedy for more than four thousand years. The antidiabetic property of N. sativa seeds oil is attributable to the presence of Thymoquinone (TQ). On the other hand many studies have been designed to investigate the possible effects of the TQ in Streptozotocin (STZ) and nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetes in rats. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the glucose lowering effects of thymoquinone. Methods: In vitro and in silico using glycogen phosphorylase (GPa) enzyme assay and docking tools were used. Results: Oral administration of TQ for 60 days, dose dependently improved the glycemic status in STZ-NA induced diabetic rats. GPa activity was measured in the direction of glycogen synthesis by the release of phosphate from glucose-1-phosphate. TQ at a concentration of 0.05 Mm inhibits GPa activity by only 14.9\%. Conclusion: These results show that TQ at 60 mg/kg b.w is associated with potential antihyperglycemic effects. Furthermore, anti-diabetic properties of TQ are unassociated with glycogen phosphorylase inhibition.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Docking, Enzyme, Glycogen phosphorylase inhibition, Streptozotocin, Thymoquinone.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.16}, author = {Nahid Mahmoud Hassan El-Ameen and Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Asaad Khalid and Fatima Elfatih and Mona Awad Kamel and Bassem Yousif Sheikh} } @article {1447, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {7th July 2015}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy still remains a clinical problem for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the interaction between xylopic acid and pregabalinco-administration as well as their toxicity in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Materials and Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced in rats with 2 mg/kg of paclitaxel on alternative days for four days (days 0, 2, 4 and 6). Equi effective doses of xylopic acid and pregabalin that produced 50\% anti-nociception (ED50) were determined from their log-dose response curves in the cold allodynia and thermal pain tests. Xylopic acid and pregabalin were again administered to rats in a fixed ratio combination (1:1) of their ED50\’sin order to determine the experimental ED50 (Zexp) of the co-administered compounds. Isobolograms were constructed to compare the Zexp to a theoretical ED50 (Zadd). Blood samples from the various treatment groups of rats were collected for toxicological assessment of the co-administered compounds. Results: The Zexplay below the Zadd on the isobologram of the cold allodnia test. The co-administration exhibited additivity in the thermal pain test. The co-administration did not produce significant (p\>0.05) toxicity in rats. The co-administration may be beneficial in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy.

Key words: Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, xylopic acid, Toxicity.

}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity., xylopic acid}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Woode Eric and Kyei Samuel and Biny Peter Robert and Boampong Johnson Nyarko} } @article {80, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {363-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {363}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity, xylopic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.8}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Boampong Johnson Nyarko}, editor = {Kyei Samuel} } @article {46, title = {Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gatroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {157-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) Honey has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. Aim of the study: The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental animals were orally treated with sidr honey (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) or omeprazole and subsequently exposed to 95\% ethanol (5 mL/Kg, orally) to induce acute gastroulcerogenesis. Effectiveness of sidr honey was evaluated using ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, mucus content, morphological analyses, glutathione assay and malondialdehyde level. The anti-apoptotic role of sidr honey was studied using immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissues using monoclonal antibodies of Bax pathway. Results: Dose-response studies in ethanol-induced ulcer indicate that sidr honey significantly blocks gastric lesions at lower dose (100 mg/kg). Lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion were significantly inhibited by sidr honey. Sidr honey modulated the immuno-expression of mitochondrial associated protein (Bax). Conclusion: Thus, sider honey plays a considerable role in gastro protection by acting as a potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic agent. Future study is required to explore its potential clinical usage.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.3}, author = {Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Elsanousi and Bassem Y. Sheikh and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla and Saif Eldeen Babiker and Husham Elraih and Eldaw Mohamed} } @article {1475, title = {Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gatroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {13th Feb, 2015}, pages = {157-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) Honey has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. Aim of the study: The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental animals were orally treated with sidr honey (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) or omeprazole and subsequently exposed to 95\%ethanol (5 mL/Kg, orally) to induce acute gastroulcerogenesis. Effectiveness of sidr honey was evaluated using ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, mucus content, morphological analyses, glutathione assay and malondialdehyde level. The anti-apoptotic role of sidr honey was studied using immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissues using monoclonal antibodies of Bax pathway. Results: Dose-response studies in ethanol-induced ulcer indicate that sidr honey significantly blocks gastric lesions at lower dose (100 mg/kg). Lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion were significantly inhibited by sidr honey. Sidr honey modulated the immuno-expression of mitochondrial associated protein (Bax). Conclusion: Thus, sider honey plays a considerable role in gastro protection by acting as a potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic agent. Future study is required to explore its potential clinical usage.

Key words: Antiapoptotic Mechanism, Antioxidant Agents, Gastro protection, Monofloral Nectar, Sidr Honey.

}, keywords = {Antiapoptotic Mechanism, antioxidant agents, Gastro protection, monofloral nectar, Sidr Honey.}, author = {Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Elsanousi and Bassem Y. Sheikh and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla and Saif Eldeen Babiker and Husham Elraih and Eldaw Mohamed} } @article {51, title = {Flavonoids from Eupatorium illitum and Their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts from Eupatorium illitum, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of Eupatorium illitum afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of selected isolates were evaluated. Results: The flavonoids Kumatakenin (1), Ermanin (2), 7-methoxy-aromadendrin (3) and Naringenin (4), together with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on the human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), and T-47D (breast) presenting a wide range of bioactivities. In general, best results were observed for 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are reported for first time from Eupatorium illitum. Isolated phytochemicals show moderate to low antiproliferative activities when evaluated on the aforementioned human cancer cell lines.

}, keywords = {4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Ermanin, Eupatorium illitum, Kumatakenin, Naringenin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.6}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jorge Triana and Jos{\'e} L Eiroa and Jos{\'e} M Padr{\'o}n and Gabriela B Plata and Ernesto V Abel-Santos and Luis A. B{\'a}ez and Diana C Rodr{\'\i}guez and Marco A Jim{\'e}nez and Mar{\'\i}a F P{\'e}rez-Pujols} } @article {1478, title = {Flavonoids from Eupatorium illitum and Their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts from Eupatorium illitum, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of Eupatorium illitum afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of selected isolates were evaluated. Results: The flavonoids Kumatakenin (1), Ermanin (2), 7-methoxy-aromadendrin (3) and Naringenin (4), together with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on the human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), and T-47D (breast) presenting a wide range of bioactivities. In general, best results were observed for 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are reported for first time from Eupatorium illitum. Isolated phytochemicals show moderate to low antiproliferative activities when evaluated on the aforementioned human cancer cell lines.

Key words: Eupatorium illitum, Ermanin, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Kumatakenin, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Naringenin.

}, keywords = {4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Ermanin, Eupatorium illitum, Kumatakenin, Naringenin.}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jorge Triana and Jos{\'e} L Eiroa and Jos{\'e} M Padr{\'o}n and Gabriela B Plata and Ernesto V Abel-Santos and Luis A. B{\'a}ez and Diana C Rodr{\'\i}guez and Marco A Jim{\'e}nez and Mar{\'\i}a F P{\'e}rez-Pujols} } @article {75, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive Phytochemicals Present in Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Annona muricata: A Further Evidence for Its Medicinal Diversity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {300-304}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {300}, abstract = {

Background: Folk medicine has taken an important place especially in developing countries where limited health services are available. However, the absence of scientific evaluation of medicinal plants may cause serious adverse effects. Objective: To analyze the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Materials and methods: GC-MS Analysis was used. Results: The GC-MS Analysis revealed 25 constituents of which 12 of the compounds were identified. The major constituents were two unidentified compounds with percentage peak areas of 23.51\% and 16.8\%. Of the identified compounds, the outstanding in composition were 7-Tetradecenal, (Z) (peak area 9.39\%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (peak area 7.12\%), Oleyl Alcohol (peak area 6.15\%), Phytol (peak area 5.61\%), cis, cis, cis-7,10,13-Hexadecatrienal (peak area 4.26\%), 2-Pentadecanol (peak area 3.93\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester (peak area 3.21\%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl octyl ester (peak area 2.67\%), and 1,E- 11,Z-13-Octadecatriene (peak area 2.15\%), while the rest had less than 2\% composition by peak area. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of leaves of Annona muricata are a potent therapeutic agent and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens based on compounds from this extract.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Ethanolic extracts, GC-MS, Medicinal diversity, Phytochemicals.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.9}, author = {Yahaya Gavamukulya and Faten Abou-Elella and Fred Wamunyokoli and Hany A El-Shemy} } @article {1453, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Michelia nilagirica against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {228-235}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

Background:Michelia nilagirica belonging to the family Mangoliaceae is commonly used by many traditional healers in most of the herbal preparations for diabetes and kidney diseases. Objective: Different fractions isolated from ethanolic extract of whole plant of Michelia nilagirica is investigated for hepatoprotective activity in wistar albino rats against paracetamol induced hepatic injury. Materials \& Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups. Each group contains six animals. Hepatic injury was achieved by injecting paracetamol at a dose of 2 mg/kg p.o. Results: The hepatoprotective action is seen with fraction A by reduction in serum marker enzymes like Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT). It also reduced the elevated levels of Alkaline phosphotase (ALP) \& Serum bilirubin. Conclusion: Histopathological studies further confined the hepatoprotective activity of fraction A against paracetamol treated group. The results obtained were compared with silymarin (100 mg/kg, orally), a standard drug.

Key words: Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening.

}, keywords = {Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening.}, author = {Shaik Aminabee and Atmakuri Lakshmana Rao and Maram Chinna Eswaraiah} } @article {56, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Michelia nilagirica against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {228-235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

Background: Michelia nilagirica belonging to the family Mangoliaceae is commonly used by many traditional healers in most of the herbal preparations for diabetes and kidney diseases. Objective: Different fractions isolated from ethanolic extract of whole plant of Michelia nilagirica is investigated for hepatoprotective activity in wistar albino rats against paracetamol induced hepatic injury. Materials \& Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups. Each group contains six animals. Hepatic injury was achieved by injecting paracetamol at a dose of 2 mg/kg p.o. Results: The hepatoprotective action is seen with fraction A by reduction in serum marker enzymes like Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT). It also reduced the elevated levels of Alkaline phosphotase (ALP) \& Serum bilirubin. Conclusion: Histopathological studies further confined the hepatoprotective activity of fraction A against paracetamol treated group. The results obtained were compared with silymarin (100 mg/kg, orally), a standard drug.

}, keywords = {Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.4}, author = {Shaik Aminabee and Atmakuri Lakshmana Rao}, editor = {Maram Chinna Eswaraiah} } @article {63, title = {Iron Reducing and Radical Scavenging Activities of 13 Medicinal Plants From C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {266-270}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {266}, abstract = {

Objective: Oxidative stress has been involved in the development of varied human diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iron reducing power and the antiradical activity of 13 plants traditionally used as medicinal plants in C\ôte d\’Ivoire. Materials and Methods: FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS (2,2\’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid)) assays were used to assess the antioxidant property of 80\% methanol extracts prepared from the 13 plants. Results: A high iron reducing activity was exhibited by extracts from leaves of Leea guineensis (42.76 \± 28.54 mg of TE/gdry extract) and Bersama abyssinica (39.77 \± 31.29 mg of TE/g dry extract). Smeathmannia pubescens (\% ABTS = 92.44 \± 12.93\%), L. guineensis (\%ABTS = 89.73 \± 15.10\%), Keetia venosa (\% ABTS = 88.78 \± 17.36 \%) and Sapium ellipticum (\%ABTS = 85.86 \± 25.10\%), showed promising antiradical activity with IC50 values of 4.50, 5.00, 5.40 and 5.70 \μg/mL respectively. These values are (p \< 0.05) close to those of Trolox (CI50 = 4.10 \μg/mL) and ascorbic acid (CI50 = 4.90 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Our findings confirm the traditional use of the studied plants in treatment of various ailments. The results obtained provide promising baseline information for using these medicinal plants for improving the health status of the population.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Antioxidants, C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire, FRAP, Iron., Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.2}, author = {Ehouman Evans and Kon{\'e} Mamidou Witabouna and Tra Bi F{\'e}zan Honora and Bakayoko Adama} } @article {1454, title = {Iron Reducing and Radical Scavenging Activities of 13 Medicinal Plants From C{\^o}te d{\textquoteright}Ivoire}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {204-211}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Oxidative stress has been involved in the development of varied human diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the iron reducing power and the antiradical activity of 13 plants traditionally used as medicinal plants in C\ôte d\’Ivoire. FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) and ABTS (2,2\’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assays were used to assess the antioxidant property of 80 \% methanol extracts prepared from the 13 plants. A high iron reducing activity was exhibited by extracts from leaves of Leea guineensis (42.76 \± 28.54 mg of TE/gdry extract) and Bersama abyssinica (39.77 \± 31.29 mg of TE/g dry extract). Smeathmannia pubescens (\% ABTS = 92.44 \± 12.93 \%), L. guineensis (\%ABTS = 89.73 \± 15.10 \%), Keetia venosa (\% ABTS = 88.78 \± 17.36 \%) and Sapium ellipticum (\% ABTS = 85.86 \± 25.10 \%), showed promising antiradical activity with IC50 values of 4.50, 5.00, 5.40 and 5.70 \µg/mL respectively. These values are (p\< 0.05) close to those of Trolox (CI50 = 4.10 \µg/mL) and ascorbic acid (CI50 = 4.90 \µg/mL). Our findings confirm the traditional use of the studied plants in treatment of various ailments. The results obtained provide promising baseline information for using these medicinal plants for improving the health status of the population.

Key words: ABTS, Antioxidants, C\ôte d\’Ivoire, FRAP, Medicinal plants

}, author = {Ehouman Evans and Kon{\'e} Mamidou Witabouna and Bakayoko Adama and Tra Bi F{\'e}zan Honora} } @article {1506, title = {Antihyperglycemic Activity and Standardization of the Bioactive Extract of Cleome droserifolia Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Cleome droserifolia herb is well known in the Egyptian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. However, a standardized active extract of the herb was never prepared for incorporation into a pharmaceutical dosage form. Materials and Methods: Comparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatographic profi les were established in order to study the ethnopharmacological use of the antihyperglycemic herb using a validated reversed phase- HPLC method which was developed for standardization of the active aqueous extract. A biologically guided fractionation of the antihyperglycemic aqueous extract was carried out in vivo using alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: The aqueous extract contained the highest percent of the total active fl avonol glycosides (78.20\%) compared to the 70\% and 50\% ethanolic extracts (51.17 and 42.66\%, respectively). The aqueous extract and its ethyl acetate fraction possessed the highest antihyperglycemic activities. A standard calibration curve, established for the major bioactive methoxylated fl avonol glycoside (kaempferol-4\’-methoxy-3,7-dirhamnoside) at a concentration range of 44-174 \μg/ml, showed good linearity with a correlation coeffi cient (R2) of 0.998. The recovery of the method was 100.5\%. A high degree of precision (relative standard deviation values \<5\%) was achieved. The limits of detection and quantifi cation were 0.01 and 0.02 \μg/ml, respectively, indicating the sensitivity of the method. Conclusion: The aqueous extract contained the highest percent of the total active fl avonol glycosides. The extract, standardized to contain not \<1.5 \± 0.06\% of kaempferol-4\’-methoxy- 3,7-dirhamnoside, was tested at three different dose levels showing a 63.3\% activity of that of metformin at100 mg/kg body weight. Furthermore, it raised the blood insulin level by 146.26\% at this dose level.

Key words: Antihyperglycemic, Cleome droserifolia, high performance liquid chromatography standardization, kaempferol-4\’-methoxy-3,7-dirhamnoside, validation.

}, keywords = {7-dirhamnoside, Antihyperglycemic, Cleome droserifolia, high performance liquid chromatography standardization, kaempferol-4{\textquoteright}-methoxy-3, Validation}, author = {Amira Abdel Motaal and Shahira M. Ezzat and Hesham El-Askary} }