@article {2525, title = {Analysis of Solvent Concentration Effect and Extraction Method on The Total Phenolic of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {461-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Background: Syzygium myrtifolium Walp., an Indonesian ornamental plant, contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. The demand for natural antioxidants is rising due to concerns over synthetic alternatives. Objectivity: To determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of S. myrtifolium leaf extracts obtained with various solvents (ethanol 60, 70, 80, 96\% v/v, ethyl acetate, n-hexane) and two extraction methods (maceration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UAE), and to assess the effects of solvent polarity and extraction method. Methods: Leaves were extracted by maceration and UAE. TPC was measured via the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method (tannic acid equivalents, \%) using UV{\textendash}Vis spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$). Phytochemical screening was also performed. Results: TPC (maceration): 60\% ethanol = 18.76\%, 96\% ethanol = 13.64\%, ethyl acetate = 8.33\%, n-hexane = 0.83\%. TPC (UAE): 60\% ethanol = 20.02\%, 96\% ethanol = 14.04\%, ethyl acetate = 10.13\%, n-hexane = 0.92\%. Solvent type/concentration and extraction method significantly affected TPC (p \< 0.05). UAE 96\% ethanol showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 16.03 ppm), ethyl acetate had moderate activity (≈67{\textendash}76 ppm), and n-hexane the weakest (≈153{\textendash}163 ppm). UAE 60\% ethanol had the highest TPC but not the strongest activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 88.27 ppm), suggesting antioxidant potency depends on phenolic composition. Conclusion: UAE with 60\% ethanol produced the highest TPC, while UAE with 96\% ethanol exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Further profiling is needed to clarify the phenolic composition{\textendash}activity relationship.

}, keywords = {Maceration, phenolic, solvent concentration, Syzigium myrtifolium walp, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.59}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Rizky Mulyana Syarif and Chorry Sundari Irawan and Shintia Ramadhani} } @article {2481, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {236-243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.30}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqis B and Indar I and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2569, title = {Cytotoxic Effects of Imperata cylindrica Root Ethanol Extract on the Expression of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR in A549 Lung Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {284-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {284}, abstract = {

Background: Imperata cylindrica or Cogon grass is a medicinal plant that has an anticancer effect. We unravel the cytotoxic effect of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract on the expression of PKCα, STAT3 and mTOR in A549 lung cancer cell lines. Methods: The cytotoxic effect tests were carried out on the A549 lung cancer cell line after 48 hours post-treatment using 3- [4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2.5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay method to discover the IC50 dose, continued with apoptosis tests at doses of 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL of I.cylindrica root ethanol extract using flowcytometry, as well as measurements of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR mRNA expressions with the RT-qPCR method and measurements of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR protein expressions with Western blot method. Results: This study showed that the ethanol extract of I. cylindrica roots had an IC50 of 541 μg/mL (weak cytotoxic) and the IC50 of erlotinib was at 29 μM (moderate cytotoxic). In apoptotic test, the highest average apoptotic results were found in erlotinib group, while ethanol extract doses of 150, 300, and 600 μg/mL gave apoptotic effects on cancer cells higher than negative control group. From RT-qPCR, found that I.cylindrica significantly inhibit the expression of PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR mRNA and from band scanning using Western Blot showed PKCα, STAT3, and mTOR protein expressions in Imperata root ethanol extract, qualitatively produced thinner bands when compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated I.cylindrica root ethanol extract ability inhibiting the expression of PKCα, STAT3 and mTOR genes and proteins in the A549 lung cancer cell line, which can be taken into consideration as a complementary therapy in treatment of lung cancer.

}, keywords = {A549, Cytotoxic, Imperata cylindrica, mTOR, PKCα, STAT3}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.98}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2504, title = {In vitro Platelet Aggregation-Stimulatory, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Fresh Stem Juice from Montrichardia arborescens Schott (Araceae) {\textendash} Evidence for Wound Healing- Stimulatory Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {299-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {299}, abstract = {

Background: Montrichardia arborescens is traditionally used for wound healing, but without scientific evidence. In this study, the fresh stem juice was assessed for its platelet aggregation stimulatory and antibacterial activities and its safety. Methods: The stem juice was evaluated at various dilutions for platelet aggregation-stimulatory activity in human platelet rich plasma (PRP) using norepinephrine as a positive control; antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (gram-positive bacteria) as well as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria) in a broth microdilution method using tetracycline as a reference compound; and absence of substantial cytotoxicity against cultured CHO cells in an MTT assay. Data (means {\textpm} SDs; n >= 3) were evaluated for statistically significant differences (p \< 0.05) using ANOVA with Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s adjustments. Results: The stem juice stimulated platelet aggregation to nearly 100\% at 50\% (v/v) dilution and about 50\% at 12.5\% (v/v) dilution. It did not affect the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa at 50\% (v/v) but partially inhibited that of S. aureus at 37.5\% (v/v) and that of S. pyogenes completely at 12.5\% (v/v). These effects were validated by those found with epinephrine 20 μM and tetracycline 10-60 μg/mL. CHO cell survival was only 3 {\textpm} 1\% with the 50\% (v/v) diluted stem juice but 64 {\textpm} 2\% with the 12.5\% (v/v) dilution. Conclusion: The M. arborescens stem juice exhibited substantial platelet aggregation-stimulatory and antibacterial activity at 12.5\% (v/v) dilution which seemed safe to the normal tissues. These findings confirm its traditional use for wound healing.

}, keywords = {Broth microdilution, In vitro studies, Lack of cytotoxicity, Montrichardia arborescens Schott, MTT Assay, Platelet aggregation stimulation, Preliminary Antibacterial activity, PRP, Stem juice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.38}, author = {Dennis R.A. Mans and Terrence Mawie and Priscilla Friperson and Meryll Djotaroeno and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo and Vinoj H. Sewberath Misser and Ed P.F. Ijzerman and Walther Jap Tjoen San} } @article {2516, title = {Interpersonal Communication Training as an Effective Strategy to Optimize Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) Utilization in Preventing Maternal and Neonatal Deaths}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {399-406}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Maternal mortality remains a global health problem, with approximately 800 deaths every day, mostly due to complications such as bleeding, where severe anemia is a major predisposing factor. Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) is now recommended as a substitute for blood supplementation tablets due to its more complete nutritional content. However, utilization of MMS still faces challenges, including low knowledge of pregnant women, negative perceptions of side effects, and misinformation. Education by health workers, especially midwives, is key to overcoming these barriers. Interpersonal communication training is a relevant strategy to improve midwives{\textquoteright} ability to deliver information effectively and build positive relationships with pregnant women. Although MMS has begun to be implemented, studies related to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training in the context of MMS education are still limited in Indonesia. This study aims to fill this gap and strengthen the role of midwives in antenatal care. Objective: To assess the effect of interpersonal communication training on the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplementation on midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Methods: This study was conducted in September 2024 in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, involving 74 coordinating midwives and village supervisors. The design used was a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest to evaluate the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training on improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Knowledge was measured using a questionnaire, while skills were assessed through a post-training observation checklist. All instruments were tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis included Wilcoxon test to compare pretest and posttest scores, Spearman test to see the relationship between knowledge and skills, and Mann-Whitney test based on midwives{\textquoteright} characteristics. Path analysis was conducted within a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework with directly observed variables. Results: The results showed that the score before the intervention was 10.80 and after the intervention was 15.23, which means there is a difference in scores between before and after the intervention. The statistical test results showed a p value (0.000) \<0.05, which means that there is an effect of interpersonal communication training in the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) on the knowledge and skills of midwives. Conclusion: Interpersonal communication training for midwives is effective in improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills.

}, keywords = {Interpersonal Communication, knowledge, Midwives, Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation, Skills, Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.50}, author = {Rabia Zakaria and Veni Hadju and Rahayu Indriasari and Mardiana Ahmad and Muhammad Arsyad and Nurmala Sari and Fatmawati Mohamad and Juli Claudia and Siti Choirul Dwi Astuti and Rahma Dewi Agustini and Magdalena M.Tompunu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2460, title = {Microencapsulation of Paracetamol with Polycaprolacone Coating}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {89-94}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Paracetamol is widely used as a medicine for fever and pain. Paracetamol has a normal half-life in the blood of 2 hours. If paracetamol is consumed frequently it will cause stomach irritation. This research aims to cover the unpleasant taste of paracetamol by microencapsulating using a coating and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules. In this study, the coating material used was polycaprolactone because polycaprolactone is a biodegradable coating material. The amount of coating used in this study was 1.5g, 3g and 4.5g. Paracetamol microencapsulation was carried out in evaluation tests, namely organoleptic examination and particle size. Then a characterization test was carried out, namely the surface morphology test of the paracetamol microencapsulation using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method and the dissolution test. The research results showed that the concentration obtained by Formula 1 was 95.66\%, Formula 2 was 97.17 and F3 was 98.81. The dissolution test results showed that the largest dissolution percentage of microcapsules in formula 1 was 97.85\% at 50 minutes, formula 2 was 98.13 at 55 minutes and formula 3 was 98.91\% at 60 minutes. Microencapsulation of paracetamol with polycaprolactone can cover the bitter taste and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules into sustained release preparations.

}, keywords = {Microencapsulation, Paracetamol, Polycaprolactone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.12}, author = {Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Anto J. Hadi and Hafni Nur Insan and Rini Fitriani Dongoran and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2231, title = {Analysis of Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay BPJS Kesehatan Contributions of Mandiri Participants in the Working Area of Bua Health Center, Luwu District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

The willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions regularly and on time every month for independent participants is the most important component to make it easier for independent participants to utilize health services. This research aims to analysis the factors that influence the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions for independent participants in the Bua Health Center working area, Luwu Regency. The research was conducted in the working area of the Bua Health Center, Luwu Regency. The research design iscross sectional study. The total sample was 340 independent BPJS Health participants using sampling techniquesSimple Random Sampling. Data were analyzed using testsChi-Squareand Multiple Logistic Regression test. Test resultsChi-Squareshows that there is a relationship between the number of family members (p=0,000), income (p=0,000), perception of the quality of health services (p=0,000), history of catastrophic illness (p=0,000), and ability to pay BPJS Health contributions (p= 0,000) with a willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between knowledge (p=0,364) and willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. The results of the Multiple Logistic Regression test show that number of family members (OR=69,893) is the factor that most influences the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. It is recommended that the BPJS Health consider a contribution payment system for independent participants who are required to pay contributions collectively which includes all family members in one family who are registered as independent BPJS Health participants, so that independent participants who have large family members are not burdened and are willing to pay BPJS contributions Health regularly and on time every month.

}, keywords = {BPJS Health, Income, Independent Participants, Number of Family Members, Willingness to Pay Contributions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.30}, author = {Syiar Cakke. S and Balqis and Indar and Sukri Palutturi and Hasanuddin Ishak and Andi Zulkifli and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2238, title = {Antibacterial Potential of Durian (Durio zibethinus murr.) Waste as an Alternative Disinfectant in Raw Drinking Water - A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {255-262}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {255}, abstract = {

Efforts continue to be made to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in drinking water by using safer disinfection materials. The use of local plants as disinfection materials is highly desirable. The durian plant (Durio zibethinus) can be a very promising alternative as a natural disinfection agent to destroy pathogenic bacteria in drinking water. This narrative review comes from three online journal databases that provide free journal articles in PDF format, collected over the last ten years. The main keywords in conducting a literature review through online journals are "Durian, Durio Zibethinus, antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water". Of the 5,693 journals identified in the three databases, 21 studies remained that met the requirements for inclusion in this review. This included study illustrates that fruit rind, seed, and leaf extracts from the durian plant have antimicrobial properties. Durian plants have antibacterial active compounds such as phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. The antimicrobial potential tested using the diffusion and dilution method indicated that the presence of antimicrobial ingredients in the durian plant extraction was in the strong category. Some pathogenic bacteria in water that can be inhibited or killed are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphilococcus aureus, Shigella boydii and Salmonella Typhi. This shows that there is an opportunity for the durian plant to provide a solution and great hope as a safe and economical alternative disinfection material as a replacement for current disinfection materials. Index terms: Durian (Durio zibethinus), antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.37}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2358, title = {Combination Bitter, Ginger, Turmeric Extract in Mice: Acute and Sub Acute Toxicity Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {916-922}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {916}, abstract = {

Herbal plants are widely used as traditional medicine for generations. Some of them are bitter, in Indonesian called Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), red ginger in Indonesian called Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var rubrum), and turmeric in Indonesian called Kunyit (Curcuma domestica). This study tested extracts containing a combination of three ingredients, hereinafter named {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract (SambIloto, JAhe, KUNyit){\textquotedblright}. This combination has good benefits for the body, especially as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. This study aims to measure the acute and subacute toxic effects of {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract. This is a true experimental study. In the acute toxicity study, the SIJAKUN extract was given to 5 groups of mice a doses of 1000 mg/kg, 2,000 mg/kg, 3,000 mg/kg, 4,000 mg/kg, and 5,000 mg/kg. After being observed for 24 hours, the number of dead mice from each group was counted to calculate the LD50 of the {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract. Whereas in subacute toxicity, 5 groups of mice were given 0.5 ml of CMCNa solution, {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract at doses of 25 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 25 mg/kg ibuprofen, the test substance was given orally once daily for 28 days. Then an examination was carried out: SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and serum creatinine. the results of subsequent examinations were analyzed statistically. To assess the safety of the SIJAKUN combination, it is necessary to conduct research to determine the acute and sub acut toxicity of SIJAKUN to the liver and kidneys. Based on the results of acut toxixity study conducted, no experimental animals died at one dose of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kgbb {\textquoteleft}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract. Based on these results, the LD50 of {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract was above 5000 mg/kgbb. Therefore, it can be said that {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract is a non-toxic compound. In the subacute toxicity study, examination result of SGOT, SGPT, BUN, and serum creatinin was not change significantly, with P value \> 0.05. This result indicating no significant difference between the control group and the treatment group. It can be said that the sub-acute toxicity test found that {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract did not toxic for liver and kidney. In acute and subacute toxicity studies that has been carried out, {\textquoteright}SIJAKUN{\textquoteright} extract was classified as a non-toxic compound, so it is safe to use as herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Acute and Sub Acute Toxicity, Ginger, LD50., SIJAKUN (bitter, turmeric)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.148}, author = {Handayani H. and Renny Novi P. and Andik Ferdiantoro and Afira Febriani S. W. and Rifky Dwi Aditya Iryawan and Diaz Syafrie A. and Rahadian Zainul and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah} } @article {2443, title = {Comparison of Asiatic Acid and Dexamethasone Effect on Interleukin-4 Expression and Eosinophile Cell Count Following Strabismus Surgery: An Experimental Study in New Zealand Rabbit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1411-1417}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Postoperative strabismus inflammation can lead to fibrotic tissue formation. Dexamethasone, while generally effective as an anti-inflammatory post-surgery medication, can increase IOP and blood sugar levels. Research on asiatic acid suggests its potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agent. Methods: Superior rectus recession was conducted on 20 rabbits, which were divided into five groups based on the subconjunctival injection substance: aquadest, dexamethasone, asiatic acid at a concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL, 0.8 mg/0.5 mL, and 1.6 mg/0.5 mL. After three days, exenteration was performed, and an immunohistochemical examination was performed to assess interleukin-4 expression. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess eosinophile cell count. SPSS 26.0 facilitated the data analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney tests. P\<0.05 was considered significant statistically. Results: This study showed that interleukin-4 expression in the asiatic acid 0.4 mg/0.5 mL group was significantly decreased compared to the aquadest group (P = 0.029) and dexamethasone group (P = 0.029). Higher-dose groups did not exhibit a significant decrease. Dexamethasone also did not exhibit a significant decrease compare to aquadest. There was no significant reduction of eosinophile cell count among all groups. Conclusions: This study highlighted the potential of asiatic acid, particularly at the concentration of 0.4 mg/0.5 mL, in reducing the inflammatory response, specifically interleukin-4 expression, after strabismus surgery in New Zealand rabbits.

}, keywords = {Asiatic acid, Dexamethasone, Eosinophil, Interleukin-4, Strabismus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.227}, author = {Harris Kristanto Gunawan and Evelyn Komaratih and Rozalina Loebis and Djoko Agus Purwanto and Luki Indriaswati and Wimbo Sasono} } @article {2428, title = {The Consequences of Hypertension and Obesity on Coronary Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1331-1335}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1331}, abstract = {

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. At present, more than 20 million adults suffer from CHD, and the number keeps increasing. Hypertension and obesity, known risk factors of CHD, are also inclining in prevalence. Given the diversities of world population, studies on correlation of hypertension and obesity in the incidence of CHD still have a lot to unveil. Aim: to analyze the association between hypertension and obesity to CHD as both independent and dependent risk factors. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study on 100 hypertensive subjects was conducted from March to November 2022. Subjects were selected by simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by anamnesis, physical examination, laboratory examination, electrocardiography, and by checking on medical records if needed. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. Result: The mean age of the study samples was 58.64 years old. The mean value of BMI was 25.77 {\textpm} 5.21 SD, and 53.6\% of the participants was obese. 33\% of the subjects were diagnosed with CHD. There was no correlation between obesity and CHD (OR = 0.582, 95\% CI = 0.245-1.382); between hypertension on therapy or without therapy and CHD (OR= 0.729, 95\% CI= 0.15-15.09). There was also no correlation between length of hypertension and CHD (R= 0.117; p = 0.27). Conclusion: This study shows no significant correlations between hypertension, obesity, and CHD. Whether socioeconomic and demographic profile play a part in the association of hypertension and obesity with CHD, specifically for Indonesian ethnicities, should be studied further.

}, keywords = {Body Mass Index, Cardiovascular Disease, Coronary Heart Disease, High blood pressure, Indonesia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.214}, author = {Meity Ardiana and Nastiti Imana Intansari and Asiyah Nurul Fadila} } @article {2445, title = {Cross- Sector Collaboration in Addressing Stunting in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1424-1430}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1424}, abstract = {

Nutritional obstacles among toddlers persist as a notable health issue, necessitating increased focus from diverse stakeholders, with stunting emerging as a prominent concern. Addressing stunting is not solely the responsibility of the health sector (specific); it also requires collaboration from non-health sectors (sensitive). Several sectors involved are Central Government, Provincial Government, Local Government Agencies, Private sector, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), mass media, academics and society. However, previous different individual studies in regard to cross-sector collaboration produced diverse outcomes. Some reported optimal, while others reported suboptimal. Therefore, this current work aimed to determine supportive factors and barriers to cross-sector collaboration in addressing stunting. All research conducted in the last 5 years is encompassed within this topic. It explores various processes within cross -sector collaboration that can be utilized to address stunting issues. Through cross-sector collaboration, it is expected that the government and stakeholders share a common perception in addressing stunting issues, enabling joint problem-solving. The research findings emphasize that collaboration strategies within the government should not solely focus on outcomes but also consider models that encompass both processes and results. The model identified in this study aims to be an effective solution for governing cross-sector collaboration in addressing stunting.

}, keywords = {Addressing stunting, Cross-sector collaboration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.229}, author = {Misrawatie Goi and Andi Ummu Salmah and Nurhaedar Jafar and Amil Ahmad Ilham and Stang Stang and Muhammad Safar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2411, title = {Effect of Conservative Vs Surgical Therapy on the Quality of Life of Patients with Maxillofacial Trauma: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1218-1222}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1218}, abstract = {

Background: Selecting the best treatment strategy for maxillofacial trauma patients has grown challenging as a result of the continuous discussion on how different therapies affect these patients{\textquoteright} quality of life. The purpose of this research is to methodically evaluate how conservative care and surgical care affect patients with maxillofacial trauma{\textquoteright}s quality of life. Methods: A systematic search was undertaken using PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Wiley Online Library to locate the most recent 20 years of research comparing the effects of various treatments on the quality of life of patients with maxillofacial injuries. We also looked through relevant researchers{\textquoteright} references to find further studies. Articles were selected by applying a search strategy based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: This systematic review comprised 9 comparison studies with 944 individuals in total. The findings show that patients with maxillofacial trauma had lower quality of life initially, but that after receiving therapy, their quality of life increased to varying degrees, depending on the type of treatment. Conclusion: The majority of research revealed that patients who received MMF or ORIF did not significantly vary in terms of quality of life; however, those who were treated conservatively reported a notable improvement when compared to those who received surgical treatment (MMF/ORIF).

}, keywords = {conservative treatment, Maxillofacial trauma, MMF, ORIF, Quality of life, surgical treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.199}, author = {Mila Islamia and Abul Fauzi and Eka Prasetiawaty} } @article {2405, title = {Effects of Bacteriophage in Postoperative Endophthalmitis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1188-1191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1188}, abstract = {

Postoperative endophthalmitis is a serious complication of cataract surgery. It may leads to vision loss. The most common organism cause endophthalmitis is gram-positive bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). To prevent postoperative endophthalmitis, eye drops or intracameral administration of antibiotic agents are universally used. In recent years, the trend of endophthalmitis treatment has grown rapidly. Administration of bacteriophage is a subject of research for the treatment and prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis. This literature review investigates the potential of bacteriophage to provide a rapid, effective alternative to antibiotic treatments for postoperative endophthalmitis caused by S. aureus

}, keywords = {bacteriophage, postoperative endophthalmitis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.194}, author = {Herdina Ramadhani and Indri Wahyuni and Ismi Zuhria and Firman Setiawan and Annise Proboningrat and Djoko Legowo and Diah Indriani} } @article {2392, title = {Implementation of the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority Agency{\textquoteright}s (BPOM) Health Service Policy on the Sale of Non- Prescribed Prescription Drugs at Pharmacies in Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1114-1120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1114}, abstract = {

The delivery of prescription drugs without using any prescription in Indonesian pharmacies is still frequent, such as the delivery of amlodipine (97.7\%) and allopurinol (92.0\%) without a doctor{\textquoteright}s prescription (Rokhman, 2017). The studies of Siahaan (2017) and Djawaria (2018) also show a similar trend, highlighting low compliance with BPOM policies. This indicates that the implementation of BPOM policies related to prescription drugs has not been optimal, increasing the risk of irrational drug use and shows public disapproval of the drug and food control system. Improvements in the implementation of BPOM policies are needed to reduce the risk of using hard drugs without a prescription. This research uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The data was analyzed using content analysts. Interviews were conducted with 5 informants in several agencies, including 2 Key Informants and 3 Ordinary Informants. Effective communication occurs between BPOM, health offices, and pharmacies through offline and online programs. Although resources in pharmacies are considered sufficient, challenges arise from the inadequacy of transportation facilities. Compliance with SOPs, especially related to the prescriptions supervision of prescription drug, is a problem. Improving SOP compliance, coordination, and public education are considered important to improve the effectiveness of BPOM policy implementation in Makassar City pharmacies. The implementation of BPOM policy related to the sale of prescription drugs without any doctor{\textquoteright}s prescription in pharmacies in Makassar City has been going well, supported by diverse communication and the availability of adequate resources. However, there are still practical obstacles such as transportation problems, lack of public education, budget constraints, lack of formal procedures in some pharmacies, and lack of interaction with relevant agencies.

}, keywords = {BPOM, Hard Drugs, Health Service, Policy, Supervisory Agency{\textquoteright}s}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.181}, author = {Leilani Ismaniar and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir} } @article {2382, title = {Increasing Oxytocin through Electroacupuncture Stimulation at LI4 and SP6 Points in Postpartum Cesarean Section}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1051-1055}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1051}, abstract = {

Background: Pain from postoperative cesarean section stitches can cause physiological stress, thereby disrupting mobility and affecting the uterine involution process postpartum. Acupuncture at points LI4 and SP6 has been reported to stimulate uterine contractions and reduce pain. Objective: To look into how electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation works at particular places LI4, SP6, and the combination of LI4 \& SP6 with frequencies of 30, 50, and 100 Hz on the increase in oxytocin levels postpartum cesarean section. Method: The number of respondents was 144 postpartum cesarean section patients who met the inclusion criteria, divided using the randomized controlled trial (RCT) method into 8 intervention and control groups. Oxytocin levels were analyzed through blood samples using the ELISA method, comparing results before and after the intervention as well as with the control group. Result: The electroacupuncture intervention group{\textquoteright}s analysis at points LI4 and SP6 showed a substantial (P\<0.05) rise in oxytocin levels when compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this research suggest that electroacupuncture intervention following a cesarean section can induce a rise in the levels of the hormone oxytocin.

}, keywords = {Electroacupuncture, LI4, Oxytocin, Postpartum, SP6}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.170}, author = {Nurul Azizah and Budi Santoso and Abdurachman and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Ario Imandiri and Rafhani Rosyidah and Ratna Dwi Jayanti} } @article {2304, title = {The Influence of Human Resource Management Functions on the Quality of Health Services in Inpatient Patients at Maryam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {624-629}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {624}, abstract = {

Health human resource management is the most important part of improving public health in Indonesia. Health human resources are also said to be a key component for driving health development which aims to increase awareness, willingness and ability to live healthily. As much as 80\% of the success of health development in Indonesia is determined by health human resources. There is still a lack of health human resources in Indonesia due to unequal distribution and less than optimal management of health human resources. Indicators of the health Human Resources management function consist of Health Human Resources Planning, Health Human Resources Organizing, Health Human Resources Procurement, Health Human Resources Development. This study aims to determine the influence of the health Human Resources management function on the quality of health services for inpatients at the Mayam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency. This type of research is quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study was 110 health workers in the inpatient department at Maryam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency, obtained using the probability sampling method. Data collection uses a questionnaire instrument. Data processing uses the chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression test. Based on the research results, there is an influence of health human resource planning, organizing health human resources, development of health human resources and there is no influence of procurement of health human resources on the quality of health services for inpatients at the Mayam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency.

}, keywords = {Development, Human Resources, Organizing, Planning, Procurement, Quality of Health Services.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.98}, author = {Andi Sri Adinda and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Darmawansyah and Indar and Hasanuddin Ishak and Andi Zulkifli and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2264, title = {Intercorrelations among Hemoglobin Level, Physical Fitness, and Cognitive Score in Adolescent Girls: A Cross Sectional Study in Banggai District, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {405-409}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls can cause decreased concentration, cognitive levels and fitness. In the long term it will have an impact on low productivity and school achievement. This study aims to analyze the correlations between hemoglobin level, physical fitness and cognitive score in Anemic adolescent girls. The research design was cross-sectional, with a sample of adolescent girls aged 12{\textendash}18 years (n=139). Iron status was determined by hemoglobin levels using Hemocue. Cognitive function was measured using the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT), memory scores using the Intelligenz Structure Test (ITS), and physical fitness based on the predicted VO2max using the Bleep Test. Correlation analysis uses Pearson correlation analysis. The research results showed that overall 58.3\% of students experienced anemia, of which 64.1\% experienced mild anemia and 32.1\% experienced moderate anemia. The average value of hemoglobin levels in respondents was 11.6 mg/dl. The mean predicted VO2 max is 25.3 kg/ m2 and kognitif score 81,02 and memori score 11,01. Pearson{\textquoteright}s test results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin levels and predicted VO2 max (r = 0.28, p\<0.05) and memori score (r = 0.31, p\<0.05). There was a weak correlation between hemoglobin levels and kognitif score (r=0.17, p=0.053). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between hemoglobin levels and physical fitness and cognitive function. Therefore, an intervention program is needed to increase Hb levels in adolescent girls

}, keywords = {Adolescent girl, Anemia, Hemoglobin level, kognitif, Physical Fitness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.63}, author = {Risma Risma and Veni Hadju and Andi Zulkifli and Healthy Hidayanti and Syamsiar S.Russeng and Apik Indarty and Abdul Salam and Toto Sudargo and Abdul Fandir and Masrif Masrif} } @article {2375, title = {Mangifera indica Linn. Waste Peel Ethanol Extract on Inducing Citrus amblycarpa Hassk. Ochese Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1010-1014}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Background: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species plays a significant role in the proliferation and evolution of numerous high-risk diseases in humans, the antioxidant capacity of bioactive substances is of immense importance. Mangifera indica L., a medicinal plant has high bioactive metabolite contents and contributes to several positive biological processes in the plant. Citrus amblycarpa H.O. contains an excellent source of chemical compounds and the presence of these compounds can be a potential pharmacological activity as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and others. The aim of the study is to assess the effect of Mangifera indica and Citrus amblycarpa peel ethanol extract as an antioxidant agents. Method: Phytochemical screening of M. indica and C. amblycarpa peeled ethanol extract was done to identify alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, anthraquinone, tannins, and terpenoid contents. The antioxidant activity of the extract was determined using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Result: Mangifera indica and Citrus amblycarpa peel ethanol extract have an antioxidant activity of IC50 29,28 μg/mL and IC50 669,52 μg/mL separately, while combination antioxidant activity was 48,05 μg/ mL. Conclusion: Mangifera indica Linn. peel ethanol extract could induce Citrus amblycarpa antioxidant activity producing a potential antioxidant agent.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Citrus amblycarpa, Mangifera indica, Peel Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.163}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Yuktiana Kharisma and Meta Maulida Damayanti} } @article {2234, title = {Measuring Adolescent Mental Health and the Effect on Junevile Deliquency Behavior Tendencies. Case Study in Tana Toraja}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {231-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Adolescence is a transitional phase of development from childhood to adulthood, involving various changes in the biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional aspects of the adolescent. These changes often lead to confusion in establishing their identity, which can result in behaviors that are not in line with their developmental responsibilities. The tendency towards delinquent behavior in adolescents is one of the forms of behavior that emerges during adolescence due to the dysfunction of various aspects within the adolescent. The presence of dysfunction in these aspects of the adolescent indicates that the adolescent is experiencing mental disorders. The aim of this study is to analyze how the mental health of adolescents influences their tendency to engage in delinquent behaviors. Method: Using a quantitative method with descriptive statistics and testing assumptions using multiple linear regression analysis. Result: Based on the characteristics of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, it was found that the mental health condition of adolescents has an impact on the tendency of delinquent behavior in adolescents, with a value based on the linear regression model of 0.000 \< 0.05, indicating a significant level. Conclusion: The non-impulsive behavioral aspect is the most significantly influential factor on the tendency of adolescent delinquent behavior with a value of p \< 0.05.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Juneville delinquency tendency, Mental health, Self-Control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.33}, author = {Librawaty Sara Tangibali and Muhammad Syafar and Ridwan M. Thaha and Sudirman Nasir and Hasanuddin Ishak and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2280, title = {Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus or Bartter Syndrome? A Dilemma of Refractory Hypokalemia in Pregnancy: A Case Report from Soedono Regional Public Hospital in Madiun}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {495-497}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {495}, abstract = {

Hypokalemia is a rare condition in pregnant women. Muscle weakness and life-threatening heart damage can occur if the baseline condition is not treated, especially if it recurs and persists. The differential diagnosis in recurrent hypokalemia includes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, characterized by the kidneys{\textquoteright} inability to respond to vasopressin to concentrate urine, or Bartter syndrome, a tubulopathy resulting from a rare genetic mutation affecting the loop of Henle, leading to potassium wasting. A 24-year-old primigravida at 35/36 weeks gestation presented with refractory hypokalemia, indicative of diabetes insipidus or a differential diagnosis of Bartter syndrome. The patient complained of limb weakness combined with polydipsia, polyuria, and a history of periodic paralysis due to severe hypokalemia since 2016. She consistently took potassium supplements and monitored her potassium levels. Since becoming pregnant in November 2021, the patient has been hospitalized three times due to limb weakness, with the lowest serum potassium level recorded at 1.6. Throughout her pregnancy, fetal growth and development remained within normal limits, and her blood pressure ranged from 100-120/60-80. In patients with limb weakness, evaluating serum potassium levels is crucial. In this case, the suspicion of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus could not be confirmed due to the unavailability of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) tests. Bartter syndrome, although rarely encountered, should be considered in patients with recurrent hypokalemia. The challenge in Indonesia lies in the lack of specific gene examinations for diagnosis, making diagnostics relatively difficult. Our recommendation for cases like this is to conduct ADH examinations and thoroughly investigate refractory hypokalemia.

}, keywords = {ADH, Bartter Syndrome, Diabetes insipidus, Hypokalemia, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.79}, author = {Bayu Aditya and Manggala Pasca Wardhana and Tauhid Islamy} } @article {2217, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile and Antidiabetic Activity of Eleutherine bulbosa Mills. Bulbs from East Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {118-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., known as Bawang Dayak, is commonly found growing in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The characteristics of the environment in which the plant grows greatly influence the characteristics of the plant and its biological activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic profile and evaluate the antidiabetic activity of E. bulbosa bulb extract obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, Indonesia. Methods: The dried powdered of E. bulbosa bulbs was extracted using two different methods (maceration and microwave-assisted extraction). The evaluation of the sample fluorescence and non-specific parameters was done. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was conducted using streptozocin-induced mice and histopathology analysis. Results: The fluorescence evaluation indicated various secondary metabolites contained in E. bulbosa simplicia. Non-specific parameters include drying loss (8.83{\textpm}0.2611\%), water content in simplicia (8.04{\textpm}0.7481\%), specific gravity (1.04{\textpm}0.0058\%), total ash content (20.3{\textpm}0.1583\%), acid insoluble ash content (1.70{\textpm}0.0608\%), ethanol content in extract (0.99{\textpm}0.0017\%), lead content (0.010 mg/g), cadmium (0.091 mg/g), Arsenic (0.0003 mg/g), aflatoxin (not detected), and mold/yeast (0.8 {\texttimes} 105 colonies/g) meet the established regulations. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic assay showed that both extracts decreased the blood glucose levels in mice during the 14 days of treatments in a dose-dependent manner. This activity is correlated with the increased repair of pancreatic beta cells as observed by histopathological analysis. Conclusion: The dried bulbs of E. bulbosa obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia meet the standards set as raw materials for antidiabetic herbal medicines.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Bawang Dayak, contaminant levels evaluation, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb, pharmacognostic profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.16}, author = {Herman Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Junaidin Junaidin and M. Arifuddin and Baso Didik Hikmawan and Siska Siska and Tahyatul Bariroh and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Lizma Febrina and Muhammad Faisal and Iswahyudi Iswahyudi and Marissa Angelina and Erwin Samsul and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {2361, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio Zibethinus murr.) Soya Varieties Against Pathogen Bacteria Escherichia Coli in Raw Drinking Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Introduction: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit skin contains antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial content in durian skin (Durio zibethinus) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus and act as a disinfection agent. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Soya durian peel against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment, including making Soya durian peel extract using the maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) value and the solid dilution method to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value. Results: Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, Soya durian peel ethanol extract contains secondary metabolite compounds with an average content of 4.24\% alkaloids, 22.95\% flavonoids, 1.74\% saponins, 57.41\% phenols and 2.27\% tannins. Soya durian peel extract has an MIC against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria of 3.12\%, while the MBC value of Soya durian peel extract against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria is 6.25\%. The results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) data have a significant value of 0.00 \< 0.05. The results of the Pearson correlation test (r) showed a significant number of 0.000 (p \< 0.05), the Pearson correlation coefficient between concentration and number of bacterial colonies was (r) = 0.812. This means that the higher the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract given, the less the number of E.coli ATCC 2592 bacterial colonies will be reduced. The results of a simple linear regression test showed that the value of Y = 245.618 {\textendash} 29.016 245,618 colonies and each increase in the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract by 1\% will cause a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies to 29,016 colonies. Conclusion: Soya durian skin extract has antibacterial compounds that can kill pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria in raw drinking water.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Durian (Durio zibethinus) Soya variety, Escherichia coli, Phytochemicals, raw drinking water.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.151}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Wahiduddin and Gemini Alam and Bambang Wispriyono and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2209, title = {Predictive Simulation and Functional Insights of Serotonin Transporter: Ligand Interactions Explored through Database Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {52-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Through its ability to facilitate the absorption of serotonin into presynaptic neurons, the serotonin transporter, also known as SERT, an essential component in the control of neurotransmission. To discover SERT possible therapeutic application, it is essential to have a solid understanding of its dynamic behavior, ligand interactions, and functional consequences. Within the scope of this investigation, the predictive simulations is crucial to investigate the complexities of SERT to gain a fresh understanding of its operation. We use the 6AWN model to describe the sequence and simulate the behavior of SERT in silico. Within this simulation, we anticipate the conformational changes of SERT and its reaction to ligand binding with paroxetine, cholesterol, dodecyl-beta-D-maltose (DDM), and sodium hydrogen ion. We discover critical residues that are crucial in the interaction between ligands and proteins. They have paroxetine binding to I.172, I.172, Y.176, and F.341 are examples of hydrophobic interactions. Example of hydrogen bonds include A.96 and pi-stacking: F.341. The blockage of the serotonin transporter is the principal mechanism of action that paroxetine has. Cholesterol interacts with SERT W.500, W.500, W.500, W.500, L.504, and A.507, and it also interacts with the outward-facing conformation of this transporter in two different ways. In general, cholesterol interacts with SERT and ligands to stabilize their optimal activity and structure. DDM contact with SERT is also a part of this interaction. R.104, D.328, E.494, Y.495, G.498, P.499, T.503, F.556, L.557, S.559, P.561, Y.579, G.582, T.583, and F.586 are the numbers that are currently in use. Within the context of glucosyl transfer processes, DDM has been utilized as an acceptor. And the interaction of Na with SERT S.263, which causes a change in the structure of SERT. Serotonin transporters are present in the environment.

}, keywords = {Database Analysis, Functional analysis, Predictive in silico, Serotonin Transporter}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.8}, author = {Irzan Nurman and Ninik Mudjihartini and Nurhadi Ibrahim and Linda Erlina and Fadilah Fadilah and Muchtaruddin Mansyur} } @article {2446, title = {Preeclampsia: A Cardiorenal Syndrome in Obstetric Intensive Care Unit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1439-1441}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1439}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) encompasses a spectrum of disorders involving heart and kidneys. Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease are most likely occur via oxidative stress induced endothelial dysfunction. Case presentation: A 34-years-old woman was referred with difficulty of breathing. She had a history of preeclampsia and refractory acute kidney injury (AKI). The patient was diagnosed with severe preeclampsia, partial HELLP syndrome, acute lung edema, cardiomyopathy, CRS, anemia, hyperkalemia, hypoalbuminemia, and AKI. Discussion: CRS and preeclampsia share similar risk factors and mechanisms including pre-existing renal or cardiac disease, diabetes, chronic hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome, or other systemic disease. She had a history of preeclampsia and refractory AKI. Cardiac dysfunction reduce arterial blood supply and impairs venous return. Renal failure leads to the retention of water and an excessive volume demand. Conclusion: Cardiovascular disorders leading to CRS and preeclampsia remain the leading cause of morbidity in pregnancy.

}, keywords = {Cardiorenal syndrome, Hypertension, Preeclampsia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.232}, author = {Mohamad Evandiar Izwardy and Mariza Fitriati} } @article {2219, title = {Screening and Identification of Metabolites from Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Ethanol Extract for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Inhibitory through In Silico and In Vitro Approaches}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {131-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {131}, abstract = {

Objective: Andrographis paniculata has long been a traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. This study is intended to evaluate the anti-pro-inflammatory cytokines of 98\% ethanol extract of A. paniculata by in vitro and in silico approaches. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines is also one of the therapies in treating COVID-19. Methods: The molecular docking approach was utilized as a first screening to evaluate the potential for suppression of macrophage cell activation; an ADMET prediction test was performed to determine the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity as a therapeutic target. TNF-α, IL-1{\ss}, and IL-6 levels were measured using an ELISA method to investigate anti-cytokine pro-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. LC-MS/MS was used to identify additional metabolite compounds. Results: Ethanol extract containing particular metabolites 14-Deoxyandrographoside and 14-Deoxy-17-hydroxyandrographolide inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β by 100\% and IL-6 by 85.59\%, respectively. While compared to the Dexamethasone molecule as a positive control, preliminary screening and ADMET prediction for the metabolite compound 14-Deoxyandrographoside exhibited relatively high binding stability to the CD14 receptor by -7.5 kcal/mol and was safe against various ADMET indications. Conclusions: This study reveals that the compound 14-Deoxyandrographoside in pure ethanol extract is a potential anticytokine agent candidate for treating pro-inflammatory cytokines, including COVID-19 infection.

}, keywords = {LC-MS/MS, Molecular docking, Pro-inflammatory cytokines, Sambiloto}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.18}, author = {Evul Winoto Lukito and Dyah Iswantini and Budhi Antariksa and Mohamad Rafi and Setyanto Tri Wahyudi} } @article {2314, title = {A Study is Examining How Postpartum Pain after Cesarean Section (SC) Can be Reduced by Boosting Levels of β-endorphin Through Electroacupuncture Stimulation at The Specified Points LI4 and SP6}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {670-676}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {670}, abstract = {

Background: The physical healing process following a cesarean section surgery can induce anxiety and physiological stress due to wound pain, potentially impairing patient mobility and necessitating the administration of analgesic therapy. Pharmacological treatment sometimes proves insufficient or contraindicated for postpartum cesarean section patients, highlighting the need for non-pharmacological alternative therapies. Objective: This study aims to investigate the impact of electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation at specific points SP6 and LI4 using frequencies of 30, 50, and 100 Hz on reducing pain intensity and increasing levels of the hormone β-endorphin in postpartum cesarean section patients. Method: In this research, 144 postpartum cesarean section participants meeting inclusion criteria are divided into 8 groups, comprising intervention and control groups, utilizing a randomized control trial (RCT) technique. Pain intensity is measured using the pain numeric rating scale (PNRS), while levels of β-endorphin are analyzed through blood samples using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to compare outcomes before and after intervention. Result: The analysis of the intervention group receiving electroacupuncture at specific points LI4 and SP6 has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain by increasing levels of the hormone β-endorphin, in comparison to the control group, with significant findings. Conclusion: The findings of this study show that electroacupuncture intervention in postpartum cesarean section patients can stimulate an increase in β-endorphin hormone levels and effectively reduce postpartum cesarean section pain intensity.

}, keywords = {Cesarean section, Electroacupuncture, LI4, Postpartum, SP6}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.112}, author = {Nurul Azizah and Budi Santoso and Abdurachman and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Ario Imandiri} } @article {2309, title = {Synergistic Effect of Imperata cylindrica Root Extract and Erlotinib on A549 Lung Cancer Cell Viability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {656-659}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {656}, abstract = {

Background: Erlotinib is typically used to treat lung adenocarcinoma and Imperata cylindrica extract has been shown to exert anti-cancer effects in various human cancer cell lines. Therefore, this study evaluated the combined anticancer effects of Imperata cylindrica ethanol root extract and erlotinib on the A549 lung cancer cell line. Method: The A-549 lung cancer cell line was treated with various combinations of 1/2 IC50, 3/8 IC50, 1/4 IC50, and 1/8 IC50 of I.cylindrica root ethanol extract and erlotinib for 48 hours. Cell viability was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, analyzed and interpreted using CompuSyn software and a normalized isobologram curve. Result: Of the sixteen combinations, eleven combinations acted synergistically, four were additive, and one was in the antagonist zone. Conclusion: The combination of I. cylindrica root ethanol extract and erlotinib act synergistically to decrease A549 lung cancer cell viability, therefore they are potential lung cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {A549, Cell viability, Erlotinib, Imperata cylindrica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.103}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2233, title = {Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {226-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperuricemia occurs when serum uric acid levels rise above the normal range, typically exceeding 7.0 mg/dl for adults and 6.0 mg/dl for women. This condition can lead to various health issues, including gout, kidney stones, and renal failure. Objective: This study aims to verify the effectiveness of the methanol extract from plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) in reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus) and to establish the optimal dosage for maximum efficacy. Materials and Methods: This analytical experimental research utilized a paired sample T-test Pretest-Posttest design. The mice were divided into five groups: a Negative Control of Na.CMC 0.5\%, a Positive Control of allopurinol at 100 mg/kg body weight, and groups receiving plantain peel methanol extract at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight. Uric acid levels were measured initially, post-caffeine induction on day 7, and post-extract induction on day 14. Results: The study found that plantain peel methanol extract exhibited an anti-hyperuricemic effect in male mice. Among the dosages tested, 400 mg/kg body weight of the plantain peel methanol extract was the most effective in reducing uric acid levels, followed by the 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses. Conclusion: Plantain peel methanol extract is effective in reducing uric acid levels in male mice, with 400 mg/kg being the most efficacious dosage. This suggests potential for further exploration of plantain peels as a treatment for hyperuricemia.

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperuricemic effect, Hyperuricemia, Methanol extract, Mus musculus, Optimal dosage, Plantain peel, Uric acid levels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.32}, author = {Ratna Umi Nurlila and Jumarddin La Fua and Toto Surianto S and Titi Purnama and Muh Ikhsan Idrus and Armayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2208, title = {Unveiling Potential Therapies: Molecular Docking Analysis of CAMKK2 and Its Mutant Variants with CAMKK2 Inhibitors in Indonesian Patients with HIV-Sensory Neuropathy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {46-51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

HIV sensory neuropathy (HIV-SN) is one among many complications that impair patients{\textquoteright} quality of life. Studies in Asian and African populations found that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of calcium/ calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CAMKK2) influence the risk of HIV-SN. This study attempts to explain the influence of CAMKK2 mutations on HIV SN by studying bioinformatics interactions between CAMKK2, its mutants, and their inhibitors by molecular docking with AutoDock in order to observe their interactions with CAMKK2 inhibitors. Results showed that CAMKK2{\textquoteright}s binding energy with its native ligand (ATP) is stronger than the mutant variant of CAMKK2MT85 and CAMKK2MT363. Conversely, interaction between CAMKK2 and its inhibitors (KN-93, STO-609, and trifluoperazine) have the lowest mean binding energy compared to CAMKK2MT85 and CAMKK2MT363. This indicates that the mutant variants have weaker interactions with the native ligand and the inhibitors, therefore disrupting the normal function of CAMKK2, its interactions with the inhibitors, while increasing the likelihood of HIV-SN.

}, keywords = {CAMKK2 inhibitors, HIV-SN, Molecular docking, mutation, SNP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.7}, author = {Ahmad Yanuar Safri and Salim Harris and Putera Dewa Haryono and Ariane Benina Budiwan and Eugenia Isadora and Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {2278, title = {Vitamin D and Wound Recovery: Illuminating the Path to Enhanced Healing in Diabetic Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {485-491}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {485}, abstract = {

Wound healing is a highly coordinated biological event as a response to injured skin. It commonly takes 14 days for a wound to be completely healed. However, the duration of wound healing may vary between individuals due to certain factors. One major factor that delays the wound-healing process is Diabetes Mellitus. Delayed wound healing with poor prognosis commonly occurs in diabetic patients. Chronic hyperglycemia may affect macrophage polarisation, which is essential in the wound healing mechanism. The macrophage polarisation enables the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype to switch to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Thus, pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype prevails persistently in diabetic wounds, while the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype remains deficient. It results in significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines triggered by the M1 phenotype. Prolonged wound healing times increase the risk of infection, which can lead to more severe complications. Vitamin D is widely recognized for its essential role in regulating calcium levels and supporting bone health, as well as its positive effects on the immune system. This vitamin has the potential to skew macrophages towards the M2 phenotype and promote a regenerative and anti-inflammatory environment.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Macrophage Polarisation, Vitamin D, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.77}, author = {Aditya Chrisdianto and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Belindo Wirabuana and Regina Purnama Dewi Iskandar} } @article {2075, title = {Aedes Sp. Mosquito Resistance and the Effectiveness of Biolarvicides on Dengue Vector Mortality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {541-546}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Until now, dengue fever is still a public health problem in Indonesia. To control mosquito vectors, various strategic approaches have been promoted such as chemical control, biological control, resource reduction and public education. The four main classes that are widely used for mosquito control are organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. A literature study was conducted to determine the extent of Aedes aegypti resistance to several insecticides in several countries including Indonesia. This study also reviewed the effectiveness of biolarvicides on the mortality of Aedes sp. All research that has been done in the last 10 years is included in this topic. In Brazil, Sri Lanka, China and Peru, there have been reports of resistance to Aedes sp. against delthamethrin, pyrethroid and temephos insecticides. Meanwhile in Indonesia (Semarang, Surabaya, Banten, DKI Jakarta, North Sumatra, Jambi, Bandung, Bogor, Makassar and Palu), Aedes sp. resistance occurs to insecticides of the pyrethroid, temephos, malathion, cypermethrin, and permethrin groups. Continuous monitoring of mosquito vector resistance status is very important in the effectiveness of dengue fever control. In addition, research on plants that can be used as biolarvicides is very useful for alternative control and improving public health. This review also provides better insight into the effectiveness of laboratory-tested plants as larvicides and plans for further research to be applicable to the community.

}, keywords = {Aedes sp mosquito, Biolarvicides., Dengue fever, Insecticide resistance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.116}, author = {Bambang Dwicahya and A. Arsunan Arsin and Hasanuddin Ishak and Firdaus Hamid and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1960, title = {Analysis of The Effect of Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin, and NPY Markers on Changes in Body Weight of Childhood Epileptic Using Valproic Acid Monotherapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {150-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that occurs due to abnormal neurons in the brain and an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. The first line of OAE in children is VPA (Valproate Acid). However, long-term use can cause weight gain with a frequency of 10-70\%. The underlying mechanism of weight gain in patients remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between levels of biomarkers AMPK, NPY, Leptin, and Adiponectin on changes in body weight in patients with epileptic seizures using VPA monotherapy. Method: This study is an observational cohort design. Data collection in April-June 2019. Inclusion criteria were children aged 2-10 years who used VPA requirement less than two years, not taking any drugs that affect body weight, not diagnose systemic lupus, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Bodyweight and all biomarkers measurement on subjects who came to the clinic at the time of study and at least after one month of taking VPA. A total of 17 subjects participated in this study. Result: The results of the statistical multivariate analysis test of VPA dosage on changes in body weight and biomarker levels found that Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin did not significantly increase in body weight (p\>0.05), but NPY significant increase in body weight (p\<0.05). Conclusion: NPY is the most potent for appetite enhancing, preferential effect on carbohydrate intake, weight regulation, energy storage, and expenditure. Increase production of NPY, there is an increase in energy intake and then increases fat storage and body weight.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, AMPK, Childhood., Epilepsy, Leptin, NPY, Valproic acid, Weight gain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.21}, author = {Wardah Rahmatul Islamiyah and Nasronudin and Abdulloh Machin and Iin Ernawati and Yunita Dwi Tanti and Nur Jaya and Farah Medina and Fathia Faza Rahmadanita and Paulus Sugianto} } @article {2002, title = {The Antidepressant Effect of Fluoxetine and Mozart K448 Combination Therapy on Hippocampal Serotonin and BDNF Levels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {325-328}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Despite the use of fluoxetine as a first-line therapy, some patients do not show a good therapeutic effect. Effective antidepressant therapy will reverse the low serotonin and BDNF levels found in depression. Mozart K. 448 was reported to yield a good therapeutic effect for depression. Based on findings, the combination of Mozart K. 448 and fluoxetine as a therapy for depression is very rare. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of the combined therapy of fluoxetine and Mozart K. 448 on hippocampal serotonin and BDNF levels in an animal model of depression under CUMS conditions. In this study, the animal model of depression was administered three different treatments, i.e. fluoxetine, Mozart, or fluoxetine-Mozart combined therapy, respectively. Hippocampal serotonin and BDNF levels were assessed after 21 days of treatment. Statistical analysis was then carried out using T-test or Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. The fluoxetine-Mozart group has higher BDNF levels, but lower serotonin levels compared to other groups with values of 1,694{\textpm}0.215 and 44,533{\textpm}3,275, respectively.

}, keywords = {BDNF, Fluoxetine, Hippocampus, Mozart, Serotonin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.48}, author = {Lisa Pangemanan and Irwanto Irwanto and Margarita M. Maramis} } @article {1998, title = {The Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera had Immunomodulatory Effects on Sheep that had Been Infected by Fasciola Gigantica, Clostridium Novyi Naturally and Impact to Fasciola gigantica Non-Embryonated}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {304-309}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {304}, abstract = {

M., which received a (C), was the study{\textquoteright}s main objective. The whole thing was eaten. a couple of quotes from (C. dispersed in a liquid. has antibacterial properties (E. elegans). It{\textquoteright}s necessary to remove the body. C. Eczema on the face is comparable to this. Sheep and novyi both had organic infections. novyi. Following different combinations of treatments, a heavy dose of treatment, and a light dose, fasciolitis manifested in all three groups of infected sheep. The treatment groups received an oral 150 mg/kg aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract every 48 hours for 21 days. Body mass, fecal egg counts, blood anti-Fasciola IgG levels, cytokines (IL-2, IL-17, and IL-10), and C. the elegans{\textquoteright} bacterial inhabitants jokingly strike up a conversation with everyone there. Sheep with light and heavy infections gained more weight after receiving M. oleifera treatment and had lower fecal egg counts than control groups; sheep with light infection had a 100\% reduction in egg count. The serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-17, and IgG all significantly decreased after M. oleifera treatment. There were significantly higher levels of IL-10 in sheep with both mild and severe infections. C{\textquoteright}s feces contained noticeably fewer bacteria after taking moringa extract. The two novyi groups had varying degrees of infection severity. Fabricio (F. (as well as OleiferaMdot). C. noteworthy and novyi. M. oleifera aqueous extracts showed a concentration-dependent ovicidal effect on F. gigantica non-embryonated.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Antimicrobial, Cytokines, Moringa oleifera, Public health.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.44}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Wan Irjani Wan Ismail} } @article {1983, title = {Assessment of Serum Irisin and Vaspin in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Mosul City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {212-215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {212}, abstract = {

Patients with {\textquotedblleft}polycystic ovary syndrome{\textquotedblright} (PCOS) may have changes in adipokine levels due to obesity rather than PCOS per se. This should be taken into account as there is a correlation between adipokine levels and BMI. The objective of the subsequent investigation was to measure serum levels of irisin and vaspin in women with PCOS. In the following study, overall, 140 sample size was selected for the evaluation. These 140 were divided into two groups in which 70 women were on the one group which was the intervention group, and 70 women were in control group. The control group of the study were the women who reportedly had regular and normal menstrual cycle. The results indicated high values of vaspin and irisin. The results of this study and previously published literature suggest that both adipocytokines are associated with high blood glucose levels and higher BMI, and finally, both values remain higher in women with PCOS. Vaspin and irisin could be considered as a biomarker for prognosis and therapy followup in patients with PCOS.

}, keywords = {FSH, Insulin, Irisin, LH, PCOS., Testosterone, Vaspin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.31}, author = {Saba Khair Alddin Ibrahim} } @article {2160, title = {Comics in Health as Alternative Therapy: An Information and Therapeutic Resource for Post-COVID-19 Patients in Ayacucho, Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1047-1051}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1047}, abstract = {

The aim of this research was to determine the utility of comics, as an informative and therapeutic resource, in post-COVID-19 patients, in the area of influence of the Camisea project, which is delimited to cities such as Huanta, Tambo, and Cangallo, located in Ayacucho, Peru. The methodology included an observational design, with in and out surveys being conducted during the study. The first survey sought to discover the level of approach of post-COVID-19 patients with the use of comics, while the second examined the effectiveness and usefulness after being exposed to a brochure of four comics (Figure 1) that combined humor and information related to the recovery procedures for COVID-19. The research showed that the usefulness of comics as an informative and therapeutic resource in post-COVID-19 patients in the city of Ayacucho is very significant. This was confirmed by 96\% of those surveyed, since they pointed out that the comics contributed to virus infection recovery and prevention.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.192}, author = {Carlos Rodrigo Infante-Yupanqui and Roberta Garc{\'\i}a-de-la-Cruz and Yanibel Hurtado-Vargas and Rosa Mar{\'\i}a Vega-Guevara and Primy Agripina Alca-Chamba and Rod Rosberg Bendez{\'u}-Perez and Pavel Pool Puclla-Pareja} } @article {2056, title = {Correlation of Apo E Gene Polymorphism with Recurrent Acute Coronary Syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {450-453}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Background: Recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence puts patients at higher risk for mortality and morbidity. One of the CVD symptoms is acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Many genetic polymorphisms are CVD risk factors. This study{\textquoteright}s purpose was to investigate the correlation between recurrent ACS incidence and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism. Method: Case-control design was used in this study. About 90 patients who visited the cardiology and internal medicine clinics at UNAIR Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, served as the study{\textquoteright}s subjects. There were 30 patients with recurrent ACS, 30 patients with a single ACS, and 30 patients with no history of cardiovascular disease. Afterward, using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length method, the ApoE gene polymorphism examination was carried out. The Tropical Disease Center UNAIR Laboratory conducted all laboratory testing. Results: In the recurrent ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were 5 subjects for ε2ε2 (16.67\%), 23 subjects for ε3ε3 (76.66\%), and 2 subjects for ε4ε4 (6.67\%). Meanwhile, in the single ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were 6 subjects for ε2ε2 (20\%), 22 subjects for ε3ε3 (73.4\%), 1 subject for ε4ε4 (3.33\%), and 1 subject for ε2ε3 (3.33\%). And, in the non- ACS group, ApoE polymorphism genotype patterns were4 subjects for ε2ε2 (13.34\%), 25 subjects for ε3ε3 (83.33\%), and1 subject for ε4ε4 (3.33\%). There was no correlation of ApoE gene polymorphism with recurrent ACS incidence by Chi-square analysis (p \> 0.05). Conclusion: ApoE gene polymorphism cannot significantly affect recurrent ACS incidence.

}, keywords = {Acute Coronary Syndrome, ApoE gene, PCR RFLP, Polymorphism, Public Health}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.100}, author = {Muhamad Robiul Fuadi and Jusak Nugraha and I Gde Rurus Suryawan and Hartono Kahar and Aryati and Gwenny Ichsan Prabowo and Budi Utomo and Reny I{\textquoteright}tishom} } @article {1986, title = {Curcumin from Curcuma longa L. as Dual Inhibitors Against Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 Isolates: A Molecular Docking Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {228-232}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

COVID-19 has become a global pandemic since 2020. The search for promising drugs based on the abundant herbal ingredients in Indonesia is one of the breakthroughs. Curcumin is a chemical compound with various potentials such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral. We conducted a molecular docking analysis to determine the potential of curcumin against SARS-CoV-2 non-structural and structural proteins, such as the main protease and spike protein. This study used the compound of curcumin (PubChem CID: 969516) from Curcuma longa L. or turmeric and two Indonesian SARS-CoV-2 isolates that have been deposited in the GISAID database (hCoV-19/Indonesia/JI-PNF-217315/2021 - EPI_ ISL_12777089 or lineage B.1.617.2 and hCoV-19/Indonesia/JI-PNF-211373/2021 - EPI_ISL_6425649 or lineage B.1.470). In addition, we used molnupiravir (PubChem CID: 145996610) as a drug control. We performed molecular docking analysis with PyRx software 0.9.9 (academic license) and visualization of molecular docking results with PyMOL software 2.5.4 (academic license). The results of this study found that curcumin had good potential against main protease and spike protein compared to the drug (control). In summary, we suggested that curcumin is a potential drug candidate against SARS-CoV-2. However, there is a need for future wet laboratory-based pre-clinical research such as in vitro and in vivo.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Curcumin, Indonesia, Molecular docking, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.34}, author = {Chairul A. Nidom and Arif N. M. Ansori and Astria N. Nidom and Setyarina Indrasari and Reviany V. Nidom} } @article {2005, title = {The Effect of Cardiac Catheterization Intervention on The Nutritional Status of Children with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {338-342}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: Intervention is required since malnutrition in children with acyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD) will affect growth, development, and quality of life. Research on the impact of cardiac catheterization on the nutritional health of children with acyanotic CHD is limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of cardiac catheterization on the nutritional status of children with acyanotic CHD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2019 and December 2021. The participants of this study were children aged 1-60 months with acyanotic CHD who had undergone cardiac catheterization. We compare the nutritional status of participants in three observation stages, including pre-intervention of catheterization and the 3rd and 6th months post-cardiac catheterization. The parameters of nutritional status are determined according to the mean of Z-scores of weight-for-age (WAZ), length-for-age (LAZ), and weight-for-length (WLZ) of participants. Results: A total of children with acyanotic CHD who underwent catheterization and 49 children were eligible participants. The mean age of children with acyanotic CHD patients who underwent catheterization was 31.51 months, and 89\% of them were 1-5 years. Fifty-three percent of participants who underwent cardiac catheterization were male. The most common acyanotic CHD defects were the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) among 55.1\% of participants. Significant differences were found in WAZ, LAZ, and WLZ in the measurement of three observation stages (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Interventional cardiac catheterization affects and enhances the nutritional status of children with acyanotic CHD and may be suggested as an initial therapy to further evaluate the disease.

}, keywords = {Acyanotic CHD, Children, Congenital heart disease, Interventional cardiac catheterization., Nutritional status}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.51}, author = {Muqiemuddin Salim and I Ketut Alit Utamayasa and Roedi Irawan and Irwanto and Azwin Mengindra Putera and Meity Ardiana} } @article {2173, title = {The Effect of Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics on Muscle Strength and Scope of Motion of Lower Extremity Joints in Elderly with Osteoarthritis (Martapura River Region, South Kalimantan)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1126-1131}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1126}, abstract = {

Increased life expectancy (UHH) in Indonesia from 71.7 years in 2016 (Novianty, Nodia, 2018). And it is estimated to increase to 72.2 years in 2035 (BPS, 2016). The implication of increasing the number of elderly people with high UHH is expected to be healthy and productive elderly people and free from diseases and health problems, however, the results of a preliminary study in East Banjarmasin, the number of elderlies is 207 elderly (Posyandu, 2018). And almost 70\% experience health problems such as osteoarthritis, so it is necessary to intervene in the form of Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics (SHL) which can increase muscle strength and scope of joint motion of the Elderly, so that the Elder can live healthy and free from osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SHL on muscle strength and joint range of motion in elderly people with osteoarthritis in the Suburb area, Sungai Martapura Village, South Kalimantan Region. Quasi Experiment research design with The Non-Randomized Control Group Pretest Posttest Design approach, the population of all elderly in the Martapura River area with a total of 110 elderly (Pemko Dinkes, 2016). The research sample was the elderly living in the Martapura watershed who had osteoarthritis, non-random sampling, purposive sampling technique, with a total sample of 68 elderly consisting of the control and treatment groups, each of which was 34 participants. Both groups measured muscle strength and joint range of motion before and after treatment. Data analysis used Paired T-test for paired samples and Independent T-Test for unpaired samples with normal distribution. The results of research show There is an effect of SHL on the Strength of Pelvic and Knee Muscles of the Elderly as well as the effect of SHL on the Scope of Pelvic and Knee Joints in the Elderly. In the elderly who have osteoarthritis, they should do elderly Hadrah Gymnastics regularly at least 2 times a week.

}, keywords = {Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics, Joint Scope, Knee Muscles, Osteoarthritis, Pelvic Muscles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.205}, author = {Bahrul Ilmi and Parellangi and Akhmad Rizani and Hammad and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi} } @article {1958, title = {The effect of Sinensetin and Imperatorin on A-549 lung cancer cell viability in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {38-46}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {38}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, so research is ongoing to discover new therapeutics, such as plant-derived bioactive compounds. For example, Sinensetin, a plant-derived polymethoxylated flavonoid, and Imperatorin, a natural furanocoumarin, have anti-cancer properties. This study assessed the effects of sinensetin and imperatorin separately and in combination on A-549 lung cancer cell viability. Method: The A-549 lung cancer cell line was treated with sinensetin (60 μM), imperatorin (30 M), or a combination of both compounds (Sin:Imp 30:30 μM; 50:50 μM and 60:30 μM) for 48 hours. Cell viability was then assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and apoptosis was determined using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Annexin-V/Propidium iodide staining. Results: The combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 and Sin:Imp 60:30 μM reduced cell viability more than the individual treatment of sinensetin and imperatorin, with the lowest cell viability observed for the combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 μM. Likewise, the combination treatment of Sin:Imp 50:50 μM induced the most apoptosis compared to individual treatment. Conclusion: Sinensetin and imperatorin can decrease A-549 lung cancer cell viability and are potent apoptotic inducers, especially when they are used in combination, therefore they are potential lung cancer therapeutics.

}, keywords = {A549, Apoptosis, Cell viability, Imperatorin, Sinensetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.6}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {2181, title = {Ethanolic Extract of Propolis from Tetragonula laeviceps: Selective Cytotoxicity for MCF-7 Breast Cancer cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1177-1180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1177}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many patients with breast cancer fail to respond to conventional chemotherapeutic agents; these agents are also associated with numerous adverse events and toxicities. These concerns have led to the ongoing search for natural ingredients with antitumor effects. As such, the aim of this study was to explore the anti-cancer properties of an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), a natural product derived from the stingless bee, from Tetragonula laeviceps. Methods: Bioactive components of EEP were identified by gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS) and antioxidant capacity was tested by 2.2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. Selective cytotoxic actions of EEP on both MCF-7 and Vero cells were then evaluated using the MTT assay. Polyphenols were identified as the major components of EEP from T. laeviceps. Results: our results indicated that EEP was selectively toxic for human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and had only limited impact on African Green Monkey kidney Vero cells. Conclusion: EEP from T. laeviceps has bioactive components that may selectively inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. As such, EEP may be useful source material to be used for the development of novel anti-cancer agents.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells, Proliferation, Propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.213}, author = {Rina Masadah and Savira Ekawardhani and Ramadani Eka Putra and Dzul Ikram and Muhammad Faruk} } @article {2060, title = {Experiences and Expectations of Post-Partum Mothers Toward Psychosocial Nursing Services for Mothers Who Have Experienced Postpartum Blues in City of Balikpapan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {471-478}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {471}, abstract = {

After giving birth, the mother feels happy to finally be able to meet her beloved baby. However, some mothers actually do not feel happy but appear feelings of sadness, anxiety, and depression after giving birth. As many as 30-75 present of women can experience baby blues after giving birth and one in seven women can experience postpartum depression. Health Education needs to be improved and Nutrition for pregnant women needs attention Micronutrients prevent postpartum depression so that babies are born healthy. Based on the above problems that are still untouched by promotion and prevention health for women overcome the level of emotional anxiety from pregnancy to post-delivery which can be experienced by mothers from mild, moderate to severe. Nurses play a key role related to providing physical and psychological care to support the improvement of the mother{\textquoteright}s condition towards more positive. Mothers are at risk for natural emotional problems requiring someone to be able to give him an understanding of the process he is going through and help him to remain in a more stable condition. This study involved seven participants with diverse characteristics and provided an overview and the high need of postpartum mothers to feel comfortable so that their coping efforts could be achieved so that they did not experience emotional problems after giving birth.

}, keywords = {Baby Blues, Depression, Postpartum, Psychosocial Services.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.104}, author = {Ns. Grace C Sipasulta and Indah Nur Imamah and Genevieva E Tanihatu} } @article {2033, title = {Habitat Characteristics of Aedes Sp Larval Containers and Density of Container Index (CI) In the Area Endemic and Non-Endemic to DHF In Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {290-295}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {290}, abstract = {

Aedes sp has breeding habitats in water reservoirs or containers with relatively clear water, both inside and outside the house and in public places. The existence of containers as a breeding habitat for Aedes sp mosquitoes can increase the population density of Aedes sp mosquitoes, triggering high transmission of the dengu virus in the city of Makassar. The purpose of the study is to determine the characterisitic relationship of containers with the index of aedes sp larvae in dengue endemism areas in Makassar city in 2022. This study is an analytical observational study. Quantitative analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The sample sampling technique is a technique with simple purposive sampling. The sample was 600 houses in endemic and non-endemic areas in makassar city. The results of this study are container types with CI density in endemic areas, namely bucket 242 (CI = 9.5), while in non-endemic areas namely bucket 298 (CI = 5.4), container materials with CI density in endemic areas namely plastic 422 (CI = 10.9), while in non-endemic areas namely plastic 482 (CI = 5.6), and container locations with CI materials and densities namely in indoor locations with plastic material 398 (CI = 8.0), while in non-endemic areas with CI materials and densities, namely in indoor locations with plastic material 455 (CI = 5.5). The results of the chi-square test in the endemic area obtained a value of p = 0.478 which means that there is no relationship between the container type and the presence of aedes sp larvae in Tamamaung, Chi-square test results in non-endemic areas obtained a value of p = 0.217 which means that there is no relationship between the container type and the presence of Aedes sp larvae in the new Malimangan Village. The results of the chi-square test in the endemic area obtained a value of p = 0.000 which means that there is a relationship between the location and the presence of aedes sp larvae in tamamaung, and Meanwhile, the results of the Chi-Square test in non-endemic areas obtained a value of p = 0.631 which means that there is no relationship between the location and the presence of Aedes sp larvae in the new malimongan. There is no relationship between CI density and endemic and nonendemic regions. All six regions fall into the moderate category. His advice for the Makassar City Health Office, especially in Tamamaung, Pisang Utara, Pampang, Malimongan Baru, Kalukuang and Rappojawa villages, is that it is necessary to conduct counseling / information about the importance of environmental cleanliness and mosquito breeding sites to residents evenly and distribute abate, so that the community can be vigilant and avoid the transmission of dengue fever

}, keywords = {Characteristics of Container Habitats, Endemic and Non-Endemic., Larval Density}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.77}, author = {Muh Ichsan and Hasanuddin Ishak and Erniwati Ibrahim and Hasnawati Amqam and Isra Wahid and Syahribulan and Rusdiyah Sudirman and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2054, title = {Health Behavior and Social Support in Postpartum Mothers Treatment in Ba{\textquoteright}ukup Tradition in Maluku}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {438-442}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {438}, abstract = {

The maternal mortality rate is still high in Indonesia and one of the priorities of government agendas to decrease, one of them is giving good treatment to Postpartum Mothers. This is very important because in the Postpartum periode, there is a risk to get bleeding and infection that has an impact on maternal death. Many Postpartum Mothers{\textquoteright} treatment is based on local wisdom, but not all give benefits to Postpartum Mothers. The aim of this study was to analyze Ba{\textquoteright}ukup Tradition as a Postpartum Mothers Treatment Based on Local Wisdom in Negeri Luhu, Huamual, Maluku. This study used Qualitative method with ethnographic approach. The informants were 8 people which consisted of 1 supporting informant (Traditional Midwife/ Mama Biang), 1 Midwife as a key informant and 6 ordinary informants were selected purposively with the criteria of Mothers who are carrying out Ba{\textquoteright}ukup. Thematic data analysis and data validity used triangulation technique. The results showed that Ba{\textquoteright}ukup tradition is an ancestral heritage felt psychically and beneficially by Postpartum Mothers such as feeling more relaxed, sleeping better, sweating and helping to increase breast milk production. Meanwhile, Ba{\textquoteright}ukup tradition is a local wisdom in Postpartum Mothers treatment so that in its implementation, it requires the assistance of health workers because during the Postpartum period, there is a risk to get bleeding and other complications. It is suggested that there are persuasive approach and communication between health workers and the society in order to build a harmonious trust in local traditions and health services.

}, keywords = {Ba{\textquoteright}ukup, Health., Postpartum, Tradition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.98}, author = {Andi Asrina and Rizal Payapo and Fairus Concerned Idris and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2105, title = {Hepatitis E Inhibited by Rosmarinic Acid Extract from Clove Plant (Syzygium Aromaricum) through Computational Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {518-523}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor against Hepatitis E by interacting with the active site of the Tyrosine FYN protein. Computational approaches were employed to predict the molecular interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The research methodology involved the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Docking analysis was conducted using Pymol to obtain information about the binding energy between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The results of the analysis showed that Rosmarinic Acid exhibited a Binding Affinity of -8.3, -8, and -7.9, indicating a strong affinity towards the target protein. Additionally, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values of 0, 15.905, and 17.014 were used to assess the stability of the formed protein-ligand complex. Analysis using Protein Plus revealed interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. Furthermore, analysis using the Lepinski Rule to examine the physicochemical properties of Rosmarinic Acid indicated that the molecule had a mass of 360, 5 hydrogen bond donors, 8 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.76, and a molar reactivity of 89.8. These findings highlight the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor of Hepatitis E through its interaction with the Tyrosine FYN protein, providing a basis for the development of potential new therapies in the treatment of this disease.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis E, Molecular Docking., Rosmarinic acid, Syzygium aromaricum, Tyrosine FYN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.112}, author = {Sunadi and Saddam Al Aziz and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Rismi Verawati and Nita Yessirita and Oski Illiandri and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2061, title = {The Influence of Effective Nurse Communication Application on Patient Satisfaction: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {479-483}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Communication is an important element for building trust and comfort in nursing, and it is the foundation of the nurse-patient relationship. The purpose of this study is to find out how effective communication influences nurses{\textquoteright} perceptions of patient satisfaction. A recent literature review was conducted using the Pubmed, Wiley Online, and Science Direct electronic databases. The review method uses the terms and expressions of the keywords "effective communication," "nurse," and "patient satisfaction." Based on the screening results for inclusion and exclusion criteria, a literature search turned up 10 studies. Effective communication provided by nurses greatly affects patient satisfaction; the better effective communication is carried out, the greater the patient satisfaction will be. With patient satisfaction, nurse communication can improve service by creating good cooperative relationships and fostering trust so as to improve patient recovery. Not only with patients, but effective communication must also be carried out with colleagues and other professions by applying several methods such as ISBAR, PCC, and MCA communication methods. Therefore, health services, especially nurses, should pay more attention to effective communication with patients and implement this effective communication in nursing care activities.

}, keywords = {Effective communication, Nurses, Patient satisfaction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.105}, author = {Brajakson Siokal and Ridwan Amiruddin and Tahir Abdullah and Yahya Thamrin and Sukri Palutturi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Yuliana Syam and Rian Adi Pamungkas and Samsualam and Andi Mappanganro and Wahyuningsih and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2001, title = {The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Nurse Performance with Work Motivation as a Mediating Factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital In 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {319-324}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {319}, abstract = {

Nursing performance is an important thing that needs to be studied in order to maintain and improve the quality of hospital services. There are many factors that affect nurse performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the performance of nurses with work motivation as a mediating factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital. The type of research conducted is quantitative research using an analytic observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique is proportional random sampling with the number of samples in this study being 130 nurses. Testing the hypothesis in this study using path analysis. The results showed that job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,264; T statistic= 2,433). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,347; T statistic= 3,742). Work motivation has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,160; T statistic= 2,533). Job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on performance (β = 0,179; T statistic= 2,510). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,151; T statistic= 2,163). Job satisfaction has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,042; T statistic = 1,888). Organizational commitment has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,056; T statistic = 1,911). Hospitals are expected to be able to maintain job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work motivation of nurses so that every nurse is willing to provide the best productivity and performance for the realization of improving the quality of nursing services.

}, keywords = {Hospital., Job satisfaction, Nurse performance, Organizational commitment, Work motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.47}, author = {Maria Ulfha Ibrahim and Alimin Maidin and Irwandy and Indahwaty Sidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Khalid Shaleh} } @article {1984, title = {Influence of the Environment on Biofilm Formation Candida albicans of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Isolate Patient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {216-222}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Context: Candida albicans is a type of fungus that can produce biofilms and may cause Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) disease. We investigated the effect of environment on biofilm formation of C. albicans patient isolates and ATCC 14053. Biofilm formation is influenced by several factors such as environments and nutrients. Objectives: To investigated the effect of environment on biofilm formation of C. albicans patient isolates and ATCC 14053. Methods: The samples using C. albicans ATCC 14053, C. albicans, which may form biofilms, was isolated from patient Dermatology and Venereology and Obstetrics and Gynecology from a hospital in Malang. TCP (A tissue Culture Plate) is the biofilm formation method used. Results: Biofilm formation took 48-72 hours at 25 {\textdegree}C and 96-120 hours at 37 {\textdegree}C. Based on the result biofilm formation of C. albicans is influenced by environmental factors and characterized by a high OD value. Conclusions: Biofilm formation is accelerated in temperature incubation needed at 25 {\textdegree}C for 48-72 hours, using biomass 107 CFU/mL, nutrition using Potato Dextrose Broth media and 1\% glucose, and the solvent of 30\% acetic acid to obtain acid condition.

}, keywords = {Biofilm formation; Candida albicans; sabourau dextrose broth; potato dextrose broth; vulvovaginal candidiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.32}, author = {Wirda Anggraini and Djoko Agus Purwanto and Idha Kusumawati and Isnaeni3, Suryanto} } @article {2192, title = {Interpolation Pedicle Flap Technique in Wound Defect with Tibial Bone Exposed: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1268-1271}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1268}, abstract = {

Interpolation flap is a flap constructed from nonadjacent donor tissue that carry an inherent blood supply (vascular pedicle). They are ideally suitable for reconstruction of large or deep defect. These flaps have their own blood supply therefore they are more likely to survive on exposed bone or cartilage. The use of these technique should result in a bridge of tissue, or pedicle, between the flap base and the surgical defect. A 61-years-old man admitted to the emergency unit 2 hours ago after a traffic accident. Physical examination shows crush injuries on the right lower limb with open wounds exposing the muscles, tendons, and bone. In the distal neurovascular (NVD) obtained capillary refill time \< 2 seconds, limited active movement due to pain, and good sensory. After the initial treatment of external fixation and debridement, a week follow up found a wound defect on the medial side of the leg around 10 x 15 cm with tibial bone exposed as a base of wound defect. The usage of Pedicle Interpolation Flap Technique is a better choice to delayed treatment for soft tissue defect with bone exposed. The anatomy of artery is essential as a requirement to obtain the flap needed. Fine and holistic care of the flap shall increase the success rate of regaining and retaining anatomical and physiological, as well as cosmetic, and exponentially lower the probability of complications occurrence by accurate planning and hand in hand care to better strength, motion and functional outcome.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.230}, author = {Zainarda and Andi Asadul Islam and Muhammad Sakti} } @article {2168, title = {Marginal Leakage Evaluation of Bioactive Bulkfill Restorative Materials in Class II Cavities: An In Vitro Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1098-1104}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1098}, abstract = {

The goal of this study was to estimate the gingival marginal leakage of two types of bioactive composite restorative materials of class II box cavities regarding of the storage in PBS. Methods: Forty sound molars with compared size, each tooth were prepared with two independed class II box cavities (mesially and distally). The teeth were divided into four major groups each of (n=10) according to type of restorative materials. After cavities restorations and samples thermocycling, each group was further separated into two subgroups (n=5); first subgroup does not undergo storage, while the second subgroup was stored for 28 days in PBS. After that all teeth samples were subjected to microleakage analyses to estimate the sealing ability of each restorative material. Statistical analyses were be done with IBM SPSS Statistics version 20, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test were be used to compare the results at 5\% significant level. Results: The study outlined a statistically significant difference at (P<=0.05) among groups regarding marginal leakage at the interface between restoration and gingival enamel for non-storage and storage groups, and the Cention N and the Predicta bioactive showed reduction in the marginal leakage after storage in PBS. Conclusion: Different types and qualities of resin restorative material can influence the marginal leakage between restoration and gingival enamel margin. The storage of bioactive composite material in the PBS can be reduced the marginal leakage.

}, keywords = {Bioactive bulkfill materials, Cention N, Marginal leakage, Predicta bioactive}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.200}, author = {Hadeer Sh Ibrahim and Raghad A Al-Askary} } @article {2047, title = {Model Prediction of Potential Disease Effects from PM2.5 Emission Among School Children in Coming 30 years in South Tangerang}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: The largest global environmental health risk factor is the ambient of air pollution, that largely attributed to transportation emissions. One of the main causes of PM2.5 emissions is thought to be onroad transportation. PM2.5 has an impact on health, especially on children that relate to the respiratory system such as asthma, lung cancer, and decreased intelligence. Objective: The research objective was to predict the risk potential disease due to PM2.5 in children from vehicle emissions in South Tangerang City. Method: This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study design using a dynamic model approach using STELLA software. The environmental and human samples aare used to calculate the exposure level to PM2.5 taken from 32 points in 7 sub-districts of South Tangerang City (North Serpong, Serpong, Pondok Aren, Ciputat, East Ciputat, Pamulang, and Setu). then, meteorological data was also collected. Results: The number of vehicles in the city of South Tangerang is quite high, especially between 11:00 and 15:00 with the majority of vehicles passing by are cars and motorbikes. PM2.5 pollution levels will fluctuate until 2053. The effects of temperature, weather, and humidity might cause an increase in PM2.5 pollutants at specific times. According to the modeling calculation results, even though there are occasions when PM2.5 pollution levels fall, acute respiratory infection (ARI) incidence in children will continue to rise over time. Although PM2.5 emissions fluctuate, exposure to PM2.5 in low concentrations poses a risk to human health.

}, keywords = {Acute respiratory infection., Children, Particulate matter, Transportation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.91}, author = {Ernyasih and Anwar Mallongi and Anwar Daud and Sukri Palutturi and Stang and Razak Thaha and Erniwaty Ibrahim and Wesam Al Moudhun} } @article {2169, title = {Novel Coumarin-Indole Hybrids as Cytotoxic Candidates: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1105-1111}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1105}, abstract = {

Cancer is regarded as a nightmare for humanity and a challenging task for medical professionals. Twelve hydrides (2a-2l), made of trifunctionalized coumarin and various substituted indoles, were created in an effort to realize the hope of a cancer cure. The 4,5-dimethoxysalicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate were combined in a Knoevenagel reaction to create the coumarin component. The construction of the indole component involved converting various aminoindoles through diazotization and Sandmeyer reactions to twelve substituted indoles (1a-1l). These two components were combined through a Michael addition reaction to create the desired hybrids. Investigating their spectra released from various spectroscopical instruments allowed researchers to determine the 2D molecular frameworks of these hybrids. Studying the survival of nine tumor cell types after treatment with the synthesized hybrids enabled researchers to estimate there in vitro impact as cytotoxic candidates. By checking the cell viability using an MTT marker, it was possible to see that this effect was antiproliferative. The cytotoxicity measurements, IC50 scores, revealed a number of intriguing facts. To start, the synthetic hybrids displayed a relatively similar cytotoxic pattern against the cancerous cell lines under investigation. Second, compared to hybrids with chloride, hydroxyl, or methoxy substituents, fluorinated hybrids are more toxic to cancerous cells. Finally, hybrids with indole substituted at position-6 (2i-2l) have the highest cytotoxicity among those with indole functionalized at position-4 (2a-2d) or position-5 (2e-2h). From these facts, the authors concluded that hybrids with indole substituted at position-4 can represent potential candidates as antiproliferative applicants. Moreover, hybrid 2i may serve as a valuable model for creating potent anti-breast cancer therapies.

}, keywords = {Anti-breast cancer, Coumarin, Cytotoxicity, Indole, Michael addition, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.201}, author = {Sarah S. Ismael and Noor Ahmed M. Waheed and Seema Mahmood Kasim and Yasser Fakri Mustafa} } @article {2036, title = {Novel Point Mutations of the ace-1 Gene of Aedes aegypti Larva Treated with Methanolic Extract of Citrus hystrix}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {307-315}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Introduction: The mosquito species of Ae. aegypti is a vector of arthropod-borne diseases such as dengue haemorrhagic fever. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in Ae. aegypti that encoded by the ace-1 gene. Damage in the ace-1 gene as target of insecticide lead to the loss of the normal structure and function of AChE. However, damage in the ace-1 gene remains uncharacterised. The main aim of this study was to find out the point mutations of ace-1 gene in Ae. aegypti larvae treated with methanolic extract of Citrus hystrix leaves. Method: This experiment using a completely randomized design with two treatment groups. A container containing lethal concentration 50 of methanolic extract of C. hystrix leaves, and a control group containing only water with 0.5\% Tween-20. Each group contained 50 third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti, and each group was repeated four times. Observation was performed for 24 h for the number of survived and dead larvae. Survived and dead larvae were collected prior to the DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. The sequences of those two groups were then compared to determine the point mutations using genetyx ver 12. Results: The PCR products of both groups showed clear bands of 500-600 bp long. Furthermore, the presence of the mutation was confirmed by sequencing the PCR product of ace-1 between each treatment group. The survived larva in the extract-treated group showed more point mutation compared with that of dead larvae. Conclusions: This first report indicated that many mutations in the form of deletions and insertions in nitrogenous bases and different amino acid variations of the ace-1 gene of third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti after 24 h treated with methanolic extract of C. hystrix leaves than those in control group.

}, keywords = {ace-1 gene, Aedes aegypti, Citrus hystrix, Point mutation., Sequence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.80}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Heny Arwati and Sri Subekti and Etik Ainun Rohmah and Reviany Vibrianita Nidom and Setyarina Indrasari} } @article {2028, title = {Optimization of Xanthine Oxidase Activity, Phytochemical Screening, Toxicity Assay, and Antigout Activity of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {258-269}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: A medicinal plant from Central Kalimantan, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk., with a local name bajakah tampala, has long been used to treat gout or uric acid disease. This study aimed to develop the optimum conditions of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, phytochemical screening, and to obtain the antigout activity of S. littoralis Hassk. Methods: Before performing the phytochemical screening, we performed a simplicia maceration with water and 70\% ethanol solvents. The development of the optimum conditions for XO was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Toxicity assay (LC50) on both extracts was assessed by BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). The two extracts were then evaluated for antigout activity. Results: The yield of 70\% ethanol extract (11.24\%) was higher than the aqueous extract (7.29\%). The phytochemical screening on the simplicia and the two extracts positively contained steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The optimum conditions of XO activity were temperature of 20 {\textcelsius}, pH of 8.0, and xanthine concentration of 1.40 mM. The toxicity of the 70\% ethanol extract (LC50 662.25 mg/L) was stronger than the aqueous extract (LC50 774.68 mg/L). Moreover, the 70\% ethanol extract (IC50 224.14{\textpm}8.62 mg/L) showed higher XO inhibition than the water extract (IC50 348.83{\textpm}4.85 mg/L). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis showed that 70\% ethanol and water extracts inhibited XO competitively with the inhibition constant (KI) of 272.68 mg/L and 378.44 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: This preliminary study can be a reference that S. littoralis Hassk. is potentially an antigout.

}, keywords = {Box-Behnken Design, Gout, Lineweaver-Burk plot, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk, Xanthine Oxidase.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.72}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Trivadila and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ibnu Hari Sulistyawan} } @article {1968, title = {Preparation of Face Mask from Microalga Chlorella sp. and Its Potential as Antiaging}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {112-118}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

The mask with natural extracts is more acceptable by consumers at present. The Chlorella sp. is one of the microalgae which contain the antioxidant compound. The research aimed to obtain the best concentration of Chlorella sp. in the manufacturing of masks and to evaluate the sensory, physical properties, chlorophyll a b, carotenoid and its antioxidant compound. Non-factorial Completely Randomized Design with 4 level treatments was used in this study with different concentrations of Chlorella sp. powder whereas MW0 (without chlorella powder), MW1 (0.4\% chlorella powder), MW2 (0.5\% chlorella powder), MW3 (0.6\% chlorella powder), triplicated. The parameter assay was observed for sensory (color, texture, and odor), physical properties (homogeneity, pH, spreadability, drying time), chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and antioxidant activity. Based on the result of this study shows that the MW3 with 0.6\% of chlorella powder was the best treatment with sensory value (8.28, 7.08, 7.37); physical properties (homogenous, 5.3, 7.5 cm, 24-30 minutes), respectively. Meanwhile, chlorophyll a 0.67 mg/L, chlorophyll b 0.89 mg/L, total chlorophyll 1.63 mg/L, carotenoid 0.84 mg/L, the antioxidant activity of Chlorella sp. mask was 246.70 mg/L. Therefore, the present study suggested that the Chlorella sp. mask could be used in cosmeceutical products, and potentially as an antiaging.

}, keywords = {Antiaging, antioxidant activity, Chlorella sp, Face mask.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.15}, author = {Dian Iriani and Bustari Hasan and N Ira Sari and Vivi Alfionita} } @article {2092, title = {RETRACTED: Human Sperm for Basic Embryo Research And 3D Treatment of Patient-Representative Ovarian Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {626-632}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

The article has been retracted based on the authors{\textquoteright} request.

}, keywords = {3D treatment, Basic embryo research, Human sperm, Ovarian cancer cells, Public health.}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Wan Irjani Wan Ismail} } @article {2021, title = {The Risk Analysis of Patient Transfer Practice Events to Safety of Nurses and Patients of the TNI AU Dodi Sardjoto Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {429-432}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Work accidents can occur due to unsafe action and unsafe condition factors. This type of research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research (mix method) with a phenomenological approach that aims to determine the risks of patient transfer practices to the safety of nurses and patients. This research was conducted at the TNI AU Dody Sardjoto Hospital with a total sample of 51 people, the sampling technique is simple random sampling. Then in-depth interviews will be conducted on key informants, ordinary informants, and additional informants. Quantitative data analysis using chi square test and multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the history of disease (p = 0.010), physical activity (0.026), facilities and infrastructure (0.011), SOP (p = 0.000), and the environment (p = 0.000) influenced the safety of nurses. The results also showed that compliance with SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) was the most influential variable with B of 0.675. It is also known that the results of the path test have an indirect influence between nurse safety and patient safety is E2 = 0.887 or 88.7\%. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference to reduce the risk of patient transfer practice events to the safety of nurses and patients.

}, keywords = {Accident, Patient Transfer, Work safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.67}, author = {Muh. Nur Amal Sali and M. Furqan Naiem and Masyitha Muis and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Atjo Wahyu and Erniwati Ibrahim and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2101, title = {Spatial Distribution of Microplastic Contamination in Blood Clams (Anadara granosa) on the Jeneponto Coast, South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {680-690}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {680}, abstract = {

Plastic waste in oceans will threaten of marine biota. There is a very high degree of plastic pollution in Indonesia, however the distribution of microplastic contamination in seafood, particularly that ingested by the general populace as a daily meal from seas, is quite low. The purpose of this investigation is to map the distribution of microplastic contamination in blood clams (Anadara granosa) throughout the South Sulawesi coast. Observational study employing a spatial analysis exploratory design. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) and information on wind, currents, and tides are used to map the distribution of microplastic pollution. The Kriging model was used for their geographical analysis. Purposive sampling was used to collect a total of 25 samples of blood clams (Anadara granosa) from offshore locations, residential waterways, mangrove ecosystems, rivers, and river estuaries. The results showed that the highest distribution of microplastic contamination was found in mangrove ecosystem areas and residential waters, while the lowest was found in river areas. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) have high levels of microplastic contamination because of sources of plastic pollution that come from waste disposal activities. It became stuck in the fisheries and mangrove ecosystems along the coast. Oceanography has an impact on how currents and winds migrate from the northeast (where mangrove habitats are) to the north (where residential waters are), carrying microplastic particles. Provision of waste management facilities by the local government and using the depuration method to eliminate microplastics in blood clams (Anadara granosa) consumed by the community needs to be done to reduce the impact on ecology and health.

}, keywords = {Blood Clams (Anadara granosa), Coastal Coast., Microplastic Contamination, Spatial Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.137}, author = {Rachmat Saleh and Anwar Daud and Hasanuddin Ishak and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Stang and Agus B. Birawida and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2191, title = {Transmission of Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus in Several Asian Countries Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1244-1249}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1244}, abstract = {

Background: The serotype of the virus that causes infection in a person can influence the severity of the dengue disease experienced so it is necessary to monitor and understand the dengue virus serotypes circulating in an area. Method: We searched for studies through two electronic databases (Pubmed and Scince direct). In the first stage, database search, 74 studies were obtained. The criteria for including studies were four human dengue virus serotypes published in 2013 {\textendash} 2023. In the final search there were 10 studies included. Results: Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Singapore but DENV1 and DENV-2 are the main causes of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV- 1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Indonesia but the prevalence of certain serotypes can vary from year to year and between regions in the country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 have been reported in Nepal but DENV-2 is found in high altitude and cold weather areas. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Pakistan but serotype DENV-1 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in India, however serotype DENV-4 was found to be the main cause of dengue cases both alone and in combination with dengue causes in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Thailand but serotype DENV-2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Sri Lanka but serotype DENV- 2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in China but serotype DENV-2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Conclusion: Countries in Asia remain endemic for all four DENV serotypes, although some genotype- related evolution has been found in certain strains.

}, keywords = {Asian Countries, Dengue virus, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, Serotypes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.225}, author = {Nismawati Natsir and A Arsunan Arsin and Hasanuddin Ishak and Ilham Alimuddin and Masni Masni and Muhammad Nasrun Massi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2193, title = {Utilization of Rainwater as Consumable Water with Rainwater Harvesting Methods: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1254-1257}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1254}, abstract = {

Background: Water demand is expected to increase in all sectors. Rainwater can be a solution to the lack of the clean water crisis. The quality of rainwater harvested is highly dependent on the rainwater harvesting system. Methods: This literature review is a narrative review using sources from the Scopus and Pubmed databases. The keywords used were utilization, rainwater, and rainwater harvesting methods. Of the 30 references identified in the search phase, ten were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: Harvested rainwater can be used for multiple purposes such as watering plants, washing, bathing, and even cooking if the water quality meets health standards. There are three fundamental components that should be present within the rainwater harvesting system: 1) a rainwater pipe that traps water, e.g., utilizing the shape of the roof surface, 2) a water distribution system, i.e., a system that transports water from the roof to the superficies through a gutter, and 3) a reservoir that stores rainwater such as barrels, tubs, or ponds. Conclusions: Water conservation efforts are needed to meet the demand for water in the face of increasingly limited supply. Harvesting rainwater is one of the methods of water conservation that can be carried out by each household of the community to collect raw rainwater for consumption and use. If rainwater harvesting is practiced in a sustainable manner, it will help maintain water and environmental sustainability, thus supporting the livelihood of present and future generations.

}, keywords = {Consumable, Harvesting, Rainwater, Utilization, Water Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.227}, author = {Sandy Novryanto Sakati and Anwar Mallongi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Budimawan and Stang and Sukri Palutturi and Maria Kanan and Herawati} } @article {1821, title = {Alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV Inhibitory Activities of Ethanol Extract from Caesalpinia sappan, Andrographis paniculata, and Syzygium cumini}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {702-709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing global health problems of the 21st century. Antidiabetic medicine has been widely marketed with various mechanisms of action. However, there are side effects from these drugs. Therefore, most diabetic patients consume herbal as complementary. Plants that have been shown to have potential as an antidiabetic are Caesalpinia Sappan, Andrographis Paniculata and Syzygium Cumini. Objective: This study aims to examine the in vitro antidiabetic activity of single and combined ethanol extract of those three plants by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV (Dipeptidyl peptidase IV) enzymes. Materials and Methods: The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined using the paranitrofenil alfa-D-glukopiranosida (pNPG) reaction at a wavelength of 405 nm. Acarbose was used as the positive control. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity using H-Gly-Pro-AMC substrate and detected by fluorescence at λex = 365 nm and λem=415-445 nm. Sitagliptin was used as the positive control. LC-MS analysis was performed to identify the compounds contained in the combined extract. Results: Caesalpinia sappan showed better activity to inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzyme than acarbose at IC50 of 9,29 μg/mL. The combined extract obtained higher inhibition as DPP-IV inhibitor than single extract at 63, 69\%. The highest compound in the combined extract were 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4{\textquoteright}-hydroxybenzyl) chromone, Protosappanin E-1, Saurufuran B and candidate mass C36H38N4O5. Conclusion: These results indicate that single extract or combined extract potential as antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, DPP-IV Inhibitor, Syzygium cumini.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.89}, author = {Sabila Robbani and Berna Elya and Raditya Iswandana} } @article {1880, title = {Analysis Protein APOB and TroponinT in Obese Mice (Musmusculus) Induced by Static Magnetic Field as a Marker of Coronary Heart}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {627-631}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {627}, abstract = {

Obesity is closely related to cardiovascular disease. APOB protein was a better predictor of LDL particle count. Increased troponin T protein is also indicated as an indication of the risk of CHD disease. Static Magnetic Field (SMF) is an electromagnetic applied in therapy because only a simple magnetic disk is used to generate it both in vitro and in vivo. The use of SMF is considered to affect the biological state of cells so that it can affect weight loss in mice. The method used was male c57bl/6j mice with groups of Obes0, Obes2, Obes7, Obes 14, and Obes21 fed high-fat diet and then exposed to SMF with an intensity of 2mT for 1 hour. The results obtained were that there was a significant difference p=0.015 (p\<0.05) in the protein concentration of APOB and there was no significant difference in the concentration of cTnT taken from the blood serum of mice. The increase in APOB protein levels in each control group was not found to have an increase in cTnT protein so that the two proteins did not have a linear correlation between the two proteins 0.598 (p\>0.05). Most of the protein concentrations of APOB and cTnT decreased in concentration at longer days. It can be seen morphologically in the heart there is a decrease in the number of adipose cells.

}, keywords = {Cardiovaskular, Electromagnetic, Obesity, Protein.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.145}, author = {Puji Sari and Luluk Yunaini and Dwi Anita Suryandari and Widia Bela Oktaviani and Rahma Nur Istiqomah and Umiatin} } @article {1739, title = {Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Activity by Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Walp.) Leaves: Mechanism and Specificity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {76-84}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the potential antihypertensive mechanisms include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. So far, there is no in-depth study on the ACE inhibition activity of S. polyanthum, an ethnomedicinal plant used in treating hypertension. Thus, we aimed to study the ACE inhibition activity of S. polyanthum leaves by evaluating its potency, mechanism, and specificity. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were macerated in a bath-sonicator with either water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane producing aqueous (ASP), methanolic (MSP), ethyl acetate (EASP) and hexane (HSP) extracts. Each extract (100 μg/mL) were initially screened for ACE inhibition activity and then compared with standard drug, captopril (2.06 ng/mL), then the most active extract was further tested at 1 to 1000μg/ml. Inhibition mechanism was studied using zinc chloride and bovine serum albumin (BSA), while inhibition specificity was determined upon screening for α-chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibition activity. Results: ASP at 100 μg/ mL exhibited the highest inhibition activity (69.43 {\textpm} 0.60 \%) compared to MSP (41.63 {\textpm} 0.15 \%), EASP (9.62 {\textpm} 1.60 \%), and HSP (45.40 {\textpm} 0.15 \%). ASP showed dose-dependent ACE inhibition activity with IC50 of 41 μg/mL. ASP{\textquoteright}s ACE inhibition activity was significantly reduced in the presence of BSA, but not upon the presence of zinc chloride. ASP did not significantly inhibit α-chymotrypsin and trypsin. Conclusion: This study showed that the enzyme inhibition activity by S. polyanthum leaves was specific towards ACE. The ACE inhibition possibly occurs via protein precipitation and was non-dependent to the chelation with zinc at ACE active site.

Key words: Antihypertensive, ACE, Angiotensin converting enzyme, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.11}, author = {A Ismail and TAFT Anuar and IFM Suffian and AA Abdul Hamid and MN Omar and BE Mustafa and WAN Wan Ahmad} } @article {1754, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin Extracted from Microalgae Hematococcus pluvialis and Combinations with Palm Tocotrienol Rich-Fraction in RAW 264.7 Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {205-215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Astaxanthin and tocotrienols, known as antioxidants derived from natural compounds and shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of a combination of astaxanthin extracted from Hematococcus pluvialis microalga and palm tocotrienols rich-fraction (TRF) on inflammatory reaction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages cells. MTT assay was used to test cell viability and nitrite oxide (NO) was determined using Griess assay. Isobologram confirmed that the combined treatment produced synergistic effect and measurement of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) through ELISA assay. Our results showed that the combination of astaxanthin and TRF exhibited inflammatory markers such as NO production. The concentration of astaxanthin ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL and TRF at 4-25 μg/mL had no toxicity and achieved higher cell viability. The combination treatments led to more potent inhibition of NO production compared to single treatments. Combination Index (CI) was achieved from the combination treatments at IC80, resulting in synergism at a CI value of 0.81. Furthermore, ELISA showed that the combined treatment significantly further reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12. Our findings suggest that the combination of astaxanthin and TRF enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in stimulated macrophages and may act synergistically to produce health effects reducing inflammation.

Key Words: Inflammation, Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction, Astaxanthin, Antioxidant, Combination, Macrophages

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.26}, author = {KA Radzun and MHH Rusmidi and Aini and I Norisam and N Iran and F Pardi and A Ismail and WRWA Razak and SRA Hafid} } @article {1863, title = {Antioxidant Activity of DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP Methods, as well as Activity of Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibiting Enzymes from Tinospora crispa (L.) Stem Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {511-520}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this work was to get the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) using ultrasoundassisted extraction (UAE) with duration and amplitude changes to achieve optimal extraction conditions. The antioxidant potential of the extract as measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), CUPRAC (Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma), and its antidiabetic potential. Results: The third test of antioxidant methods showed that the measurement of antioxidant activity with, DPPH, CUPRAC, and FRAP gave significantly different results, but CUPRAC and FRAP gave the same response to the ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa stems, it can be concluded that the extract of Tinospora crispa stems in all treatments had strong antioxidant activity using either the CUPRAC or methods FRAP. In addition, it is very active as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha glucosidase. The optimum extract selected was extract B (extraction time was 35 minutes and amplitude 65\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 72.53 {\textpm} 0.18 mg/L and the FRAP method of 152.29 {\textpm} 2.16 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.30 {\textpm} 0.006 mg/L.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Tinospora crispa (L.), Ultrasound-assisted extraction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.128}, author = {Candra Irawan and Imalia Dwi Putri and Maman Sukiman and Andita Utami and Ismail and Ratna Komala Putri and Anisa Lisandi and Andrean Nur Pratama} } @article {1837, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Potential as an Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor in Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruit Peel Ultrasonic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {305-312}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {305}, abstract = {

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is native to the tropical region of Papua Island, Indonesia, and has traditionally been used as a herbal drink, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants, to treat diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to obtain the fruit peel extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The potential of the extract as an antioxidant using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and its potential as an antidiabetic through alpha glucosidase inhibition. The optimum extract selected was extract C (extraction time was 45 minutes and amplitude 60\%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 39.63 {\textpm} 0.009 mg/L and the FRAP method of 77.37 {\textpm} 0.8 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.45 {\textpm} 0.007 mg/L. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.100}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Andrean Nur Pratama and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni} } @article {1785, title = {Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth. Leaves as a New Promising Drug for Abscesses Caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {439-443}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause an abscess, a skin condition with a build-up of pus due to a fluid or pus-filled tissue covering. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract and its fraction from jawer kotok (Indonesian), Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth.) against abscess-causing bacteria, S. aureus and MRSA. Materials and Methods: Laboratory Experimental Design. C. atropurpureus was collected, macerated using 96\% ethanol extract, then fractionated using ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Antibacterial properties of ethanol extract and its fraction using S. aureus ATTC 25923 and MRSA. Statistical analysis used: descriptive statistics. Results: It was found that the MIC values for S. aureus ATTC 25923 and MRSA were in the range of 0.78\% - 1.56\% w/v and the MBC value for the two test bacteria was 1.56\% Conclusions: Ethanol extract and n.hexane fraction from C. atropurpureus were new drugs for abscess treatment. It is necessary to research the formulation and evaluation of the ethanolic extract and the n-hexane fraction from C. atropurpureus against the two bacteria that cause abscesses first.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth., Maceration, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.56}, author = {Resmi Mustarichie and Yoppi Iskandar and Nyi Mekar Saptarini} } @article {1746, title = {Does Soybean (Glycine max) Supplementation Increase Oocyte Viability, Decrease Oocyte Apoptosis and Improve Embryo Development Quality? An Experimental Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {133-140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {133}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the important factors in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is embryo quality that depends on oocyte quality. Maternal nutrition in form of soybean supplementation is thought to have benefits in oocyte quality. To determine the effect soybean supplementation to the embryo quality from oocyte side. Methods: This experimental study involved female mice from Swiss strain aged 6 weeks that were divided into two groups, group with soybean (soybean group/SG) and group without soybeans (pellet group/PG). Follicles were collected and denuded to get oocytes. The oocytes were stained with MitoTracker for assessing the mitochondrial membrane potential and TUNEL for assessing the apoptotic level. Colour intensity was assessed using a confocal microscope and determined using ImageJ software. Sperms were extracted surgically from the epididymis-vas deferens and performed preparation prior to intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure. Then, the embryos were cultured and observed for the quality. Result: In TUNEL test, the average colour intensity of the SG was lower compared to the PG, significantly (p=0.03). While in the Mito Tracker test, the average colour intensity for the SG was higher compared to PG, not significantly (p=1.08). In addition, the embryo development on Day-1 and Day-3 showed more good embryo quality of SG compared to PG, significantly (p=0.03). Conclusion: Soybean supplementation improved embryo quality at the cleavage stage by decreasing apoptosis of the oocytes rather than increasing the viability the oocytes.

Key words: Oocyte, Soybean, Apoptosis, Embryo development, Embryo quality.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.18}, author = {Silvia W Lestari and Khairunnisa F Ilato and M. Iqbal A Pratama and Husna Qonitah and Gito Wasian and Amandanu Bramantya and Firda A Husna and Ria Margiana and Gita Pratama} } @article {1798, title = {Effects of High Intensity Swimming on Heat Shock Protein 70, Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde of Rattus norvegicus Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {524-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {524}, abstract = {

Introduction: This study aims to analyze relationship between physical activity with high intensity swimming by proving the difference in the mean levels of HSP-70, SOD levels and MDA levels in male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) who perform vigorous-intensity physical activity compared to male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity. Method: This research is a laboratory experimental research. This research is a True Experimental Research type that uses a Post Test Only Control Group Design research design. The experimental unit consisted of 28 white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The study was started by dividing the rats into 2 groups. Group 0 who did not receive heavy physical activity treatment and group 1 who received heavy intensity physical activity treatment 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Results: The results of the Shapiro-Wilk test showed that the HSP-70 data were normally distributed (p\<0.05). SOD and MDA data for all groups were normally distributed (p\>0.05). The results of the Kruskal Wallis test showed that there was a significant difference in HSP-70 between groups (p \> 0.05), the results of the Mann Whitney test showed that the HSP-70 of the K0 group was significantly different from the K1 group. The results of the analysis of variance with Brown-Forsythe showed that there was a significant difference in SOD between groups (p \< 0.05). The results of the Games Howell test showed that the SOD of group K0 was significantly different from that of group K1. The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference in MDA between groups (p \< 0.05). The results of the LSD test showed that the MDA of the K0 group was significantly different from the K1 group. Conclusion: There is a difference in the mean levels of HSP-70 in white male rat (Rattus norvegicus) whoperform strenuous physical activity, lower than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity. There is a difference in the mean SOD levels in male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) which perform strenuous physical activity, lower than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not do strenuous physical activity. There is a difference in the mean MDA levels in male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) after doing strenuous physical activity, higher than male white rat (Rattus norvegicus) who do not engage in strenuous physical activity.

}, keywords = {HSP-70, MDA., SOD, Strenuous physical activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.66}, author = {Dody Taruna and Bambang Purwanto and Harianto Notopuro and Widjiati and Budi Utomo and Lilik Herawati and Reny I{\textquoteright}tishom and Aryati} } @article {1817, title = {Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on the Expression of FGF, MMP-9 and Occludin in the Repair of Gastric Mucosal Erosions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {660-671}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

This study was conducted to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and occludin in the repair of gastric mucosal erosions in Wistar rats was induced by administration of aspirin, one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These expressions are associated with changes in histopathological features. This experimental research used a posttest only control group design. The research sample was 28 male Wistar rats that met the inclusion criteria, but not met the exclusion criteria. The samples were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 as negative control and group 2 as positive control. Group 3 as treatment 1, which was given HBOT (hyperbaric oxygen therapy) 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 5 days, after aspirin induction at 30 mg/kgBW/day for 10 days. Group 4 as treatment 2, which was given HBOT 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 10 days, after aspirin induction at 30 mg/kgBW/day for 10 days. Each group was evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of FGF, MMP-9 and occludin, using the Remmele scale index, immune reactive score (IRS). The expressions were correlated with histopathological changes, using the HAI (Histology Activity Index) method. The results show that the HBOT 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 5 days and for 10 days, it can improve FGF (p=0.016) and occludin (p=0.021) expression significantly. The HBOT can also reduce inflammation (p=0.005), epithelial defects (p\<0.001) and MMP-9 expression (0.042). There is a significant difference in occludin expression (p=0.034) between 5-day HBOT and 10-day HBOT. However, there was no significant difference between the 5-day HBOT and the 10-day HBOT for reduce inflammation (p=0.845), epithelial defects (p=0.469), FGF expression (0.054) and MMP-9 expression (0.470). The provision of HBOT at 2.4 ATA significantly improved gastric mucosal erosion in NSAID-induced gastric mucosal erosion Wistar rats model, by decreasing MMP-9 expression, as well as increasing FGF and occludin expression. There is a significant difference in occludin expression between 5-day HBOT and 10-day HBOT.

}, keywords = {FGF, Gastric mucosal erosions, HBOT, MMP-9, Occludin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.85}, author = {M. Fathi Ilmawan and Soetjipto and M. Guritno Suryokusumo and M. Miftahussurur} } @article {1907, title = {The Effects of Leaves Extract of Toddalia aculeata on Body Weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Content and Resistive Index in Male Rats with High-Fat Diet}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {771-777}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dictamine is found in the Toddalia aculeata plant and is able to interact with Flavin- Containing Monooxygenase-3 (FMO3) in silico, which mediates endogenous atherosclerosis formation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of T. aculeata extract (TAE) administration on Body Weight (BW), Body Mass Index (BMI), Body Fat Content (BFC), and Resistive Index (RI) in rats with a high-fat diet. Methods: Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the negative control (NC), positive control (PC) + 2.98 μg/kg BW dictamine and treatment (TAE1-3) + 200, 400, and 800 mg/ kg BW TAE respectively. All rats were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 28 days. The data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA, repeated-measured ANOVA, and Friedman{\textquoteright}s tests with p\<0.05. Results: The average of rats{\textquoteright} BW in TAE2 (270{\textpm}13.78 g) and TAE3 (276.62{\textpm}40.31 g) was lower than that of the NC (304.12{\textpm} 4.16 g) but only the TAE2 group was significantly different (p=0.032). Rats in the TAE 1-3 groups had the average BMI (26.03{\textpm}5.61; 21.84{\textpm}0.81; 20.78{\textpm}2.17 g/cm3) significantly lower than the NC (29.61{\textpm}2.28 g/cm3) and the PC (28.67{\textpm}1.68 g/cm3) for TAE2 and 3. The same pattern was also observed in BFC. All treatment groups had significantly lower RI compared to the NC group (0.62{\textpm}0.07 cm). Conclusion: Administration of 400 and 800 mg/kg BW TAE for 28 days decreases BW, BMI, BFC, and RI in rats with a high-fat diet. Dictamine in the ethanol extract of T. aculeata leaves might contribute to the reduction of RI in rats with a high-fat diet.

}, keywords = {Body Fat Content, Body Mass Index, Obesity, Resistive Index, Toddalia Aculeata Extract.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.166}, author = {Prasetyo Sarwono Putro and Dono Indarto and Bambang Purwanto and Widyastuti Soewondo and Sulistyani Kusumaningrum and Khim Yatul Nguzum} } @article {1921, title = {The Ethanolic Extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower has Antioxidant, Anti-Gout, and Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {867-872}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {867}, abstract = {

The goal of this research was to explore the potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) flower extract as an antioxidant utilizing the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method; the possibility that it might be used as a treatment for gout by employing the 2,4,6-tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (TBHBA) technique, as well as the possibility that it could be used as an antibacterial agent against E. coli and B. subtilis. Results: The IC50 value for the extract{\textquoteright}s ability to serve as an antioxidant is 8.62{\textpm}0.006 mg/L, indicating that it is quite effective. In addition, the extract of ethanol possesses highly potent anti-gout properties, being capable of bringing about a 81.95{\textpm}0.1\% reduction in uric acid levels. In spite of this, the antibacterial properties of E. coli as well as B. subtilis bacteria were not particularly robust. Conclusion: The RnLK flower has the potential to produce alternative chemicals with the ability to reduce blood uric acid levels, but according to the results of the test, the antibacterial activity has little impact on E. coli and B. subtilis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, FRAP, RnLK, TBHBA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.181}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1807, title = {In Vivo Studies of Combined Probiotics on IFN-γ, Ig-E and Bronchial Muscular Layer of Rats with Allergic Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {598-603}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Background: Leuconostoc mesenteriodes and Lactobacillus brevis are being used as probiotic to improve the immune system. The effect of probiotic containing combination of the 2 bacteria on enhancing innate and adaptive immune responses is not fully understood. Objective: This was conducted to analyse the effect of probiotic containing in single or combination content of L. mesenteriodes (Lm) and L. brevis (Lb) on IFN-γ concentration, Ig-E concentration, and histopathology of bronchial muscular layer of ovalbumininduced allergic asthma. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 male Sprague Dawley rats (6{\textendash}8 weeks, 200-300 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups: NC (non-induced control group); NgC (OVA-induced control group), Lm (OVA +probiotics containing L. mesenteriodes), Lb (OVA + probiotics containing L. brevis), and Lm + Lb (OVA+probiotics containing combination of L. mesenteriodes and L. brevis). On 64-day, concentration of IFN-γ and Ig-E in serum were measured. Histology of bronchus was performed. Results: IFN-γ concentration, Ig-E The administration of single or combined probiotics increased IFN-γ (p\<0.001), yet decreased IgE (p\<0.001) of all treatment groups, but only a combination of both probiotics reduced the thickness of the bronchial epithelium. Conclusion: The combination of Lm and Lb single or combined probiotics improve systemic and local anti-inflammation effects and ameliorate airway remodelling in the ovalbumin-induced chronic asthma rat model.

}, keywords = {Asthma, Bronchus histopatology, IFN-γ, Ig-E, Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteriodes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.77}, author = {Pujiati Pujiati and Soetrisno and Dono Indarto and Reviono} } @article {1852, title = {Indonesian Medicinal Plants with Anti-inflammatory Properties and Potency as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Herbal Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {432-444}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Indonesia is a tropical country with mega-biodiversity. Several medicinal plants locally have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and are traditionally used to help treat respiratory diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the diseases known as the high cause of death globally, and one of the treatment efforts is by using anti-inflammatory drugs. In developing alternative remedies for COPD, this review summarizes the potential of Indonesian medicinal plants and their ingredients known to have an anti-inflammatory activity to develop alternative remedies for COPD. Primarily, we focus on the medicinal plants that have been scientifically proven to pose some biological activities, such as legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia), celery (Apium graveolens), pegagan (Centella asiatica), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), and kersen (Muntingia calabura). This review is expected to provide more information about Indonesian medicinal plants and their potencies to be developed as COPD herbal medicine and, further, as a treatment to help patients suffering from coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, Biological activity, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Indonesian medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.119}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Trivadila and Dyah Iswantini and Hiroshi Takemori and Mamoru Koketsu and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ahmad Sjahriza and Betty Marita Soebrata and Armi Wulanawati} } @article {1789, title = {Inhibitory Capacity of Xanthine Oxidase in Antigout Therapy by Indonesian Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {470-479}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {470}, abstract = {

The traditional medicine has been used in Indonesia since the days of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom (about 12 centuries ago). Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants. For this reason, it is necessary to inform the broader community regarding medicinal plants in Indonesia that have the potential as antigout. The prevalence of gout in Indonesia is in the range of 1.6-13.6 per 100,000 people and will increase with age. There are 25 species of Indonesian plants that have more than 50\% xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibitory activity. XO is responsible for catalyzing hypoxanthine to xanthine then producing uric acid, accompanied by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during catalysis. The magnitude of the inhibitory power to XO ranged from 50.00{\textpm}1.16\% to 97.53\%. The lowest inhibitory power of 50.00{\textpm}1.16\% was in Phaleria macrocarpa, while Orthosiphon aristatus had the highest inhibitory power of 97.53\%. The major compounds that inhibit xanthine oxidase are flavonoids. The structural similarity of flavonoids in rings A and C with xanthine as a substrate causes hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces between flavonoids and XO. It means that flavonoids bind to the XO active site, thereby preventing the formation of uric acid. The type of inhibitory kinetics that occurs between flavonoids and XO is competitive inhibition. Five plants with competitive inhibition kinetics against XO are Sida rhombifolia, Syzygium polyanthum, Cyperus rotundus, Ruellia tuberosa and Phaleria macrocarpa.

}, keywords = {Competitive inhibition kinetics, Flavonoid, Gout, Indonesia, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.60}, author = {Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Suminar Setiati Achmadi} } @article {1848, title = {Multi Bacterial Infection in Immunocompromised Patient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {402-406}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {402}, abstract = {

Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised cancer patients due to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or anti-inflammatory therapy. Approximately 0.9\%-39\% of cancer patients with febrile non neutropenia has bacteremia and about 7.3\% of cancer patients hospitalized have positive bacterial blood cultures. Multi-bacterial infection with Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) in immunocompromised cancer patients complicates therapy and is often fatal. A 6 years old boy diagnosed with left orbital tumor intracranial infiltration. Physical examination: lump in the left eye {\textpm} 8 x 10 cm, solid, reddish in color, there was a wound on the left eye {\textpm} 12 x 10 cm; Temperature 390C. Hematology examination Hb 10.3 g / dL; PLT 156 x103 / uL; WBC 28.92 x103 / uL. Blood culture results: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin and Enterococcus faecium resistant to Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Trimetoprim, Erythromycin, and Clindamycin. Results of pus culture from the left eye wound was Staphylococcus intermedius resistant to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin. Based on the results of blood and pus culture, all bacterial isolates included multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO). Multidrug resistant organisms are microorganisms, especially bacteria that are resistant to at least 1 antibiotic of three or more categories. Cancer patients are susceptible to infection with multi-drug resistant bacteria because of their decreased immune system, especially after undergoing chemotherapy. Appropriate antibiotic treatment determines patient morbidity and mortality. Infection due to multi-bacteria accompanied by multi-drug resistance in immunocompromised patients is a condition that has to be treated immediately since the onset of the disease to reduce morbidity and mortality.

}, keywords = {Immunocompromised, Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), Sepsis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.114}, author = {Ummi Nafi{\textquoteright}atil Ilmi and IGAA Putri Sri Rejeki} } @article {1910, title = {Nano Transdermal Delivery Potential of Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. (Brown Algae) as Chemoprevention Agent for Breast Cancer Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {789-795}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Conventional chemotherapy substances are associated with mild to severe side effects that affect both healthy and cancer cells. It is presumed to improve therapeutic efficacy in coexistence reducing chemotherapy{\textquoteright}s side effects. Fucoidan is an anticancer bioactive compound derived from Sargassum sp. that has low cytotoxic activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of anticancer activities of fucoidan from Sargassum sp. against breast cancer then analyze the suitability of nano transdermal patch of fucoidan and blueprint the long-term research design of nano transdermal patch as a chemoprevention agent in the chemotherapeutic management of breast cancer. This research was performed through a literature study and in silico study by imposing carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) as a marker of hypoxia and metastatic state of cancer cells. The results showed that the fucoidan from Sargassum sp. effectively induced apoptosis and prevented metastasis of breast cancer cells through the Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and bad pathways. Fucoidan, in addition, was predicted to inhibit CA IX by Glu4 Glu5, Leu7, Pro8, and Asp6 residues. Therefore, the delivery of fucoidan is favored to have a local effect on the site of breast cancer cells by nano transdermal patch preparations using fucoidan nanoparticle polymer. Further nano transdermal patch development as a treatment for breast cancer is suggested through the stages of formulation optimization, optimum formula activity testing, patent filing, and distribution in health services.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Breast cancer, Fucoidan, Nano transdermal, Sargassum sp. .}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.169}, author = {Syeftyan Muhammad Ali Hamami and Michelle Fai and Ahmad Fariduddin Aththar and M Nizam Zulfi Zakaria and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Maksim Rebezov and Nikolai Maksimiuk and Nataliya Kulmakova and Evgeniya Latynina and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Oski Illiandri and Khoirun Nisyak and Ernarisa Fitri} } @article {1780, title = {Optimization of the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Fruit Peel and its Antioxidant and Anti-Gout Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {397-405}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the skin extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters, and its potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl rind obtained from the UAE process ranged from 18 to 21\%. The phytochemical test results of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel extract contain phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Extract B was treated for 35 minutes and had an amplitude of 65\% with an antioxidant activity IC50 of 52.01 {\textpm} 0.06 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 90.49 {\textpm} 0.08. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the fruit peel of Phaleria macrocarpa from the UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl., Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.51}, author = {Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Aulia Noviyanti} } @article {1784, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {432-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65\% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 {\textpm} 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81{\textpm}0.2 \%, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata Nees, Anti-gout, Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.55}, author = {Ismail and Candra Irawan and Maman Sukiman and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and M. Ilham Kumala Zalni and Ratna Komala Putri} } @article {1768, title = {Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tinospora crispa Stem, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti Gout Potential Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {308-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {308}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson obtained from the UAE process ranged from 4.49\% to 10.60\%. The phytochemical test results of Tinospora crispa stem extract contain saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Extract C was treated for 45 minutes and had an amplitude of 60\% with a total phenolic content of 981.37 {\textpm} 0.7 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 53.22 {\textpm} 0.1\%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the Tinospora crispa stem from the UAE has the potential as a source of anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout potential activity, Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f \& Thomson Stem, total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.39}, author = {Maman Sukiman and Candra Irawan and Ismail and Imalia Dwi Putri and Andita Utami and Avisani Dewanta and Wira Aditia Septian} } @article {1769, title = {Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {315-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic drugs, Antioxidants, Geranium ruizii, Herbal therapy, Medicinal plants, Pasuchaca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.40}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Renan Dilton Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Melva Iparraguirre-Meza and Mildred Hilda C{\'o}ndor- Privat and Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo and Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman and Rossibel Juana Mu{\~n}oz-de-la-Torre} } @article {1864, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti- Inflammatory Potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the secondary metabolite compound in the flower extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnK); The potential of the extract as a radical scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); and its potential as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results: Phytochemical screening results on the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flowers revealed the presence of steroid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract has a strong ability to scavenge DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 77.07 {\textpm} 0.05 mg/L. Besides that, the ethanol extract has very strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 13.88 {\textpm} 0.2 mg/L. Conclusion: According to these findings, the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flower can be used as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Anti-inflammatory., BSA, RnK}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.129}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1762, title = {The Potential Effect of Nigericin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus Against the Syndemic of Malaria and COVID-19 through Molecular Docking Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {268-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {268}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is a constantly challenging problem, notably in the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The syndemic condition, malaria-COVID-19 co-infections, had been reported. Our previous study successfully revealed several compounds from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus, including nigericin that has both antimalarial and antiviral effects. In malaria infection, Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT) is the potential target for eliminating Plasmodium. Meanwhile, for SARS-CoV-2 infection, MPro is an essential protein for SARS-CoV-2 survival. This research aims to examine the potential effect of nigericin towards Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 by assessing its molecular interaction with PfCRT and MPro through molecular docking study. Methods: The protein target PfCRT and MPro were obtained from Protein Data Bank. Nigericin and the control ligand (chloroquine and N3) were obtained from PubChem. The pharmacokinetic analysis was done using SwissADME. Specific molecular docking was conducted using PyRx 0.9 and was visualized using LigPlot and PyMOL. Results: Nigericin has a large molecular weight, leading to the non-fulfillment of the Lipinski rule for oral administration. Through molecular docking study, the binding affinity of the Nigericin-PfCRT complex was -8.1 kcal/mol, and Nigericin-MPro was -8.6 kcal/mol. These binding affinities were stronger than the control ligand. The interaction between Nigericin-PfCRT and Nigericin-MPro share a similar pocket-site and amino acid residues as the control ligands. Conclusion: Nigericin has potential antimalarial and anti-coronavirus effects through molecular docking perspective by assessing the binding affinity and similarity of amino acid residues compared to control. Administration of systemic route can be an option in giving nigericin.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Malaria, Molecular docking, Nigericin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.33}, author = {Faratisha IFD and Cahyono AW and Erwan NE and Putri AM and Ariel DG and Yunita KC and Nugraha RYB and Mardhiyyah K and Fitri LE} } @article {1911, title = {The Potential of Antivirus Compounds in Gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.) in Inhibiting 3CLpro Receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused pandemic disease since the end of 2019. Virus transmission occurs through droplet and infects the host{\textquoteright}s respiratory tract rapidly. Viral propagation occurs through translation process of genome +ssRNA, then it being replicated forming some new body parts of virus and assemblied into virions that ready to infect. During the replication process, the translated viral genome in the form of polyprotein will be cut into smaller components by proteases, which one is 3CLpro. The presence of the 3CLpro receptor is used in drug development through in-silico molecular docking process to minimize failures before laboratory test. The antivirus compounds that used to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor are from gletang plant (Tridax procumbens Linn.). This study aim is to determine the value of binding affinity, the interaction between compounds and receptor, and the effect of drug components. The research was conducted by in-silico through the molecular docking process of 3CLpro receptor and antivirus compounds of gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.), including betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan. The results showed that the binding affinity of betulinic acid was -6.6 kcal/mol, kaempferol was -5.6 kcal/ mol and lignan was -5.4 kcal/mol. The interaction form of compounds and receptor was hydrogen bond, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals. Compared to baicalein compound as a positive control with the value of binding affinity was -6.7 kcal/mol and its interaction with 3CLpro receptor, showed betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan have smaller ability but they have the potential to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor.

}, keywords = {3CLpro receptor, Antivirus, Gletang, In-silico, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.170}, author = {Yuna Islamiati and Yani Suryani and Ayuni Adawiyah and Opik Taufiqurrohman and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Maksim Rebezov and Shimanovskaya Yanina and Belyakova Natalia and Dmitriy Kulikov and Gulnara Mullagulova and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Thoriq Albari} } @article {1845, title = {Potential of Rhinachanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Leaves Extract as an Antioxidant and Inhibitor of α-Glucosidase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {373-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this study is to learn more about the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) leaf extract. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique was used to extract the leaf material, and the solvent used was ethanol with a 70\% concentration. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracted material was determined. The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method was used to examine antioxidant activity, whereas α-glucosidase activity was used to test antidiabetic action. Results: The ethanol extract of RnLK leaves yielded 8.36\%, with a TPC of 607.1{\textpm}0.2 mg GAE/g sample. The IC50 value for leaf extract antioxidant activity was 19.1{\textpm}0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, the leaf extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and has an IC50 value of 81.3{\textpm}3 mg/L, making it an antidiabetic. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of RnLK leaves can be used as an alternative antioxidant and antidiabetic material, according to the findings of this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, CUPRAC method, RnLK, UAE, α-glucosidase activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.110}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1915, title = {Prostate Cancer: Causes and Medicinal Plants Used in Africa for Twenty Years (2001-2021)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {822-828}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {822}, abstract = {

Prostate cancer is one of deadliest cancers in the universe especially in Africa. A lot of work has been done on the treatment and control of breast cancer, colon/colorectal cancer, skin cancer, etc. Only a few works on prostate cancer has been published in literature. The conventional method of treatment used is almost not affordable by many cancer patients due to high cost of drugs and therapy. Also, the cumulative side effects arising from the treatment is enormous to patients. Hence, there is need to exploit local herbs that contain active anticancer ingredients that are readily available and affordable with little or no side effects. The present review was carried out to evaluate published works on medicinal plant species used for treatment and control of prostate cancer in Africa for twenty years (2001-2021). A total number of 48 plant species with 40 families were retrieved from database using ScienceDirect, Google scholar, Web of Science, Springerlink, Scopus, PubMed, and BioMed. All the plant species were reported to possess cytotoxic activity against prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. The most cited plant species according to literature sources are Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Plumbago zeylanica, Gongronema latifolium and Mangifera indica. Plant families that were used more in treating prostate cancer were Apocynaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, Bignoniaceae, Lamiaceae. We conclude that more research be carried out on the medicinal plants{\textquoteright} usage on the treatment of prostate cancer and further bio-prospecting drugs from the enlisted plants should explored by the pharmaceuticals in Africa.

}, keywords = {Cure, Death, Ethnobotany, Families, Phytomedicine, Tumour}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.174}, author = {Oludare Oladipo Agboola and Samuel Bawa Ijimbili and Gift Onyinyechukwu Ofuasia and Joseph Anejo-Okopi and Jasini Alexander Wahedi and Joshua Oluwole Olowoyo} } @article {1734, title = {Protein from Phaleria macrocarpa Fruit Aqueous Extract Inhibits Early and Late Replication Phases of Human Herpes Virus Type-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit is known to have protein but the antiviral activity potential has not been explored. Objective: To determine the antiviral activity of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein aqueous extract (PMFPAE) and the fractions against human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1). Methods: Protein from P. macrocarpa fruit aqueous extract was precipitated using ammonium sulphate and followed by fractionation on Sephadex G-25. Cytotoxicity was determined in Vero cells and followed by determination of antiviral activity by plaque reduction assay against a clinical strain of HHV-1. Effect of PMFPAE on virus replication was determined in pre-treatment, time-addition and time-removal assays. Results: PMFPAE and its fractions were non-cytotoxic to Vero cells with 50\% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) values ranged between 96 {\textpm} 1.3 to 1450 {\textpm} 2 μg/mL. PMFPAE have good anti-HHV-1 activity with Selective Index (SI) of 80.6 but reduces in fractions P1 to P6 ranging between 4.2 and 67.9. Fractions with high SI were P1 and P2 contained high molecular weight (MW) proteins and P6 has the lowest MW suggestively peptides. Treatment with PMFPAE to host cells prior to virus infection had little effect on inhibiting HHV-1 replication. Treatment with PMFPAE affects virus early and late replication phase with plaque inhibition percentage increased during 10th to 16th hour post-infection. Conclusion: PMFPAE contained non-cytotoxic proteins that affects HHV-1 early and late replication phases. Proteins with high antiviral activity resides in fractions with high MW and very low MW peptides.

Key words: Phaleria macrocarpa fruit protein, Fractionation, Cytotoxicity, Anti-Human herpes virus type-1.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.6}, author = {Mahmud Yusef Yusef Ismaeel and Herryawan RE Dyari and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1838, title = {Quantification of total polyphenols and flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of Imperata cylindrica root ethanol extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {327-337}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {327}, abstract = {

Introduction: Imperata cylindrica, commonly known as cogon grass, is currently widely distributed and used as a medicinal plant. The major compounds that have been isolated and identified are polyphenols and flavonoids, which have many biological activities such as antioxidant, and anticancer. Polyphenols and flavonoids are mostly found in the roots and leaves. This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening on I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen, Central Java, Indonesia and determine the total polyphenol, flavonoid, antioxidant activity and quantify Sinensetin and Imperatorin contents of the extract. Method: Quantification of all parameters were measured using visible spectrophotometric methods. Total polyphenol, total flavonoid contents, as well as antioxidant activity were measured using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride reagent, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, respectively, and quantification of Sinensetin and Imperatorin were measured using High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Results: I cylindrica root ethanol extract had a total polyphenol content of 1.109\% gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 0.1\% quercetin equivalent, and antioxidant activity IC50 824.30 μg/ml. Sinensetin and Imperatorin were also identified in Fractions 1 to 11 with concentrations of 0.0157 and 0.0178 mg/kg extract, respectively. Conclusion: I. cylindrica root ethanol extract from Sragen had active phytochemical compounds of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidants as well as Sinensetin and Imperatorin.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Imperata cylindrica, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.103}, author = {Raden Anita Indriyanti and Eko Fuji Ariyanto and Hermin Aminah Usman and Ristaniah Rose Effendy and Diah Dhianawaty} } @article {1906, title = {Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Erythema Nodosum Leprosum in Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital Surabaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {766-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {766}, abstract = {

Background: Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous infection and is one of the neglected diseases caused by Mycobacterium leprae. ENL is a complex syndrome, that caused inflammation of the skin, nerves, and other organs due to an inflammatory immune response to Mycobacterium leprae antigens. Acute ENL was defined as the first episode of ENL with a duration of less than 24 weeks. Chronic ENL was defined as ENL that persisted for more than 24 weeks. These types of ENL can have different risk factors and require different therapeutic interventions. Purpose: The onset of ENL is acute, but may progress to a chronic or recurrent phase and require long-term therapy. Early detection of leprosy is very important, because the infection is curable and prompt treatment can reduce nerve damage and associated stigma. Chronic ENL patients require prolonged high doses of corticosteroids to control inflammation in ENL and cause severe complications and side effects associated with morbidity and mortality. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted using a non-probability sampling technique consecutively using a casecontrol formula in leprosy patients with ENL in the Leprosy Division of the Outpatient Dermatology and Venereology Unit RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya for the period 2015 {\textendash} 2020, using secondary data in the form of medical record data. Result: The results of this study obtained leprosy patients with ENL as many as 234 patients, 56 patients with acute ENL and 89 patients with chronic ENL. 45 patients with acute ENL and 45 patients with chronic ENL were obtained from the case-control minimal sample size formula. Conclusion: The results of the bivariate analysis test showed that there was a relationship between risk factors for coinfection and steroid therapy with the type of ENL. The presence of coinfection and steroid therapy showed that patients tend to be chronic ENL, conversely, in the absence of coinfection and without steroid therapy, patients tend to be acute ENL. The multivariate logistic regression analysis test showed a significant association between risk factors for ENL onset before MDT and the presence of coinfection with chronic ENL, whereas ENL onset after MDT and absence of coinfection were associated with acute ENL.

}, keywords = {Acute ENL, Chronic ENL, ENL, Leprosy, Neglected disease., Risk factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.165}, author = {Ditya Indrawati and Linda Astari and Afif Nurul Hidayati and Sawitri, Damayanti and Budi Utomo and Bagus Haryo Kusumaputra and Medhi Denisa Alinda and Cita Rosita Sigit Prakoeswa and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {1786, title = {Ten Commonly Available Medicinal Plants in Malaysia with Potential Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {444-455}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

Background: Malaysia has a diverse range of medicinal plants that utilized to make effective nutritional, folk medicine, and cosmetic preparations. Natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plant extracts have recently gained popularity as protective ingredients in sunscreen formulations due to their safety, wide range of biological effects on skin, and environmental sustainability in absorbing Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and preventing skin damage. Prolonged exposure to UV rays may cause skin damages like sunburn, photoaging, erythema, edema, wrinkle, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen products are becoming more popular among consumers who are becoming more aware of the risks of excessive UV and chemicals in beauty and personal care products. Objective: This review aimed to provide brief information about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties. Methods: In the present review, the relevant literatures were an extensive search from various scientific database including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Graptophyllum pictum, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Andrographis paniculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Camellia sinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Nephelium lappaceum and Murraya koenigii were included based on its potential sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant properties. Results: All the ten medicinal plants reported in this review found to have potential antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. All of these findings well correlated to their potential SPF. The M. indica extracts had the highest SPF value among the ten plant extracts reported in this review, with a value of >=30. This is considered high sun protection action. Extracts of A. paniculata, M. citrifolia, C. sinensis, and G. pictum have a moderate photoprotective effect (SPF value of >=15). Sun protection activity was low in M. oleifera and S. caseolaris (SPF value <= 2). Conclusion: The identification of natural antioxidant and photoprotective ingredients from medicinal plants has demonstrated as a potential natural sunscreen product in protecting UV radiation against damaging UV rays, and therefore recommended to utilize them to replace synthetic chemicals in cosmetics development in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Medicinal plants, Sun protection factor, total flavonoid, Total phenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.57}, author = {Noor Diyana Ibrahim and Lay Jing Seow and Mahendran Sekar and Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani and Pei Teng Lum} } @article {1818, title = {Total Polyphenols, Total Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity and Inhibition of Tyrosinase Enzymes from Extract and Fraction of Passiflora ligularis Juss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {672-680}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {672}, abstract = {

Background: Sweet granadilla (Passiflora ligularis Juss) grows in the cool highlands of Indonesia, one of which is the province of West Sumatera. Sweet granadilla has potent antioxidant activity and can inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme. Objective: This study was performed to determine content of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, tyrosinase inhibition in different part of P. ligularis extract and fraction. Materials and Methods: Leaves, stems, peels and seeds P. ligularis were separately extracted by the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method using 70\% ethanol. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate and distilled water. The ethanol extract and active fraction were determining antioxidant activity using FRAP and DPPH method, inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme, total polyphenol and total flavonoid content. This study was equipped with analysis of light microscopy, SEM microscopy and LC-MS. Results: The highest total polyphenol content was found in the seed extract 176.22 {\textpm} 1.51 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoid content was found in leaves extract 5.77 {\textpm} 0.48 mg QE/g extract. The highest antioxidant activity by FRAP method was found in seeds extract 80.79 {\textpm} 1.29 g Fe2SO4 equivalent/100 g extract and DPPH method was found in stem extract with IC50 value 9.00 {\textpm} 0.09. The highest percentage of tyrosinase inhibition (1 mg/ml) was found in seed extract 52.4 {\textpm} 2,55 \%. In fraction of seed extract show that ethyl acetate fraction most active than others. Conclusion: These results indicate that ethyl acetate fraction of seed P. ligularis has potent antioxidants and good inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Passiflora ligularis Juss, Sweet granadilla., Tyrosinase, Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.86}, author = {Selvia Wiliantari and Raditya Iswandana and Berna Elya} } @article {1347, title = {Analysis of Several Inflammatory Markers Expression in Obese Rats given Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {172-178}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {172}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress is one of the inflammatory events caused by obesity. This condition is characterized by an increase in various inflammatory markers, such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and a cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40). This study aimed to analyze the effect of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng ethanol extract on ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and CD40 in obese rats. Methods: The study used a pure experimental method with a completely randomized design. There were 6 groups, namely, C- (negative control), C+ (positive control), CMC (soluble control), EE300 (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 300 mg/kg body weight [BW]), EE600 (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 600 mg/kg BW) and EE900 groups (P. amboinicus ethanol extract, 900 mg/kg BW). Results: The results showed low levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in the blood plasma, especially in the EE900 group, but the difference was not substantial. The same trend also occurred in the expression of CD40 in the tunica intima layer of the rat aorta. Conclusions: Thus, the administration of 900 mg/kg BW P. amboinicus ethanol extract for 45 days has the potential to treat obesity in rats through the suppression of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and CD40).

}, keywords = {Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, immunohistochemistry, Obese, Plant extract, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.24}, author = {Karnirius Harefa and Delmi Sulastri and Ellyza Nasrul and Syafruddin Ilyas} } @article {1422, title = {Antiviral Activity of an Extract from Leaves of the Tropical Plant Cynometra cauliflora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {752-757}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {752}, abstract = {

Background: Cynometra cauliflora is a species of tree in the family Fabaceae and has been used in folk medicinal preparation. Objectives: In this study, Cynometra cauliflora methanolic leaves extract was tested against clinical isolate herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). Materials and Methods: The leaves of C. cauliflora plant was extracted using methanol extraction method. Cytotoxicity was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Plaque reduction assays were carried out to evaluate the antiviral activity of C. cauliflora extract against HSV-1. These include post-treatment, pre-treatment and virucidal assays. Results: The value of cytotoxic concentration, CC50 of C. cauliflora extract was 36 mg/ mL. High antiviral activity was observed in post-treatment. C. cauliflora extract treatment was found to not interfere directly to infectious particle and confer mild protection when given as prophylaxis. Conclusion: This study provides important novel insights on the phytomedicinal properties of C. cauliflora extracts on HSV-1.

}, keywords = {(3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide); virucidal., Cynometra cauliflora, Herpes simplex virus type 1, plaque reduction assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.96}, author = {Noor Zarina Abd Wahab and Aziah Azizul and Norhidayah Badya and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1661, title = {Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus Nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and Its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1297-1303}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aims to obtain a stem bark extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and reveal: the total phenolic content in the extract; The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with copper-reducing strength parameters, and its potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity. Results: The crude ethanol extract of R. nasutus stem bark obtained from the UAE process was 7.4896 g with a yield of 4.99\%. The high total phenolic content, namely 677.3343{\textpm}0.0007 mg GAE / g sample, the antioxidant activity test using the CUPRAC method gave an IC50 value of 18.43{\textpm}0.20 mg / L. In addition, the ethanol extract of stem bark has a high ability to inhibit the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 10.95{\textpm}0.28 mg / L. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus from UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase enzyme, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total phenolics content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.164}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1383, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation of Five Ocimum Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {463-474}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {463}, abstract = {

There are about 150 species of Ocimum in the world and out of that 68 species are found in India. Comparative pharmacognostic study of these Ocimum species is unspecified. Growing demand of Ocimum plants demands quality standards for correct identification of desired Ocimum species. Objectives: Hence aim of present study is to establish comparative pharmacognostical, phytochemical and biological standards for most commonly found and morphologically confusing five species of Ocimum. Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic, preliminary phytochemical evaluations, extraction of essential oils, TLC analysis, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial potency of selected five species carried out and compared. Results: This comparative study reports that O. sanctum should be preferred in medicine use among selected five species based on phytochemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial potency.

}, keywords = {Ocimum americanum, Ocimum basilicum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.59}, author = {Sharada L Deore and Shital R Ingole and Bhushan A Baviskar and Anjali A kide} } @article {1626, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Root Extract Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1014-1018}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1014}, abstract = {

Background: Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) or Tongkat Ali is a tree that grows in southeast Asia, the roots of which contain bioactive components that exhibit cytotoxic properties against various cancer cell lines. However, no study has been conducted to relate the cytotoxic properties against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a type of cancer that shows poor prognosis for metastatic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the E. longifolia root extract exerts cytotoxic activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell lines. Materials and Method: E. longifolia root extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction method and by using two different solvents; ethanol and dicholoromethane. MTS assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the root extracts against ORL-115 cell line for three different incubation time which were 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour. Results: Ethanol extract was significantly more potent compared to DCM extract. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The IC50 of ethanol extract were 232.1 μg/ml, 66.86 μg/ml and 42.6 μg/ml. Meanwhile the IC50 of DCM extract were 678.87 μg/ml, 136.71 μg/ml, 73.72 μg/ml for 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour incubation period respectively. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts increased as the incubation time prolonged. The cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract at each incubation time was significantly different from DCM extract except at 72 hours. Conclusion: E. longifolia root extracts exerted cytotoxic activity against the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell line. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts were dose dependent and time dependent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, E. longifolia, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.131}, author = {Nur Haseena Kajahmohideen and Siti NurSyafiqah Razi and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Abdelkader Elbadawy Ashour and Anisa Kusumawardani and Essam A. Makky and OE Ibrahim} } @article {1674, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Peronema canescens Jack Leaves on Human Cells: HT-29 and Primary Adenocarcinoma Colon Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1389-1396}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Background: In Indonesia, this species was well known in Sumatera, Kalimantan, Java, and Sulawesi. Peronema canescens Jack (Sungkai) was traditionally used as an anti-flatulent, fever, toothache. Sungkai leaves contain many secondary metabolites with potential anticancer activity. The reported anticancer research was still limited to the cytotoxic activity of chloroform extract on the HT-29 colon cancer cell line. However, it was necessary to uncover the underlying mechanism. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism (such as cell cycle inhibition, induces cells apoptosis, and necrosis) of subfraction chloroform (SF3) from P. canescens extract has anticancer activity on HT-29 cells and primary Adenocarcinoma (AdenoCa pT3N1cM1) colon cancer cells. Materials and Methods: The extraction by maceration method using methanol solvent, the fractionation process was using vacuum column chromatography (VCC) with polarity gradient eluent. The cytotoxicity of SF3 was measured by MTT assay. The cell cycle inhibition, apoptosis induction, and necrosis cells were evaluated with the Flow cytometry method. Results: Cytotoxicity value (IC50) against AdenoCa cells was 1.897 μg/ml. The inhibition activity of synthesis and mitosis phase in cell cycle demonstrated that the different concentrations of SF3 have inhibition activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ml) of 26.79\% and 0.16\%, AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) of 10.27\% and 19.29\%, respectively. For induced apoptosis activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ml) and AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) were 26.58\% and 11.50\%, successively. Whereas, necrosis activity on HT-29 (29.614 μg/ ml) and AdenoCa cells (14.807 μg/ml) were 0.02\%, and 9.56\%, respectively. Conclusion: The subfractions chloroform (SF3) of P. canescens extract has potential activity on HT-29 and Adenocarcinoma cells through cell cycle inhibition, induces apoptosis and necrosis cells.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Colon cancer cells, Necrosis, Peronema canescens Jack}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.176}, author = {Arsyik Ibrahim and Siswandono and Bambang Prajogo EW} } @article {1426, title = {The Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract on salivary S. Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans Isolated from High-Risk Caries Adult Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {787-791}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {787}, abstract = {

Introduction: The roots of E. longifolia jack (E.L.) or Tongkat Ali have been used in traditional medicine as well as supplements and food additives. Many chemical compounds have been detected in extracts of its roots which are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties. In this study, our objectives were to study the effects of EL root extracts on the growth of Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans isolated from saliva of adult patients with high caries risk. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of the root of this plant was tested against saliva isolated Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans via disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by the standard broth microdilution method. Cell viability of test microorganisms against different concentration of the extract and inhibition zones were calculated. Results: Disk diffusion assay showed positive zones of inhibition for all test microorganisms with S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans exhibiting zones of inhibition of 8.3 {\textpm} 0.7mm, 12.4 {\textpm} 2.4mm and 21.4 {\textpm} 2.7mm respectively. For minimum inhibitory concentration, the test microorganisms were tested at concentration of 250mg/ mL, 125mg/mL, 62.5mg/mL, 31.3mg/mL and 0mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed that MIC of S. mutans was at 62.5mg/mL, Lactobacillus at 125mg/mL and C. albicans at 31.3mg/mL. Lastly, the cell viability results supported the MIC determined prior. Conclusion: Ethanol-based E. longifolia Jack root extract has an antimicrobial effect on the following microorganisms isolated from the saliva of high-risk caries adult patients: S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial effect, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Inhibition, Salivary isolate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.100}, author = {Muhamad Iyad bin Ramzi and Muhammad Hazzim bin Kosnin and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi and Anisa Kusumawardani and ASM Sabere and Essam A Makky and OE Ibrahim and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi and Anisa Kusumawardani and ASM Sabere and Essam A Makky and OE Ibrahim} } @article {1670, title = {The Effect of Sambiloto and Spirulina Combination on Mucin-1 Protein Expression in Medial Colon of Plasmodium berghei ANKA Infected Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1359-1365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Malaria still be health problem in the world, especially in Eastern Indonesia. Malaria{\textquoteright}s inflammation and metabolism defect can cause colonic damage, such as enhancement Muc-1 protein expression and goblet cells hyperplasia. Sambiloto and spirulina combination as antiinflammatory and antioxidative agent can prevent medial colon damage Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. The aim of the study to show the effect of sambiloto and spirulina combination on Muc-1 protein activity in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice. This study use preserve male Swiss Webser mice colonic tissue which has inoculated by Plasmodium berghei ANKA, whose treatment group include positive control (dehyroartemisin piperaquine), negative control (carboxymethil cellulose), AP (sambiloto), AP+ES (sambiloto+spirulina extract), and AP+PS (sambiloto+spirulina powder) and terminated after 28 days of treatment. Colonic tissue was stained with immunohistochemistry and observed using light microscope (400x) in five different field and was analyzed with ImageJ{\textregistered} sowtware, and statisitcal analysis was done with SPSS 20.0. According to One Way ANOVA and Duncan posthoc test, only AP+PS(120,98 {\textpm}3,37), which significantly difference between negative control, AP, and AP+ES group. Meanwhile, between DHP, AP+PS group not significantly differenece. Sambiloto extract and spirulina powder combination can reduce Muc-1 protein expression in medial colon Plasmodium berghei ANKA infected mice.

}, keywords = {Medial colon, Muc-1, Plasmodium berghei Anka, Sambiloto, Spirulina}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.172}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Baiqi Nur Hairi and Nadar Sukri Lubis and Tri Wahyuni Lestari and Putri Reno Intan} } @article {1374, title = {Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Potentials of Chloroform Crude Extract of Boswellia dalzielii Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {393-400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca,Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95\%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial, Boswellia dalzielii, GC-MS RT, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.50}, author = {MI Bunu and M I Ikhile and AN Matheri and MT Charlotte and MCD Fotsing and DT Ndinteh} } @article {1620, title = {Evaluation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activities of Three Organs of Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.) and Correlation with Phytochemical Cont}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {971-976}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {971}, abstract = {

Introduction: Idat (Cratoxylum glaucum Korth.), belonging to the genus Cratoxylum, is known to contain xanthone, quinone, flavonoids, and other phenolic compounds. Objectives: to analyze total phenolic, flavonoid, antioxidant activity, and inhibitory xanthine oxidase activities of leaves, stem, and cortex of idat. Methods: Extraction of leaves, stem, and cortex of idat was carried out by reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol as a solvent. Antioxidant activity was tested by the DPPH method and calculated to get the antioxidant activity index (AAI). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid levels by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. Results: Spectrophotometers measured the inhibitory activity on xanthine oxidase in 96-well plates with allopurinol as standard. Total phenolic and flavonoid content from C. glaucum extracts varied from 6.62 to 48.77 g GAE/g extract and 1.54 - 25.96 g QE/100 g extract, respectively. The ethanol extracts of leaves, stem, and cortex were very strong antioxidant activity with Antioxidant Activity Index (AAI) values 3.89; 4.55; 10.50, meanwhile AAI of ascorbic acid and quercetin 9.46 and 14.81 respectively. The n-hexane of stem extract had a strong xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity with the IC50 was 36.64 μg/ml, while allopurinol was 5.02 μg/ml. Conclusions: Total phenolic content contributed to antioxidant activity. Phenolic compounds in leaves extracts led to the xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities. The extract of C. glaucum was active as an antioxidant and potentially an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cratoxylum glaucum, Xanthine oxidase inhibitory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.125}, author = {Dadang Juanda and Irda Fidrianny and Komar Ruslan Wirasutisna and Muhamad Insanu} } @article {1375, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Quercus infectoria Extracts in HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {401-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Background: Quercus infectoria galls (QI) extracts were previously reported to have cytotoxicity effects towards human cervical cancer cells, HeLa. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the extracts have been poorly determined. Objective: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ethyl acetate extracts of QI (EAQI) on cell cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells. Materials and Method: The in vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and the OD values were read at 570 nm. Meanwhile the induction of apoptosis was measured by using acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle distribution. Results: MTT assay showed that EAQI exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cells with IC50 of 11.50 {\textpm} 0.50 μg/ml. HeLa cells underwent apoptosis in response to EAQI treatment, demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cell stained with AOPI from 1.00\% to 10.33\% compared to untreated cell population (p\<0.05) at 72 hours of treatment. The evidence of early apoptosis in treated cells were also observed in annexin V/PI staining. Furthermore, an increase of cell population in sub G0/G1 phase revealed that apoptosis as the mode of cell death in HeLa cells treated with EAQI. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EAQI significantly inhibits HeLa cell growth through induction of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of cell death by expression of apoptotic cascade in HeLa cells treated with EAQI.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, Quercus infectoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.51}, author = {Illyana Ismail and Rapeah Suppian and Habsah Mohamad and Siti Aisha Mohd Radzi and Hasmah Abdullah} } @article {1402, title = {Metformin Potentiates the Antidiabetic Properties of Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus Leaf Extracts in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {614-619}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {614}, abstract = {

Background: There is paucity of experimental evidence on the complementary use of standard anti-diabetic drugs with herbal formulations. Materials and Methods: In this study, extracts of Annona muricata (AME) and Tapinanthus globiferus (TGE) were administered with metformin to diabetic rats in order to study the potential complementary effects. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of alloxan (150 mg/kg BW). AME and TGE (200 mg/ kg BW each) and Metformin (100 mg/kg BW) was administered to diabetic rats orally for 21 days. At the end of the study, rats were sacrificed; blood was collected for assessment of lipid profile and kidney function. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with AME and TGE caused a significant decrease (p \< 0.05) in the concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and Coronary Risk Index (CRI) with a concomitant increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL). Similarly, urea and creatinine concentration decreased in diabetic rats administered plant extracts. Co-administration of the plant extracts with metformin significantly improved lipid profiles and kidney function relative to rats administered metformin alone. Co-administration of AME and TGE extracts with metformin produced significant improvement in biochemical indices of diabetic rats. Conclusion: The results suggest potential synergistic interaction between the plant extracts and metformin. Furthermore, this work provides scientific support for the concomitant use of the plants used in the study with orthodox drugs for the management of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Diabetes, Drug interaction, Tapinanthus globiferus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.77}, author = {Francis O. Atanu and Oghenetega J. Avwioroko and Omotayo B. Ilesanmi and Ojochenemi E. Yakubu} } @article {1382, title = {Novel Antiviral Investigation of Annona squamosa Leaf Extract against the Dengue Virus Type-2: In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {456-462}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {456}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is general mosquito-transmitted viral taint. It can lead to the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue is a solemn illness with no endowed antiviral medication or recognized vaccine. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the activity of Annona squamosa leaf extract (ASLE) against dengue virus type-2 (DENV-2) isolated from Surabaya, Indonesia in 2013 (NCBI accession number: KT012509). Methods: In this study, the antiviral activity of ASLE was evaluated against DENV- 2 in Vero cells using Viral ToxGlo{\texttrademark} Assay. In addition, we used CellTiter-Glo{\textregistered} Luminescent Cell Viability Assay to set the amount of viable cells in culture based on quantitation of the ATP. Results: DENV-2 replication inhibited by ASLE in Vero cells with IC50 = 73.78 μg/mL and SI = 4.49 when cells were treated two days after virus infection, whereas its CC50 for cytotoxicity to Vero cells was 331.54 μg/mL. Interestingly, this is the first report on the investigation of ASLE against DENV-2. Conclusion: In summary, ASLE demonstrated the antiviral activity against DENV-2 with less toxicity, and high possibility as a drug candidate. Therefore, it might be suggested for in vivo assessment in the progress of a potent antiviral against DENV-2.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, Antiviral activity, DENV-2, Vero cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.58}, author = {Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Amaq Fadholly and Annise Proboningrat and Yulanda Antonius and Suhailah Hayaza and Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo and Bilqis Inayatillah and Mada Triandala Sibero and Sin War Naw and Gabrielle Ann Villar Posa and Teguh Hari Sucipto and Soegen Soegijanto} } @article {1694, title = {Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Boehmeria Genus: An Update Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1533-1541}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1533}, abstract = {

Introduction: Boehmeria is a genus that has the potential to be natural medicine and also has benefit in industry. This genus consists of 82 plants that includes numerous species, subspecies, and varieties. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of chemical and pharmacological characteristics of Boehmeria genus based on research studies. Methods: The reference articles have DOI and were obtained through database from such as Science Direct and PubMed website to ensure their validity and reliable contents. This literature study was made by using minimum 50 literatures from the last 10 years. Results: There are 16 species of Boehmeria genus confirmed to have chemical compounds, and 9 species of which reported to exhibit pharmacological activity in the form of extracts and single compound isolates. Conclusion: Based on this study, it was known that some Boehmeria species contained abundance of Boehmeriasin A, boehmeriasin B, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, (Z)-9,10,11-trihydroxy-12 octadecenoic acid, catechin, β-sitosterol, rutin, luteolin-7-glucoside, naringin and hesperidin. Boehmeria genus had various activities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-hepatitis B.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Biological activities, Boehmeria, Boehmeriasin, Chemical compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.195}, author = {Muhammad Ikhlas Arsul and Muhamad Insanu and Irda Fidrianny} } @article {1666, title = {Potential of Ethanolic Extract from Ripe Musa balbisiana Colla Fruit Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as An Antioxidant and Anti-Gout}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1332-1340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1332}, abstract = {

Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 {\textpm} 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 {\textpm} 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 {\textpm} 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9\%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Musa balbisiana Colla, Phenolic content, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.168}, author = {Candra Irawan and Andita Utami and Erna Styani and Imalia Dwi Putri and Ratna Komala Putri and Avisani Dewanta and Annisa Ramadhanti} } @article {1652, title = {Separation and Quantification of Sinensetin, Imperatorin and Total Tannin Content as Active Phytoconstituents of Methanol Extract of Imperata cylindrica Root from Kendari}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1216-1224}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1216}, abstract = {

Introduction: Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract harvested from Kendari had anti-hypertensive activity stated in a study on hypertension rat models at the doses 60 and 90 mg/kg-bw. The extract also contained phenolic compound 1.53\% (GAE) and flavonoid 1.17\% (QE) and had antioxidant activity IC50 0.32 mg/mL. Aim of the study was to determine the active secondary metabolites in the extract. Materials and Method: Sinensetin and imperatorin in the extract were separated on silica gel 60 column, eluted with a gradient eluent system as follows (1) n-hexane- ethyl acetate (3:7); (2) n-hexane {\textendash} ethyl acetate (2:8); (3) ethyl acetate -MeOH (8:2), and (4) methanol. Imperatorin and sinensetin in fractions were identified and quantified by HPLC method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture as follows, 0.1\% formic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 400 C. The total tannin was determined by spectrophotometry method with Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-Phenanthroline at wave length 510 nm. Results: Imperatorin and sinensetin were identified in fractions 5 to 9. The concentrations of sinensetin and imperatorin in Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract were of 32.348 and 37.014 mg/kg extract, respectively. The total tannin content was 1.06 \% (w/w) (TAE). Conclusion: Imperata cylindrica root methanol extract from Kendari had active phytoconstituents, namely sinensetin, imperatorin, and tannin.

}, keywords = {Imperata cylindrica, Imperatorin, Sinensetin, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.155}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Mas Rizky Anggun Adipurna Syamsunarno and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Raden Anita Indriyanti and Ruslin} } @article {1639, title = {Single Factor Effect of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Citric Acid-Glucose Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction on Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1109-1115}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1109}, abstract = {

Applying green chemistry principles in the exploration of an active secondary metabolite from natural products has continued to experience a significant increase in the last decade, mainly natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) usage. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil (Rubiaceae family) is a native of East Kalimantan, which is traditionally used as an herb to treat headaches and inflammation by drinking boiled water a few leaves. On the other hand, this plant has an addictive effect. This study aims to determine the single factor effect of NADES citric acid{\textendash}glucose-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to obtain the yield of total polyphenols content (TPC) from M. speciosa leaves. Dried powder of M. speciosa leaves was extracted using NADES citric acid-glucose based MAE method with some different conditions such as NADES (citric acid-glucose) ratio (4:1, 5:1, 6:1 g/g), solid-liquid ratio (10:1, 15:1, 20:1 mL/g), microwave power (90, 270, 450 Watts), and extraction time (15, 20, 25 min). The determination of TPC was performed using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and gallic acid as a standard with different concentration levels. The absorbance measured using spectrophotometer UV-VIS at 746 nm to obtain a regression formula of Y = 0.0022X{\textendash}0.00095, where R2 = 0.9977. Based on the result, the best of single factor condition effect was obtained the TPC value including NADES ratio of 248.69 mg GAE/g sample (5:1 g/g citric acid-glucose), a solid-liquid ratio of 146.93 mg GAE/g sample (15:1 mL/g solvent-sample), microwave power of 192.20 mg GAE/g sample (270 Watts), and extraction time of 358.59 mg GAE/g sample (15 min). The single factor effect of NADES citric acid-glucose-based MAE shows a difference in TPC value based on various conditions of this method.

}, keywords = {Citric acid-glucose, Microwave-assisted extraction, Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Total polyphenols content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.143}, author = {Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Bakti Puji Rahayu and M Arifuddin and Yuspian Nur and Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo and Maryono and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1665, title = {Standardization Extracts and Simplicia of Limau Sundai Peel (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Determine Content of Nobiletin and Antibacterial Activity Test}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1323-1331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1323}, abstract = {

Introduction: One type of oranges typical of West Sumatra, which is widely used as traditional medicine is sundai lime (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}); Aims: therefore, it is necessary to standardize extracts and Simplicia, determine the content of nobiletin, and antibacterial activity test. Methods: The standardization method was used refer to Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. TLC Densitometry was used to determine the content of the nobiletin, and the diffusion method to antibacterial activity test. To get a good standardization, the sundai lime was taken from three regions: Bukittinggi, Pariaman, and Solok. Results: From these three regions, conclusions drawn from the macroscopic fruit peel slices were uneven and had distinctive odors. The outer surface is brown, and the inner surface is yellowish-white. From the microscopic was identified fragments in sundai lime peels consisting of hair covering, ladder-shaped transport, parenchyma with secretion cells, oxalate crystals, and parenchyma tissue and stomata. Water-soluble extract content of Simplicia <= 24.90 \%, and ethanol-soluble extract content <= 17.66 \%. Non-specific parameters are loss on drying <= 5.65 \%, total ash content <= 5.14 \%, and acid insoluble ash content <= 0.80 \%. The specific parameters were crude extract, black, characteristic odor, Rf of nobiletin was 0.75. Rendement extract >= 18.80 \%. Non-specific parameters of extract were water content <= 18.37 \%, total ash content <= 3.93 \%, and non-acidic ash content <= 0.27 \%. The nobiletin content in the sundai lime extract Pariaman was 0.33 \%, Solok 0.59 \%, and Bukittinggi 0.47 \%. The antibacterial test with diffusion method in three regions has moderate activities as concentrations of 20\% and 15\%. Conclusion: Sundai lime had Antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Citrus x aurantiifolia({\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Nobiletin, standardization, Sundai lime peel fruit, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.167}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Awaliana} } @article {1721, title = {Styrylpyrone Derivative from Goniothalamus sp.: A Powerful Drug for Fighting Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1598-1606}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1598}, abstract = {

Background: The emergence of drug resistance towards Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) has encouraged scientists to develop novel lower toxicity and highly effective anti-HSV drugs. Styrylpyrone derivative (SPD) is a bioactive compound isolated from the roots and leaves of Goniothalamus sp. It is believed that this compound possesses antiviral properties against HSV-1. Objective: This paper introduces the interaction of SPD towards HSV-1 through in silico study of molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Materials and Methods: Molecular docking is a computational tool which is used to study the molecular interaction between two or more structures. ADME/T properties of the SPD were generated using the SwissADME online tool in which SPD was found to have a good pharmacokinetic profile. Results: Molecular docking study revealed that SPD has a high docking score of -7.9 Kcal/mol. SPD has a strong affinity with the thymidine kinase (PDB id: 1OF1) producing hydrogen bond and non-polar interaction at the target point of amino acid residue. Conclusion: Molecular docking analysis provides new insight into the structure-based design of SPD compounds with better antiviral activity against HSV-1.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Herpes Virus type 1 (HSV-1), in silico approaches, Molecular docking and Styrylpyrone derivative.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.206}, author = {Syaza Safia Fouzi and Noor Zarina Abd Wahab and Leong Chee Yan and Nazlina Ibrahim} } @article {1662, title = {Synergistic Efficacy of Phytochemical, Antioxidant and Bactericidal Properties of the Aerial Essential Oil of Laggera crispata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1304-1311}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1304}, abstract = {

This study was undertaken to provide more scientific information about the phytochemical composition of Laggera crispata known for its medicinal uses. Essential oil was isolated by hydro-distillation, analysed using GC-MS, UV-Visible Spectrophotometer and other established biochemical assays were used for the study. The GC-MS analysis of the aerial essential oil of L. crispata showed the presence of 35 medicinal organic compounds making up 84.4\% of the oil. The most abundant component was a phenolic compound called 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene (54.5\%). The other major terpenoids present in the oil were α-humulene (6.9\%) and (+)-sabinene (5.9\%). The TPC, TFC, TAA and TAC values of the aerial essential oil of L. crispata were 172.75{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 GAE, 48.69{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 QE, 61.85{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 AAE and 726.92{\textpm}0.00 μgmg-1 AAE respectively. DPPH IC50 and AAI values of the essential oil were 1.5 μgml-1 and 26.7. The essential oil displayed varying inhibitory activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging from 08-30 mm. The in vitro pharmacological activities added scientific support to the use of L. crispata in alternative and complementary medicine. The essential oil of L. crispata grown in Nigeria will play beneficial roles in human and animal health and therefore a research on this plant might be of great value in drug industries.

}, keywords = {Aerial essential oil, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Asteraceae, Laggera crispata, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.165}, author = {Ololade Zacchaeus S and Anuoluwa Iyadunni A and Adeyemi Adewale F and Uyaboerigha Daubotei I} } @article {1250, title = {The Ability Free Radical Binding of Dengen{\textquoteright}s Stem Bark Extract (Dillenia serrata) From Luwu District Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1340-1345}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1340}, abstract = {

Degenerative diseases such as cancer, heart disease is one of the diseases caused by free radicals. Dengen (Dillenia serrata) is one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s endemic local plants that has the potential to bind free radicals. So far, only limited to the use of fruit and consumed directly. This study aims to determine the ability of dengen stem bark extract to bind to free radicals expressed in IC50. In the initial research, the total content of polyphenols in dengen stem bark extract was 444.8 mg GAE / g or 44.48\%. Dengen stem bark is extracted by maceration using 70\% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity was calculated based on IC50 (Inhibition Concentration) values using the DPPH method, and measured at a wavelength of 516 nm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark is made in 5 concentration series, namely 10 ppm, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm and 50 ppm. Ethanol extract of dengen bark has a very active antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 48.33 ppm. Whereas for comparison vitamin C has an IC50 value of 15.448 ppm. From the results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of dengen bark has the ability to bind free radicals with IC50 48.33 ppm

}, keywords = {Dengen, Ethanol Bark Extract, Free Radicals, IC50}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.184}, author = {Santi Sinala and Ismail Ibrahim and Alfrida Monica Salasa} } @article {1182, title = {Analysis of GABRB3 Protein Level After Administration of Valerian Extract (Valeriana officinalis) in BALB/c mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {821-827}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {821}, abstract = {

Background: Valeriana officinalis is most commonly used as traditional medicine. Valerenic acid is the primary component of Valerian officinalis which inhibits the catabolism of enzyme induced breakdown of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in sedation. The aim of this study is to determine the level of GABRB3 protein, as part of major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, after administration of Valerian extracts in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study using animal model with post test-only controlled group design. Twenty healthy adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, negative control group (Aquadest), positive control group (Diazepam 0.025 mg/10 g), first treatment group (Valerian extract 2.5 mg/10 g) and second treatment group (Valerian extract 5 mg/10 g). The drugs were administered via gastric gavage for seven consecutive days. The blood was drawn from each mice on the first day (before treatment) and on the seventh day of experiment (2 hours after treatment). The blood sample was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the GABRB3 protein level. Results: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice after administration of Valerian extract was increased significantly in both treatment group (p \<0.0001). The highest increment in protein levels was found in the first treatment group with an increase of 2.988 μmol/L, compared with the second treatment group with an increase of 2.146 μmol/L. Conclusion: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice were increased after administration of Valerian extract. Administration of higher dose does not yield in higher GABRB3 protein level nor sedative effect.

}, keywords = {BALB/c mice, Diazepam, GABRB3 protein, Valerian extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.118}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Muhammad Ramli Ahmad and Andi Asadul Islam and Muh Nasrum Massi and Mochammad Hatta and Syafri Kamsul Arif} } @article {1294, title = {Antihypertensive Assay-Guided Fractionation of Syzygium polyanthum Leaves and Phenolics Profile Analysis Using LCQTOF/ MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1670-1692}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract that contains gallic acid as the major phenolic compound has shown significant antihypertensive effect, however the amount of gallic acid was inversely-related with magnitude of this effect. This study aimed to conduct bioassay-guided fractionation of S. polyanthum leaves with gallic acid as a reference compound, and to screen for other possible compounds responsible for the antihypertensive effect. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The most active crude extract was fractionated using column chromatography and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) (n=3). Crude extracts and the derived fractions were intravenously administered into pentobarbital-anaesthetized Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (n=5) for recording of blood pressure parameters. Liquid Chromatography-Quadruple Time-Off-Flight/Mass Spectrometry was used for determination of chemical composition. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis using GraphPad{\textregistered} PRISM Version 6. Results: Fractionation of aqueous S. polyanthum leaves extract (ASP) afforded nine fractions, later combined into three fractions (F1ASP, F2ASP, and F3ASP) based on the thinlayer chromatography profiles. ASP has the highest TPC while F2ASP has the lowest TPC. All fractions exhibited significant antihypertensive property, but F2ASP was the most active fraction. Few phenolics with related antihypertensive effects such as 1-galloyl glucose (a gallic acid-derivative majorly found in F2ASP and F3ASP), and other compounds such as polydatin, sesamol, brazilin, eugenol, ellagic acid, kukoamine A, and cyclocurcumin were found across all active fractions. Conclusion: These phenolics may partly contribute to the antihypertensive effect of S. polyanthum leaves, thus further isolation study is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Bioassay-guided, LCMS, Syzygium polyanthum, Total phenol content (TPC)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.227}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Erlena Nor Asmira Abdul Rahim and Muhammad Nor Omar and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {1184, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Flavonoid Compound Isolated from Leaves of Artocarpus altilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {835-842}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {835}, abstract = {

Introduction: Artocarpus altilis leaves extract has previously been reported as a potential antimalarial drug. Inhibition concentration (IC50) against P. falciparum and effective dose values (ED50) against P. berghei have been reported at 1.32 μg/ml and 0.82 mg/kg, respectively. The aim of this study is to identify the active compound from the ethanol extract of A. Altilis leaves against P. falciparum. Materials and Methods: The isolation of the active compound from the ethanol extract of A. altilis were conducted using chromatography methods, and the chemical structure of the isolated compounds was determined based on NMR and MS spectra data. Antimalarial assay was determined using microscopic method against P. falciparum 3D7 and molecular docking studies was performed using Molegro Virtual Docker version 5.5 program. Results: A flavonoid compound, class of dihydrochalcone was finally isolated from A. altilis and identified as 1-(2,4-dihydroxy phenyl)-3-[8-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(4-methyl-3- pentenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-5-yl]-1-propanone (Compound-1). Antimalarial activity test revealed that the compound strongly inhibited P. falciparum growth, with IC50 value of 1.05 μM. An in silico study to determine the mechanism of action of the compound revealed the existence a 3.BPF receptor that possesses a cysteine protease inhibitor of falcipain-2. Conclusion: Compound-1 were isolated from the leaves of A. Altilis is a good candidate of new source in the development of antimalarial drugs. An animal study using this compound is recommended before a clinical trial.

}, keywords = {Artocarpus altilis, Cysteine protease inhibitor, Dihydrochalcones, P. falciparum 3D7}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.120}, author = {Agriana Rosmalina Hidayati and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Hilkatul Ilmi and Mulyadi Tanjung and Tri Widiandani and Siswandono and Din Syafruddin and Achmad Fuad Hafid} } @article {1243, title = {Antioxidant and the Efficacy of Sophora secundiflora and Methoxyisoflavones in the Immune Function of Pigeons Vaccinated against Paramyxovirus Serotype-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1276-1288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1276}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigated the effect of oral administration of hydroalcoholic (70\% aqueous ethanol) extract (TeE) of Sophora secundiflora leaves and its organic fractions n-hexane (HeE), ethyl acetate (EaE) and n-butanol (BuE) and major isolated methoxyisoflavones 1 and 2, on the cellular and humoral immune responses to live attenuated avian paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1) vaccines in pigeons. Methods: The structures of six isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of chromatographic, chemical, and spectroscopic methods. The samples antioxidative and radical scavenging capabilities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation and ferric reducing power were determined. Total phenolic, tannin and flavonoid contents of EaE extract were evaluated. Results: Six compounds were isolated. Three were the methoxyisoflavones5- 7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone (1), 7-hydroxy-4'methoxyisoflavone (2), 5,4{\textquoteright}-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-isoflavone (3), along with isorhamnetin (4) and two quercetin derivatives quercetin 3-glucoside (5) and quercetin 3-rutinoside (6) were isolated. The hydroalcoholic extract, fractions and 4{\textquoteright}-methoxyisoflavones showed radical scavenging effect in the order of EaE \> TeE \> BuE \>compound 1\>compound 2\> HeE. Stimulation of both sero-responses was observed, especially this of EaE. The results showed an increase of macrophage cells, lymphocyte and antibody titers in blood. Conclusion: The presence of 5-hydroxyl group at A-ring may be important to show the immunostimulant and antioxidant activity of compound 1vs compound 2. The present results showed the potential abilities of EaE as antioxidant and immunomodulator agent and these would impart healthy economic benefits in vaccinated birds.

}, keywords = {Antiradical effect, Immune, Isoflavones, Paramyxovirus, Pigeons, Sophora secundiflora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.176}, author = {Howaida Ibrahim Abd-Alla and Magda Tohamy Ibrahim and Hanan Anwar Aly Taie and Marwa Abas Hasan and Nagwa M M Shalaby} } @article {1191, title = {Biological Activity of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 Extracts, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Medicinal Herb, Ocimum sanctum Against Foodborne Diarrhea-Caused Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {897-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Introduction: Foodborne disease is a serious public health problem worldwide and most of the disease is related to food spoilage by bacteria. Thus, there is a need for the discovery of a natural antibiotic to inhibit these foodborne bacteria. Materials and Methods: Disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays were performed to access the antibacterial activity of the fungal extracts against test bacteria. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to study the structural degeneration of bacterial cells exposed to the extracts. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 demonstrated favorable antibacterial activity towards all test bacteria with inhibition zone ranged from 15.0 mm to 26.0 mm. All test bacteria were resistant to hexane and butanolic extracts. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the ethyl acetate extract between 62.5 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL whereas minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was in the range of 125 μg/mL to 2000 μg/mL. The SEM micrographs exhibited major abnormalities that occurred on the bacterial cells after exposure to the extract with alteration in their morphology and cell death beyond repair. Conclusion: The extracts of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 may be an effective antibacterial agent to treat foodborne bacteria.

}, keywords = {Foodborne disease, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Scanning electron microscope}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.127}, author = {Taufiq MMJ and Darah I} } @article {1236, title = {Caesalpinia sappan L. Wood is a Potential Source of Natural Phosphodiesterase-1 Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1206-1217}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1206}, abstract = {

Introduction: A decrease in cAMP and cGMP levels in the brain is linked to human cognitive problems. The degradation of cellular cAMP and cGMP is attributed to phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which constitute a superfamily of enzymes. The inhibition of PDE1 is a promising mechanism to increase cAMP and cGMP levels associated with cognitive disorders. Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS) wood is a natural coloring agent usually consumed as a traditional refreshment or drink by people in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. However, scientific evidence regarding the inhibitory activity of CS wood against PDE1 has yet to be obtained. This study aimed to investigate the potency of CS wood as a PDE1 inhibitor. Methods: The ethanol extract of CS wood and its fractions were evaluated in vitro by using a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase assay kit. The presence of brazilin in the extract and fractions was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. In silico assay was performed using MOE software to obtain insights into the interaction between compounds in the CS wood and the enzyme. Results: Ethanol extract and ethyl acetate soluble fraction effectively inhibited the PDE1 activity. Interestingly, brazilin, the major compound in CS wood, also exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The in silico assay revealed that the interaction between tetraacetylbrazilin and brazilin with the PDE1B active site involved hydrogen bonding and π{\textendash}π interactions. Conclusion: Ethanol extract, ethyl acetate soluble fraction, and brazilin inhibited the PDE1 activity. CS wood and its chemical constituent could be developed as natural cognitive enhancers.

}, keywords = {Brazilin, Caesalpinia sappan L., Herbal cognitive enhancer, Phosphodiesterase inhibitor, Phytotheraphy, Tetraacetylbrazilin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.169}, author = {Helmi and Nanang Fakhrudin and Arief Nurrochmad and Ari Sudarmanto and Zullies Ikawati} } @article {1122, title = {Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract Sesewanua Leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) With Maceration Method Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {356-360}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sesewanuwa (Clerodendrum fragrans Wild) is one of the plants with abundant flavonoid content in the leaves. The characteristic flavonoids with the two benzene ring groups cause the process of finding an appropriate extraction technique. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained from maceration extraction methods. Method: This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Conclusion: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.

}, keywords = {Maceration, Quercetin, Sesewanuwa, total flavonoid, UV-Vis spectrophotometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.56}, author = {Zulfiayu Sapiun and Paulus Pangalo and Arlan K Imran and Prisca Safriani Wicita and Rizka Puji Astuti Daud} } @article {1086, title = {Diversity of Pteridophyta in Lubuak Mato Kuciang Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {180-185}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {180}, abstract = {

Padang Panjang city located at an altitude of 650 to 850 meters above sea level, so that weather cold and cool. Temperatures range from 17 {\textdegree}C to 26.1 {\textdegree}C and with 3,295 mm/ year of rainfall. This area is rich in the diversity of flora and fauna. Pteridophyta is one of the flora that has a unique diversity of species and has the potential for tremendous utilization such as ornamental plants, medicines and vegetable plants. The study was conducted in the Lubuak Mato Kuciang area of Padang Panjang City, West Sumatra, which is currently being developed for tourism. The aim of this study obtain collect data and information about the diversity of ferns in Lubuk Mato Kuciang. The activities of the study are conducted to collect species as much as possible. Identification of fern species was carried out in the Laboratory of Educational Science. Mathematics and Science Faculty. Padang State University. The identification of flora was analyzed descriptively. The identification species results were obtained through descriptive analysis. The results of this study obtains that there were 21 species of fern that include 11 families. They were namely; Selaginellaceace including Selaginella sp, Selaginella plana Hieron and Selaginella wildenowii; Lomariopsidaceae family including Neplholepisbiserrata; Pterisvittata L; Adiatumpedatum; Cyatheaceae family, including Cyatheacontaminans; Gleicheinaceae including Gleichenialinearis; Marrattiaceae family including Marrattiafraxinea; Lindsaeaceae family including Sphenomeris chinensis; and Dryopteridaceae family including Nephroletis cordifolia.

}, keywords = {Diversity, Identification, Lubuk mato kuciang, Pteridophytha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.27}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Rehani Ramadhani and Dewi Indriani} } @article {1113, title = {Establishment of Simple Cell-based Screening Assay and the Identification of Potent Antiviral Activity of a Plant Extract against HSV-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {251-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {251}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: Drug screening is a time-consuming and costly process confronted with low productivity and challenges in using animals, which limits the discovery of new drugs. The cellbased assay allows the minimization of using the animal models and can provide more relevant in vivo biological information than biochemical assay. Objective: We aimed to establish a simple cell-based screening assay for the discovery of lead extract against HSV-1. Materials and Methods: Assay setting up was performed by optimization of the cell, incubation time, virus titer, and determination of Z value. Results: We have successfully established reproducible methods, by setting up assay plate including determination: 1) Vero cells as a model for HSV-1 infection, 2) Incubation for 5 days as sufficient time for CPE endpoint at monolayer cells, 3) 100 TCID50/well HSV-1 as infection titer which caused high percentage of cell detachment, 4) determination of Z value of 100 TCID50/well infection \> 0.5. In addition, the established system was tested using ACV as the most common anti-HSV drug. Furthermore, we demonstrated the current system to screen extracts from Acacia nilotica, Uncaria gambir and Aspalathus linearis against HSV-1. It was observed that the alkaline extract of Uncaria gambir exhibited the highest SI (12.5) compared to other extracts. Conclusion: We demonstrated current cellbased screening system was reproducible and able to identify lead extracts against HSV-1 infection.

}, keywords = {HSV-1, Natural product activity, Simple cell-based screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.39}, author = {Ratika Rahmasari and Takahiro Haruyama and Muhareva Raekiansyah and Farhana Mossadeque and Marina Ika Irianti and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Nobuyuki Kobayashi} } @article {1138, title = {Identification of Antibacterial Activity with Bioactive Compounds from Selected Marine Sponges}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {493-502 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Background: Marine sponges (phylum Porifera) are sessile filter-feeders from the ocean that are becoming the wealthiest sources of pharmacologically active compounds. Objectives: Our objectives are to identify bioactive compounds from marine sponges (Xestospongia exigua, Xestospongia muta, and Iotrochota baculifera) and to determine their antibacterial activity. Materials and Methods: Methanolic crude extracts were subjected to two-steps fractionation: first, solvent partitioning was conducted using diethyl ether and butanol, followed by column chromatography. The resulting fractions were tested for antibacterial activity against four bacterial strains (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698, Escherichia coli ATCC 11775, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14128). The fractions were subsequently profiled using High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), and the component of active sub-fractions (SF) was identified using Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: Although no antibacterial activity was recorded of the methanolic extracts in all marine sponges samples, the response towards diethyl ether extracts of X. exigua was strong. Out of 17 sub-fractions of diethyl ether profiled, three sub-fractions, i.e. 5, 13, and 14 were active. GC-MS identified five compounds in SF 5, four compounds in SF 13, and three compounds in SF 14. Furthermore, SF 13 and SF 14 could inhibit the growth of all bacteria tested, indicating a broad-spectrum activity. On the contrary, SF 5 showed selective inhibition only to E. coli and S. typhimurium, indicating narrow-spectrum activity. Conclusion: Bioactive SF 13 of X. exigua has a high potential as an antibacterial agent but in vitro assessment such as cytotoxicity against mammalian cell lines is needed to determine the toxicity and drug response.

}, keywords = {Diethyl ether, HPTLC, Iotrochota baculifera, Minimum inhibitory concentration, X. muta, Xetospongia exigua}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.76}, author = {Noor Azlina Kamaruding and Noraznawati Ismail and Noormaizura Sokry} } @article {1296, title = {In silico Anticancer Activity and in vitro Antioxidant of Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1573-1577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a plant that has a high flavonoid content. The leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng contain many flavonoids Chrysoeriol, Cirsimaritin, Eriodictyol, Luteolin, Rutin, Salvigenin, Thymoquinone, Quercetin, Apigenin, and 5-O-Methyl-Luteolin. Objectives: To determine the antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Methods: Anticancer activity testing was carried out by in silico against several cancer receptors and antioxidant activity testing was carried out by in vitro using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. The results showed that the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng have similar anticancer activity to the reference molecule at the P-Glycoprotein-1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase-2, and Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase receptors, as well as better anticancer activity than the reference molecule for the Cyclooxygenase-2 and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase receptors. Results: The antioxidant activity of the extract gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value of 9.77 μg/mL, the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value that lower than the extract, which ranged from 6.92 μg/mL to 8.50 μg/mL. Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng anticancer activity by in silico molecular docking and antioxidant activity by in vitro 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. Conclusions: All the flavonoid compounds contained in the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves exhibit very strong anti-cancer and antioxidant activity, which results in ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves have very strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, in silico, in vitro}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.215}, author = {Kesaktian Manurung and Delmi Sulastri and Nasrul Zubir and Syafruddin Ilyas} } @article {1196, title = {Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp (Laminaria sp.) as Pharmacopoeial Herbal Drugs and Food Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {929-937}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, the chemical composition of Laminaria J.V. Lamour. species is well studied; they have found applications in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The main groups of biologically active compounds are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron) that are determined according to pharmacopoeial and All-Union State Standards requirements. Materials and Methods: For data obtaining various types of search tools and engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature (including Russian sources), normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition, All-Union State Standards, and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed were used. Results: In the course of this review study, a modern characteristic of the kelp thallus as a pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food substance of plant origin is presented. The data on the chemical composition, harvesting, and processing of raw materials are summarized. The standardization and safety issues of kelp thallus are considered taking into account modern pharmacopoeial and food international requirements. The approaches to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, iodine) and the determination of safety indicators are studied. Conclusions: The regulatory documentation that is used in the quality control of kelp needs to be finalized and updated. For pharmacopoeial analysis, all possible physicochemical methods (gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric) should be presented in the newly approved monograph. In this case, modern procedures should be developed, including HPLC with various types of detection (determination of the carbohydrates profile and polysaccharides, including methods with acid and enzyme hydrolysis). This will ensure the required level of quality, the safety of kelp (Laminaria) raw materials.

}, keywords = {alginic acid, Fucoidan, Iodine, Kelp, Laminaria japonica, Laminaria saccharina, Laminarin, Mannitol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.132}, author = {Bokov DO and Potanina OG and Nikulin AV and Shchukin VM and Orlova VA and Bagirova GB and Kakhramanova SD and Al- Khafaji H and Balobanova NP and Evgrafov AA and Samylina IA and Krasnyuk II and Golubeva OA and Kuleshova ES and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1143, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies of Leaves of Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {541-550}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn; is used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, fever, and management of diabetes in Nsukka, South-eastern Nigeria. Owing to its increasing ethno-medicinal relevance, proper identification and evaluation are vital to prevent adulteration. This research article presents a detailed pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation on the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The fresh and powdered leaves were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. Physicochemical properties and phytochemical screening were carried out based on standard procedures by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Psydrax horizontalis is a petiolate, stipulate and compound bi-pinnate leaf with reticulate venation, entire margin, chordate base and has opposite leaf arrangement. Microscopic diagnostic characters observed were paracytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, microsphenoidal shaped calcium oxalate crystals, lignified vessels and fibres as well as numerous starch grains. The total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash compositions were 6.5, 0.5, 2.75 and 0.5\% respectively. The moisture content, alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive values obtained were 8.8, 3.8 and 3.7\% respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening showed flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenols and alkaloids at 100.00{\textpm}0.035, 22.00{\textpm}0.036, 19.50{\textpm}0.024, 15.00{\textpm}0.032 and 13.00{\textpm}0.014 mg/g respectively as the major phytochemical constituents. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic standards of the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis were determined and serve as quality control parameters for their purity, identification and standardization.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Psydrax horizontalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.82}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Peculiar-Onyekere Chioma Obianuju and Nwafor Felix Ifeanyi and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1125, title = {Pharmacopoeial Analysis of Inulin-Containing Medicinal Plant Raw Materials and Drugs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {415-421}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {415}, abstract = {

Background: Today, there are some unresolved issues and discussions concerning inulin quantitative determination in medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). MPRM containing polyfructans or fructosans (inulin and others) are rather complex multicomponent matrixes with many interacting compounds. The article discusses the prospects for further standardization of inulin-containing pharmacopoeial MPRM that include, in addition to polysaccharides (inulin), other biologically active compounds with pharmacological activity. Materials and Methods: Different types of search tools such as Google scholar, Google, scientific literature, normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: The pharmacopoeial spectrophotometric procedures of inulin determination in the Russian Federation are approved in a version that does not fully satisfy modern standardization criteria. Regulatory changes required in the near future. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, to determine inulin quantitatively, it is necessary to modify the existing spectrophotometric procedures and introduce an additional alternative, more specific HPLC-RID (or similar) ones.

}, keywords = {Fructosans, HPLC-RID, Inulin quantitative determination, Polyfructans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.64}, author = {Bokov DO and Karabeshkin DI and Samylina IA and Potanina OG and Krasnyuk II and Malinkin AD and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu and Bobkova NV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Evgrafov AA and Galiakhmetova EK and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1288, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antihyperuricemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1698-1704}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1698}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is a popular plant that has been known to have several importance biological activities. Objectives: To perform phytochemical analysis, to in vivo evaluate the antihyperuricemic activity and to measure the inhibition of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed on xanthine oxidase enzyme. Materials and Methods: The seed were collected from Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction was performed by maceration method with ethanol 96\% as a solvent. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric UV-Vis were used to determine the phytochemical contents. The antihyperuricemic activity was evaluated by using in vivo model of rat induced by potassium oxonate. The xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity was also determined by spectroscopic method by measuring the catalytic rate of xanthin oxidase enzyme. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponin and tannin. Quantitative determination of total flavonoids and quercetin concentration found the values of 82.17 {\textpm} 0.684 mg QE/g and 0.5131 {\textpm} 0.0022 mg/g dried extract, respectively. Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed have potential antihyperuricemic activity in which it can significantly reduce the serum uric acid level on potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rat model with the effective dose of 125 mg/ kg BW. Xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity showed the moderate activity with IC50 of 88.39 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study confirmed the potential of Moringa oleifera seed ethanolic extract, growing in Sigi, Central Sulawesi to be developed as herbal medicinal source for antihyperuricemic drug.

}, keywords = {Antihyperuricemic, Moringa oleifera, Quercetin, Total flavonoids, Xanthin Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.229}, author = {Nurlina Ibrahim and Siti Nuryanti and Asriani Hasanuddin and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair} } @article {1156, title = {Protective Role of Ficus carica Extract Against Hepato-Testicular Side Effects and Genotoxicity Induced by Cisplatin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {645-656 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {645}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigated the protective effect of Ficus carica (common fig) leaves methanol extract against genotoxicity and testicular damage of cisplatin (CP) and identified some of its active ingredients. Methods: Seven main groups were investigated as follows: I. control negative, II. Control plant (600 mg/kg fig, orally), III, IV. Control positive (treated i.p with 10 and 15 mg/kg CP), V-VII. groups treated with fig (200, 400 and 600 mg/ kg) + Cisplatin (15 mg/kg). Results: Ficus carica alleviated the destructive effects of CP in the testis, liver and bone marrow due to the presence of high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Also it has a normal effect in the tested parameters as compared with the control negative. Chromatographic investigation resulted in the identification of 6 compounds: Catechin, Luteolin-8-C-β-D glucopyranoside, Quercetin, Quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Chlorogenic acid and Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. In bone marrow cisplatin induced significant percentage of chromosome abnormalities, micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and toxicity to cells. On the contrary the two tested doses of cisplatin had a normal effect on spermatocyte chromosomes (germ cells). The dose 15 mg/kg induced an overexpression of the liver genes NF-kB and iNOS as indicated by real-time PCR. Different forms of histopathological alterations and instigation of the expression of TNF-α gene in the testis were detected after CP treatment. Conclusion: Ficus carica is a promising candidate rich in many bioactive constituents and can be used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs to alleviate their destructive effects.

}, keywords = {Bone marrow, Cisplatin, Fig, Liver, Protection, Spermatocytes, Testis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.96 }, author = {Maha A Fahmy and Entesar E Hassan and Noha E Ibrahim and Emad M Hassan and Zeinab M Hassan and Enayat A Omara} } @article {1263, title = {Southeast Asian Medicinal Plants with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1429-1439}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1429}, abstract = {

Introduction: This article aims to provide a summary of medicinal plants in the Southeast Asian countries that have an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity that is therapeutically useful for treating hypertension. Methods: This review paper is a result of extensive searches via electronic database platforms, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct with the keyword search terms: ACE enzyme, Southeast Asia countries, plants, and extracts. Results: Thirty-four articles on ACE inhibition activity of 76 Southeast Asian medicinal plants were found and further reviewed. Several plants from Malaysia (Chassalia curviflora, Citrus hystrix, Murraya koenigii, Senna garrettiana), Indonesia (Gnetum Gnemon, Momordica charantia, Nasturtium officinale, Peperomia pellucida, Pereskia saccharose), and Thailand (Mammea siamensis) were found to exhibit strong ACE inhibitory activity in vitro. Bioactive compounds such as 3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}, dihydroxy-3-5 dimethoxy flavone-7-O- β-rhamnose and quercetin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest potency in exhibiting the ACE inhibition activity in this review. Conclusions: This review suggests for an in-depth investigation on the potent crude extracts for the potential development of complementary herbal medicines as well as on the potent ACE inhibitor compounds for further development as new ACE inhibitor candidates for hypertension therapy.

}, keywords = {ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Antihypertensive, Medicinal plants, Southeast Asia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.197}, author = {T A Faiz T Anuar and Azlini Ismail} } @article {1175, title = {Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {777-783}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Introduction: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) is a commodity which is widely grown in Indonesia, including in western Sumatera. Aim: This study was conducted to Standardization Study of Simplicia and Extract of Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Peel, Quantification of Hesperidin and Antibacterial Assay. Materials\ and Methods: The semi-solid extract of Calamondin peel was made by the maceration method using 70\% ethanol solvent. Then standardization study chamomile extract (Organoleptic examination of extracts, Chromatographic analysis, Total Ash, Acid-insoluble ash, Water content), quantification of hesperidin by TLC-densitometry method and antibacterial activity assay for diffusion method. The antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis\ and Pseudomonas aeruginous. Results: The organoleptic properties of the calamondin peel showed that the outer surface was brown and the inside was yellow, slightly smelly and sour taste. Microscopic characterizations obtained identifiers of calcium oxalate crystal fragments, fibers, parenchyma with oil cells, ladder-shaped transport tissue. Water and alcohol-soluble extractive are not less than 19.73\% {\textpm} 0.97\% and 10.26\% {\textpm} 0.25\%, loss on drying is not more than 10.78\% {\textpm} 0.05\% and the total and acidinsoluble ash is not more than 4.33\% {\textpm} 0.03\% and 1.01\% {\textpm} 0.07\%. The calamondin peel extract is described in the form of thick extract, a specific smell, a black color, bitter taste and yield not less than 25.33\% {\textpm} 1.3\%. Quantification of hesperidin obtained not less than 4.78\% {\textpm} 0.09\%, a water content of no more than 17.47\% {\textpm} 0.82\% and the total ash content and acid insoluble ash are not more than 4.65\% {\textpm} 0.06\% and 0.13\% {\textpm} 0.04\%. Antibacterial activity of extracts against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginous at 15\% concentration with inhibitory diameter range of 7.65 mm {\textpm} 0.36 mm to 9.96 mm {\textpm} 0.52 mm and at a concentration of 20\% with inhibitory diameter ranges of 9.26 mm {\textpm} 0.72 mm to 13.39 mm {\textpm} 0.28 mm. Conclusion: Calamondin (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) peel have antioxidant and antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidants, Citrus microcarpa Bunge, Hesperidin, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.111}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Dony Afriyandi} } @article {924, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Coastal Plants and Marine Sponges from Kei Island Indonesia against Bacterial Fish Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {812-817}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {812}, abstract = {

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of coastal plants and marine sponges extracts against fish bacterial pathogens. Methods: Samples were extracted by maceration and the extracts were examined for their antibacterial activities against Streptococcus sp. BJ0509, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Aeromonas hydrophila BA03 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus 29S by means of paper disc diffusion method. Active extracts were partitioned and purified by column chromatography. The purified substance was tested for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) against seven bacterial fish pathogens namely Streptococcus sp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, Photobacterium damselae, Aeromonas hydrophila and A. dhakensis. Results: The highest antibacterial activity against all bacteria used in the assay was demonstrated by OKA 6, a bark extract sample of a coastal plant, Diospyros maritima. It showed a diameter of inhibition zones against Streptococcus sp. BJ0509, S. aureus ATCC 6538, A. hydrophila BA03 and V. parahaemolyticus 29S of 19, 33, 18, and 18 mm, respectively. The column chromatography fraction of OKA 6 inhibited the growth of S. aureus ATCC 6538 with MIC of 3.125 μg/mL. The MIC of this fraction against seven bacterial fish pathogens ranged \< 0.098 to 3.125 μg/mL. The antibacterial activity of partially purified substance obtained from column chromatography fractionation of OKA 6 was higher than those of oxytetracycline and kanamycin. Conclusions: This result indicates that antibacterial activity of the partially purified substance is potentially higher than those of the commercial antibiotics tested. It further indicates that OKA 6 extract from D. maritima can serve as a promising resource for the development of therapeutic agents against bacterial infections in aquaculture.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bacteria, Coastal plant, Fish pathogen, Marine sponge, Secondary metabolite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.130}, author = {Andi Hamdillah and Alim Isnansetyo and Indah Istiqomah and Indun Dewi Puspita and Desy Putri Handayani and Takushi Kaneko} } @article {1053, title = {Antimalarial Activity of Microalgae Extracts Based on Inhibition of PfMQO, a Mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum Enzyme}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1477-1482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1477}, abstract = {

Malaria is an important global disease that threatened human life. The resistance Plasmodium sp. to the available medicines encourages the search for new antimalarial substances based on new mechanisms on the inhibition of PfMQO (the mitochondrial Plasmodium falciparum enzyme). Objective: The purposes of this study was to screen antimalarial substances from microalgae based on the inhibition of PfMQO. Materials and Methods: Five microalgae were extracted by maceration using chloroform pa and ethanol pa. These ten crude extracts obtained were tested for the inhibitory activity against the PfMQO enzyme. Results: The highest inhibitory activity against PfMQO enzyme was chloroform extract of S. costatum with 91.050\% of inhibition and 0.043 μg/mL of IC50. The ethanol extract of S. platensis showed 91.999\% and 5.25 μg/mL of inhibition and IC50, respectively. These results indicated that the two extracts provide high antimalarial activity exceeded a theoretical standard of antimalarial bioactive compounds. Conclusion: Chloroform extract of S. costatum and ethanol extract of S. platensis are promising sources of antimalarial compounds based on the inhibition of PfMQO.

}, keywords = {Antimalarial, Inhibitory activity, Microalgae, P falciparum, Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.228}, author = {Endang Ariyani Setyowati and Alim Isnansetyo and Tjut Sugandawaty Djohan and Raden Wisnu Nurcahyo} } @article {921, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract and Various Fractions from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis L.) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {771-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {771}, abstract = {

Background: Free radicals are one of the causes that can cause premature aging and degenerative disease. To overcome this problem, the body needs antioxidant intake. Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) leaves are one of the plants known as antioxidant agent due to its flavonoids and phenolic compounds or better known as catechin compounds. Catechin is polar flavonoid compounds so it is necessary to separate it from non-polar compounds so their antioxidant activity becomes effective. Objective: This study aims to determine antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of green tea leaves and its fractions namely ethyl acetate and water fraction, and measure the total flavonoid content, total phenolic content and catechin content. Materials and Methods: Green tea leaves extracted using maceration method with 96\% ethanol. Fractionation was conducted using liquid-liquid extraction using a solvent of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and water. Screening of flavonoid and phenolic and antioxidant activity was performed against the ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Antioxidant activity was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method using ultravioletvisible spectrophotometry with ascorbic acid as standard. Results: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The IC50 value of ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction were 9.017; 3.926 and 7.408 μg/mL consecutively. The ethyl acetate fraction also showed better antioxidant activity than ascorbic acid (4.855 μg/mL). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction showed very powerful antioxidant activity but ethyl acetate fraction has the best antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, DPPH method, Ethanolic extract, Ethyl acetate fraction, Green tea leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.122}, author = {Karmika Indarti and Elsa Fitria Apriani and Agung Eru Wibowo and Partomuan Simanjuntak} } @article {863, title = {Clinical Uses and Toxicity of Aloe vera: An Evidence-Based Comprehensive Retrospective Review (2007-2017)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {424-428}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Background: Aloe vera (AV), mostly known as succulents, or the healing plant of the genus Aloe of Liliaceae family. It contains large range of vitamins, amino acids, antiseptic, antiinflammatory, and sulfur compounds to control and eliminate mold, bacteria, viruses; however, AV toxicity is most of the times described poorly among AV consumers. Aim of the Study: To report and highlight AV clinical uses and toxicity cases to compare and highlight its therapeutic as well toxic profile. Materials and Methods: AV cases were gathered from databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and E-Resource Portal of Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University using the keywords, i.e., AV case report, AV toxicity, hepatitis, clinical trials about AV, interactions, the current uses of AV, etc. Results: Ten cases met the eligibility criteria where the toxicities were mostly associated with the usage of AV except the intended use, i.e., to be administered topically or AV capsules ingestion or as a drinkable solutions. Major symptoms observed in these cases were related to hepatocytes inflammation (hepatitis), fatigue, nausea, vomiting, thyroid dysfunction, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea along with severe weight loss. These results were not associated with a specific age; however they were more predominant in female gender. Conclusion: AV should be taken within normal/specified dose range which can only be achieved through asking an herbal specialist, and in approved suitable dosage form which is topical.

}, keywords = {Acemannan, Aloe vera, Cosmetics, Hepatitis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.66}, author = {Ahmed Muhammad Ibrahim and Hussain Al Sadah and Rizwan Ahmad and Niyaz Ahmad and Atta Abbas Naqvi} } @article {834, title = {Comparison between the Effect of Precipitate and Supernatant Aloe vera Gel on Experimental Cutaneous Wound Healing Using Optical Coherence Tomography}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {405-412}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Background: Wound healing is a fundamental response to injured tissue that results in the restoration of tissue integrity. One of the famous herbs that promote wound healing is Aloe vera. Despite well known for its therapeutic effect, several studies reported inconclusive evidence regarding this. Besides, lack of evidence to postulate the superior effect of two components of Aloe vera which are the precipitate and supernatant. Objective: Study compares the effects of precipitate and supernatant in promoting tissue repair. Evaluation takes place by using optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and is comparable with histopathology study. Methods: Twelve male mice were randomly divided into four groups (precipitate, supernatant, control 50\% ethanol, and normal). 200 mg of Aloe vera was extracted. A standardized 2 cm longitudinal incision wound was created. All mice were given topical Aloe vera, 0.5 g each, once daily and assessment of wound surface was performed using OCT. The animals were sacrificed on day 10 to evaluate histopathologically. Results: R parameter from the OCT was utilized to analyze the data. There is no significant difference in the treatment effect between Aloe vera treated group and control on day 10 post-injury. Treated animals with precipitate did not differ significantly from supernatant treated group. Nevertheless, from histopathology analysis, precipitate showed better wound reepithelialisation, collagen formation and angionesis despite having numerous inflammatory cells. Conclusion: OCT using R parameter is not the best choice to detect wound healing. Nevertheless, from histopathological perspective, Aloe vera accelerates wound healing and precipitate Aloe vera gel does have a superior effect from supernatant in promoting wound healing.

}, keywords = {Aloe vera, OCT, Precipitate, Supernatant, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.63}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Nurrashida Binti Mok Hallim and Aryo Tedjo and Anwar Ibrahim and Salinah} } @article {1025, title = {Development of Ethosome Containing Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction and In Vitro Skin Penetration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1242-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1242}, abstract = {

Objective: Bitter melon fruit, which is containing charantin, has poor penetration through the skin. This problem can be solved with the lipid vesicle called ethosomes that offers better skin penetration. This study was aimed to develop ethosomes for improving skin penetration ability of charantin. Methods: Bitter melon was extracted with ethanol 80\% and fractionated with dichloromethane. Ethosomes were formulated with a various concentration equal to 2\% (F1), 3\% (F2) and 4\% (F3) of bitter melon fruits fraction (BMFF) and prepared using thin layer hydration method. The obtained ethosomes were characterized, then the penetration study was conducted using Franz diffusion cells. Results: The results showed that the BMFF was a dry, brown-greenish fraction and gave a positive test for a steroid. The entrapment efficiency of ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 was 91.50 {\textpm} 0.40\%, 92.62 {\textpm} 0.26\% and 83.85 {\textpm} 1.10\%, respectively. Moreover, the particle size (Dv90) of ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 was 1083.33 {\textpm} 15.27 nm, 1736.67 {\textpm} 11.55 nm and 1976.67 {\textpm} 5.77 nm, respectively. Ethosomes F1, F2 and F3 resulted polydispersity index of 0.42 {\textpm} 0.02, 0.35 {\textpm} 0.05 and 0.50 {\textpm} 0.11, as well as zeta potential of -54.33 {\textpm} 0.75, -57.50 {\textpm} 0.44 and -50.60 {\textpm} 0.98, respectively. Besides, all ethosomes had a spherical shape. The research revealed that ethosome F2 was the optimal ethosome among another formulas. Cumulative percentage of penetrated stigmasterol glycoside for ethosome F2 was 18.25 {\textpm} 0.08\%, while the control solution did not penetrate within 20 h. Conclusion: This research demonstrated that the ethosome could increase the skin penetration of stigmasterol glycoside, which is charantin content, from the fraction of bitter melon fruit.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon fruits, Charantin, Ethosomes, Skin penetration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.193}, author = {Silvia Surini and Antik R Arnedy and Raditya Iswandana} } @article {1007, title = {Effect of Trigonella Foenum Graecum Seed Extract on Entero- Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1371-1375}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1371}, abstract = {

The research study evaluates the effect of Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance obtained. Male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 4 groups each having 6 albino rats were randomly assigned Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg group), Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP- 1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured at -30 minutes for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP- 1and GIP at -30, 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p= \<0.001) at 45 minutes when compared to control. Trigonella foenum graecum (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg) showed significant (p=\<0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT and (1 gm/kg) showed reduction in glucagon levels (p=\< 0.001) at 15 minutes and at 45 minutes (p=\<0.05). Trigonella foenum graecum extracts showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects through entero-insular axis. Further in-depth animal and clinical studies are necessary to bring out the therapeutic potential of this seed extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Entero-Insular axis, GIP, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Trigonella foenum graecum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.212}, author = {SD Inbaraj and M Muniappan} } @article {803, title = {Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Root Extracts of Olax subscopioidea on Inflammatory Parameters in Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s Adjuvant-Collagen Type II Induced Arthritic Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {16-25}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {16}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: Rural and Urban dwellers in Nigeria claim to treat their arthritis with Olax subscorpioidea root extracts. One of the reasons they chose this treatment is that it is effective and cost less than orthodox drugs with their accompanying side effects. Hence the aim of this study is to investigate the anti-arthritis effects of Olax subscorpioidea Afzel ethanol and aqueous root extracts on chicken type II-Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis rat model. Materials and Method: The anti-arthritic potential of ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea was evaluated using the chicken type II-Complete Freund{\textquoteright}s adjuvant model in 135 female wistar albino rats. The rats were treated with aqueous and ethanol root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea at varying doses and standard indomethacine drug. Results: The ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant anti-arthritic activity that was statistically similar to that of indomethacine. Our results suggest that the alcoholic extract of Olax subscorpioidea showed significant (P\<0.05) anti-arthritic potential.

}, keywords = {Adjuvant, Arthritis, Indomethacine, Plant extracts, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.4}, author = {Nkiru Nwamaka Ezeani and Udu Ama Ibiam and Obasi Uche Orji and Ikechuku Okorie Igwenyi and Chinyere Aloke and Esther Alum and Partrick Mmaduabuchi Aja and Okechukwu Paul Chima Ugwu} } @article {820, title = {Estimation of Phytochemical, Vitamins Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Pelargonium inquinans Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {237-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {237}, abstract = {

Aims: To estimate the phytochemical and vitamins composition and the antioxidant activity of Pelargonium inquinans leaves. Background: Some plants that are used in the traditional setting for the management of different ailments have documented observations and scientific studies. However many other plants lack scientific reports to support their medicinal use. One of such plant is Pelargonium inquinans Ait that is traditionally used to treat headaches and flu by tribes in South Africa. Not much is known about its chemical composition. Methods: The phytochemical composition of acetone, aqueous and ethanol extract of leaves of Pelargonium inquinans as well as the vitamins A, C and E of its dried weight leaves and the antioxidant activities were evaluated using standard in vitro methods. The phytochemical composition and vitamins were determined spectrophotometrically, while the antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and phosphomolybdenum (total) antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis: The One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used to determine the differences among the means of the various samples. Results: The phytochemical composition differ significantly in the various extracts. The total phenolics were higher than other phytochemicals in all the extracts used. The hydrogen peroxide and DPPH scavenging activity were very high and dose-dependent. The aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity at 98.4 \% of control (hydrogen peroxide), while the ethanol extract had the lowest at 37.5\% control (nitric oxide). Conclusion: The results supports the notion that the Geraniaceae family and Pelargonium inquinans in particular is rich in polyphenolic compounds and has good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cancers, Pelargonium inquinans, Phenols, Phytochemical, Vitamins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.37}, author = {Ogochukwu Izuegbuna and Gloria Otunola and Graeme Bradley} } @article {984, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass Oil Against Oral Clinical Isolates {\textendash} An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1023-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1023}, abstract = {

Background: There are 1,200 oral species out of which 400 are potentially important and 20 organisms are periopathic. Periodontal flora plays the important role in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. There are various conservative and surgical procedures to treat and prevent periodontal diseases. Local drug delivery agents reduce microbial burden, blocks collagenase activity and inhibits bone loss; out of which tetracycline is common in use. Unwanted side effects and resistance of microorganisms towards antibiotics due to their widespread use have modified the general prescription about their efficacy. Various researches elucidate that herbal extracts exhibit wide range of antibacterial activity. In recent years, Lemongrass essential oil gains scientific interest as it targets even the periodontal pathogens. The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with that of tetracycline. Aim and objective: To comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with tetracycline against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus and to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of lemongrass essential oil. Study design: In vitro. Materials and Methods: It is an in vitro study done to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass against the oral microbes. Based on their involvement in various clinical conditions Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus were selected for the study. These organisms were inoculated to a solid media and incubated overnight aerobically at 37{\textdegree}C to obtain a pure culture. The culture was made as a suspension in sterile saline with the turbidity matching 0.5 Macfarland standard. This is used to make a lawn culture on the Mueller Hinton Agar. Antimicrobial effect of tetracycline was tested using standard disc of doxycycline 30 mcg (Himedia, SD012) and sterile disc was used to prepare lemongrass essential oil which contained 10 μl, 15 μl and 20μl. In each category 5 discs were tested to get a mean zone of inhibition. After 24 hours of incubation the zone of inhibition was measure in mm using a scale. The measured zone size was tabulated and compared among the groups. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentration of lemon grass essential oil was estimated to be 10μl. Statistically significant zone of inhibition and antibacterial zone was greater in lemongrass essential oil than tetracycline for Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermis. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil showed higher antibacterial activity than tetracycline. Hence, it can be used as a good alternative to tetracycline or adjunctive in the treatment of periodontitis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Lemongrass essential oil, Minimal inhibitory Concentration, Tetracycline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.161}, author = {Paavai Ilango and Vasugi Suresh and Ayswarya V Vummidi1 and Vanessa Ravel and Veejai Chandran and Arulpari Mahalingam and Vineela Katam Reddy} } @article {857, title = {Evaluation of Anti-psoriatic Potential of the Fruit Rind of Punica granatum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {466-468}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {466}, abstract = {

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is universally known for its therapeutic properties due to its potential bioactive compounds. However, there is no established scientific study on antipsoriatic activity of pomegranate fruit rind. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-psoriatic activity of the isolated compounds and the extract from the fruit rind of P. granatum. In our previous study, the isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant potential. In continuation to the previous investigation, the present study is taken up to evaluate the extract and compounds for in vitro anti-psoriatic activity. Methods: Chromatographic techniques were employed to isolate the compounds from the aqueous acetone extract and in vitro anti-psoriatic activity was determined by thymidine phosphorylase inhibition assay. Results: From previous phytochemical investigation, three compounds were identified as Punicalagin, 2,3(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose and Punicalin. In the present study, the extract and the compounds were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. The results reveal that the isolated three compounds showed inhibitory activity of 89\% to 95\% against thymidine phosphorylase. Aqueous acetone extract also exhibited 87\% inhibition. Conclusion: Punica granatum is an ideal plant for further investigation to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-psoriatic activity, Punica granatum, Thymidine phosphorylase inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.73}, author = {Janani Jacob and Gopalan R and Lakshmanaperumalsamy P and Ramanaiah Illuri and Damaji Bhosle and Gopala Krishna Sangli and Deepak Mundkinajeddu} } @article {884, title = {Flavonoids of East Asian Species Serratula manshurica Kitag}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Aim/ Background: The flavonoid composition of the East Asian species Serratula manshurica Kitag. (Family Asteraceae) growing in the Primorsky Territory, the Amur region and in the South of the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia was studied. Materials and Methods: Flavonoids quercetin-4{\textquoteright}-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1) and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2) were isolated from Serratula manshurica by methods of liquid extraction and recrystallization. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by UV, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Separation and quantitative content of flavonoids in the extracts of the aerial part (Leaves, stems, inflorescences) of Serratula manshurica was observed by RP HPLC. Results and Conclusion: The change in the amount of some flavonoids in various phenological phases in the overhead part of Serratula manshurica Kitag was studied. It was revealed that the maximum concentration of flavonoid aglycones in the plant was observed during the before budding in the budding period and their glycosides prevaily in the flowering phase. Widespread across the Far East, Serratula manshurica is promising and renewable source of bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Leaves, NMR spectroscopy, Serratula manshurica, Steams}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Myagchilov Aleksey V and Sokolova Larisa I and Gorovoy Peter G and Dmitrenok Pavel S} } @article {792, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bio-active Compounds in Ethanol Extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Fruit Peel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {146-149}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {146}, abstract = {

Introduction: Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. has long been used in folkloric medicine for treating arthralgia, fever, hemorrhoids, muscle pain and rheumatism. But no reports were found regarding phytochemical constituents in P. roxburghii fruit peel. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze extract of P. roxburghii fruit peel (PRFP). Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethanol extract of PRFP was carried out by using a GC-MS equipment. Results: The GC-MS analysis has revealed the existence of different phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of PRFP. The major compounds in PRFP extract are Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)- (4.56\%), 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- (41.07\%), Geraniol (2.45\%), (1R,2S,5R)-2-(2-Hydroxy-2-propanyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol (14.09\%), 2,6-Octadiene, 2,6-dimethyl- (7.04\%), p-Menthane-3,8-diol, cis-1,3,trans-1,4- (3.39\%), 2,6-Octadien- 1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate (6.69\%) and 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- (2.83\%). A total of 25 compounds identified representing 99.98\% of total ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Overall finding suggests that PRFP contain various phytocomponents and is recommended as an important source of pharmaceutical ingredients.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, Fruit peel, GC-MS, Pharmaceutical ingredients, Putranjiva roxburghii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.24}, author = {Md. Mahmudul Hasan and Md. Rezuan Al Mahmud and Md. Gaziul Islam} } @article {1001, title = {HerbalDB 2.0: Optimization of Construction of Three-Dimensional Chemical Compound Structures to Update Indonesian Medicinal Plant Database}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1189-1194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1189}, abstract = {

Objective: Development of novel drugs is an important challenge in the pharmaceutical world and industry. In-silico methods are often considered in refinement / correction processes of drug design because they may lower the costs. The in-silico drug discovery process requires a three- Dimensional Structure (3DS) of the chemical compounds as input. Computational 3DSs often exhibit structural mismatches thus affecting the validity of the in-silico drug design process. In a previous study, a 3DS database with 1405 of Indonesian herbal compounds was developed, named HerbalDB. In this database, various structural mismatches were identified in some of the 3DSs. Our study aimed to identify and correct the structural mismatches in the herbalDB and to determine the best method in creating correct 3DS of chemical compounds. Methods: Structural mismatches in the herbal database were identified by molecular visualization. Results: The identification process yielded 170 compounds with structural mismatches that were corrected with 10 different parameters using the MarvinSketch and VegaZZ software, evaluated by molecular visualization. Conclusions: based on 3DS of chemical compound visualization, *.mol and *.sdf file format created using Dreiding force fields of MarvinSketch are the best method to construct the proper structure of Indonesian medicinal plant{\textquoteright}s chemical compound database compared with MMFF94, AMBER and CHARMM forcefields.

}, keywords = {Herbal database, MarvinSketch, Three-dimensional structure, VegaZZ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.184}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Jasmine Tiara Iqbal and Abdul Munim and Arry Yanuar} } @article {1019, title = {Influence of Milk on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Power of Black Tea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1262-1268}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1262}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tea leaves are rich in several polyphenolics and flavonoidal compounds that could potentially have health-promoting properties. The objective of the present study was to analyze the antioxidant capacity of black tea and to study the effect of addition of fresh milk and packed milk on the phenolics concentrations and antioxidant efficacy. Methods: The black tea infusion (BT), black tea infusion with fresh milk (BTFM) \& black tea infusion with packed milk (BTPM) samples were comparatively analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids and HPLC profiling of major phenolic content. All samples were investigated for their total antioxidant capacity and glutathione level in different organs (brain, liver, kidney and heart). Results: The results shown that BT(black tea infusion) had higher total phenolics and flavonoids followed by BTPM (black tea infusion with packed milk) and then the BTFM (black tea infusion with fresh milk). The analytical HPLC results obtained also indicated that BT contained higher amount of catechins and garlic acid derivatives than BTFM, and BTPM may be due to chelation of free phenolics with some fats and protein in the tested milk samples, which reduces the levels of free phenolics significantly. Concerning antioxidants capacity both tested milk samples reduced antioxidant capacity to more than 50\% in different tested tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that black tea is a valuable source of antioxidants and that the inhibitory effect of milk on the total antioxidant capacity may be related to complex formation of the fat \& protein content of the milk with major phenolics in the black tea.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Black tea, Glutathione, HPLC. Flavonoids, Milk, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.196}, author = {KM Meselhy and Ghada A Abdel-latif and Amany A sleem and Walaa Ayman and Maram K Imam and Kholoud A Kassab and Sherouk Eissa} } @article {828, title = {The Interactive Antimicrobial Activity of Conventional Antibiotics and Petalostigma spp. Extracts Against Bacterial Triggers of some Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {292-309}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Introduction: An increase in antibiotic resistance and a corresponding decrease in antimicrobial discovery have directed researchers towards alternative therapies, including plant-based medicines. However, synergistic combinations of plant extracts with conventional antibiotics are a far more effective approach in overcoming resistance and potentiating the activity of antibiotics that are otherwise ineffective against resistant bacterial strains. Methods: In this study, Petalostigma spp. (native Australian medicinal plants) extracts were combined with a range of conventional antibiotics and tested against various microbial triggers of autoimmune diseases. The fruit and leaves were extracted separately with solvents of varying polarity and investigated for the ability to inhibit bacterial growth using disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC techniques. Results: The methanolic and water extracts showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against several microbes. However, combinations of the mid-low polarity extracts with conventional antibiotics proved significantly more effective in inhibiting the growth of Proteus mirabilis and Acinetobacter baylyi (bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis respectively). In total, 14 different combinations proved to be synergistic. Notably, two antibiotics (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) with no inhibitory activity against P. mirabilis alone were shown to have substantial activity when tested in combination with Petalostigma spp. extracts. Conclusion: Although the mechanisms of synergy are still unclear, studies indicate that compounds within Petalostigma spp. may mimic the actions of resistance modifying agents, thus potentiating the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Isolation of these agents may be highly beneficial in drug design against several bacteria including the microbial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

}, keywords = {ankylosing spondylitis, Conventional antimicrobials, Drug combinations, Efflux pump inhibitor, Interaction, Medicinal plants, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Synergy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.45}, author = {Aishwarya Ilanko and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {1041, title = {The Medicinal Plants Used in Anjir Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1572-1579}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1572}, abstract = {

Background: The use of medicinal plants in Anjir Pulang Pisau Village has been carried out for a long time through knowledge that is passed down through generations to family members. But there is no documentation of local knowledge about medicinal plants. Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the use of medicinal plants in Anjir Pulang Pisau Village, Central Kalimantan-Indonesia. Methods: The data were collected through individual interviews using semi{\textemdash}structured interviews. Information regarding the local names of the plant, medicinal uses, parts used, methods of preparation, and administration route were documented. Results: A total of 28 medicinal plants were identified. The family Anacardiaceae, Lamicaeae, Poaceae, and Myrtaceae had the highest proportion of medicinal plants used (7\% each). The most frequently utilized medicinal plant parts were roots (47\%). The plant species used to treat the high percentage of disease was Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe. (16\%). In terms of frequency of medicinal plant uses, the highest percentage of plant species (21\%) was used to treat wound. Majority of the plant remedies in this study were prepared by decoction (40\%), and most medicinal plant preparations were taken orally (75\%). Conclusion: Further research is needed to identify unidentified family and plant species. Pharmacognostical and pharmacological studies are also needed for the identification of chemical compounds and proving the efficacy of medicinal plants used by local people.

}, keywords = {Curcuma zedoaria, Ethnomedicine, Kahayan Hilir, Pulang Pisau, Traditional Knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.240}, author = {Susi Novaryatiin and Indah Indah} } @article {808, title = {Olea europaea and Its Constituents Promote Bone Health by Enhancing Osteoblast Differentiation and Proliferation: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {1-7}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background: The human bone is in a constant state of balance between bone resorption and bone formation, maintained by the osteoclasts and osteoblasts respectively. Association of Mediterranean diet and bone health has been prevalently studied in recent years. Olive and its constituents have been suggested to be the major contributor to the benefits of the Mediterranean diet in bone health. Method: In this review, cellular and molecular mechanism of bone homeostasis and the influence of olive and its constituents were discussed. Result: Many studies ranging from clinical, animal and in vitro cell culture reported benefits of olive and its constituents in bone health. Olive and its constituent exerted its beneficial effect in bone health through stimulation of bone formation as opposed to inhibition of bone resorption. Conclusion: Olive and its constituents promotes osteoblast differentiation and proliferation.

}, keywords = {Bone, Hydroxytyrosol, Oleuropein, Olive, Osteoblast}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.1}, author = {Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus and Aminuddin Bin Saim} } @article {806, title = {A Pharmacognosy Approach to the Botanical Source of a Cinnamon Fruit Traded as N{\={a}}gake{\'s}ara and Sirunagappu in Raw Drug Markets}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {81-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Background: Adulteration and substitution of Nagakesara is a well-established fact in the medicinal plant literature though it is referred by the authors of important Ayurvedic texts to cure piles, dysentery, hiccup etc. The botanical identities of controversial sources of Nagakesara are flowers of Mesua ferrea L. and Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. and Hook. f., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. and perchance their allied species. Though immature fruits of some Cinnamomum species are also reported to be sold as Nagakesara/Sirunagappu in the crude drug markets there are no pharmacognostic studies available for the identification and analysis of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: In this study, marketed Nagakesara/ Sirunagappu samples were procured from Chennai raw drug market and analyzed as per the standard methodologies for pharmacognostic studies. Results: Macro-microscopical characters and chemical identity of the samples of immature fruits were established to derive set of characters for the identification of this marketed material. The proposed results would help in identification of this crude drug while used as substitute drug for the official source. Conclusion: The botanical Nagakesara or Sirunagappu is neither stamen nor flower, but it is fruit of Cinnamomum species. As Western Ghats is habitat for several similar looking species of Cinnamomum, there is necessity to study the pharmacognostical characters of all species of Cinnamomum before concluding the botanical source of this ambiguous raw drug of Ayurveda and Siddha.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lauraceae, Market substitute, Quality standards, Siddha, ulteration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.15}, author = {Chinnapillai Arunachalam and Balasundaram Maheshwari and Govindarajan Nartunai and Raju Ilavarasan and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {964, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Hispidulin Content in Clerodendrum petasites Roots Distributed in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1093-1099}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clerodendrum petasites (Lour.) S. Moore (locally known as Mai-Thao-Yaai-Mom), belonging to the Verbenaceae family, is widely formulated into multi-herb remedy, Ben-Cha- Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, possessing antipyretic activity. C. petasites exhibits many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, etc. The flavonoid hispidulin is one of the main active compounds present in C. petasites, containing anti-atheromatous, antitumor and antispasmodic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the hispidulin content in the dried roots of C. petasites using HPLC technique. Methods: C. petasites dried roots, collected from twelve different areas, were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus, and then subjected to HPLC-PDA to quantify hispidulin content. The quantitative method using HPLC-PDA technique was validated. Results: The optimized HPLC coupling with PDA detector (HPLC-PDA) was validated for the quantitative analysis of hispidulin content in C. petasites roots in terms of linearity (y = 210,200,536.6667x {\textendash} 448,756.2667; R2 = 0.9997), accuracy (88.82-107.69\% recovery), precision (0.66\% RSD for repeatability precision; 1.17\% RSD for intermediate precision), limit of detection (2.30 μg/mL), limit of quantitation (7.00 μg/mL), specificity (peak purity index = 1.0000) and robustness (\% RSD \< 1). The amount of hispidulin content in the extracts of C. petasites roots conducted from the validated method was found to be 0.0182 {\textpm} 0.0109 g/100 g crude drug. Conclusion: The HPLC-PDA analysis was able to effectively determine hispidulin in C. petasites roots. The hispidulin contents in C. petasites dried roots from various areas in Thailand were revealed which could be used for the specification of this crude drug with reference to its chemical marker.

}, keywords = {Ben-Cha-Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, Clerodendrum petasites, hispidulin, HPLC-PDA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.171}, author = {Thanyathorn Tangsongcharoen and Somchai Issaravanich and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {864, title = {Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp: A Potential Phytomedicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {429-438}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Ethnomedicinal plant is one of the important sources for drug discovery. Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp is one of the ethnomedicinal plants that is currently gaining attention for its various pharmacological potentials. This review evaluates its traditional uses, chemical profiles, toxicological aspects, nutritional values, as well as its pharmacological properties. From our literature search in Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, it was found that S. polyanthum has valuable therapeutic potentials including antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antitumor, antidiarrheal, acetylcholinesterase, inhibitory, and dental plaque inhibition properties. However, few research areas, especially its toxicological profiles, mechanism of actions, as well as identification of its bioactive compound, require more in-depth studies.

}, keywords = {Chemical, Nutritional, Pharmacological, Syzygium polyanthum, Toxicological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.67}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {541, title = {Accumulation of Potential Photo-Protective Compound Groups in Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris (l.) Engler.) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {x}, abstract = {

Objective: To analyze the accumulation of potential photo-protective compound groups, include phenol, flavonoid, and tannin in the leaf tissues of Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler. Methods: The research used Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler leaves as materials. The total of compound groups and photo-protective ability level of each tissue was measured using spectrophotometry, while detection of compound group accumulations in the leaf tissue were observed using histochemical assay. Results: Epidermis extract contained the highest content of total phenolic compounds (phenol, flavonoid, and tannin), followed by those of mesophyll and whole leaf. Moreover, Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of epidermis was also higher than those of mesophyll and whole leaf, considering that there were no significant difference of SPF value between mesophyll and whole leaf. Result of histochemical assay of S. caseolaris fresh leaf sections showed that phenol, flavonoid, and tannin were highly accumulated in the epidermis and some parts of mesophyll. Conclusion: Potential photo-protective compound groups of S. caseolaris leaves were accumulated in epidermis and mesophyll. However, epidermis showed the highest level of potential photo-protective compound groups than those of other tissues. Photo-protective ability of epidermis also showed higher value than those of mesophyll.

Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler, Secondary metabolite, Photo-protective, SPF, Leaf anatomy.

}, keywords = {Leaf anatomy., Photo-protective, Secondary metabolite, Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler, SPF}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Haviah Hafidhotul Ilmiah and Tri Rini Nuringtyas and Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho} } @article {566, title = {Accumulation of Potential Photo-Protective Compound Groups in Mangrove (Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler.) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {576-580}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Objective: To analyze the accumulation of potential photo-protective compound groups, include phenol, flavonoid, and tannin in the leaf tissues of Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler. Methods: The research used Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler leaves as materials. The total of compound groups and photo-protective ability level of each tissue was measured using spectrophotometry, while detection of compound group accumulations in the leaf tissue were observed using histochemical assay. Results: Epidermis extract contained the highest content of total phenolic compounds (phenol, flavonoid, and tannin), followed by those of mesophyll and whole leaf. Moreover, Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value of epidermis was also higher than those of mesophyll and whole leaf, considering that there were no significant difference of SPF value between mesophyll and whole leaf. Result of histochemical assay of S. caseolaris fresh leaf sections showed that phenol, flavonoid, and tannin were highly accumulated in the epidermis and some parts of mesophyll. Conclusion: Potential photo-protective compound groups of S. caseolaris leaves were accumulated in epidermis and mesophyll. However, epidermis showed the highest level of potential photo-protective compound groups than those of other tissues. Photo-protective ability of epidermis also showed higher value than those of mesophyll.

}, keywords = {Leaf anatomy, Photo-protective, Secondary metabolite, Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engler, SPF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.94}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/527}, author = {Haviah Hafidhotul Ilmiah and Tri Rini Nuringtyas and Laurentius Hartanto Nugroho} } @article {616, title = {Acute and Sub-Acute Antihypertensive Effects of Syzygium polyanthum Leaf Extracts with Determination of Gallic Acid using HPLC Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {663-671}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {663}, abstract = {

Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial- preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance- liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/ kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until 3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 \± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 \± 10.30 ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP\’s effect was more prominent than ADSP

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Gallic acid, HPLC, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.109}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/647}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Nurul Syahida Ramli and Mahaneem Mohamed and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {698, title = {Analysis of bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana Extracts using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {854-858}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {854}, abstract = {

Aim: Bioactive constituents of n-hexane and methanol fractions of Vernonia calvoana (VC) leaves were evaluated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Method: The leaves were harvested, cleaned and air dried for 7 days. They were ground to yield 5kg weight powder which was macerated and extracted in 8000 mL of 80\% ethanol for 48 hours, yielding 310.3g (6.2\%) of crude extract after evaporation of the solvent. The paste (251.8g) was subjected to column chromatography over silica gel (mesh 60 \– 120\μm) and eluted with 1.5L of n-hexane and methanol respectively. The fractions were analyzed for bioactive constituents using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (30m x 0.25mm ID x 0.25\μm film thickness). Result: The results of GC-MS analysis showed the presences of twelve compounds with phytol (46.67\%), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid (33.40\%), octadecanoic acid (11.25\%), pentadecane carboxylic acid (10.69\%), 9, 12, 15-octadecatrien-1-ol (8.12\%) and ethyl palmitate (7.68\%) in the n-hexane fraction, while methanol fraction was observed to have 14 compounds with oleic acid (33.40\%), hexadecanoic acid (12.49\%), 2-butanone (14.32\%), palmitadehyde (8.36\%), 11-octadecenoic acid (5.56\%), Z-4-nonadecen-1-ol-acetate (5.36\%) and limonene Oxide (4.37\%) as well as other compounds in trace concentrations. Conclusion: it may be concluded from the results that, extracts of Vernonia calvoana contain various bioactive components that may be exploited as a good source of new drug for pharmaceutical industries.

}, keywords = {Bioactive constituents, Methanol, n-hexane, Vernonia calvoana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.144}, author = {Iwara A. Iwara and Godwin O. Igile and Friday E. Uboh and Mbeh U. Eteng and Patrick .E. Ebong} } @article {540, title = {Antioxidative Properties of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig Stem Bark Extract and Inhibitory Effects on Carbohydrate Hydrolyzing Enzymes Associated with Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {376-383}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {376}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: In Africa, the fruit, seed, leaf, and stem of Blighia sapida K.D. Koenig are used as remedy for a range of diseases. This study characterized the phytochemicals, assessed the antioxidant and inhibitory properties of the stem bark of Blighia sapida. Materials and Methods: Samples were consecutively extracted using ethanol solvent and investigated for phenol content, DPPH radical scavenging abilities, iron chelation, reducing power, \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase activities as markers of in vitro anti-diabetic activities. Phytochemicals were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Results: The extract had radical scavenging capabilities, iron chelation and reducing power. Furthermore, the results reveal the extract had considerably high \α-glucosidase and \α- amylase inhibitory activities as the concentration increases with IC50 values of 4.17 \± 0.24 mg/mL and 5.30 \± 1.25 mg/mL, respectively. Enzyme kinetic studies indicated that the extract displayed uncompetitive inhibitor for \α-glucosidase and was a competitive inhibitor of \α-amylase. The ethanolic extract is rich in several aromatic phenolic compounds and long chain aliphatic acids. Conclusion: These results reveal the bark possessed antioxidant as well as \α -glucosidase and \α -amylase inhibitory activities.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, antioxidant activity, Blighia sapida K D Koenig, α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.63}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/494}, author = {Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo and Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye and Oluwatosin Debbie Imiere and Oluwatosin Adeyonu and Israel Olayide and Adewale Fadaka} } @article {737, title = {Arginase Inhibitory Activity and Total Flavonoid Content on Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1180-1183}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous in nature, have been known for their pharmacological as antifungal, diuretic, antihistamin, antihypertension, insecticide, bactericide, antiviral, antioxidant, and enzim inhibitor. Flavanones found in all parts Scutellaria indica, has the ability to inhibit arginase, flavanols found in the seeds of Theobroma cacao L. Previous study showed that Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark contains flavonoid compound. Objective: The objective of this study to analyze arginase inhibitory activity and to determine the total flavonoid content of Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark by using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Methods: Dried Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks were refluxed with three different solvent with gradual gradient polarity i.en-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested to determine arginase inhibitory activity. Total flavonoid content was determined on extract showed the highest arginase inhibitory activity. Results: Methanolic extract showed arginase inhibitory activity of 12.81\% and flavonoid content was 2 mgQE/g. Phytochemical screening on Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark ethyl acetate extract showed that it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, meanwhile Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark methanolic extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Conclusion: Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark extracts were not potential to inhibit arginase.

}, keywords = {Arginase, Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart, Flavonoids}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.202}, author = {Devi Indriani and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {520, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Ficus Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {349-354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {349}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis and Ficus glomerata are plants from Ficus species used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments. This study aimed to investigate in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of three plants from Ficus species and effect of extracting solvents, total flavonoids and phenolics content on its in vitro activity. Methods: Dried leaf powder was extracted successively by using solvents with increasing order of polarity index (PI). In vitro antioxidant (RP: reducing power assay, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and HP: Hydrogen peroxide assay) and antidiabetic (\αA: \α-amylase assay and \αG: \α-glucosidase assay) activities as well as total flavonoid (TF) and total phenolic (TP) contents of extracts were evaluated. The correlation between in vitro activities and solvent polarity index, total flavonoid and phenolic content were established by using pearson\’s correlation coefficient (R). Results: Strong positive correlation was observed with PI of extracting solvents and TP content of Ficus religiosa (PI/ TP, R=0.8159) and Ficus glomerata (PI/ TP, R=0.9172). Comparatively benzene and water extracts of Ficus glomerata were found to have significantly (P\<0.05) highest in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity respectively. Strong positive correlation was observed between TF and \αG inhibitory (TF/ \αG, R=0.793) effects of Ficus benghalensis. In addition, strong positive correlation observed between TP and antioxidant activity (TP/DPPH, R=0.9744; TP/RP, R=0.9514 and TP/HP, R=0.8108) of Ficus glomerata. Conclusions: Finding of our research will help in selection of solvents for extracting antidiabetic and antioxidant rich phytoconstituents from Ficus species.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus glomerata, Ficus religiosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.59}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/489}, author = {Shaikh Abusufyan and Mohammed Ibrahim and Khan Mohib} } @article {755, title = {Comparison between High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and High Performance Liquid Chromatography Methods for Determination of Rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark Extract of Garcinia cowa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s42-s47}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s42}, abstract = {

Objectives: To develop simple, rapid, accurate methods for determination of rubraxanthone in the stem bark extract of Garcinia cowa using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Methods: The HPTLC method was performed on aluminum plate precoated with silica gel 60 F254 using Chloroform: Ethyl acetate: Methanol: Formic acid (88:2:2:8) as a developing system. Quantification was achieved using densitometric measurements at 243 nm. The HPLC method involved a 5 \μm C18 column and an isocratic solvent using 0.4\% formic acid: methanol (12:88) with a flow rate 1 mL minute-1. Quantitation was also achieved with ultraviolet detection at 243 nm based on peak area. All necessary validation tests for both methods were done for their comparison. The results obtained by these two different quantification methods were compared by Tukey\’s-test. Results: Both assays provided good linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and limits of detection and quantitation for determination of rubraxanthone in The Stem Bark extract of G. cowa. Conclusion: Both methods revealed reasonable validation parameters concerning linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and limits of detection and quantitation. A statistical comparison of the quantitative analysis of rubraxanthone in extract did not show any statistically significant difference between two analysis methods. As both methods were found to be equal, they therefore can be used for the analysis of rubraxanthone in the Stem Bark extract of G. cowa.

}, keywords = {Garcinia cowa Roxb, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, rubraxanthone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.8}, author = {Meri Susanti and Sanusi Ibrahim and Yahdiana Harahap and Dachriyanus} } @article {482, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Syzygium polyanthum Leaves Extracted using Ultrasound-Assisted Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {110-119}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Context: Syzygium polyanthum has been traditionally formulated by the folklore for the treatment of diseases including diarrhea, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, gastritis and hyperuricemia. Normally, its phytochemicals are always extracted using solvent, maceration and steam distillation methods, but the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is still not well documented. Aims: This study aims to extract the phytochemical compounds present in S. polyanthum leaves using UAE and to identify them by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Methodology: The leaves were consecutively soaked with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a bath sonicator to derive n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) extracts of S. polyanthum leaves and then the extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Mass-spectral databases of peaks were compared with database from Wiley, NIST and FNSCC libraries for compound identification. Results: GC-MS analyses of HSP, EASP and MSP showed the presence of 21, 27, and 31 peaks, respectively. The major compound for HSP (31.912\%), EASP (27.042\%), and MSP (22.386\%) were unknown compounds which were detected at retention time between 61.980 and 62.29 min, thus requires further characterization. Squalene and phytol were among the other major compounds present in all three extracts. Several identified compounds in the extracts such as squalene, phytol, hentriacontane, palmitic acid, \α-pinene, nerolidol, linalool, \α-tocopherol and \β-tocopherol were known bioactive compounds. Conclusion: GC-MS analyses of n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) of S. polyanthum leaves extracts have revealed the presence of some known bioactive compounds with therapeutic importance.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compound, GC-MS, Sonication, Syzygium polyanthum, Ultra-sound-assisted}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.20}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/406}, author = {Erlena Nor Asmira Abd Rahim and Azlini Ismail and Muhammad Nor Omar and Umi Nadhirah Rahmat and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {680, title = {Improved Bioactive Metabolite Production by Saccharopolyspora halotolerans VSM-2 Using Response Surface Methodology and Unstructured Kinetic Modelling}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {833-840}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

Background: This study targets to optimize and analyse the interactive effects of process variables for improved bioactive metabolite production using RSM and unstructured kinetic modelling by S. halotolerans VSM 2. Materials and Methods: RSM was applied to optimize the interactive effects of five variables, viz., time of incubation, pH, temperature, concentration of maltose and meat extract on bioactive metabolite production and its effect against the five responses viz., S. flexneri, S. marcescens, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Models of Logistic and Luedeking-Piret were used to simulate the cellular increase and bioactive metabolite production. Results: RSM optimal conditions for the bioactive metabolite production recorded were incubation time (12days), pH (8), and temperature (250C), concentrations of maltose and meat extract (1 \% w/v) (each). The effect of the bioactive metabolite produced (zone of inhibition) against the responses were found to be 17 mm for S. flexneri, 17 mm for S. marcescens, 16 mm for P. vulgaris, 17 mm for P. aeruginosa and 18 mm for E coli. The data obtained from experimental values are in close agreement with the predicted values of RSM. Model adequacy was evaluated using ANOVA variance where the quadratic effect of p\<0.0001 which imply the significance of the model. The unstructured-, mathematical- kinetic models provided a better approximation of profiles of S. halotolerans VSM 2 growth, optimized media utilization and bioactive metabolite production. Conclusion: Optimization of the independent variables for the production of the bioactive metabolite using RSM by S. halotolerans VSM 2 and its effect against the five responses were documented. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values. Unstructured models provided a better approximation of kinetic profiles for bioactive metabolite production by S. halotolerans VSM 2.

}, keywords = {Bioactive metabolites, Kinetic Modelling, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Saccharopolyspora halotolerans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.142}, author = {Ushakiranmayi Managamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Mani Deepa Indupalli and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {587, title = {Inhibitory effect of Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaf extract and their fractions on α-amylase, α-glucosidase and cholinesterase enzyme}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {497-506}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken leaves are employed as food and as traditional medicines. This study investigates the antioxidant activity (reducing power, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, H2O2 scavenging ability and metal ion chelating), carbohydrate digesting enzymes activity and inhibitory activity of cholinergic enzyme of aqueous extract and fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, residual aqueous fraction) of B. pinnatum leaves were investigated. Results showed that aqueous extract of B. pinnatum exhibited DPPH radical scavenging abilities, iron chelation, hydrogen peroxide scavenging abilities and reducing power (Fe3+- Fe2+). B. pinnatum aqueous extract also had considerably \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values 149.20 \± 14.44 \μg/mL and 126.15 \± 9.76 \μg/mL respectively. Our findings indicated that ethyl acetate fraction contained a considerably higher (p \< 0.05) amount of total phenolic, flavonoids, total antioxidant, FRAP, metal ion, ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity than other solvent fractions. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate fraction elicited a significantly higher (p \< 0.05) inhibitory effects on \α-glucosidase (IC50 = 70.90 \± 1.23 \μg/ml), \α-amylase (IC50 = 62.45 \± 1.22 \μg/ml), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (IC50 = 66.75 \μg/mL) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) (IC50 = 62.97 \μg/mL) activities than other fractions. Hence, B. pinnatum leaves were rich in biologically active components; thus, could be employed to formulate new plant-based pharmaceutical and nutraceutical drugs to improve human health.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.), Cholinesterase, Enzyme inhibitory activity, Oken}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.82}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/515}, author = {Oluwafemi Adeleke Ojo and Adebola Busola Ojo and Basiru Olaitan Ajiboye and Oluranti Olaiya and Ayodeji Akawa and Oyindamola Olaoye and Omosola Olufisayo Anifowose and Olajumoke Idowu and Oluwaseun Olasehinde and Tajudeen Obafemi and Joseph Awe and Babatunji Emmanuel Oyinloye} } @article {690, title = {Macrophage Immunomodulatory Activity of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Isolated from the Crown-of-thorns Star Fish (acanthaster planci)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {951-957}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {951}, abstract = {

Introduction: Immunomodulator are chemical compounds that can improve the body\’s defense mechanisms both specific and non-specific, and non-specific induction of both cellular and humoral defense mechanisms. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate immunomodulator activity and to identify the chemical constituents of active fractions from star fish Acanthaster planci, based on bioassay guided isolation. Materials and Methods: A. planci was collected from Ternate Island, North Moluccas, extracted with distilled methanol, partitioned with gradient chloroform-hexane-water and fractionated in column chromatography using silica gel and gradient hexane-ethyl acetate. Profiling chemical constituent was done by thin layer chromatograpahy and GC-MS. The immunomodulator activity was measured based on percentage of phagocytic capacity (PC) and phagocytic index (PI). Results: The result showed that 3 partition fractions exhibited immunomodulator activity. Data analysis exhibited that the best fraction was hexane fraction, and the best dosesmost effective doses of PC and PI were at 0.5 mg/kg body weight (BW) and 0.7 mg/kg BW, respectively. Data analysis of the 3 hexane fractions exhibited that the best fraction was fraction 3 and the best doses of PC was at 0.5 mg/kg BW and that of PI was at 0.7 mg/kg BW. Metabolites analysis using GC-MS yielded a number of chemical constituents of fraction 2 dan fraction 3 that dominated by unsaturated fatty acid. The study concluded that star fish A. planci from Ternate Island has a potential source of immunomodulator.

}, keywords = {Acanthaster planci, Immunomodulatory, North moluccas, Phagocytic capacity, Phagocytic index, Ternate island}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.161}, author = {M Janib Achmad and Alim Isnansetyo and Noer Kasanah and Ustadi} } @article {469, title = {Oral Glucose Tolerance Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) Bulbs Extract Based on the Use of different Extraction Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbs of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Synonym: Eleutherine americana L. Merr) from family Iridaceae is widely found and grown in Kalimantan island. The local tribe \“Dayak\” commonly consume this plant and become a traded commodity in traditional markets. This plant is trusted to treat various diseases. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of blood glucose reduction from bulbs of Bawang Dayak based on the use of different extraction methods using oral glucose tolerance test. Method: Dried sample was extracted with methanol using maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet method, respectively. The measurement of blood glucose reduction was performed using oral glucose tolerance test in vivo method and was analyzed using statistical comparison (Two-Way-ANOVA). Results: Based on the each extraction results was obtained yields of as 8.636\% (reflux method), 11.87\% (maceration method), and 14.023\% (soxhlet method). While the results of blood glucose lowering effect on each extract were used, there were significant differences in statistical tests and organ index. Conclusion: This result is a preliminary stage and the information is invaluable for further research.

}, keywords = {Bawang Dayak, Bulbs of plant, Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr, Extraction method, Oral glucose tolerance test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.10}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/365}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Niken Indriyanti and Yurika Sastyarina and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {634, title = {Pharmacological Studies of Oxalis Pes-caprae L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {705-711}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {705}, abstract = {

Background: Oxalis pes-caprae is also called as \“sourgrass\” or soursob. The roots, stems and leaves of Oxalis pes-caprae have high medicinal values and have the function of antiinflammatory and analgesia, clearing heat, removing toxicity. In present study Oxalis pescaprae belonging to family oxalidaceae evaluated for pharmacological activities like cytotoxicity, phtotoxicity, antibacterial and antifungal bioassays. Materials and Methods: Cytotoxic activity was performed by brine shrimp bioassay using methodology of Atta- ur- Rahman et al., 2001. The phytotoxic activity was investigated by applying Lamna minor (as test species) following Atta-ur-Rahman et al., 2001. Anti-bacterial screening was conducted following Rathan (2000). Anti-fungal screening was carried out using agar well diffusion method following Perez et al. (1990) and Atta-ur-Rahman et al. (1991). Results: Its ethanolic extract showed highly significant (100\%) cytotoxicity with LD50 8.98 at 1000 ppm. Lemna minor phytotoxicity assay showed that O. pes-caprae chloroform extract showed 90\% inhibition at 1000 ppm with FI50 0.1048. Antibacterial bioassays showed that all the samples of the plant were significant against Xanthomonas, Clavibacter machengnitis and Bacillus at 1000, 1500 and 2500 ppm doses. Dose dependent antifungal activities against test species (Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium and Fusarium solani) were noticed for all the extracts at 100 and 1000 ppm. Conclusion: Pharmacological potentials showed that this plant can be used in upcoming time for extracting numerous active constituents for their pharmacological preparations.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Antifungal activity, Cytotoxic activity, Oxalis pes-caprae, Pharmacology, Phytotoxic activity, Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.117}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/655}, author = {Syeda Naila and Muhammad Ibrar} } @article {688, title = {Physicochemical Standardization of Polyherbal Powder Formulation: Safoof-e-Makhana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {899-906}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {899}, abstract = {

Introduction: Safoof-e-Makhana (SM) is a Unani polyherbal powder formulation used to treat Sexual disorders. Formulation consists of following herbs Orchis latifolia, Hygrophila auriculata, Asparagus racemosus and Elettaria cardamomum. The main aim of this study was to standardize Safoof-e-Makhana (SM), on the basis of organoleptic characters and physico-phytochemical analysis. Methods: The drugs were cleaned, dried in shade and powdered by passing through sieve $\#$ no. 80 as per the method described in UPI / National Formulary of Unani Medicine. This Safoof formulation was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol and water soluble matter, Ash value, LOD at 1050C, pH and HPTLC fingerprinting. Statistical analysis used: Mean \± SEM. Results: Organoleptic characters of the formulation are light brown colour, characteristic odour, sweet taste and moderately fine texture. Physicochemical parameters displayed water soluble extractive (21.83 \± 0.08), alcohol soluble extractive (7.87 \± 0.09), total ash (4.76 \± 0.08), acid insoluble ash (3.36 \± 0.01), water soluble ash (0.89 \± 0.25), LOD at 105oC (11.38 \± 0.34), pH of 1\% and 10\% solution were 6.6 \± 0.1 and 6.0 \± 0.1 respectively. Phytochemical qualitative analysis displayed presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavanoids, steroids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, volatile oil. HPTLC fingerprinting data was also set in. Conclusion: The standardization of this formulation was done and the data obtained would be used as a standard for future reference.\ 

}, keywords = {Formulation, Physicochemical, Polyherbal, Powder, Safoof-e- Makhana, standardization, Unani Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.151}, author = {Gazi Jahangeer Rather and Hamiduddin and Mohd Ikram, Shaista Fatima and MD Naquibuddin} } @article {473, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Calendula suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa Vahl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {64-70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Aim: Calendula suffruticosa ssp. suffruticosa Vahl, Medicinal and Aromatic plant, spontaneous and widespread in the Mediterranean region and in the Northeast of Algeria, is widely used by the local population for its medicinal properties. Methods: The chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Calendula suffruticosa was established for the first time using GC / MS. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test, the FRAP assay and \β-carotene bleaching assay. Results: sixty-four compounds are identified by GC/MS analysis, six are predominant: \α-linoleic acid (24.20\%), linoleic acid (23.58\%), Stigmasterol (8.53\%), 2-Metyl-Z-4-tetradecene (6.62\%) And \α-Bisabolol (1.70\%). The free radical scavenging by DPPH method indicated that the ethanolic extract of C. suffruticosa showed a very high antioxydant activity with an IC50 = 0.017 \± 1.00 mg / ml. This extract also showed an ability to reduce very high iron with a maximum optical density of 1.157 at a concentration of 0.5 mg / ml and an antioxidant activity compared to the \β-carotene / linoleic acid test of order of 75 \± 1.02\%. Conclusion: These results show for the first time the richness of phytochemicals and the strong antioxidant activity of the species Calendula suffruticosa endemic to north-east of Algeria.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Calendula suffruticosa, DPPH, FRAP, GC / MS, Phytochemical composition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.13}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/368}, author = {Sofiane Ismahene and Seridi Ratiba and Cortes Martinez Diego Miguel and Cabedo Nuria} } @article {719, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Studies in Leaf Extracts of Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1208-1215}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1208}, abstract = {

Introduction: In traditional Indian herbal medicine, the plant Indigofera aspalathoides (Vahl.) has been used to treat various human ailments. Methods and Results: Various phytochemical compounds (Rf value) such as Tannin (1.14), Flavonoid (1.14), Saponin (0.87), Sterol (0.88) and Phenol (0.86) were found in the leaf extract. The antimicrobial effects of the phytoconstituents were examined for three bacterial and fungal species. The highest anti-bacterial and antifungal activities were found in flavonoid compound, where the maximum zone of inhibition was recorded in Staphylococcus aureus 18mm compared to positive control chloramphenicol (24mm). 13mm observed in A. flavus and A. ochraceous where positive control streptomycin exhibits 18mm. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of three major compounds in 8\α (2H)-Phenanthrenol, 7-ethenyldodecahydro-1,1,4\α, 7-tetramethyl-, acetate, [4\αs(4\α\α, 4b\α, 7\α, 8\α\α, 10\α\α)], Benzoic acid, 4-methyl- , 2-oxo-2- phenylethyl ester and Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethyl)-, [1S-(1\α,2\α,5\α)] in the crude extracts. The preparative HPLC analysis proved the presence of single peak from the crude flavonoid compounds, where the absorption maximum was between 207-290nm exhibited by the UV spectrum analysis. FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of amide group, phenol group, carboxylic acid, alkynyl, alkene and aromatic ring. NMR studies proved the presence of phenyl group, methyl group and H2C-CH group and their molecular weight recorded as 353 through the mass spectrum analysis. Conclusion: The identified compound considered as the vital compound to design the \“green antimicrobial drugs\”.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activities, GC-MS, HPLC, Indigofera aspalathoides, MS, NMR}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.207}, author = {Tamilarasan Tamil Kumar and Seeni Mohamed Salique and Mohamed Hussain Muhammad Ilyas and Nooruddin Thajuddin and Annamalai Panneerselvam and Mohamed Khan Syed Ali Padusha and Hussain Syed Jahangir} } @article {760, title = {Phytochemical Screening, LC-MS Studies and Antidiabetic Potential of Methanol Extracts of Seed Shells of Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielson (Julang Jaling) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s77-s82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s77}, abstract = {

Background: Some Malaysia and Indonesia people believed that root and seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum can treat diabetes. However, seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum has not yet to be scientifically proven and confirmed their ability to treat diabetes. The study of the potential of this seed shell was also scarcely available. Objective: The recent work was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum and to evaluate their chemical compositions and antidiabetic activities. Material and Methods: The methods of phytochemical screening were including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, and terpenoids. Their chemical compositions were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and antidiabetic activities were performed by \α-glucosidase inhibitory method. Results: The phytochemical screening showed that methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum contain flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids. This extracts exhibited antidiabetic activity with IC50 7.77 \μg/mL. This result was supported by LC-MS analysis which showed the presence of phlorizin and astilbin, in which these compounds had high inhibitory activity against \α-glucosidase or diabetes. Conclusion: LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of polyphenol compounds namely phlorizin and astilbin in which had high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, might largely contribute in the antidiabetic activity. Key words: Phytochemical screening, Mass spectrometry

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Archidendron bubalinum, Mass spectrometry, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.15}, author = {Hanafi and Candra Irawan and Henny Rochaeni and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Achmad Nandang Roziafanto and Supriyono} } @article {595, title = {Repairing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers. on Lupus Nephritis Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers (KP) has an immunosuppressive effect on delayed-type hypersensitivity test. Based on it, this research aimed to determine the repairing effects of aqueous extract of KP on lupus nephritis mice and identified its active compound. The KP extract profile was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. We examined six mice groups consisting of three curative treatment groups, one standard group receiving prednisone, one preventive group receiving KP extract, and one healthy (healthy and untreated) group. At the end of the experiment, we measured the proteinuria and renal histology parameters. To recognize the active compound in the KP profile, we performed in silico assays for the flavonoid compounds to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. We played in silico tests for the flavonoid compounds to identify the active compound in the KP profile. We found the repairing effect of KP was detected in the kidney, demonstrated by its low proteinuria level and its better tissue structure. In the curative group, the urine protein level and its glomerular inflammation decreased. In the preventive group, the aqueous extract of KP could prevent lupus nephritis manifestations in the kidney. Bryophyllin A is the most active compound of the KP. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanism involved. We conclude, the aqueous extract, especially its bryophyllin A, have beneficial effects in repairing the function and tissue structure of lupus manifestations in mice kidney.

}, keywords = {Docking, Glomerulonephritis, Inflammation, Lupus, Proteinuria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.89}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/522}, author = {Niken Indriyanti and Afrillia Nuryanti Garmana and Finna Setiawan} } @article {476, title = {Volatile Compound Analysis using GC-MS, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Husk of {\textquotedblleft}Julang-Jaling{\textquotedblright} (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Background: \“Julang-jaling\” (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) fruits are commonly used as traditional food and in the treatment of blood sugar and heart disease. However, the research about the phytochemicals of the parts of this plants and their bioactivity was rare. Objective: The recent study was aimed to analyze volatile compounds in the extract of \“julang-jaling\” husks and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Material and methods: The extraction was conducted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as extracting agent. The phytochemical assay was performed for all extracts, and followed by volatile compound analysis using GC-MS. The antioxidant assay was performed using DPPH method, and the antimicrobial activity was conducted using agar disc diffusion method. Results: The phytochemical assay showed that all extracts of \“julang-jaling\” husks contain various phytoconstituents having potential bioactivity. All extracts exhibit antioxidant activity with different level of activity depend on the type of extract. The IC50 value were 273.57 ppm, 324.913 ppm, 735 ppm, for ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane, respectively. All extracts were able to inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus, with the highest antimicrobial activity was gained for ethyl acetate extract. Both ethyl acetate and methanolic extract have antimicrobial activity toward E. coli, but no extracts yield positive results for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of hexadecanoic acids and their ester form in all extract, which might largely contribute in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant, Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen, GC-MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.17}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/403}, author = {Candra Irawan and Foliatini and Hanafi and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Maman Sukiman} } @article {219, title = {Cytotoxicity of Fucoidan from Three Tropical Brown Algae Against Breast and Colon Cancer Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide that has a wide range of bioactivities including anti-cancer. This polysaccharide commonly is extracted from marine brown seaweed. There is lack of information on the fucoidan extracted from tropical brown algae and its anti-cancer activity. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to purify fucoidan from Sargassum sp., Turbinaria sp. and Padina sp., and to evaluate their cytotoxicity against breast cancer (MCF-7) and colon cancer cells (WiDr). Materials and Methods: Fucoidan extraction was conducted by using acid extraction method. Purified fucoidans were obtained by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and confirmed by HPLC and FT-IR spectrometry. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl] -2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. and Turbinaria sp. showed low cytotoxicity with IC50 ranging between 461-663 \μg/mL. Higher cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and WiDr was showed by fucoidan from Padina sp. with IC50 of 144 and 118 \μg/mL, respectively. While its IC50 against Vero cells was 501 \μg/mL.Standard fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus exhibited IC50 of 60, 63 and 211 \μg/mL against MCF-7, WiDr and Vero Cells, respectively. Although the IC50 was higher than that of standard fucoidan, Padina sp. fucoidan showed cytotoxicity comparable with standard fucoidan at concentrations below 100 \μg/mL. Conclusion: These results indicated that Padina sp.fucoidan showed potential selective cytotoxicity, and promising for the development of an anti-cancer compound.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Colon cancer, Cytotoxicity., Fucoidan, Phaeophyta}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.3}, author = {Alim Isnansetyo and Fadilah Nor Laili Lutfia and Muhammad Nursid and Trijoko and Ratna Asmah Susidarti} } @article {228, title = {Evaluation of Lens Aldose Reductase Inhibitory and Free Radical Scavenging Potential of Fractions of Lonchocarpus cyanescens: Potential for Cataract Remediation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {62-69}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {62}, abstract = {

Introduction: Current research effort at discovering effective anticataract agent is focus on evaluating Aldose reductase inhibition (ARI) capacities of medicinal plants and plant extracts. The present study was aimed at investigating the in vitro ARI activity of fractions of Lonchocarpus cyanescens leaves on partially purified AR from goat lens. Methods: Phytochemical constituents of the leaves were screened for using aqueous and methanolic extract while in vitro free radical scavenging and ARI activities of the fractions were evaluated using partially purified aldose reductase. Kinetics of the enzyme in the presence of fractions of the leaves was then compared using Lineweaver-Burk plot. Results: Phenol, flavonoid, tannins and phlobatannins were detected in both extracts. All the fractions inhibited AR significantly but this was strongest with aqueous (IC50, 0.06 \± 0.02 mM-1 and chloroform fractions (IC50, 0.09 \± 0.01 mM-1). Ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol fraction showed competitive inhibition whereas the aqueous and chloroform fractions showed mixed inhibition with a different Vmax and Km when compared with DL-glyceraldehyde. All the fractions also showed antioxidant capacities but this was also strongest with aqueous fraction. Conclusion: The study confirms the ARI and antioxidant capacity of Lonchocarpus cyanescens which may be attributed to its phenolic constituents and whose extraction is solvent dependent. The plant may therefore serve as a base for the development of anticataract agent.

}, keywords = {Aldose reductase, Cataract, Free radical, Medicinal plant, Phytochemical constituents.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.12}, author = {Emmanuel Oladipo AJANI and Saheed SABIU and Kuburat Temitope ODUFUWA and Taiwo Bashir Ibrahim and Bamidele Adewale Salau} } @article {397, title = {Phytochemical and Quality Assessment of Acacia nilotica Linn and Acacia leucophloea willd Flowers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {721-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {721}, abstract = {

Objective: The quality criteria for herbal drugs are based on a clear scientific definition of the raw material. Even though global herbal resources have a great potential as natural drugs and are of great commercial importance, they are very often procured and processed without any scientific evaluation, and launched onto the market without any mandatory safety and toxicology studies. On that basis, an attempt was made on a well-known herbal drug A.nilotica flower and A.leucophloea flower by evaluation of phytochemical and toxicological parameters like heavy metals, aflatoxins, total microbial load and pesticide residues. Method: The procedures recommended in AOAC, ASTA were followed to determine analysis of heavy metals, aflatoxins, microbial load and pesticide residues. Thin layer chromatographic technique was used to separate the chemical compounds present in the drug. Result and Conclusion: Results obtained during this experiment revealed that heavy metals, aflatoxins, total microbial load and pesticidal residues were variable but found within the prescribed limits. Phytochemical evaluation revealed that the catechin phytoconstituents is absent in A.leucophloea flowers when compared with A.nilotica flowers. Hence, there is an urgent need for mandatory evaluation of these parameters in every crude drug before further processing to ensure safety and efficacy of Indian medicinal plants for better acceptance at International platform. The study revealed specific identities for the particular crude drug which will be useful in identification and control to adulterations of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {A. leucophloea, A. nilotica flowers, Phytochemical, TLC and Catechin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.113}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/166}, author = {Raju Ilavarasan and Leela Vadivelu} } @article {129, title = {Assessment of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Tannin Content and Phytochemical Screening of Leaf and Flower Extracts from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne: a comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {140-143}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Introduction: Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of leaf and flower extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne was compared. Objective: To explore total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of both leaf and flower extracts of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne. Method: Initially, collected fresh leaves and flower samples were shade dried and extracted with various solvents such as aqueous methanol (1:1), ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous. Qualitative analysis was performed for various phytochemical. Then the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content was estimated. Results: In preliminary phyto-chemical examination of various solvent extracts of both leaf and flowers of P. pterocarpum revealed that the presence of various phytochemicals such as phlobatannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannin, reducing sugars, phenols and steroids. In phtyochemical evaluation, when compare with all other solvents, Ethanolic extracts shows maximum extractive value. In case of ethyl acetate, it shows very low extractive value in all three phyto-chemicals. In phytochemical evaluation studies, total phenolic content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (33.17 \± 4.72 mg/g) and lowest in ethyl acetate extract from flower (4.71 \± 0.07 mg/g), Similarly, flavonoid content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (1.43 \± 0.01 mg/g) and lowest in aqueous extract of flower (0.23 \± 0.09 mg/g) but in case of tannin content, flower extracts shows higher tannin content in ethanolic extract (844.59 \± 10.38 mg/g) whereas lowest tannin content in leaf ethyl acetate extract (9.54 \± 6.98 mg/g). Conclusion: This is first report of comparative studies on total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of various solvent extracts both leaves and flowers from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Solvent extraction., Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.7}, author = {Peraman Muthukumaran and Nachimuthu Saraswathy and Vijayasekar Aswitha and Ramesh Balan and Venkatesh Babu Gokhul and Palanikumar Indumathi and Sivasubramani Yuvapriya} } @article {212, title = {Should Seed Be an Alternative Source of Camptothecin From Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Chonemorpha fragrance?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {587-592}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

The Southeast Asian forest is blessed with plant sources of anticancer molecules including camptothecin (CPT) but, the irrational harvest is among serious threat to its existence for use by the future generation. Among plant sources of CPT found in the region are Nothapodytes nimmoniana and Chonemorpha fragrance that are under heavy exploitation pressure for the alkaloid and other medicinal purposes. Under the natural conditions of forests, seeds produced by the plants show germination difficulties, and as a result lose viability few months after set. The unviable seeds can be used as an alternative source of CPT and other phytochemicals isolated from the species. In this study, evaluation of CPT yield of seeds and their parts was performed by high-performance thin layer chromatographic analysis to assess the feasible economic use of the seeds as an alternative source of the alkaloid. The results showed a manifold higher yield of CPT in seeds and their parts in N. nimmoniana over C. fragrance, suggesting seeds of the former that face more exploitation of its forest than the latter as a better alternative source of the alkaloid. The results also suggest that collection of the seed should be made before the onset of rain season. In this study, the economic implications of using seeds to isolate CPT are also discussed.

}, keywords = {Camptothecin, Chonemorpha fragrance., Conservation, Forest Management, Nothapodytes nimmoniana, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.11}, author = {Tasiu Isah} } @article {200, title = {Synthesis of Plant Mediated gold Nanoparticles using Azima Tetracantha Lam. Leaves extract and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {507-512}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Aim: The demand for nanoparticles is increasing day by day due to their wide range of applications in various areas including pharmaceutical industry. Nanoparticles are formally synthesized by chemical methods in which the toxic and flammable chemicals are used. Methods: This article reports about an effective, rapid and eco-friendly technique for the fabrication of gold nanoparticles from gold chloride solution using Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves extract. The effects of the leaves extract of Azima tetracantha, the concentration of Gold chloride solution, the time of the reaction and the effect of tem\¬perature on the rate of the reaction were investigated. The synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were characterized by using various techniques such as Dynamic Light Spectroscopy (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectra gave surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 540 nm, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This revealed the reduction of gold ions (Au+) to gold metal (Au0) which indicated the formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Results: The antimicrobial action of biosynthesized AuNPs indicated effective activity against bacterial pathogens Aeromonas liquefaciens, Enterococcus fecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurium and fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Cryptococcus sp, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusion: This revealed that gold nanoparticles could provide a safer alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial Activity., Azima tetracantha Leaves Extract, Biosynthesis, Characterization, Gold Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.17}, author = {Abirami Hariharan and Tajuddin Nargis Begum and Mohamed Hussain Muhammad Ilyas and Hussain Syed Jahangir and Premkumar Kumpati and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {137, title = {Updates on Traditional Medicinal Plants for Hepatocellular Carcinoma}, journal = {Pharmaceutical Journals}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {203-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major worldwide problem primarily caused by hepatitis B and C virus infection. End stage liver cancer treatment options are limited thus requiring expensive liver transplantation which is not available in many countries. Methods: Several herbal compounds and herbal composite formulas have been studied through in-vitro and in vivo as an anti-HCC agent, enhancing our knowledge about their biological functions and targets. In this article, arecent update on the herbal medicine has been provided with reference to liver cancer. Results: For the sake of clarity, the effective herbal compounds, clinical studies of herbal composite formula, cell culture, and animal model studies safety are discussed. The effects of many herbal active compounds of Annona atemoya, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaviadiffusa, Piper longum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Phyllanthus amarus, and Terminalia chebula, and herbal composite formula on autophagy, apoptosis, antioxidant, and inflammation characteristicshave been provided. Conclusion: This will enhance our understanding\ on the prevention and treatment of HCC by herbal active compounds\ and herbal composite formulas.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Herbs, Liver cancer, Medicine, Treatment.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.5}, author = {Shilu Mathew and Muhammad Faheem and Mohd Suhail and Kaneez Fatima and Govindaraju Archunan and Nargis Begum and Muhammad Ilyas and Esam Azhar and Ghazi Abdullah Damanhouri and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {84, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Tinctures from Tree leaves belonging to the Bignoniaceae family and their Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {400-405}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Context: Some species of Bignoniaceae are widely used in medicinal practice by the natives of South America. Aims: Tinctures and infusions from twelve tree species of this family were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The effect of interactions between the four most active extracts and conventional antibiotics was also evaluated. Methods and Material: Bioautography and disc diffusion methods were used to select the most active extracts, then agar macrodilution and broth microdilution method were used to determine the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC). Time-kill assay and checkerboard method were employed to determine the type of antimicrobial effect and synergism, respectively. Results: It could be determined that tinctures from Catalpa bignonioides, Handroanthus pulcherrimus, Tabebuia nodosa and Tecoma stans were able to inhibit bacterial growth. The MIC and MBC observed were between 125-1000 \μg GAE/ ml and 500-1000 \μg GAE/ml, respectively. The tested extracts were more effective against Gram-positive microorganisms. Time-kill experiments indicated bacteriostatic activity. Phytochemical screening showed terpenoids, phenols and flavonoids. Alkaloids were detected only in Tecoma stans. Among these combinations, the best was Tabebuia nodosa extract plus gentamicin. In most cases, MIC values were reduced 16-32 times for antibiotics, and even 8-16 times for extracts. Conclusion: These results revealed that some of the selected combinations could efficiently inhibit the growth of tested strains at lower concentrations than those required for the lonely use of the antimicrobial. These extracts would improve the efficacy of antibiotics against resistant bacteria, hence they could be used for anti-infective therapy.

}, keywords = {Checkerboard method, Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), Gentamicin, Tabebuia nodosa, Time-kill experiments.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.15}, author = {Torres Carola Anal{\'\i}a and Nu{\~n}ez Mar{\'\i}a Beatriz and Isla Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Castro Marcela Paola and Gonzalez Ana Mar{\'\i}a and Zampini Iris Catiana} } @article {1511, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Calotropis procera in Isoniazid and Rifampicin Induced Hepatotoxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {9-14}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: In this study anti-tubercular drugs (isoniazid and rifampicin) induced liver toxicity has been studied for the hepatoprotective effect of hydroethanolic extract of Calotropis procera (CP) flowers in rats. Materials and Method: Animals were divided into four groups, group Awas given normal saline (1ml/kg), group B received Isoniazid (INH) (50mg/kg) and Rifampicin (RMP)(100mg/kg) group C received INH (50mg/kg), RMP(100mg/kg) and CP(150mg/kg)orally for fourteen days. Results: Biochemical markers of liver toxicity such as AST,ALT,ALP, bilirubin and tissue histology were done inall groups. Anti-Tubercular (Anti-TB) drugs (INH 50mg/kg and RMP100mg/kg) have enhanced the ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin and histological changes in liver, whereas co-administration of anti-TB drugs with Calotropis procera has reduced these levels within the normal range. Conclusion: Findings of this study showed the hepatoprotective effct of Calotropis Proceraagainst Isoniazid and Rifampicinadministration to reduce the liver damage for chronic treatment.

Key words: Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Calotropis procera, Hepatoprotective.

}, keywords = {Calotropis procera, Hepatoprotective, isoniazid, rifampicin}, author = {Noor Kamil and Hafi z Syed Imran-ul-Haque} }