@article {2497, title = {Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Study of Sampilnorov Wurile}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {203-210}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sampilnorov Wurile (SW) is a traditional medicinal preparation containing 29 plant-, mineral-, and animal-derived components. It is used for cerebrovascular ischemia, retinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities of SW. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed in C57BL/6 mice based on OECD-423 guidelines, with oral doses ranging from 500 to 6,000 mg/kg body weight. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats following OECD-407 guidelines, with daily oral doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg of SW daily for 4 weeks. Clinical signs, mortality, body weight, and physical condition were monitored. Hematological, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were conducted on day 29. Results: No mortality or significant clinical signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 6,000 mg/kg, suggesting an oral median lethal dose exceeding this level. Subchronic toxicity assessment revealed no clinical signs of toxicity or mortality. SW at 300 and 600 mg/kg had no significant effects on serum biochemical parameters or vital organ histology compared to controls. Conclusion: SW exhibited no acute toxicity at doses up to 6,000 mg/kg and showed no adverse effects in a 28-d subchronic toxicity study. These findings support its safety at tested doses.

}, keywords = {Acute and subchronic toxicity; biochemistry; blood test; histopathological analysis; Sampilnorov Wurile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.25}, author = {Li ChangSheng and Chimgee Tserendash and Maral-Erdene Gerelt-Od and Batdavaa Batbayar and Uyangamaa Altankhuyag and Mend-Amar Batbaatar and Narankhajid Myadagsuren and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Enkhmaa Gonchig and Yeruult Chultemsuren} } @article {2538, title = {Acute Toxicity Study of the Crude Aqueous Extract of Tribulus terrestris Dried Fruit with Potential Diuretic Effect}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {566-576}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {566}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tribulus terrestris is an important medicinal plant used in Indian traditional medicine, the crude aqueous extract of the plant is primarily used to induce diuresis for treating cardiovascular diseases and managing renal stones, etc... The safe dose and adverse effect profile of the extract was not explored adequately in preclinical studies. Hence, the present study was undertaken. Methods: The acute toxicity was assessed based on the OECD guideline number 425: Acute Oral Toxicity {\textendash} Up-and-Down-Procedure. A total of 11 animals were used in the study. Initially, one animal was administered with a dosage of 2000 mg/kg; and as the animal survived, four more animals were dosed and were observed for survival and other possible adverse drug reactions. The animals{\textquoteright} body weight was measured before experimenting and at the end of the study. Biochemical and haematological examinations were done on normal control and test groups. Animals from the test group were sacrificed, and histopathological examinations of the vital organs were carried out. Results: No signs of toxicity or changes in the behaviour were observed in the treatment group. As all the animals survived, it was decided that the LD50 was greater than 2000 mg/kg. However, the changes observed with platelets, total cholesterol and LDL were within the normal limits. Histological examination of the vital organs did not reveal any changes in the architecture of the organs. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that the crude aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris dried fruit does not cause toxicity under the 2000 mg/kg dose limit.

}, keywords = {acute toxicity study, crude aqueous extract, Indian traditional medicine, Siddha system of medicine, Tribulus terrestris, Wistar Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.70}, author = {Amruth Kiran and Praveen Kumar S E and Tatiyana Mandal and K Ganesh Shenoy and Vasudev R Pai and Swati Sharma and Arul Amuthan} } @article {2483, title = {Additional Feed of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Flour on the Development of Veterinary Embryos}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {253-257}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa leaf flour has a protein content of 26.67\% in 100\% dry matter so it can be a source of protein feed. The use of carotenoid-rich products such as β-carotene in poultry rations can produce low-cholesterol eggs. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of additional feed of moringa oleifera leaf flour on the development of veterinary embryos. Method: The methodology used involves a literature review or analysis of papers collected from 1950 to 2024 through the Google search engine. Furthermore, sources are collected, identified, and evaluated. This research report uses the phrases supplemental feed for dairy calves made from moringa oleifera leaf meal. The literature collection was carried out in 2025 from February 2025 to April 2025. The articles in this collection were published in English and Indonesian in national and international journals, then analyzed with Vosviewer. Result: From the results of the analysis carried out, it was found that Additional feed of moringa oleifera leaf flour on the development of veterinary embryos have associations between moringa oleifera, embryo and other factors, moringa oleifera, embryo and other factors have been studied on the 2019-2024, moringa oleifera and embryo have been widely studied than other factors. Conclusion: From the results of the analysis carried out, it was found that Additional feed of moringa oleifera leaf flour on the development of veterinary embryos have associations between moringa oleifera, embryo and other factors, moringa oleifera, embryo and other factors have been studied on the 2019-2024, moringa oleifera and embryo have been widely studied than other factors. Need research other factor to embryo veterinary in Additional feed of moringa oleifera leaf flour.

}, keywords = {Additional feed, development of veterinary embryos, moringa oleifera leaf flour}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.32}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati} } @article {2481, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {236-243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.30}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqis B and Indar I and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2490, title = {Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Edible Moroccan Truffles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

Background and objectives: Truffles have a unique nutritional profile and are known to play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems. Mediterranean countries, including Morocco, are the location of an abundant harvest of truffles. This study investigated the chemical composition and the nutritional value of edible Moroccan truffles. Materials and methods: We studied the nutritional profile, and we performed a phytochemical screening of Tirmania pinoyi, Terfezia claveryi, Terfezia oligosperma, Terfezia rosea, and Terfezia arenaria collected from different areas from Morocco. Results and conclusions: The results showed that the truffles that we analyzed are a good source of carbohydrates, lipids and dietary fibers. The phytochemical screening that we performed afterwards revealed that these Moroccan truffles contain numerous secondary metabolites such as saponins, alkaloids, sterols, coumarins, and tannins. These results demonstrate the nutritional value of these truffles that can support a healthy and well-balanced diet. The secondary metabolites that we detected in our samples can make an important pharmacological contribution that could be the subject of future investigations for therapeutic purposes.

}, keywords = {Fungi, Morocco, Nutritional Value, Phytochemical screening, Truffles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.26}, author = {Lamyae Yachi and Soukaina Bennis and Madiha Alami Chentoufi and Mohamed Yafout and Brahim Mojemmi and Amal Ait Haj Said and Mustapha Bouatia} } @article {2476, title = {Comprehensive Antioxidant Evaluation of Tiliacora triandra Extracts: Assays of Leaf, Stem, and Root}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {95-98}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

This study evaluates the antioxidant potential of Tiliacora triandra (locally known as {\textquotedblleft}Yanang{\textquotedblright}) extracts from the leaves, stems, and roots using three established assays: DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power). The extracts were prepared using 95\% ethanol, and their antioxidant activities were assessed in terms of IC50 and Trolox equivalents. The DPPH assay yielded IC50 values of 187.91{\textpm}28.09 μg/ml, 85.93{\textpm}10.91 μg/ml, and 71.31{\textpm}11.29 μg/ml for the leaf, stem, and root extracts, respectively. Similarly, the ABTS assay showed IC50 values of 181.78{\textpm}22.96 μg/ml for the leaf extract, 70.07{\textpm}6.40 μg/ml for the stem extract, and 48.09{\textpm}8.77 μg/ml for the root extract. In both assays, the root and stem extracts exhibited comparable antioxidant activity, whereas the leaf extract showed significantly lower activity (p \< 0.05). The FRAP assay revealed no significant differences among the extracts, with Trolox equivalent values ranging from 190 to 211 mg TE/g extract. These findings suggest that the root and stem extracts possess strong antioxidant activity and may be used interchangeably in applications requiring such properties, whereas the leaf extract has comparatively lower potential. Further studies are recommended to explore the therapeutic properties and potential health benefits of these extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Five roots, Tiliacora triandra, Yanang}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.13}, author = {Thidarut Kwuansawat and Suwakrit Sriplee and Phattharawadee Meelek and Patcharawan Sujayanont} } @article {2581, title = {Comprehensive Quality Evaluation: Flow Characteristics, Microscopy and Phytochemical Screening of Terminalia chebula}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {366-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Introduction: Terminalia chebula are widely recognized for their medicinal value in traditional and modern systems of medicine. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical profile and microscopic characteristics of Terminalia plant material in order to establish its identity, quality, and therapeutic relevance. Phytochemical are abundantly present at varying concentrations in numerous medicinal plants. Microscopic examination of the powdered drug showed characteristic diagnostic features such as distinct epidermal cells, lignified fibers, stone cells, xylem vessels with spiral and pitted thickenings, calcium oxalate crystals, and starch grains, which serve as reliable markers for authentication. The powder exhibited fair flow behavior, as indicated by a Carr{\textquoteright}s compressibility index of 18.00\% and a Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio of 1.22. Proximate analysis revealed the presence of essential nutritional components, including moisture content, ash values, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, and carbohydrate content, providing insight into the physicochemical stability and compositional quality of the plant material. Fluorescence analysis was conducted under visible and UV light using different chemicals and solvents. Methods: Powdered Terminalia chebula was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol, and water-soluble matter, Ash value and LOD. Flow properties were determined using standard pharmacopeial parameters, including bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Carr{\textquoteright}s compressibility index, and Hausner{\textquoteright}s ratio. Result: Organoleptic characters of Haritaki revealed dark brown color, characteristic odor, astringent taste and fine texture. Physicochemical parameters resulted in water-soluble extractive (67.32{\textpm}0.83), alcohol-soluble extractive (42.6{\textpm}1.20), total ash (3.18{\textpm}0.12), acid insoluble ash (2.78{\textpm}0.66) and LOD (6.37{\textpm}0.53) respectively. The phytochemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates and phenols.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Carr{\textquoteright}s index, flow property, Fluorescence, Microscopic, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.108}, author = {Ankita singh and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {2562, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Annona Muricata L, Momordica Charantia L. and Launaea Taraxacifolia Willd. from Benin: A Flow Cytometric Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {727-732}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {727}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is rising worldwide, causing approximately 9.7 million deaths in 2022. Treatments are costly, have significant side effects, and are sometimes unavailable in Benin. Medicinal plants offer promising avenues for new therapeutic agents. Objective: This study uses flow cytometry method to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of Annona muricata (Annonaceae), Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) and Launaea taraxacifolia (Asteraceae), three plants from the Beninese pharmacopoeia known for their anti-cancer properties. Materials and Methods: The leaves of A. muricata, L. taraxacifolia and whole plants of M. charantia were collected in southern Benin. Extracts were prepared by aqueous decoction and sequential extraction with solvents of increasing polarity (dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol). The phytochemical profiles of the extracts were determined using TLC and tube tests. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was evaluated on THP-1 cancer cells and PBMC healthy cells. After treatment with the extracts, cell viability was measured by flow cytometry after staining with Thiazole Orange and Hoechst 33258. Results: The dichloromethane extracts of A. muricata and M. charantia, and the ethyl acetate extract of M. charantia and L. taraxacifolia showed significant cytotoxic effects on THP-1 cells. Their half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 139.6 μg/mL, 72.89 μg/mL, 81.88 μg/mL and 106.3 μg/ mL, respectively. These extracts also demonstrated good selectivity toward normal cells. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, anthracene glycosides and triterpenes in the active extracts. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the cytotoxic potential of three medicinal plants from the Beninese pharmacopoeia which may serve to develop further new anticancer therapies.

}, keywords = {Benin, Cancer, Cytotoxicity, Plant extracts, selectivity, THP-1 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.91}, author = {Habib Ganfon and Axel Ahouansou and Celia Dechavanne and Callinice Capo-Chichi and Latifou Lagnika and Agnes Aubouy and Sebastien Dechavanne and Achille Massougbodji} } @article {2482, title = {A Detail Study of an Ethnomedicinal Plant Sarcostemma Acidum Voigt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {188-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {188}, abstract = {

Sarcostemma acidum Voigt is a leafless plant of the family Apocynaceae. Plant is locally known as Somlata. It is a traditional medicinal plant used to prepare Somras. Geographically S.acidum is mainly found in Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha and South India. It is mostly grown in dry rocky places. S.acidum is a shrub , more branched but no leaves. The phytochemicals present in the S.acidum are carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, proteins, steroids, triterpenoids, fixed oils, mucilage, gums and waxes. Ethnomedicinally the S.acidum was used in otitis, dog bite, snake bite, rabies, emesis, arthritis and leprosy. The juice of this plant having some medicinal value, so used as natural restorative for health. S.acidum stem extract inhibits spermatogenesis and reduce the sperm count. Also the extract of S.acidum shown antipsychotic effect. The result of present pharmacological study shown that the S.acidum possess Analgesic, Antipyretic and Antidiabetic effects.

}, keywords = {Ethnomedicinal uses, Macroscopy, microscopy, Pharmacological Effects, Phytochemicals, Sarcostemma acidum Voigt}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.23}, author = {Pravanjan Kumar Tripathy and Manas Ranjan Mishra} } @article {2514, title = {Discover How Ashwagandha May Impact Health: A Comprehensive Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {394-398}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {394}, abstract = {

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) is a medicinal herb that has been commonly utilized in traditional medicine for millennia, particularly in Ayurvedic practices. The root of the plant is pharmacologically active and has been used for its aphrodisiac, diuretic, anti-helminthic, narcotic, tonic, and stimulant properties. Additionally, other parts of ashwagandha, including the leaves, shoots, seeds, and berries, contribute to its health-promoting effects and the potential for improving longevity. This plant is composed of many bioactive compounds which exhibit a myriad of health-enhancing properties. Contemporary research has focused on the multifaceted bioactivities of ashwagandha, revealing promising impacts such as anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities, among other therapeutic applications. This review was planned to find the most recent findings, providing an examination of the active constituents of ashwagandha, their biological activities, and a critical assessment of any associated safety concerns and potential toxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer dosage, Antioxidant, Ashwagandha, Toxicity, Withania somnifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.49}, author = {Omar Naseem Alzrigat and Yazeed Nabeel Al-Qusous and Dema Maher Masadeh and Madleen Nabeel Al-Qusous} } @article {2574, title = {Effect of Components of Gamma Oryzanol on Toll-Like Receptor 4: Receptor Structure-Based Pharmacophore, Hit Identification, and In Silico Evidence}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {329-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a leading cause of female infertility. Inflammation has a central role in infertility. Persistent activation of Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to inflammation in PCOS. Gamma-oryzanol consists of esters of ferulic acid combined with phytosterols and triterpene alcohol derivatives of rice bran oil, and is known to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, the structural interaction of different gamma-oryzanol compounds with TLR4 remains unknown. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate gamma oryzanol compounds as hit compounds and inhibitors of Toll-like receptor 4 by developing a pharmacophore model through a receptor structure-based approach coupled with molecular docking studies with the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. Methods: A structure-based pharmacophore model was generated from the co-crystalized structure of the TLR4{\textendash} MD2 complex. Gamma-oryzanol derivatives were evaluated against the constructed pharmacophore model to identify potential hit compounds. The potential hit compounds that satisfied essential pharmacophoric features were subjected to molecular docking with TLR4. Results: The pharmacophore consisted of three characteristics: a hydrogen bond donor, a hydrogen bond acceptor, and a hydrophobic. Cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartenyl ferulate, Campesteryl ferulate, and β-sitosteryl ferulate were found to be the hit compounds against the generated pharmacophore. The docking experiment showed that Cycloartenyl ferulate had the most potent binding interaction with TLR4 (7.9933), followed by 24-methylenecycloartenyl ferulate (-7.8580), Campesteryl ferulate (-6.1675), and β-sitosteryl ferulate (-5.9673). Conclusion: The present pharmacophore modeling and docking findings predict that gammaoryzanol may bind with the TLR4 ligand binding domain, providing structural insights into their therapeutic potential role as a modulator of the TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for future in vitro and in vivo validation studies aimed at elucidating the mechanistic basis of gamma-oryzanol{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory activity in PCOS.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Gamma oryzanol, Infertility, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, TLR4 antagonist}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.103}, author = {Aasia Kanwal and Muhammad Hamdi Mahmood and Mahad Butt and Hidayat Ur Rahman and Norhida Ramli and Saiful Bahri Talip and Showkat Ahmad Bhawani} } @article {2536, title = {Effect of PHELA, an African traditional drug, on levels of selected inflammatory cytokines in mammalian cells infected with SARSCoV- 2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {552-565}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {552}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a severe illness, often characterized by an excessive release of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to a cytokine storm associated with disease severity. In this study the effect of PHELA, an accepted herbal combination of four exotic African medicinal plants, namely; Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey. Lamiaceae, Gladiolus dalenii van Geel, Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane \& Mabb, and Senna occidentalis (L.) Link, was investigated to determine the effect on viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infected mammalian cells and the effect on cytokine release. PHELA has previously been proposed for use as an immune booster. In this study mammalian cells were treated with plant extracts before or after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Viral RNA was measured at intervals and selected cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-2Rα, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ) were monitored. No significant difference in viral RNA was observed between infected cells treated with plant extracts and untreated infected cells. However, PHELA-treated cells showed a delay in viral RNA increase. Infected cells treated with PHELA exhibited significantly lower levels of IL-1β, IL-2Rα, and TNF-α compared to untreated infected cells at 48- and 72-hours post-infection. Post-treatment was more effective in reducing proinflammatory cytokine production than pre-treatment, highlighting the potential of PHELA and its constituents in modulating cytokine responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

}, keywords = {African traditional medicine, immune-modulating, PHELA, proinflammatory, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.69}, author = {MM Litabe and M Matsabisa and FJ Burt} } @article {2560, title = {The Effectiveness of Beltfish (Trichiurus lepturus) Protein Intake and Physical Activity on Muscle Mass Growth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {714-717}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {714}, abstract = {

Malnutrition cases have increased every year. One of the causes is insufficient food intake, marked by a decrease in muscle mass. Preventing malnutrition can be done by increasing muscle mass through providing daily protein intake according to needs and engaging in physical activity. The fish species Trichiurus lepturus is a high-protein source from the sea. The protein content in this fish can help promote muscle mass growth. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of protein intake from Trichiurus lepturus combined with physical activity on increasing muscle mass. The research method is experimental, using test animals (Rattus norvegicus) given protein intake and physical activity for 28 days. The animals were divided into six groups: three control groups and three treatment groups receiving different protein levels. Muscle growth was assessed by observing the enlargement of the cruris muscle using HE (hematoxylin and eosin) staining under a 4x microscope magnification. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with an Bonferroni test. The results showed a significant difference between all groups (p=0.000). The treatment groups receiving protein intake and physical activity had larger muscle sizes compared to the control groups (P<=0.05). The conclusion is that protein intake accompanied by physical activity causes changes in muscle mass. Additionally, the amount of protein intake is directly proportional to the increase in muscle size.

}, keywords = {Malnutrition, Muscle Mass, Physical Activity, Protein Intake, Trichiurus lepturus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.89}, author = {Rivan Virlando Suryadinata and Gabriel Tirtawijaya and Sawitri Boengas and Priscilla Keshia Jayasaputri and Henriette Milda Latuputty and Nisa Kirania Dianti Mulyadi and Nawal Fajril Haya} } @article {2502, title = {Efficacy and Safety of Propofol Drip versus Thiopental with Midazolam in Children Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {289-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pediatrics often require sedatives during Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) due to its lengthy, loud, and restricted space. This study aims to compare efficacy and safety of propofol drip and thiopental with midazolam for children undergoing MRI. Methods: This randomised double-blinded cohort study was conducted in patients aged 3-10 years old with ASA status I-II scheduled for outpatient MRI. Exclusion criteria include airway abnormalities, allergic reactions to anesthetic agents, renal, hepatic, and seizure history, or was pre-medicated. Patients were administered propofol (group PF) or midazolam with thiopental (group TH). Data including patient history, physiologic parameters, duration, recovery, discharge time, and adverse events were recorded. Data was statistically analysed using Chi Square and Student T-test. Results: A total of 34 patients were included in this study, 18 in PF and 16 TH. Sedation onset, recovery time, and mean discharge was significantly shorter in PF versus TH (6 vs 10 mins (p \<0.0001); 8 vs 13 mins (p \<0.0001), and 69 vs 89 mins (p \<0.0001)). No significant differences in duration and physiologic parameters between both groups were found. No adverse events occurred in both groups. 6.25\% of patients in group PF and 33.33\% in group TH had inadequate sedation. Conclusion: This study found PF has faster sedation onset and recovery time in comparison to TH for children undergoing MRI with no significant differences in physiologic parameters and adverse events. Further studies conducted on a larger population investigating efficacy and adverse events of alternative sedatives is recommended.

}, keywords = {Children, MRI, Propofol, Thiopental}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.36}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Clarissa Jasmine Aurelia} } @article {2512, title = {Formulation Strategy and Excipient Selection for Tribulus terrestris L. Tablets: A Quality-Based Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {370-377}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {370}, abstract = {

Background: To develop and evaluate a tablet formulation containing standardized dry extract of Tribulus terrestris L.{\textemdash}a plant traditionally used in Mongolian medicine{\textemdash}by focusing on excipient optimization and pharmaceutical quality assessment. Methods: Tablets were manufactured using the wet granulation method, incorporating an extract standardized to 54.45\% dioscin. Various excipient ratios were investigated to determine the optimal formulation. Dioscin content was quantified using UV-visible spectrophotometry. Results: The optimized formulation comprised 25\% dry extract, 34\% lactose, 34\% microcrystalline cellulose, 6\% PVPP, 0.5\% magnesium stearate, 0.5\% talc, and 4.5\% HPMC. The tablets demonstrated acceptable pharmaceutical characteristics, including an average weight of 0.113 {\textpm} 0.001 g, hardness of 0.83 {\textpm} 0.23 MPa, friability of 98.17 {\textpm} 0.65\%, and disintegration time of 7.30 minutes. The dioscin content was 13.50 {\textpm} 0.50 mg/g, with an assay recovery of 95.51\%. Dissolution exceeded 83\% in both media within 45 minutes. The similarity factor (f$_{2}$) confirmed equivalent dissolution profiles. Conclusion: The developed T. terrestris tablet formulation met pharmacopoeial standards and exhibited consistent physical, chemical, and biopharmaceutical performance, supporting its potential as a standardized herbal medicinal product for clinical and commercial application.

}, keywords = {Tribulus Terrestre{\textquoteright}s L.; tablet; excipients; saponins; spectrophotometer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.46}, author = {Baigalmaa Dovchinsuren and Wang Qin Hu and Jambaninj Dambiinyam and Yerkyebulan Mukhtar and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Enkhjargal Dorjbal} } @article {2580, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Anticancer Activities of Methanolic Twig Extract of Annonaceae Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {362-365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Annonaceae family represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of methanolic twig extracts from seven Annonaceae species. Methods: Twig specimens from Cananga latifolia, Goniothalamus elegans, Goniothalamus tamirensis, Melodorum fructicosum, Polyalthia dubia, Polyalthia cerasoides, and Uvaria fauveliana were subjected to standardized methanolic extraction. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Anticancer potential was evaluated through Sulforhodamine B assay against three human cancer cell lines and normal human dermal fibroblasts at 25 μg/mL concentration. Results: Goniothalamus elegans demonstrated exceptional antioxidant activity (IC50 = 5.62 {\textpm} 1.21 μg/mL) comparable to ascorbic acid. In anticancer evaluation, G. elegans exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (95.19 {\textpm} 0.62\%) and HeLa (94.46 {\textpm} 1.69\%) cancer cells while demonstrating exceptional selectivity with minimal toxicity toward normal cells (19.72 {\textpm} 1.19\%). Melodorum fructicosum showed highest activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells (75.84 {\textpm} 1.57\%). Conclusions: Goniothalamus elegans demonstrated exceptional dual bioactivity with both potent antioxidant properties and selective anticancer effects. The remarkable selectivity indices and broad-spectrum anticancer activity suggest significant clinical potential. These findings provide scientific validation for traditional medicinal uses of Annonaceae species.

}, keywords = {Annonaceae, Anticancer, antioxidant activity, Cancer cell selectivity, DPPH assay, Goniothalamus elegans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.107}, author = {Sawitree Wongtangtintharn and Sirirath McCloskey and Rungruedee Thiwthong and U-sa Thongpairoj and Surapong Rattana} } @article {2478, title = {Health Action Process Approach in Non-Communicable Diseases: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {107-116}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {107}, abstract = {

Background: Epidemiological research has indicated that the deleterious effects of non-communicable disease can be prevented through participation in health behaviour. The HAPA is a dual-phase model that identifies the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of health behaviour. The aim of this study was to systematically map the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA)- based interventions in non-communicable diseases in relation to the type of intervention, the target groups and the constructs of the HAPA model that are used in the study and to assess the clinical relevance of the studies. Methods: This review study complies with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) version 2020. The search for relevant literature involved PubMed, Sciencedirect, Willey online Library and Proquest databases for the studies published in 2000 to 2023 period. Quality of the study was assessed using CASP, and the Risk of Bias using Cochrane RoB tool. Results: In data bases search, there are 912 studies. The results for eligibility resulted in 18 articles consist of 13 observational studies, and 5 experimental studies. Discussion: Physical activity, healthy diet behaviour, and medication adherence were the targeted behaviour. In the majority of the studies, the targeted intervention was physical activity and the population consisted of adult patients. Conclusion: All studies used only a selection of the HAPA constructs. Therefore, only a minority of the studies can be considered real HAPA intervention studies.

}, keywords = {Behaviour change, Health action process approach, non-communicable diseases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.17.15}, author = {Sahmad S and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Muh. Syafar and Indahwaty Sidin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2477, title = {In Vitro Antibacterial Activity, In-Silico Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Profile of a Phytosterol Isolated from The Leaves of Carissa Bispinosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {99-106}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. Ex-Brenan is a medicinal plant widely used in South Africa. The study reports on the isolation of a phytosterol from C. bispinosa along with molecular docking and pharmacokinetic studies. The phytochemicals were extracted with hexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol. The compound was isolated following a bioactivity-guided isolation protocol using column-chromatography and thin-layer chromatography. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for compound characterisation. The antimicrobial activity was assessed using bioautography and micro-broth dilution assays. AutoDock vina, SwissADME and ADMET lab were used for molecular docking, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties, respectively. Drug-likeness was evaluated based on Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule of five (Ro5). The isolated compound was identified as β-sitosterol. It had an anti-S. aureus activity of (0.31 mg/mL). It revealed binding scores of -7.2 and -6.4 kcal/mol against penicillin-binding protein and DNA gyrase, respectively. It violated one of Ro5 (MLOGP \> 4.15). It has no inhibitory effects against isoforms of cytochrome P450. Moreover, it demonstrated no adverse effect on skin, non-carcinogenic and non-hepatotoxic effects. Based on the results, β-sitosterol can be considered as potential anti-S. aureus drug. Further studies may focus on ascertaining the mechanism of action in-vitro and investigating the synergistic effects of the compound with conventional drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Carissa bispinosa, Molecular docking, Pharmacokinetics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.14}, author = {Wanda Shekwa and Mashilo Mash Matotoka and Tsolanku Sydney Maliehe and Peter Masoko} } @article {2504, title = {In vitro Platelet Aggregation-Stimulatory, Antibacterial, and Cytotoxic Activities of the Fresh Stem Juice from Montrichardia arborescens Schott (Araceae) {\textendash} Evidence for Wound Healing- Stimulatory Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {299-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {299}, abstract = {

Background: Montrichardia arborescens is traditionally used for wound healing, but without scientific evidence. In this study, the fresh stem juice was assessed for its platelet aggregation stimulatory and antibacterial activities and its safety. Methods: The stem juice was evaluated at various dilutions for platelet aggregation-stimulatory activity in human platelet rich plasma (PRP) using norepinephrine as a positive control; antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes (gram-positive bacteria) as well as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative bacteria) in a broth microdilution method using tetracycline as a reference compound; and absence of substantial cytotoxicity against cultured CHO cells in an MTT assay. Data (means {\textpm} SDs; n >= 3) were evaluated for statistically significant differences (p \< 0.05) using ANOVA with Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s adjustments. Results: The stem juice stimulated platelet aggregation to nearly 100\% at 50\% (v/v) dilution and about 50\% at 12.5\% (v/v) dilution. It did not affect the growth of E. coli and P. aeruginosa at 50\% (v/v) but partially inhibited that of S. aureus at 37.5\% (v/v) and that of S. pyogenes completely at 12.5\% (v/v). These effects were validated by those found with epinephrine 20 μM and tetracycline 10-60 μg/mL. CHO cell survival was only 3 {\textpm} 1\% with the 50\% (v/v) diluted stem juice but 64 {\textpm} 2\% with the 12.5\% (v/v) dilution. Conclusion: The M. arborescens stem juice exhibited substantial platelet aggregation-stimulatory and antibacterial activity at 12.5\% (v/v) dilution which seemed safe to the normal tissues. These findings confirm its traditional use for wound healing.

}, keywords = {Broth microdilution, In vitro studies, Lack of cytotoxicity, Montrichardia arborescens Schott, MTT Assay, Platelet aggregation stimulation, Preliminary Antibacterial activity, PRP, Stem juice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.38}, author = {Dennis R.A. Mans and Terrence Mawie and Priscilla Friperson and Meryll Djotaroeno and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo and Vinoj H. Sewberath Misser and Ed P.F. Ijzerman and Walther Jap Tjoen San} } @article {2486, title = {The Influence of Website-Based Health Information Access Media on Primary Outcomes of Metabolic Syndrome Prevention In ASN Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {222-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {222}, abstract = {

Background : Metabolic syndrome is a condition that can put all people at risk, including workers. It is important to improve health literacy related to the prevention of metabolic syndrome among workers. The association of health literacy on healthy lifestyle modification with a decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of website-based health information access media on risk factors (knowledge, self-efficacy, work stress). Methods : The type of research used is Quasy Experimental design Nonequivalent Control Group design. The sample in this study were 62 employees from 2 government offices engaged in regional finance \& assets and the implementation of the water resources network of South Sulawesi province. This study divided two groups, namely the intervention group, which received education through the {\textquoteleft}SAFETY prevent metabolic syndrome{\textquoteright} website and daily journal filling, and the control group, which received education with booklets, with both groups measured and monitored for 2 months. Results : The {\textquoteleft}SAFETY{\textquoteright} websitebased health literacy model intervention was effective in improving knowledge (p=0.000), self-efficacy (p=0.004), and reducing work stress (p=0.047) in government workers, with the significant reduction in work stress demonstrating the benefits of a technology-based approach in managing stress in the work environment. Conclusion: This study was effective in increasing knowledge and self-efficacy and reducing work stress. Future research is recommended to expand the website intervention programme with interactive modules, explore integrated self-efficacy enhancement methods, and develop specific stress management programmes with a multidisciplinary approach.

}, keywords = {Booklet, Employee, Health Literacy, Metabolic syndrome, Website}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.28}, author = {Samsiana S and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Ridwan Amiruddin and Healthy Hidayanty and Nurhaedar Jafar and Muhammad Syafar and Wahiduddin W and Chatarina Umbul Wahyuni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2548, title = {Intermittent Fasting as a Non-Invasive Strategy to Mitigate Diabetes-Induced Complications in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {632-637}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {632}, abstract = {

Introduction: The global burden of diabetes mellitus is steadily increasing. Abnormal eating patterns and excess energy intake contribute to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although dietary modifications such as intermittent fasting have gained attention, evidence supporting their beneficial role in T2DM is limited. Objective: To evaluate the beneficial effects of intermittent fasting on physiological, biochemical, and histological changes in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Healthy adult Wistar albino rats (150{\textendash}200 g) were used. Diabetes was induced by administering alloxan (150 mg/kg). Animals were divided into four groups: Normal Control (Group I), Experimental Control (Group II), and Intermittent Fasting groups (Group III \& Group IV). Physiological, biochemical, and histological parameters were assessed to determine the impact of intermittent fasting. Results: Intermittent fasting demonstrated a protective effect by reducing diabetes-induced physiological, biochemical, and histological alterations. Rats in the intermittent fasting groups showed improved outcomes compared to the experimental control group. Conclusion: Intermittent fasting may serve as a potential non-invasive strategy to reduce diabetesrelated complications. Further studies focusing on molecular mechanisms are warranted to provide deeper insights into its protective role.

}, keywords = {Intermittent fasting; Type 2 diabetes mellitus; Alloxan; Wistar rats; Physiological changes; Biochemical parameters; Histological changes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.78}, author = {Vishu Manchanda and Bhagyalakshmi K and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Anupama N and Rekha D Kini and Sneha Shetty} } @article {2516, title = {Interpersonal Communication Training as an Effective Strategy to Optimize Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) Utilization in Preventing Maternal and Neonatal Deaths}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {399-406}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Maternal mortality remains a global health problem, with approximately 800 deaths every day, mostly due to complications such as bleeding, where severe anemia is a major predisposing factor. Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation (MMS) is now recommended as a substitute for blood supplementation tablets due to its more complete nutritional content. However, utilization of MMS still faces challenges, including low knowledge of pregnant women, negative perceptions of side effects, and misinformation. Education by health workers, especially midwives, is key to overcoming these barriers. Interpersonal communication training is a relevant strategy to improve midwives{\textquoteright} ability to deliver information effectively and build positive relationships with pregnant women. Although MMS has begun to be implemented, studies related to the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training in the context of MMS education are still limited in Indonesia. This study aims to fill this gap and strengthen the role of midwives in antenatal care. Objective: To assess the effect of interpersonal communication training on the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplementation on midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Methods: This study was conducted in September 2024 in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, involving 74 coordinating midwives and village supervisors. The design used was a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest to evaluate the effectiveness of interpersonal communication training on improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills. Knowledge was measured using a questionnaire, while skills were assessed through a post-training observation checklist. All instruments were tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis included Wilcoxon test to compare pretest and posttest scores, Spearman test to see the relationship between knowledge and skills, and Mann-Whitney test based on midwives{\textquoteright} characteristics. Path analysis was conducted within a Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) framework with directly observed variables. Results: The results showed that the score before the intervention was 10.80 and after the intervention was 15.23, which means there is a difference in scores between before and after the intervention. The statistical test results showed a p value (0.000) \<0.05, which means that there is an effect of interpersonal communication training in the utilization of multiple micronutrient supplements (MMS) on the knowledge and skills of midwives. Conclusion: Interpersonal communication training for midwives is effective in improving midwives{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills.

}, keywords = {Interpersonal Communication, knowledge, Midwives, Multiple Micronutrient Supplementation, Skills, Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.50}, author = {Rabia Zakaria and Veni Hadju and Rahayu Indriasari and Mardiana Ahmad and Muhammad Arsyad and Nurmala Sari and Fatmawati Mohamad and Juli Claudia and Siti Choirul Dwi Astuti and Rahma Dewi Agustini and Magdalena M.Tompunu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2465, title = {The In-Vitro Antiviral Activity of Carissa Edulis, Tulbaghia Acutiloba, and Tetradenia Riparia on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {47-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

The current treatment landscape for COVID-19 is largely supportive or experimental in nature, highlighting the need for alternative approaches. Ethanolic extracts of three South African medicinal plants (Carissa edulis, Tulbaghia acutiloba, and Tetradenia riparia) were tested for their antiviral activity against SARSCoV- 2. Viral loads were quantified using real-time PCR, and their anti-inflammatory effects were also assessed using ELISA. Both pre-treatment and post-treatment of H1299-hACE2-E3 cells with C. edulis extract significantly reduced viral loads by two- to four-fold decreases as compared to untreated controls, which suggests potential antiviral activity. T. acutiloba and T. riparia also exhibited moderate antiviral suppression, especially when the extracts were pre-treated prior to infection at early time points (24 hours). All three plants showed anti-inflammatory activity. The findings from this research demonstrate C. edulis{\textquoteright} potent antiviral activity and positions it as a promising candidate for further research in antiviral therapy development.

}, keywords = {Antiviral activity, Carissa edulis, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), Tetradenia riparia, Tulbaghia acutiloba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.6}, author = {Carlos A. da Silva and Polo-Ma-Abiele H. Mfengwana and Felicity J. Burt} } @article {2485, title = {Literacy of Alpha-Lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid Content Improves Knowledge and Self Efficacy in Breastfeeding Milk by Mothers Who Have Babies 0-24 Months}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {217-221}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Introduction: The world health organization (WHO) actively promotes breast milk as the best source of nutrition for babies and continues to increase the level of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months to two years and reach at least 50\% by 2025. The low level of exclusive breastfeeding is likely a lack of Education about the composition of breast milk which contains peptides including α-lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid (OA) which are able to reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer and have therapeutic effects which have been published under the name human a-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET ), so that this literacy is able to convince mothers to give breast milk and is a health threat to mothers that it is important to give breast milk because it has anti-cancer substances that can prevent cancer. Method: This type of research is quantitative, with a Quasi Experimental Nonequivalent Control Group Design. In this research , the experimental group was treated by providing education and assessing and using knowledge and self-efficacy instruments . Mean while, the control group received education through the KIA book. The target population in this study is mothers who have babies aged 0-24 months in the working area of the Ujoh Bilang Health Center, Mahakam Ulu Regency. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Results: there is a difference in knowledge literacy, Self Eficaccy on Breast Milk Feeding (ASI) by mothers who have babies 0-24 months in the intervention and control groups before and after being given breast milk literacy with a p value of 0.000 (p \< 0.005) which indicates that the hypothesis is accepted, namely there is an effect of breast milk literacy on knowledge and self-efficacy. Conclusion: literacy of alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) and oleic acid (OA) content increases knowledge and selfefficacy in providing breast milk by mothers who have babies 0-24 months.

}, keywords = {alpha-lactalbumin, Breast milk literacy, knowledge, oleic acid and breast milk, self-efficacy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.27}, author = {Nursari Abdul Syukur and Citrakesumasari and Anwar Mallongi and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Masni Mappajanci and Aminuddin Syam and Syamsuar S and Endah Wahyutri} } @article {2509, title = {Metabolomic Study on Indonesian Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Cultivation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {331-341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {331}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia has been one of the largest tea producers in the world with one of the reputable plantations in Ngargoyoso region, Java Island in which the plantation specified in five green teas variants, TRI 2024, TRI 2025, Gambong, Kiara and Chinruan. Despite their premium quality, there were limited metabolites information related to varieties, altitude, and plucking position existed in Ngargoyoso. Objective: this research aimed to investigate metabolite profiling affected by varieties, plucking positions and altitudes in the tea plantation grown in Ngargoyoso, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) grown in the plantation are five varieties TRI 2025, Gambong, TRI2024, Kiara and Chinruan in Ngargoyoso. Results: 1H NMR metabolomics protocol successfully identified TRI 2025 variety to have higher levels of theanine, catechins and caffeine than other varieties. The young leaves plucking position showed a higher level of catechin, EGCG, caffeine, theobromine, and L-glutamine than the older ones. While green tea at 1159 masl contains a higher level of theanine, L-glutamin, α-glucose, β-glucose, quinic acid, and succinic acid than those at 899 masl. This makes the TRI 2025 variety at the young position can be recommended to be the best quality in taste and benefits. Conclusion: Present study might suggest the tea quality based on metabolites profiling both for taste and benefits.

}, keywords = {Tea leaves; Camellia sinensis; metabolite profiling; 1H-NMR; Indonesia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.43}, author = {Dinar S. C. Wahyuni and Raissa. K. Putri and Anik Arniyanti and Sasha H. Audita and Syaiful Choiri and Saptono Hadi and Rita Rakhmawati and Estu R. Nugraheni and Soerya D. Marliyana and Yudi Rinanto and Ari Satia Nugraha and Ahmad Ainurofiq} } @article {2460, title = {Microencapsulation of Paracetamol with Polycaprolacone Coating}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {89-94}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Paracetamol is widely used as a medicine for fever and pain. Paracetamol has a normal half-life in the blood of 2 hours. If paracetamol is consumed frequently it will cause stomach irritation. This research aims to cover the unpleasant taste of paracetamol by microencapsulating using a coating and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules. In this study, the coating material used was polycaprolactone because polycaprolactone is a biodegradable coating material. The amount of coating used in this study was 1.5g, 3g and 4.5g. Paracetamol microencapsulation was carried out in evaluation tests, namely organoleptic examination and particle size. Then a characterization test was carried out, namely the surface morphology test of the paracetamol microencapsulation using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) method and the dissolution test. The research results showed that the concentration obtained by Formula 1 was 95.66\%, Formula 2 was 97.17 and F3 was 98.81. The dissolution test results showed that the largest dissolution percentage of microcapsules in formula 1 was 97.85\% at 50 minutes, formula 2 was 98.13 at 55 minutes and formula 3 was 98.91\% at 60 minutes. Microencapsulation of paracetamol with polycaprolactone can cover the bitter taste and changing the release of paracetamol microcapsules into sustained release preparations.

}, keywords = {Microencapsulation, Paracetamol, Polycaprolactone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.12}, author = {Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Anto J. Hadi and Hafni Nur Insan and Rini Fitriani Dongoran and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2563, title = {Microscopic Standardization and Bioactive Profiling of Cissampelos pareira Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {733-741}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {733}, abstract = {

The present study focuses on the pharmacognostic characterization and phytochemical profiling of Cissampelos pareira roots to establish reliable diagnostic features for identification and standardization. C. pareira, a medicinal plant from the family Menispermaceae, is often erroneously identified as Cyclea peltata due to morphological similarities, highlighting the need for detailed microscopic evaluation. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses revealed distinctive features such as a multilayered cork, lignified stone cells, medullary rays, vascular strands, starch grains, and calcium oxalate crystals. Histochemical tests confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, mucilage, lignin, starch, and oils in specific tissues. Preliminary phytochemical screening of ethanolic root extracts indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, sterols, tannins, terpenoids, essential oils, and amino acids, while saponins and anthraquinones were absent. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash (6.5\% w/w) and water-soluble extractive (16.8\% w/w) supported quality evaluation. These findings validate the ethnomedicinal uses of C. pareira in treating inflammatory, febrile, and reproductive disorders and provide essential pharmacognostic markers for authentication and prevention of adulteration. The study further underscores the plant{\textquoteright}s phytochemical richness, warranting advanced analytical and pharmacological investigations to substantiate its therapeutic potential.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.92}, author = {Sridevi N and Thirumal M} } @article {2576, title = {Pharmacognostic Authentication and Phytochemical Profiling Coupled with Flowability Studies of Zingiber officinale for Quality Control}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {342-351}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plant extracts and other natural products have continued to find useful applications in nanomedicines due to their interesting biological properties. Clerodendrum thomsoniae (CT) is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat stress- and inflammation-related diseases, including jaundice, diabetes, and cancer. Objectives: This study, therefore, evaluated CT extract-based silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Materials and Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared using green synthesis methods. They were characterized using UVVis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Antioxidant study was based on NO, H2O2, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging spectrophotometric methods. The in vitro anti-inflammatory test was based on a protein (egg albumin) denaturation assay. Results: Results showed CT-Ag NPs ranged from spherical to cubic shapes. The UV absorption peak at 427 nm suggests CT-Ag NP formation. The presence of elemental Ag (96.04 \%) by EDX analysis suggests the conversion of metallic silver into elemental silver. The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was shown on the X-ray diffractogram as a sharp peak at 38.12{\textdegree} [reflection index (111)] with an average particle size of 47 nm. CT-Ag NPs showed dose-dependent hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities with 67.63 {\textpm} 0.78 \% and 58.48 {\textpm} 1.20 \%, respectively, at 200 μg/mL. It showed a notable anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting protein denaturation with an IC50 of 53.58 {\textpm} 17.78 μg/mL. Conclusions: It can be deduced from this study that CT-Ag NPs show promise as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents.

}, keywords = {Clerodendrum thomsoniae; silver nanoparticles; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.105}, author = {Ankita singh and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {2505, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Pro-Melanogenic Activity of Nigella sativa Extract in B16F10 Cells: A Natural Candidate for Vitiligo Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {307-313}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic depigmentation disorder caused by the selective destruction of melanocytes, with limited effective treatment options, particularly in resource-limited regions. Nigella sativa (black cumin seed, BCS) has traditionally been used for various skin ailments, including pigmentation disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the pro-melanogenic activity of a 96\% ethanol extract of Indonesian BCS (EE BCS) in B16F10 cells. Methods: Phytochemical profiling was performed using gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thymoquinone (TQ) content was quantified by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cell viability (MTT assay), tyrosinase activity (L-DOPA assay), and melanin content were measured. Results: GC-MS identified 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (E,E) as the predominant compound (45.88\%), while HPLC confirmed a relatively low TQ concentration (0.04\%). EE BCS maintained \>90\% cell viability at concentrations up to 12.50 ppm and exhibited an IC50 of 56.41 ppm. Tyrosinase activity significantly increased at 6.25 ppm (136.40\%; p \< 0.05) and 12.50 ppm (228.10\%; p \< 0.01), accompanied by a significant elevation in melanin content (226.00\%; p \< 0.05 and 266.90\%; p \< 0.01 respectively). Conclusion: EE BCS can effectively promote melanogenesis, despite containing low levels of thymoquinone, potentially through synergistic actions of its phytochemical constituents. Given its region-specific phytochemical richness, Indonesian N. sativa extract holds promise as a natural therapeutic candidate for vitiligo. Further in-vivo and clinical validation is warranted.

}, keywords = {B16F10, Melanogenesis, Nigella sativa, Thymoquinone, Tyrosinase, Vitiligo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.39}, author = {Dian Pratiwi and Silmi Mariya and Raendi Rayendra and Agus Setiyono} } @article {2561, title = {Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity of Dioscorea transversa R. Br: Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Leaf and Tuber}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {718-726}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {718}, abstract = {

Various species of Dioscorea, commonly referred to as wild yams, are employed as food and used globally for medicinal purposes. Dioscorea transversa, also known as the long or pencil yam, is a native to northern and eastern Australia and is also found in the open forests of southern India. The tubers of this plant are consumed by local tribes in northern Kerala during times of famine, and they are believed to enhance bone and muscle strength. Furthermore, it is incorporated with other ingredients in their traditional postnatal rejuvenation preparations. However, this plant which is infrequently examined for its biochemical impacts on humans. This research aimed to identify the phytochemicals present in the tuber and leaf of Dioscorea transversa and to assess solvent extracts for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The leaf sample demonstrated a notable concentration of phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids, while the tuber was rich in saponins, proteins, and steroids. It was noted that the aqueous methanolic extract of the leaves (AqML) exhibited superior antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in comparison to the other five extracts explored. This study underscores D. transversa as a significant source of natural bioactive compounds and advocates for further research to delve deeper into the pharmacological potential of this plant

}, keywords = {COX-2, Dioscorea transversa, Inflammation, Oxidative stress, Phytochemicals, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.90}, author = {K G Geetha and Mohind C Mohan and V Manju} } @article {2573, title = {Preclinical Safety Assessment of a Polyherbal Formulation: Acute, Subchronic, and Mutagenic Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Introduction: Before market approval, novel herbal medicines and bioactive compounds require rigorous genotoxicity and safety evaluations. A polyherbal formulation derived from Dasiphora fruticosa, Cynara scolymus, and Rosa acicularis has previously demonstrated antioxidant and nephroprotective properties. However, comprehensive toxicological and mutagenicity evaluations are needed to support its clinical development. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the acute and subchronic toxicities and mutagenic potential of this polyherbal formulation. Methods: Acute oral toxicity was assessed in C57BL/6 mice using a two-phase protocol based on Lorke{\textquoteright}s method. Subchronic toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats following OECD guideline 407, with daily oral administration of the polyherbal formulation at doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg for 28 days. Mutagenicity was assessed using the Muta-Chromoplate (Ames test) kit according to OECD guideline 471. Results: Acute toxicity evaluation determined that the median lethal dose (LD50) of the polyherbal formulation exceeds 5,000 mg/kg, categorising it as practically nontoxic. The subchronic toxicity assessment revealed that doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg had no significant effects on body and organ weight, haematological and biochemical parameters, and histopathological features compared with the controls. Furthermore, the Ames test confirmed that the polyherbal formulation had no mutagenic activity. Conclusions: The polyherbal formulation exhibited no acute toxicity at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg, and no adverse effects were observed in a 28-day subchronic toxicity study. Furthermore, its favourable safety profile was further confirmed by its lack of mutagenic potential. Collectively, these findings provide a robust foundation for continued preclinical and clinical development of the polyherbal formulation

}, keywords = {acute toxicity; mutagenicity; phytochemicals; polyherbal formulation; safety evaluation; subchronic toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.102}, author = {Enkhmaa Gonchig and Chimgee Tserendash and Maral-Erdene Gerelt-Od and Batdavaa Batbayar and Mend-Amar Batbaatar and Perleidulam Bunddulam and Enerel Yeruult and Narankhajid Myadagsuren and Otgonbat Altangerel and Yeruult Chultemsuren} } @article {2464, title = {Preconception Posyandu Performance Assessment Instrument with Europan Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) Method: Indicators, Validity and Reliability}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {40-46}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {40}, abstract = {

Preconception Posyandu is one of the preconception women{\textquoteright}s health services created to help reduce MMR, IMR and stunting prevalence in Banggai District. This study aims to create a performance assessment instrument for the Preconception Posyandu so that it can maintain the existence of the service. The development of performance assessment indicators through Focus Discussion Group (FGD) activities using the Europan Foundation Quality Management (EFQM) method consists of using 9 variables. We involved 30 village midwives and 30 preconception women at three health centers within Luwuk City to test the performance assessment instrument. Internal reliability was assessed with Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha and criterion validity. The performance appraisal instrument using the EFQM method obtained development results, namely from 52 indicator questions made into 92 questions, then after testing the validity of the instrument, 81 questions were declared valid and 11 questions were invalid. The results of Cronbach{\textquoteright}s alpha value, there are 5 variables with strong reliability (alpha\> 0.80), namely leadership variables, strategic policies, staff management and partnerships and resources, while there is 1 variable with perfect reliability (alpha\> 0.90), namely process variables, and 3 variables with sufficient reliability (alpha \> 0.70), namely performance outcome variables, customer satisfaction and impact on society. The questions generated from the development of indicators can be used to measure performance. The service of the Preconception Posyandu Program that has been running so far, this is evidenced by the average value of the reliability test which is 0.83, which means strong reliability.

}, keywords = {EFQM, Instrument, Performance Appraisal, Preconception Health Post}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.5}, author = {Fitrianty Sutadi Lanyumba and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah D and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Healthy Hidayanty and Wahiduddin W and Faizal Fahmi and Anang S Otoluwa and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2500, title = {A Review: Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Plants from the Hermannia Genus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {384-393}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants play a pivotal role in treating illnesses and modern medicines are still being derived from plants. Hermannia genus is a significant traditional herbal medicine. This review evaluates the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of plants from the genus Hermannia genus based on available research. Methods: Studies accessed from online research databases were systematically selected and analysed to construct a comprehensive review of the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of plants from the genus. Results: Hermannia species are used in traditional medicine to treat or manage; respiratory conditions, gastrointestinal issues, skin conditions, sexually transmitted infections, and diabetes. Scientific findings also discovered promising pharmacological activities within members of the genus such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticancer activities. To date, over 30 types of secondary metabolites have been identified from the genus, including the 2 pure compounds that were isolated and tested for pharmacological activities. Further research must prioritize other unexplored species of the genus and efficacy and mechanism of action studies on isolated compounds. Conclusion: The genus Hermannia is important in the treatment of diseases of high public health concern. The pharmacological studies and presence of secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds further validates the traditional uses of the genus. Therefore, the findings suggest that the genus has species that may serve as candidates for novel drug discovery for the treatment of various illnesses. Efficacy and mechanism of action studies still need to be conducted on isolated compounds and other unexplored species of the genus.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, drug development, Hermannia, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Secondary metabolites, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.48}, author = {Mfundisi Nhlapo and Brian Ngobeni and Idah Manduna} } @article {2479, title = {A Review: Searsia genus and Its Potential Anti-Cancer Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {117-120}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

The Searsia genus, belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, comprises small trees and evergreen shrubs primarily found in Southern Africa, with some species extending to East Africa and the Mediterranean. While these species are well-known for their ecological roles in stabilizing soils and providing habitat for wildlife, they also possess significant medicinal value, particularly in traditional African medicine. Searsia plants are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, which exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This has drawn scientific interest, especially regarding their potential in cancer treatment. Notably, Searsia chirindensis and other species have demonstrated cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, attributed to compounds like gallic acid and other polyphenolics. This review delves into the phytochemical profiles of selected Searsia species, exploring their medicinal properties with a particular focus on their anticancer activities. The anti-inflammatory properties of these plants, coupled with their antioxidant activities, suggest a promising role in cancer prevention and treatment, although further research is necessary to confirm these benefits in clinical settings.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Phytochemistry, Searsia genus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.16}, author = {Dijeng Euginiah Rampana and Pakiso Moses Makhoahle} } @article {2572, title = {Synergistic antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Tinospora cordifolia and Azadirachta indica extracts supported by in-silico molecular docking and ADMET evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {310-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder which worsens by increased oxidative stress resulting in other diabetes associated complications. Tinospora cordifolia (TC) and Azadirachta indica (AI) are traditional medicinal plants that has been used for diabetes since ancient times, but their combined potential as a formulation has not been evaluated for the management of diabetes. Objectives: This study aimed to profile the phytochemical composition of 70\% hydroethanolic extracts of TC and AI, assess their antioxidant and antidiabetic activity individually and in combination, and further substantiate their efficacy through in-silico molecular docking and ADMET evaluation of their key bioactive compounds, berberine and nimbolide. Methods: Hydroethanolic extracts of TC and AI were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, quantification of primary and secondary metabolites, and HPTLC profiling. Five combinations of TC:AI (1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3, 3:1) were prepared and evaluated for antioxidant activity using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, and for antidiabetic potential using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and PTP1B inhibition assays. IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ values were calculated. In-silico studies were performed for berberine and nimbolide using AutoDock 4.2.6 against PPARγ, GLUT4, and IRS1. Drug-likeness and ADMET properties were predicted using SwissADME and pkCSM. Results: Phytochemical profiling confirmed the presence of alkaloids, polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. TC demonstrated stronger inherent antioxidant and antidiabetic activity than AI. Among combinations, 1:1 and 3:1 formulations showed the highest potency with IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ values comparable to standards. Molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of berberine and nimbolide toward PPARγ, GLUT4, and IRS1, while ADMET prediction indicated acceptable pharmacokinetic behaviour and good drug-likeness. Conclusion: The TC:AI 1:1 formulation exhibited synergistic antioxidant and antidiabetic effects, supported by favorable in-silico interactions and pharmacokinetic profiles, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic option for T2DM management.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Azadirachta indica, Health, Plants, PTP1B, Tinospora cordifolia, α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.101}, author = {Amaresh Parimi and Silambarasan K and Prashantkumar Goudappala and Ravi Mundugaru and Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy} } @article {2568, title = {Therapeutic Effects of Combined Zinc and α-Tocopherol Administration in a Rat Model of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Sepsis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {275-283}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {275}, abstract = {

Sepsis induces systemic inflammation through excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to oxidative stress, tissue damage, and multiorgan dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of combined zinc and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) supplementation on inflammatory and biochemical parameters in Staphylococcus aureus-induced sepsis in male Wistar rats. Thirty rats were divided into six groups: (1) normal control, (2) Placebo control (sepsis without therapy), (3) positive control (levofloxacin 45 mg/kg BW + zinc 0.9 mg/kg BW + vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW), and (4{\textendash}6) treatment groups receiving combined zinc (0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 mg/kg BW) with vitamin E (250 mg/kg BW). Sepsis was induced intraperitoneally, followed by treatment according to group. On day 9, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and albumin were analyzed, while lung and kidney, were examined histologically. The combination of zinc and vitamin E significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels while improving biochemical parameters and increasing serum albumin compared to the untreated group (p <= 0.05). The highest efficacy was observed with zinc 2.7 mg/kg BW and vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW, which showed over 50\% reduction in tissue damage, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial hemorrhage in lung tissue, and improved hepatic cellular regeneration. These findings suggest that zinc and vitamin E exert synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, indicating their potential as adjuvant therapy in sepsis management.

}, keywords = {CRP, Histopathology, IL-6, Oxidative stress, Sepsis, Staphylococcus aureus, TNF-α, Vitamin E, zinc}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.97}, author = {Olivia Des Vinca Albahana Napitupulu and Gusbakti Rusip and Maya Sari Mutia} } @article {2519, title = {Traditional claims to Scientific Evidence: A Analysis of Trachyspermum ammi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {425-433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Background: Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) is a medicinally significant plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, widely cultivated in various regions, including India, Iran, and Egypt. Objectives: This study provides a detailed Pharmacognostic evaluation of ajwain through macroscopic, microscopic, powder microscopy, histochemical, and preliminary phytochemical analyses, along with standardization parameters for crude drug validation. Materials and methods: Ajwain fruits were collected and authenticated by a certified botanist. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted using digital and compound microscopes. Powder microscopy, histochemical staining, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical standardization, such as ash values, extractive values, and moisture content, were performed. Result: Macroscopic observations confirmed the fruit{\textquoteright}s distinctive morphological features, while microscopic studies detailed the anatomical structure, including the presence of vittae, epicarp with papillae, and oil globules. Powder microscopy further verified characteristic elements such as anomocytic stomata, fibers, annular vessels, and phenolic compounds. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, lignin, and mucilage, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. These findings substantiate the traditional medicinal applications of ajwain, particularly in gastrointestinal and respiratory treatments. Conclusion: The study provides essential diagnostic markers for quality control and standardization in herbal medicine, laying a foundation for future pharmacological investigations.

}, keywords = {Ajwain, Apiaceae, Histochemical studies, Pharmacognostical study, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.53}, author = {Monika S and Sridevi N and Ranjitha S and Harini V and Oviya R and Tharun Adhithya M B and Thirumal M and Vignesh S} } @article {2565, title = {Ultrasonographic and Biochemical Evaluation of the Hepatoprotective Effect of Cinnamomum burmannii Bark Extract in Carbon Tetrachloride{\textendash}Induced Liver Injury}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {751-759}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {751}, abstract = {

This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extract of cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) in male Wistar rats induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl$_{4}$). Cinnamon extract is known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols, which play significant roles in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the extract contained total phenolic content of 71.55 mg GAE/g and flavonoid content of 0.41 mg QE/g, with a potent antioxidant activity indicated by an IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ value of 18.19 ppm. Administration of the extract for 28 days at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant reduction (P\<0.05) in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels compared to the negative control group. The 300 mg/kg dose showed the highest efficacy, with TNF-α levels approaching those of the normal group. Furthermore, liver function parameters improved, as evidenced by significant reductions in SGOT and SGPT enzyme levels, an increase in serum albumin (2.96 {\textpm} 0.52 g/dL), and a decrease in serum bilirubin to 0.102 {\textpm} 0.040 mg/dL. Ultrasonographic examination showed improved liver parenchymal homogeneity and a reduction in the number of nodules. Histopathological findings revealed a decrease in liver tissue damage score from moderate to mild. These findings suggest that Cinnamomum burmannii extract has potential hepatoprotective effects through antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatocellular recovery mechanisms. Therefore, this extract holds promise as a phytopharmaceutical candidate for complementary therapy in liver function disorders; however, further studies are required to isolate the active compounds and evaluate long-term toxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cinnamon, Cytokine, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.94}, author = {Inda Kania Meilani and Ermi Girsang and Yolanda Eliza Putri Lubis} } @article {2426, title = {Adsorption of Metanil Yellow Using Flavonoid Extract from Longan Peel (Dimocarpus longan): Optimization of pH and Concentration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1315-1319}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1315}, abstract = {

Water pollution can come from industrial waste containing various toxic pollutants, one of which is dye. Hazardous dyes are stable and resistant to biodegradation due to their complex aromatic structure, so dyes need to be treated. Metanil Yellow is a dye that is harmful to aquatic life and the human body. One method that can be used is adsorption with the batch method because it has the advantage of low cost and simple processing. Flavonoid extracts have high potential to be used as biosorbents because they have hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. This study aims to determine the potential of flavonoid extracts to adsorb metanil yellow dye using optimum pH and solution concentration and to determine its absorption capacity. The results showed that the optimum pH obtained was at pH 2 and the optimum solution concentration was at 150 ppm with an absorption capacity of 9.22078 mg/g.

}, keywords = {Adsorption, Batch, Flavonoids, Longan Peel, Metanil Yellow}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.212}, author = {Sri Benti Etika and Desy Kurniawati and Melindra Mulia and Rahni Darussalam and Okta Suryani and Edi Nasra and Nada frista} } @article {2256, title = {Analysis Factor Contributed BDNF Level Serum in Schizophrenia Patients During Antipsychotic Treatment at Reksodiwiryo Army Hospital and Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital Padang Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {355-359}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {355}, abstract = {

Schizophrenia is a debilitating and long-lasting psychiatric condition characterized by its severity. The main causes of this disorder are still complex and not fully understood. Schizophrenia is a serious and lifelong psychiatric condition, is estimated to affect around 1\% of the population throughout their lifetime. This study aims to determine the contribution of serum Brain-derived neurotrophic (BDNF) levels in schizophrenia patients during antipsychotic treatment at Reksodiwiryo Army Hospital and Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital, Padang, Indonesia. Duration of antipsychotic treament range 1 year to 10 years. The method used in this research was a random perspective approach and consecutive sampling for patients undergoing outpatient treatment at the Reksodiwiryo Army Hospital and Siti Rahmah Islamic Hospital, Padang City, Indonesia. The sample consisted of 43 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia through structured clinical interviews (mini ICD 10). The results obtained in this study were that of the 43 total patients observed, sociodemographics were found with women (51.2\%) being more numerous than men (48.8\%), the age of most patients encountered was in the age range of 36-25 years (28\%) and duration of illness \<5 years (34.9\%) is smaller than \>5 years (65\%), for various treatments ranging from FGAs, SGAs and combination of FGAs and SGAs where the highest results were found in patients with SGAs treatment (37.2\%). From the statistical analysis, the correlation between serum BDNF levels was insignificant with negative and positive symptoms.

}, keywords = {Brain-derived neurtopic factor, negative symptoms, positive symptoms, schizophrenia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.54}, author = {Mutiara Anissa and Resti Rahmadika Akbar and Rifkind Malik} } @article {2349, title = {Analysis of Executive and Legislative Behavior in Planning the Stunting Program in Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {851-859}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {851}, abstract = {

Objective: Indonesia has quite a serious nutritional problem which is characterized by the large number of cases of malnutrition in children under five, as a result this problem has become the attention of the Indonesian government so that it has become a national protas called stunting, so it must be resolved in an integrated manner across sectors. Unfortunately, this problem has not been resolved so stunting cases are still very high, one of which is Maros district which has the eighth number of stunting cases based on SSGI data for 2022. Method: Qualitative research is carried out in natural settings to seek information from executive and legislative experience based on knowledge, attitudes, actions and interests. We used indepth interviews, assisted by interview guides, and reviewed the rules to answer the research objectives. The researchers carried out a review of the regulations in the form of basic reading of the recommendations and outreach carried out by the relevant government. Results: Interestingly, government planning uses new methods, namely bottom up, participatory and top down. The reason given by the executive is that this method is the most effective method in government organizations because planning is made based on the Maros district government budget calendar. Conclusion: In analyzing the behavior of the Executive and the legislature, not all of them understand stunting program planning so their involvement is lacking and not all of them play an active role in the stunting program, even though they have an interest in improving the level of health in the people of Maros district by trying to achieve zero stunting for the sustainability of regional development in Maros district. Recommendation: Continuing research on the theme of Analysis of Community Behavior towards the Implementation of Stunting Program Planning in Maros Regency, we suggest to the regional government to accelerate the realization of community welfare through improving human resource services and health levels, overcoming poverty.

}, keywords = {Executive, Legislative, Natural conditions, Strategy, Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.139}, author = {Andi Yulyana Mulmaharani and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Darmawansyah and Aminuddin Syam and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2231, title = {Analysis of Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay BPJS Kesehatan Contributions of Mandiri Participants in the Working Area of Bua Health Center, Luwu District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {211-216}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {211}, abstract = {

The willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions regularly and on time every month for independent participants is the most important component to make it easier for independent participants to utilize health services. This research aims to analysis the factors that influence the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions for independent participants in the Bua Health Center working area, Luwu Regency. The research was conducted in the working area of the Bua Health Center, Luwu Regency. The research design iscross sectional study. The total sample was 340 independent BPJS Health participants using sampling techniquesSimple Random Sampling. Data were analyzed using testsChi-Squareand Multiple Logistic Regression test. Test resultsChi-Squareshows that there is a relationship between the number of family members (p=0,000), income (p=0,000), perception of the quality of health services (p=0,000), history of catastrophic illness (p=0,000), and ability to pay BPJS Health contributions (p= 0,000) with a willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. Meanwhile, there is no relationship between knowledge (p=0,364) and willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. The results of the Multiple Logistic Regression test show that number of family members (OR=69,893) is the factor that most influences the willingness to pay BPJS Health contributions. It is recommended that the BPJS Health consider a contribution payment system for independent participants who are required to pay contributions collectively which includes all family members in one family who are registered as independent BPJS Health participants, so that independent participants who have large family members are not burdened and are willing to pay BPJS contributions Health regularly and on time every month.

}, keywords = {BPJS Health, Income, Independent Participants, Number of Family Members, Willingness to Pay Contributions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.30}, author = {Syiar Cakke. S and Balqis and Indar and Sukri Palutturi and Hasanuddin Ishak and Andi Zulkifli and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2307, title = {Analysis of Implementation of the Prolanis-Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Disease Management Program in Majene Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {644-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {644}, abstract = {

In the context of health maintenance for BPJS health participants who suffer from chronic diseases, PROLANIS is a proactive strategy and health care system that is implemented in an integrated way involving participants, health facilities, and BPJS health. In this work, a case study methodology is combined with a qualitative method. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data. Thirteen informants{\textemdash}four key informants and nine routine informants{\textemdash}were interviewed. The research on the communication between program implementers yielded positive results, the BPJS budget was allocated effectively, and the human resource numbers of the various health centers varied, but the facilities and infrastructure were more than sufficient, and the implementation skills were strong. Proceeding by current SOPs, the bureaucracy still needs improvement and regulation, and the BPJS incentives both reward and efficiently distribute money. Conclusion: Both Community Health Centers acknowledge that funding from BPJS is fairly good. Notifications and reminders of activities have been successfully implemented in the Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) policy, even though only those who are active and present are the same. Infrastructure and facilities are sufficient; however, there is room for improvement in the amount, quality, and integrity of human resources. Additionally, the appointment of bureaucracy requires attention, and it may be more effectively divided.

}, keywords = {BPJS Health and bureaucracy, Cronis Disease, Diabetes mellitus, Prolanis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.101}, author = {Khadijatul Fatiyah Mubarak and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Muhammad Kardi and Hasnawati Amqam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2346, title = {Analysis of the Determinants of Patient Loyalty in the Inpatient Installation at the General Hospital {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah Pinrang District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {831-837}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {831}, abstract = {

Loyalty is repurchase behavior solely concerning the purchase of the same particular brand repeatedly. Patients who feel satisfied, can take repeated actions as repeated use of services in the future and tell others about the perceived service performance. This study aims to determine the determinants of loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital, Pinrang Regency. This research is included in the type of quantitative research by applying a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 90 inpatients obtained by accidental sampling method. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out through the Chi-Square test and the Logistic Regression test. The results of the Chi-Square test show that there is an influence between service quality in terms of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, physical evidence, hospital image, moving barriers, and distance of residence on the loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital, Pinrang Regency. The results of the Logistic Regression test show that the quality of service in terms of assurance with Exp (B) = 25.274 is the variable that has the most influence on the loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital Pinrang Regency.

}, keywords = {Patient Loyalty; Service Quality; Hospital Image; Moving Barriers; Residence Distance; Hospitalization.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.136}, author = {Dewi Alya Anugrah Rizal and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Amran Razak and Balqis and Masni3 and Vonni Polopadang and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2258, title = {Analysis of the Giving of Mp-Asi Through Food Based on Majene{\textquoteright}s Local Wisdom for Stunting Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {372-377}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Background: Majene Society own tradition and knowledge typical in selecting, processing, and consuming food. Use food local can maintain diversity food and culture local. Food local has proven effective for growth baby optimally. Goals: With do comprehensive analysis to provision of MP-ASI through foodbased wisdom local Majene, expected can an effective and sustainable stunting prevention program was developed. Method: Method research used is study qualitative with design phenomenology. Informant in study This are 103 Baduta mothers who are exclusively breastfed, and live in rural districts Pamboang and District Tameroddo. Data analyzed use content analysis through N-Vivo 12 app. Results: Food tree chief in Tameroddo is rice red Because rice red become plant lots of fields found and easy grows in mountainous areas. Meanwhile in the Coastal Region Pamboang Still consistent with rice white or yams. Typical vegetables is leaf moringa, Langurru {\textquoteright}, and Lallere {\textquoteright}. Government Regency Majene push planting leaf moringa in each home easy get and help in increase continuity food, savings cost, and independence food in Majene. Besides That, leaf moringa of course known known as " tree magic " because mark high nutrition. Majene Society own access and consumption vegetables langngurru {\textquoteright} and lallere {\textquoteright} are just that found in the area mountains Tameroddo. Usually leaf This used as plant medicine, but in this area made as processed vegetables with add mango sour. Side dish typical Majene known with called " Baupapi ". Habit consumption child given Eat with Fish sauce is considered Already enough , even often this fish sauce considered as replacement vegetables , though very easy found various the main fish species in the coastal area Pamboang . Known Pineapple in local language Majene as {\textquotedblleft}Pandeng{\textquotedblright} is easiest fruit found Because grow with flourish in the yards House citizen. Findings food local the has content test nutrition and recipe test so that can used as the proper MP-ASI menu for given to baby for optimal growth. Conclusions and Suggestions: Important For ensure that kids get too consumption of fish or other protein sources as well as nutrition from vegetables and sources food other. Order child get appropriate nutrition through provision of adequate MP-ASI. Recommended to nanny , power health and government regency Majene to encourage provision of local MP-ASI with still notice mark appropriate nutrition , MP -ASI module as research output This can used as guidelines Proper provision of MP-ASI .

}, keywords = {Food based Local, MP-ASI, Stunting Prevention}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.57}, author = {Evawati and Nurhaedar Jafar and Healthy Hidayanty and Sudirman Natsir and Razak Thaha and Ridwan Amiruddin and Citrakesumasari and Lucy Widiasari and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2352, title = {Analysis of the Implementation of the Bpjs Kesehatan Chronic Diseases Management Program (Prolanis) in Biru Health Center, Bone Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {872-879}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Objectives: Prolanis is a health service system that involves patients, primary health facilities and BPJS. Prolanis aims to maintain health and achieve an optimal quality of life in patients with chronic disease (hypertension and diabetes mellitus) through effective and efficient health services to prevent disease complications. This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of Prolanis in the Biru Health Center of Bone Regency based on input, process, output, impact, and feedback. Method: The type of research used in this research is qualitative research, and data were collected through technical triangulation using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation with key informants, main informants and supporting informants using purposive sampling techniques. Result: Research shows that in the input aspect, blood sugar strips used in health checks of prolanist participants are still limited, and there are no special facilities for prolanis. In terms of process, Biru Health Center has carried out all prolanist activities recommended by BPJS Kesehatan. However, some obstacles remain to these activities, such as prolanist participants who do not have Whats App, and laboratory HbA1c examinations every six months have not been carried out. In the output aspect, the achievement of the Biru Health Center RPPT has increased significantly from October 2023 to January 2024, although it decreased in November 2023. Regarding impact, BPJS Kesehatan, the Health Office, and Prolanis Participants are satisfied with implementing the prolanis at the Biru Health Center. Feedback from BPJS Kesehatan is available through the KBK monitoring and evaluation. Conclusion: Implementing prolanists at Biru Health Center has gone well and as expected. However, the input aspect still needs to be improved so that the implementation of prolanists can run even better.

}, keywords = {BPJS Kesehatan., Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis), Diabetes mellitus, Health Center, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.142}, author = {Suci Fajriani S and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Anwar Mallongi and Muhammad Syafar} } @article {2313, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {671-678}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {671}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.107}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqi and Indar and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2238, title = {Antibacterial Potential of Durian (Durio zibethinus murr.) Waste as an Alternative Disinfectant in Raw Drinking Water - A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {255-262}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {255}, abstract = {

Efforts continue to be made to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in drinking water by using safer disinfection materials. The use of local plants as disinfection materials is highly desirable. The durian plant (Durio zibethinus) can be a very promising alternative as a natural disinfection agent to destroy pathogenic bacteria in drinking water. This narrative review comes from three online journal databases that provide free journal articles in PDF format, collected over the last ten years. The main keywords in conducting a literature review through online journals are "Durian, Durio Zibethinus, antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water". Of the 5,693 journals identified in the three databases, 21 studies remained that met the requirements for inclusion in this review. This included study illustrates that fruit rind, seed, and leaf extracts from the durian plant have antimicrobial properties. Durian plants have antibacterial active compounds such as phenolics, alkaloids, steroids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. The antimicrobial potential tested using the diffusion and dilution method indicated that the presence of antimicrobial ingredients in the durian plant extraction was in the strong category. Some pathogenic bacteria in water that can be inhibited or killed are Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphilococcus aureus, Shigella boydii and Salmonella Typhi. This shows that there is an opportunity for the durian plant to provide a solution and great hope as a safe and economical alternative disinfection material as a replacement for current disinfection materials. Index terms: Durian (Durio zibethinus), antibacterial, disinfectant, drinking water.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.37}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2452, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Senna (Senna alexandrina MILL.) Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1355-1358}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1355}, abstract = {

Senna leaf plant (Senna alexandrina Mill.) is empirically effective in treating several diseases. Senna leaves contain saponins, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, sesquiterpenes, tannins, and phytosterols. This study aims to assess Senna leaf extract{\textquoteright}s antioxidant activity, flavonoid, and phenolic content (Senna alexandrina Mill.) with various extraction methods and solvent variations.\ Read more . . .\ 

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Senna leaf; Maceration; Phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.218}, author = {Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad and Abd. Malik and Selpida Handayani and Iskandar Zulkarnain and Amliati A and Nur Lailatulqadri and Mardatilla Mamas} } @article {2260, title = {Anxiety Levels, Cortisol, Blood Gluc Ose and Sodium Levels in Working Wives: Comparison Between Husbands Who Were Hospitalized and Husbands Who Were Not Hospitalized}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {382-387}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {382}, abstract = {

Background:\ Anxiety affects balance and physiological changes in the body. The research aims to investigate the comparison of anxiety levels, blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels and blood sodium levels between working wives of husbands who are hospitalized and working wives of husbands who are not hospitalized. Methods: The research design uses statistical group comparison. The research subjects were 40 people divided into 2 groups, namely 20 subjects, working wives, husbands who were hospitalized, 20 subjects, working wives, husbands, who were not hospitalized. Data was collected using the HARS (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) questionnaire instrument, laboratory examination of blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels and blood sodium levels. Results: Unpaired t test with a significant value of p \< 0.05 if the data is normally distributed or Mann Whitney U Test with a significant value of p \< 0.05 if the data is not normally distributed was carried out to analyze the comparison of anxiety levels, blood cortisol levels, sugar levels blood and blood sodium levels. Data processing with the help of statistical software. The results of the analysis showed that there were differences in anxiety levels (p\<0.05), blood cortisol levels (p\<0.05) and blood glucose levels (p\<0.05) but there were no differences in blood sodium levels (p\>0.05). between working wives whose husbands are hospitalized and working wives whose husbands are not hospitalized. Conclusion: blood cortisol levels and blood sugar levels in working wives of husbands who were hospitalized were higher than working wives of husbands who were not hospitalized and based on statistical tests, significant differences were found in HARS values, blood cortisol levels and blood sugar levels between the group of working wives whose husbands were hospitalized. hospitalized and the wife works, the husband is not hospitalized.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels, blood sodium levels, HARS, working wife}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.59}, author = {Rudi Mahruzar and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and OK Yulizal and Hamzah Shatri and Gusbakti Rusip} } @article {2362, title = {Application-based Reproductive Health Education on Reproductive Health Risk Behavior among Adolescents in Ternate City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {942-948}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Background: The current era of digitalization is encouraging public health literacy to increase, especially among teenagers who are close to gadgets, so that the term e-health literacy is known, namely digital health literacy is defined as the ability to search, find and understand health information available in resources. electronically and use information obtained from these resources to overcome health problems. Objective: To determine the effectiveness of application-based reproductive health education to increase positive behavior of adolescents in Ternate City. Method: This research uses a Quasi-experimental method (Pre-post Control Design). The number of samples in this study was 300 teenagers aged 12- 15 years, in Ternate City. The measurement uses a questionnaire to measure knowledge, attitudes, actions, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and health literacy. The analysis used is the mean difference test, namely the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney test. Research Results: The distribution of respondents based on age groups in the control group and in the intervention group was mostly in the 13 year age group, namely 119 people (79.3\%) and 111 people (74.0\%), the most common gender was female. The results of the analysis showed that there were no differences between the control and intervention groups before treatment, there were differences between the control and intervention groups after treatment, there were differences before and after treatment in the variables knowledge (p value = 0.000), action (p value = 0.000), and health literacy (0.007) (p value \< 0.05). However, there is no difference for the variables Attitude, Subjective Norms, Behavioral Control. There are differences before and after treatment in the variables knowledge (p value = 0.000), attitude (p value = 0.000), action (p value = 0.000), subjective norms (p value = 0.000), behavioral control (p value = 0.000) and health literacy (p value = 0.000) (p value \< 0.05). Conclusion: Application-based reproductive health education has a good impact in increasing positive behavior among teenagers in Ternate City, this is based on changes in knowledge, attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral control and health literacy.

}, keywords = {Adolescents., Application, Reproductive Health, Risk Behavior}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.152}, author = {Muhlisa and Ridwan Amiruddin and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Suriah and Rizal Damanik and Ummu Salmah and Sudirman Nasir and Intan Sari Areni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2386, title = {Association of Triglyceride and Glucose Index with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1077- 1080}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is significantly linked to obesity, insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There isn{\textquoteright}t a single biomarker used to diagnose NAFLD. Objectives: Analyzing the association between triglyceride and glucose index (TyG) with NAFLD in T2DM. Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the efficacy of TyG as a potential NAFLD biomarker. The study was conducted on 103 diabetes outpatient clinics at the Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital from August to October 2023. Sixty-seven subjects experienced steatosis, while those who did not experience steatosis were 36. The statistical analysis used in this study is binary logistic regression with p \<0.05. Results: The receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) analysis showed a TyG cut-off value of 9.334 (AUC = 0.660). Analysis of the risk of TyG on the incidence of steatosis was carried out using binary logistic regression. The results showed that TyG was a significant risk factor for steatosis. Patients with a TyG value above 9.334 risk developing steatosis 3.567 times greater than patients with a TyG value below 9.334 (OR 95\% = 1.373 {\textendash} 9.270, p = 0.009). Conclusion: A significant association between TyG and NAFLD in T2DM patients, which the TyG index may be a more effective, valuable, and uncomplicated measure for detecting and controlling NAFLD.

}, keywords = {Hepatic steatosis, Insulin resistance, NAFLD, TyG index, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.174}, author = {Febri Kurniawati and Sony Wibisono Mudjanarko and Soebagijo Adi Soelistijo and Titong Sugihartono} } @article {2225, title = {Bioguided Assay of Polyphenols Isolated from Medicinal Mayan Species and its Activity Against Leishmania mexicana.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {174-180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {174}, abstract = {

Objective: This study underlines the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of the methanol extracts (MeOH), fractions of n-hexane (n-Hex), chloroform (TCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and compounds isolated from plant species used in the Mayan traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Extracts of medicinal species collected in the Mayan Peninsula such as Hylocerus undatus, Bauhinia divaricate, Euphorbia hirta, Ruellia nudiflora and Cedrela odorata, were tasted in a bio guided assays against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Different chromatographic techniques were applied in order to isolated the most active compounds. Additionally, spectroscopic experiments 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and FT-IR were stablished to determine the chemical structure of the chemical compounds. Results: Euphorbia hirta and Cedrella odorata, showed good bioactivity with 14.81 {\textpm} 2.63 g/mL and IC50 = 18.39 {\textpm} 0.88 μg/mL respectively, meanwhile Bauhinia divaricata not show activity and Ruellia nudiflora showed poor activity with IC50 = 92.18 {\textpm} 3.64 μg/mL, followed by Hylocerus undatus with IC50 = 122.5 {\textpm} 20.99 μg/mL, when tasted against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Spectroscopic data confirmed the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kempherol and scopoletin, with IC50 = 2.92 {\textpm} 0.42 μM, 12.30 {\textpm} 0.57 μM, 20.22 {\textpm} 4.66 μM and 4.05 {\textpm} 0.68 μM respectively. Conclusion: The bioguided assays guided us, to the purification and isolation of four different metabolites, mainly flavonoids and structurally related compounds, some of them show good activity, however, their low bioavailability indicates the need for detailed structural relation activity studies, together with the development of formulations and delivery systems.

}, keywords = {Coumarins, Flavonoids, Leishmania mexicana, NMR structural determination, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.24}, author = {Horacio Larqu{\'e} and Abelardo Ch{\'a}vez Montes and Jaime Zamora-Chimal and Moises Looh-Hern{\'a}ndez and Joel H. Elizondo Luevano and Esther del Olmo} } @article {2321, title = {Biomarker Profiles Associated with Covid-19 Mortality in East Java, Indonesia: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {689-694}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to compare the most useful biomarkers for predicting prognosis and response to therapy in COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: This quantitative study involved 639 patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 infection. Patients without any biochemical marker result; patients referred to another hospital; and peripheral oxygen levels measured using oxygen supplementation were excluded from the study. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in terms of demographics, vital signs on admission, and laboratory parameters. The risk of mortality in COVID-19 is significantly influenced by c-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (p-value \<0.05). Conclusion: Findings revealed these biomarkers could help the future development of more personalized treatment and diagnostic approaches.

}, keywords = {Biomarker, COVID-19, Outcome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.110}, author = {Retno Budiarti and Ediono and Muhammad Miftahussurur and Abdulloh Machin and Mochammad Wijdan Rosyich and Ayu Imamatun Nisa and Fatimatuzzahro and Nila Novia Putri and Muhammad Ja{\textquoteright}far Shodiq} } @article {2365, title = {Cadre Assistance in Improving the Nutritional Status of Two Years Baby: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {960-965}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {960}, abstract = {

Background: The Health Law mandates that efforts to improve community nutrition aim to improve the nutritional quality of individuals and society. Indonesia is still a country with a fairly high category of nutritional problems. Very underweight badgers were 1.2\% and underweight badgers were 5.2\%. Overcoming nutritional problems must involve various parties in society, one of the community parties who plays an important role in overcoming nutritional problems for toddlers is health cadres in the village, especially nutritional problems for toddlers. Objective: to identify and explain scientific evidence regarding Mentoring Efforts by Cadres to improve Nutrition for Baduta and strengthen the theoretical basis that can support solving the problem being researched. Method: Using online journal databases that can be accessed in PDF form, namely, Pubmed, Elsevier/Scopus, Crossref and Google Scholar. Other sources such as textbooks, national health reports, and dissertations. The search included studies published in the last 10 years (2012{\textendash}2022). Using keywords (Kader, Nutrition Baduta, Posyandu Cadre, Cadre, Health Workers, Nutrition Health Workers). Appropriate articles were then entered into Mendeley. Results: Conclusion: Assistance to cadres can increase cadres{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills in improving nutrition for children, especially toddlers and toddlers. Mentoring and empowering cadres is carried out using various methods such as counseling, training, using various tools and media.

}, keywords = {Baduta Nutrition, Cadres, Mentoring, Two years baby., underweight}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.155}, author = {Ramli Ramli and Muhammad Syafar and Veni Hadju and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2449, title = {Cerebral Vessel Rupture Leading to Sudden Death: Implications for Pharmacognosy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1442-1446}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {1442}, abstract = {

Sudden death is one of the situations that necessitates immediate treatment from a forensic doctor. The WHO defines sudden death as death occurring within 24 hours of the beginning of symptoms. There are three sorts of sudden death: unexpected, unwitnessed, and spontaneous. Diseases of the Central Nervous System are the third most common cause of sudden death. Ischemic stroke (blockage) and hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding) are examples of central nervous system illnesses. Hypertension (cardiovascular disease) and smoking are known risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke.In 2019, the global incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was 14.46 per 100,000 people. The case discussed in our paper is about the sudden death of a European (Ukrainian) ship captain who happened to be anchored in the waters of Gresik, East Java, who died of hemorrhagic stroke.

}, keywords = {Cardiovascular Disease, ICH, SAH, Stroke, sudden death}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.233}, author = {Farhad Moegis and Ahmad Yudianto and Renny Sumino} } @article {2454, title = {Citrus Extract-Mediated Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Capacity to Attenuate Free Radicals and Inflammation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1222-1233}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1222}, abstract = {

Introduction: The exploitation of plant materials for the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) for biological applications, is considered an eco-friendly technology because it does not involve the use of toxic chemicals. Objective: The study was carried out to synthesize citrus extract-mediated ZnO NPs and evaluate their free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory capacity. Materials and Methods: ZnO NPs were green synthesized, using the peel and leaf aqueous extracts of three citrus plants: Nova mandarin, Satsuma mandarin and Eureka lemon. The citrus extract based ZnO NPs were characterized by UV-Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, microscopy (SEM and TEM), EDX and XRD analyses. They were screened against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) free radicals. Finally, their inhibitory effects against egg albumin denaturation (EAD) were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The six afforded biogenic NPs consistently exhibited FTIR vibrational band around 500 cm-1, which is characteristics of a metal oxide (Zn-O) band. They also showed UV-Vis absorption peaks at 387 and 415 nm, suggesting the formation of ZnO NPs. Nova mandarin peel (NMP) ZnO NPs exhibited the best DPPH and NO radical scavenging activities, with 50\% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 7.61{\textpm}0.69 and 19.93{\textpm}0.40 μg/mL, respectively. It also gave the best inhibition against EAD, with an IC50 of 14.80{\textpm}1.29 μg/mL. Morphological assessment of NMP extract-based ZnO NPs revealed rod-shaped particles at 35-50 nm range. Conclusion: It has been shown through this study that citrus extract based ZnO NPs, especially those prepared with NMP, may have the capacity to attenuate free radical release and inflammation in biological systems.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory capacity, Citrus plants, Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Nova mandarin, Zinc oxide nanoparticle green synthesis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16s.236}, author = {Tabisa Diniso and Ayodeji O. Oriola and Gugulethu M. Miya and Simon K. Kuria and Yiseyon S. Hosu and Opeoluwa O. Oyedeji and Mike O. Ojemaye and Ludwe Majiza and Jerry O. Adeyemi and Adebola O. Oyedeji} } @article {2220, title = {Community-based Anti-Drug Efforts: Leveraging Local Wisdom for Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {141-144}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Background: Drug abuse prevention in the community based on local culture, specifically {\textquotedblleft}Pageu Gampong,{\textquotedblright} involves legal aspects related to drugs and the management of drug prevention in the community. This study examines the influence of local culture, {\textquotedblleft}Pageu Gampong,{\textquotedblright} as a preventive measure against drug use among ninety in Aceh Besar district. Materials and Methods: In this study, a quasi-experimental pre-post test design was utilized to investigate the effectiveness of drug abuse prevention training that incorporated local culture, specifically, {\textquotedblleft}Pageu Gampong{\textquotedblright}; the research was conducted in seven phases and yielded promising results, including the establishment of an anti-drug task force team aimed at sustaining drug control efforts at the village level. To ensure data accuracy, the researcher designed and tested a self-administered questionnaire for validity and reliability. Results: The research showed increased general knowledge about drugs, legal aspects related to drugs, and drug prevention procedures with a p-value of 0.000. The results of this study are expected to be used for screening and early detection of the risk of drug abuse in the community through various culturally-based programs implemented by task force team members. Conclusion: This study can be used for screening and early detection of the risk of drug abuse in the community through various culturally-based programs implemented by task force team members.

}, keywords = {Anti-drug task force, Community-based programs, Drug prevention, Local culture, Risk detection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.19}, author = {T Alamsyah and Teuku Muliadi and Khairunnas and Sufyan Anwar and Marniati and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2350, title = {Community-Based Electronic Recording and Reporting in Indonesia: Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {860-864}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {860}, abstract = {

Background: Implementing electronic-based health information systems in Indonesia has shown a significant increase in the last decade. However, many problems still need to be solved that hinder the effectiveness of this system. Studies describing the implementation of electronic-based data collection, monitoring, and reporting show confusing results. Aim: This review aims to evaluate the implementation of community-based electronic data collection, monitoring and reporting. Method: PRISMA guidelines was used to conduct this review. Databases used to search relevant literature including PubMed, Sciencedirect, Willey Online Library, and Proquest. Authors independently screening and extracted the data from the eligible studies. CASP for qualitative study was used to assess the quality of the study. Result: There are nine studies that matched with the inclusion criteria. Area of recording, monitoring, and reporting including maternal and child health, NCDs, and Tuberculosis. the challenges faced by Indonesia in implementing the ERMR including internet connections, access to electricity, absence of regulations, human resources, facilities, Fragmented application, Age, Pandemic, and lack of communication. Based on those barriers, infrastructure in supporting the implementation of ERMR is the most stated in the studies included. Conclusion: The implementation of ERMR is crucial for the Indonesian government to address immediately, given the significantly substantial benefits for the health status of the Indonesian people. The availability of adequate infrastructure, especially in remote areas, will support satisfactory public health services.

}, keywords = {Health, Indonesia., Monitoring, Recording, Reporting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.140}, author = {Rahmat Haji Saeni and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Veni Hadju and Ridwan Amiruddin and Agus Bintara Birawida and Suriah and Rika Handayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2333, title = {Comparative Analysis Molecular Simulation IL6R Alpha with TCZ and HIL6: Mechanism in Inflammatory Responses}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {738-743}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Introduction: In cases of inflammation, there is typically a connection between IL6R and HIL6. If there is an excessive level of activity in this connection, it can lead to a cytokine storm. Tocilizumab (TCZ), also known as AntiIL-6R, is a biologic drug that is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody. It is specifically used to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases that are associated with cytokine storms. Method: This study utilizes in silico analysis to assess the ability of TCZ, a biosimilar, to block IL6R and compares it to the blocking effect of HIL6. Validation of the 3D structure of the IL6R was performed using a Ramachandran plot. Results: The IL6R alpha subunit had a validation score of 97.86\%, while the IL6R beta subunit had a validation value of 95.54\%. The molecular docking analysis reveals that the TCZ light chain forms a complex with IL6R, yielding a docking score of -16.4 kcal mol-1. Similarly, the TCZ heavy chain also interacts with IL6R, resulting in a docking value of -15.5 kcal mol-1. Notably, both scores are higher than the docking score of the control, which involves IL6R with HIL6, measuring -12.5 kcal mol- 1. The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) value of the IL6R protein in the presence of TCZ (Tocilizumab) is consistently below 2, with an average range of 0.04-0.09. Conclusion: The affinity between IL6R and TCZ is greater than the affinity between IL6R and HIL6.

}, keywords = {Binding affinity, HIL6, IL6, IL6R, Molecular docking, Molecular dynamics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.123}, author = {Engla Merizka and Septelia Inawati Wanandi and Budiman Bela and Silvia Tri Widyaningtyas and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {2357, title = {Cookies Formula for Oat (Avena sativa L.) and Plainnates (Musa Paradisiaca L.) as Alternative Food Ingredients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {910-915}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {910}, abstract = {

Cookies in circulation have a high amount of vegetable or animal fat (20-30\% based on flour weight) and fiber content low Because material main cookies Which There is in market that is flour flour, necessary innovation for develop product cookies that are low in calories and have high fiber content, Wrong the only one with use material main oats (Avena sativa L.). The aim of this research is to analyze whether OAT ( Avena sativa L. ) and Raja banana (Musa Paradisiaca L.) can be formulated as cookies that have low calorie content and sensory evaluation of cookies using color, taste, aroma and texture parameters. This research is true experimental research carried out in the laboratory. Cookies made with the composition of oats and plantain are F1 ( 120gr: 80gr), F2 (150gr: 50gr), F3 (180gr: 20gr). Based on the research results obtained, it is stated that the ash content, water content, carbohydrate content, protein content, fat content and total energy (calories) are respectively as follows: In the control (0.74\%; 3.38\%; 92 .2\%; 2.62\%; 4.8\% and 422kcal), F1 (3.50\%; 4.70\%; 78.97\%; 5.25\%; 12.20\% and 446 kcal), F2 ( 3.42\%; 4.24\%; 70.99; 8.75\%; 18.00; .96\% and 481\%). The results of the sensory test stated the p value: 0.000, which means there is a difference. Oats ( Avena sativa L. ) and plantains (Musa Paradisiaca L.) can be formulated into low-calorie cookies. Based on the sensory evaluation, it was stated that there were differences in the panelists{\textquoteright} preferences for the color, taste, aroma and texture of oat and plantain cookies. In order to carry out further analysis for the application of cookies to mice as a low-calorie diet food.

}, keywords = {Alternative Food., Cookies, King Banana, Oats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.147}, author = {Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Rudi Dalimunthe and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Anto J. Hadi and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2317, title = {Correlation of N-Cadherin and MMP-9 Expression with Regional Nodal Metastasis in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {679-683}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {679}, abstract = {

Background: In laryngeal carcinoma, regional nodal metastasis serves as a significant prognostic factor. A special biomarker is needed to predict the status of nodal metastases. N-cadherin, a binding protein, aids in cell migration and enabling tumor cells to spread to new locations. The involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in metastasis includes fostering the dissemination of tumor cells from the primary tumor and enhancing tumor cell motility. Objective: This study seeks to explore the distinctions and relationships in N-cadherin and MMP-9 expression among patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma at various N stages. Methods: Employing a cross-sectional approach, this study conducted an analytic observational investigation on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded patients whose histopathological diagnosis is laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital in 2018{\textendash}2021. The samples were divided into N stages based on radiological imaging from the CT scan. Immunohistochemistry examinations were performed using N-cadherin and MMP-9 antibodies and scored using the immunoreactive score (IRS), based on percentage and intensity. The differences in expression and correlation between N-cadherin and MMP-9 were analyzed using statistical tests. Results: Statistical insignificance was observed in N-cadherin expression at various N stages (p = 0.099). There were significant differences in MMP-9 expressions at various N stages (p = 0.0006338). There was no correlation between N-cadherin and MMP-9 expression at various N stages in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (p = 0.0638, rs = 0.27). Conclusion: In laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, MMP-9 serves as a predictor for lymph node metastasis, which, if present, deteriorates the patient{\textquoteright}s prognosis.

}, keywords = {Laryngeal cancer, Metastasis, MMP-9, N stages, N-cadherin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.108}, author = {Etty Hary Kusumastuti and Stephanie Natasha Djuanda and Grace Ariani and Gondo Mastutik} } @article {2445, title = {Cross- Sector Collaboration in Addressing Stunting in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1424-1430}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1424}, abstract = {

Nutritional obstacles among toddlers persist as a notable health issue, necessitating increased focus from diverse stakeholders, with stunting emerging as a prominent concern. Addressing stunting is not solely the responsibility of the health sector (specific); it also requires collaboration from non-health sectors (sensitive). Several sectors involved are Central Government, Provincial Government, Local Government Agencies, Private sector, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), mass media, academics and society. However, previous different individual studies in regard to cross-sector collaboration produced diverse outcomes. Some reported optimal, while others reported suboptimal. Therefore, this current work aimed to determine supportive factors and barriers to cross-sector collaboration in addressing stunting. All research conducted in the last 5 years is encompassed within this topic. It explores various processes within cross -sector collaboration that can be utilized to address stunting issues. Through cross-sector collaboration, it is expected that the government and stakeholders share a common perception in addressing stunting issues, enabling joint problem-solving. The research findings emphasize that collaboration strategies within the government should not solely focus on outcomes but also consider models that encompass both processes and results. The model identified in this study aims to be an effective solution for governing cross-sector collaboration in addressing stunting.

}, keywords = {Addressing stunting, Cross-sector collaboration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.229}, author = {Misrawatie Goi and Andi Ummu Salmah and Nurhaedar Jafar and Amil Ahmad Ilham and Stang Stang and Muhammad Safar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2265, title = {Determinants of Adverse Birth Outcomes in Ambon, Indonesia: A Case-Control Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {410-414}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {410}, abstract = {

Background: Globally, adverse birth outcomes were still high, especially in low and middle-income countries like Indonesia. Stillbirth, preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and first-minute birth asphyxia are some of the adverse birth outcomes. The incidence of adverse birth in Ambon is quite high but never been any research about determinants of adverse birth outcomes. Objective: This study aims to examine the determinants of adverse birth outcomes and identify the main modifiable risk factors in Ambon. Method: This retrospective case-control study included all birth outcomes in August and September 2023 in Ambon, Indonesia. A total of 165 birth outcomes (55 cases and 110 controls) with complete information in Puskesmas and Posyandu were included in the analysis. The Chi-square test and regression analyses were applied to evaluate the association between variables. Result: This study showed the impact of pregnant women{\textquoteright}s age, parity, passive smoking, ANC examination, and ANC counseling on birth outcomes. There are differences in maternal age (p=0.006; 95\% CI: 1.22-6.11), parity (p=0.001; 95\% CI: 1.52-8.51), passive smokers (p=0.004; 95\% CI: 1.37-8.99, ANC examination (p=0.02; 95\% CI: 1.08-5.01) and ANC counseling (p=0.002; 95\% CI: 1.44-8.67) between case and control groups. Conclusion: Maternal age (<= 20 and \>35 years old), parity (one and >= 5), passive smokers, ANC examination not according to standard, and ANC counseling without a husband were associated with a high risk of all adverse birth outcomes.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.64}, author = {Magdalena Paunno and Ridwan Amiruddin and Masni and Mardiana Ahmad and Bertha Jean Que and Ridwan Thaha and Sudirman Nasir and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2356, title = {Development and Feasibility Test of the Self-Management Hypertension (SMH) Application for Elderly People with Hypertension in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {902-909}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {902}, abstract = {

Background: The Self Management Hypertension (SMH) application is a digital-based educational media solution to improve knowledge of elderly with HT in managing their disease independently, easy to use and can be accessed wherever they are. Smartphone -based digital technology, Recently, it has become a very common tool needed by most people, including the elderly, not only as a communication tool but can also be used as a medium for education and information. Research Objectives: This research aims to design the development of a prototype of the SMH application and to determine the feasibility of the SMH application for self-management of hypertension for the elderly. Method: The research method used is Research and Development (R\&D). The research subjects for the expert validation test consisted of 3 experts. Meanwhile, the application trial subjects consisted of a one-on-one trial sample of 3 elderly people and a small group trial of 12 elderly people. Data collection uses the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) questionnaire which consists of 13 questions with 4 assessment aspects, namely the convenience aspect, usefulness aspect, trust aspect and user intention aspect. There are 4 Likert scale answer choices ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. Results: Expert validation results show the percentage and eligibility criteria are 86.6\%. The results of one-on-one trials show that the ease of application aspect is in the range of 3.25-4.00, the usefulness aspect is in the range of 3.00-4.00, the trust aspect is in the range of 3.67-4.00 and the user intention aspect is in the range of 3.00-4. .00. Small group trials showed an average convenience aspect of 3.52, an average usefulness aspect of 3.53, an average trust aspect of 3.69 and an average user intention aspect of 3.64. Conclusion: The SMH application has decent content, is easy to use, very useful, and trustworthy, thereby increasing the intention of elderly people with HT to use the SMH application

}, keywords = {Elderly, Hypertension, Self Management, SMH Application, TAM.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.146}, author = {Hilda Harun and Ridwan Amiruddin and A. Arsunan Arsin and Abdul Salam and Mondastri Korib Sudaryo and H. Muh. Syafar and A. Ummu Salmah and Sudirman Natsir and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2416, title = {A Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Study of Triterpenoids based Standardized Gotu Kola Leaves Extract in the Patients with Tension Type Headache}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1238-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1238}, abstract = {

Introduction: Triterpenoid-based standardized Centella asiatica leaves extract as nasal solution (INDCANS) has shown potential in animal models of stress-related disorders. Objective: Efficacy and safety evaluation of INDCA-NS in patients with Tension-type headache (TTH). Methods: Ninety-one patients with TTH were randomized and administered INDCA-NS (46 patients) or PLACEBOCA-NS (45 patients) nasal spray (400 μg/day, 100 μg in 100 μL shot/ nostril, twice daily) for 28 days, with a 14-day follow-up. Efficacy (headache duration, frequency, and intensity; 21-item {\textquotedblleft}Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale{\textquotedblright} (DASS-21); {\textquotedblleft}Work Productivity and Activity Questionnaire{\textquotedblright} (WPAI: SHP); {\textquotedblleft}World Health Organization Brief{\textquotedblright} (WHOQOL-BREF), cortisol and DHEA levels, rescue medications), and safety outcome measures (including adverse events) were monitored. Results: Subacute administration of INDCA-NS (but not PLACEBOCA-NS) significantly reduced the duration of headache and TTH{\textquoteright}s effect of TTH on WPAI:SHP (Q5) scores, namely productivity in working patients (P \< 0.05, within the groups). The INDCA-NS showed significant difference (P \< 0.05) in headache duration with and without covariate adjustment (vs. PLACEBOCA-NS). Both treatments found safe, well- tolerated, with no treatment-related adverse events, significantly reduced headache frequency, pain intensity, DASS-21 (stress domain), TTH{\textquoteright}s impact on daily activities (Q6 of WPAI:SHP), and improved WHOQOL scores (P \< 0.05, within the group). The other outcome measures were not statistically significant within or between groups. Conclusion: Subacute INDCA-NS reduced headache duration and improved work productivity in TTH patients.

}, keywords = {Centella asiatica leaves; Chronic Stress; Pain; Work productivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.202}, author = {Prasad Thakurdesai and Pallavi Deshpande and Namrata Desai and Prasanna Mathad and Sandhya Rani and Dhananjay Raje} } @article {2347, title = {Drug Management and Service Quality in Outpatient Pharmacies at the Haji Padjonga Daeng Ngalle Regional General Public Hospital in Takalar Regency, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {838-844}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {838}, abstract = {

Background: The provision of comprehensive individual health care services in outpatient units is intricately linked to drug management practices and the quality of available pharmacy services, ensuring optimal medication supply and use. Objective: This study aimed to assess the practices of drug management and the quality of outpatient pharmacy services at Haji Padjonga Daeng Ngalle (HPDN) Regional General Public Hospital in Takalar Regency, Indonesia. Method: The evaluation of drug management involves conducting in-depth interviews in the outpatient unit, focusing on planning, budgeting, procurement, storage, and distribution, compared with government regulatory standards. The quality of pharmacy services was assessed using the Solvin technique with 100 respondents, evaluating five dimensions: physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, using the servqual questionnaire with a Likert scale (ranging from very dissatisfied = 1, dissatisfied = 2, somewhat satisfied = 3, satisfied = 4, to very satisfied = 5). Results: Research findings indicated the level of compliance of drug management with regulations as follows: planning (66.67\%), budgeting (60\%), procurement (100\%), storage (100\%), and distribution (100\%). The quality of pharmacy services demonstrated high questionnaire validity (r >= 0.714), and the average dimension was a score of 4, indicating satisfactory satisfaction levels. Conclusion: This study reflects HPDN hospital{\textquoteright}s compliance with regulations while identifying specific areas for improvement to enhance the quality of pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Drug management, Hospital, outpatient unit., patient service quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.137}, author = {Yunita Cahyani Pratiwi and Darmawansyah and Sukri Palutturi and Amran Razak and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2424, title = {The Effect Ethanol Extract of Phyllanthus niruri l on Malondialdehyde (MDA) Expression and Extracellular Signal- Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) on Vaginal Epithelial Cell Thickness in Menopausal Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1305-1310}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1305}, abstract = {

Introduction: Menopause is the condition of the ovaries stops produce estrogen so that resulting in vaginal bleeding atrophy that is become dry cause pain moment relate sexual so that lower quality life. The ROS pathway with MAPK regulates proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival cell life. Research purposes is know influence giving extract Phyllanthus niruri l against Malondialdehyde (MDA) expression and Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) expression against thickness cell vaginal epithelium of menopausal model mice. Material from Phillantus niruri l processed become extract. Treatment animal try mice (mus muscullus) first acclimatized during one next week done ovariectomy of both ovaries, after two weeks checked vaginal examination to be sure phase diestrus (menopause). Stage treatment given extract for 21 days with dose different 14 mg, 28 mg and 56 mg/20gBW/ day. Methods: True Experimental research method with Post Test only with control group design. Data analysis used one way ANOVA. Results: The research group that produced the highest average expression of Malondialdehyde (MDA) was the control group. The highest expression of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase-1 (ERK-1) was in the P3 treatment group (dose 56 mg/20gBW/day). The results of statistical analysis showed that there was a significant effect of Phyllanthus niruri l extract on decreasing MDA expression with a sig value of 0.000 \< p = 21 0.001 and increasing ERK-1 with a sig value of 0.000 \< 0.001, but there was no effect on increasing the thickness of the vaginal wall epithelial cells in menopausal model mice. with a sig value of 0.220 \> 0.05. Conclusion: The three doses of phillantus niruri decreased MDA and increased ERK-1. The Folin-Ciocalteau.

}, keywords = {ERK-1, MDA, Menopausal Mice, Phyllanthus niruri l, Vaginal epithelium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.210}, author = {Lailatul Fadliyah and Hendy Hendarto and Lestari Sudaryanti and Imam Susilo and Anwar Ma{\textquoteright}ruf and Emuliana Sulpat and Endah Sri Wijayanti and Maya Septriana} } @article {2348, title = {The Effect of Consumption Rice Analogue of Banggai Yam (Dioscorea Alata) on Blood Sugar Levels of Pre-Diabetic Patients in the District of Banggai Archipelago}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {845-850}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {845}, abstract = {

Rice analogue of banggai yam (dioscorea alata) is made with the formula of banggai yam flour, mocaf flour and cornstarch in a ratio of 55:30:15. Furthermore, Banggai Yam{\textquoteright}s Analog rice (Dioscorea Alata) was given to respondents with prediabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of consumption of rice analogues of yam banggai on glucose levels of prediabetics. The research location is in Banggai Islands Regency. The number of respondents was 120 people and the intervention time was 2 weeks. The results showed that fasting blood sugar levels on pre and day 7 in both groups had differences or there was a decrease in fasting blood sugar levels with p values of \<0.001 each. The greatest change was shown in the intervention/rice analog group with a difference of 24.55. While in the control group only amounted to 8,483. Reduction in Fasting Blood Sugar Levels on pre and day 14 p values of \<0.001 each. The greatest change was shown in the intervention/rice analog group with a difference of 29.817. While the decrease in fasting blood sugar levels in the control group was 17,167. Comparison of day 7 and day 14, the two groups had differences or there was a decrease in fasting blood sugar levels with a p value of \<0.001 each. Greater changes were shown in the control/brown rice group with a difference of 8.683. While the decrease in fasting blood sugar levels in the intervention group was 5,267. Thus, rice analogue of Banggai yam (dioscorea alata) as local food has a significant influence on reducing blood sugar levels of prediabetes mellitus sufferers in Banggai Islands district. The use of rice analogues of Banggai Yams (Dioscorea Alata) can be developed as functional foods.

}, keywords = {Analog Rice, Banggai Yams, Blood Sugar., Prediabetes Mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.138}, author = {Marselina Sattu and Aminuddin Syam and Nurhaedar Jafar and Wahiddudin and Anwar Malongi and Stang and Andi Dirpan and Balqis and Yustianty Monoarfa} } @article {2391, title = {Effect of Diet, Medication, Physical Activity on Glycemic Control of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1110-1113}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1110}, abstract = {

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase every year with various complications. This is caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. The complex management of type 2 diabetes mellitus triggers problems that cause therapeutic goals not to be achieved. The risk of complications is higher due to lack of attention to lifestyle including diet. A good diet, medication and physical activity are considered capable of improving blood sugar control so that the quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus becomes better. Objective: to analyze the effect of diet, medication, physical activity on glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: the study was conducted in December 2023-February 2024 at Kassi-Kassi Health Center and Kalukubodoa Health Center, Makassar City, South Sulawesi. The sample size was type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Kassi-Kassi Health Center as many as 184 people and Kalukubodoa Health Center as many as 168 people. The research group consisted of 2 groups, namely at Puskesmas Kassi- Kassi and Puskesmas Kalukubodoa with a combination intervention of food menu modules for diabetic patients and leaflets and Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi with food menu modules for diabetic patients. Both research groups were intervened for 3 (three) months with the assistance of doctors and nutritionists. There are two stages in this study, namely stage 1 making a prolanis intervention model with quantitative methods followed by stage 2, namely the intervention of food menu modules for diabetic patients and with quasi-experimental methods with a non-randomized pretest postest design. Results: In the aspects of diet, medication, physical activity there is a significant increase in Kassi-Kassi Health Center and Kalukubodoa Health Center (p=0.00) on glycemic control of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. Conclusion: The results of the trial of the food menu module for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed a value of 80\%, meaning that the module was feasible to use based on the assessment of the material expert. Diet, medication, physical activity have a statistical effect and there is a difference in the mean value of glycemic control of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.180}, author = {Sheinni Paradise and M. Alimin Maidin and Amran Razak and Abdul Rahman KadirHegazy} } @article {2339, title = {The Effect of Giving Iodized Salt and Multi Micro Nutrients to Pregnant Women on the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women in Majene Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {779-784}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {779}, abstract = {

Background: Maternal nutritional needs during pregnancy increase due to physiological, metabolic and anatomical changes. If the intake is insufficient, there will be deficiencies in both macro and micro nutrients. Multimicronutrient deficiency will affect the growth and anemia status of pregnant women. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of giving iodized salt and Multi Micronutrient Supplements to pregnant women on hemoglobin levels, body weight, iodine levels in urine and pregnancy outcomes. Method: This research is an analytical research using an experimental design that controls several nonexperimental variables and there is a control group as a comparison group to understand the effect of treatment. Determining the sample in this study used a random experimental method where 200 pregnant women were used as the research sample. The results showed that there was a significant change or increase in Hb levels (p=0.006; \<0.000; \<0.000), body weight (p=0.001; \<0.000; \<0.000), lila (\<0.0015; \<0.000; \<0.000 ), Iodine levels (\<0.000; \<0.000; \<0.000), between the group given iodized salt and MMS and the group given MMS. In this study, in the group of pregnant women who received iodized salt and MMS intervention, on average there was an increase or change in HB levels, iodine levels, mother{\textquoteright}s weight, baby{\textquoteright}s weight and abdominal length and circumference compared to those who received MMS. for pregnant women is to regularly maintain nutritional intake during pregnancy, especially consuming iodized salt and MMS which is beneficial for the health of pregnant women and the baby they are carrying.

}, keywords = {Pregnant women; Iodine Salt; Multi Micro Nutrient Supplement; Nutritional status.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.129}, author = {Darmin Dina and Nurhaedar Jafar and Veni Hadju and Hasnawati Amqam and Ridwan Amiruddin and Wahiduddin and Anwar Mallongi and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Anang S. Otoluwa and Yulianah Sulaiman} } @article {2207, title = {The Effect of Glycopyrrolate to Support Fentanyl on Reducing Airway Irritation during Inhalation Induction with Desflurane and Nitrous Oxide in Adult Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {42-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Introduction: Inhalational induction of anesthesia is occasionally used in adults. Desflurane is not used for the induction of anesthesia despite its favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics as it causes airway irritation. This study aims to identify a reduction of airway irritation with pretreatment using fentanyl and glycopyrrolate. Methods: A total of 80 adults were randomized into two groups to receive fentanyl and glycopyrrolate (FG group) or fentanyl only (FS group) prior to desflurane administration. Time between desflurane administration and loss of consciousness was recorded as well as expired desflurane concentration. Signs of airway irritation including coughing, apnea, laryngospasm, and excitatory movements at time of induction was also recorded. Unpaired t test, Fisher{\textquoteright}s Exact test, and Chi-square test were used to analyze parametric data and all non-parametric data was analyzed using the Mann{\textendash} Whitney test. Results: This study found time to loss of consciousness was 4 minutes. Incidence of airway irritation in Group FS vs FG including cough, apnea, excitatory movements, and laryngospasm was (20\% vs 2.5\%), (0\% vs 0\%), (5\% vs 5\%), and (7.5\% vs 0\%) respectively. Total airway irritation was 32.5\% in FS compared to 7.5\% in FG, with P value 0.0103. Conclusion: Use of fentanyl and glycopyrrolate decreases airway irritation incidence caused by desflurane in comparison to use of fentanyl alone. This opens the possibility to commonly use desflurane as inhalation induction of anesthesia as its favorable pharmacokinetics may be utilized whilst limiting the adverse effects it causes.

}, keywords = {Airway Irritation, Desflurane, Fentanyl, Glycopyrrolate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.6}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Clarissa Jasmine Aurelia} } @article {2403, title = {Effect of Moringa Oleifera Plus Royal Jelly Capsules in The Gestation Age and Placenta Weight of Newborns in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1177-1182}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1177}, abstract = {

Background: The incidence of adverse birth outcomes (ABO) in low- and middle-income countries (LIMC) remains significantly elevated. Moringa oleifera (MO), rich nutritional profile, offers to reduce ABO. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of MO plus royal jelly capsules on the gestational age and placental weight of newborns in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental design setup in the Banggai district, Central Sulawesi Province. The study used a purposive sampling of 80 pregnant women from each sub-district. Moilong District received MRJ, while South Batui District was the Multiple Micronutrient Supplement (MMS) control group. Both groups took one capsule daily for six months. Data analysis using SPSS v28 for Windows, including Chi-square/Fisher{\textquoteright}s exact test, Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, Mann-Whitney test, and ANCOVA, with a significance level of p \< 0.05. Results: The demographic characteristics in both groups were similar (p \> 0.05), except for BMI (p=0.031). Pregnancy outcomes data were also identical (p \> 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test did not show a significant difference (p = 0.696) in the gestational age of delivery between the groups. However, there was a significant difference (p \< 0.05) in the PW variable within the MRJ group, as shown by the Mann-Whitney test. After adjusting for BMI in PW, the ANCOVA test indicated a significant difference (p = 0.001). Conclusions: The study concludes that MRJ and MMS interventions are effective and safe in preventing ABO in newborns based on gestational age and placental weight.

}, keywords = {Adverse Birth Outcomes, Moringa oleifera, Multiple Micronutrient Supplement, Pregnancy outcomes, Pregnant women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.192}, author = {Lina Fitriani and Citrakesumasari and Veni Hadju and Sudirman Nasir and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Masyitha Muis and Nurpudji Astuti Taslim and Sri Sumarni and M.Bambang Uswatul Firdaus} } @article {2413, title = {The Effectiveness of Booklet and Images Game Education in Anemia Adolescent Women on Anemia Prevention Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1183-1187}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1183}, abstract = {

Background : Risk factors for anemia in adolescents are lack of education, as well as adolescents inability to apply the information obtained in daily life. Effective health education improving adolescents knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to health. Objective : This study aims to test the effectiveness of Booklet and Image game education in adolescent girls on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors to prevennt anemia. Participants were young women aged 15-19 years in the work area of the bayan Health Center and Gangga Health Center, who were selected through a screening process of 186 participants. each location had 93 respondents. Method : usiang a quasi-experimental two-group pre-test post-test design. In both groups, a pre-test was carried out furthermore, the intervention group was given health education through booklets and image game education, and the control group received health education with booklets. After the intervention was carried out, a pot-test was carried out on both groups. Results : Coherence analysis showed that the control group (booklet), adolescent girl with anemia who received the booklet and image game education in the intervention group reported better knowledge about anemia (p=0,000, n2 p=0,727)attitudes about anemia (p=0,000, n2 p=0,698), and behavior of adolescent girls with anemia between the intervention group and the control group were much different after being given with anemia between the intervention group and the control group were much different after being given booklets and image game education compared to adolescent girls who only received booklets. Conclusion : A multifaceted approach to health education can have a significant positive impact, especially when it involves interactive elements.therefore, the same educational program can be applied in various places to increase the effectiveness of a program or activity goal

}, keywords = {Adolescent women, Anemia, Attitudes, Behavior, Booklet, Image Game Education, knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.193}, author = {Misroh Mulianingsih and Suriah Suriah and Healthy Hidayanty and Ridwan Amiruddin and Veny Hadju and Dea Wulandari and Andi Ummu Salmah} } @article {2334, title = {Effects of ADCES7 Self Care Behavior Application and Acupressure on Changes in Blood Glucose Levels in Obesive, Prediabetic Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {744-750}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {744}, abstract = {

Background: Prediabetes and obesity in women are important health problems today. Appropriate selfmanagement and other methods are needed to overcome this. Objective: To assess the magnitude of the difference in changes in fasting blood glucose levels, before and after carrying out ADCES7 self-care behavior and acupressure. Method: This research is quasi-experimental research. The research design used was the Non-Randomized Pre Test - Post Test Control Group, which gathered obese, prediabetic women in the Kalumata Community Health Center, Siko Community Health Center and Posbindu under the PKK Ternate City through screening by excluding those who had suffered from diabetes mellitus and were pregnant. This group was then divided into the ADCES7 self care behavior intervention group, the acupressure group and the combined ADCES7 self care behavior and acupressure group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess changes in fasting blood glucose levels. Results: Respondents in this study were 102 people who were divided into three groups. The results showed that there was an effect of Self Management intervention p(0.016)\<0.05, acupressure intervention p(0.032)\<0.05, and the combination group of Self Management and Acupressure p(0.011)\<0.05 on changes in fasting blood glucose levels in prediabetic obese women. Conclusion: obese prediabetic women who are aware and active in self-management ACDES7 self care behavior and acupressure can reduce blood glucose levels and body weight in obese prediabetic women

}, keywords = {Acupressure, ADCES7 Self Care Behavior., Obesity, Prediabetes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.124}, author = {Acce Basri and Syamsiar Russeng and Nurhaedar Jafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Yahya Thamrin and Masni Masni and Muhammad Safar and Siti Muslimatun and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2311, title = {Eosinophil Cell and Mass Appearance in Atypical Mycobacterium Infection of Lymphadenitis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {664-667}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {664}, abstract = {

Introduction: Atypical mycobacterium (ATM) is acid fast bacilli not including tuberculosis and may had opportunistic feature in environment either in air or soil. While symptoms of ATM infection may look similar with typical tuberculosis, these specific group of disease were harder to treat and would necessitate longer antibiotics consumption. While PCR may readily available to detect ATM, anatomical pathology method such as biopsy may be a cheaper alternative in low-resource settings to differentiate between atypical and typical mycobacterium infection. Aim: To analyze correlation between eosinophil cells and eosinophil mass with ATM in lymphadenopathy patient. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with cross-sectional design which aimed to review diagnostic abilities of eosinophil cell and mass to detect ATM. Patient would undergo both PCR as gold standard of diagnosis and cytology biopsy aspiration as comparative diagnostic modalities. Data would be presented from SPSS v. 25. Results: We collected 70 subjects that fulfill inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most samples were dominated by female in relatively young age. There are 37 patients with ATM in which 75,7\% patients cytology result shown expression of eosinophil cells and 71,4\% patients shown eosinophilic mass. Chi-square test revealed that statistical significance existed between eosinophilic cells with ATM. However, such statistical significance was not found between eosinophilic mass and ATM. Conclusion: Eosinophilic cell can be used as alternative diagnostic modalities in diagnosing ATM. Further studies should further examine pathophysiological correlations and diagnostic power.

}, keywords = {Atypical mycobacterium, Cytology, Eosinophil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.105}, author = {Neni Wahyu Hastuti and Delfitri Munir and Reno Keumalazia Kamarlis and Bintang Yinke Magdalena Sinag and Adang Bachtiar and Farhat and Amira Permatasari Tarigan and Delyuzar} } @article {2455, title = {Evaluating the Efficacy of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management: A Randomized Comparative Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1219-1216}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Background: In this current state, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is more prevalent in the population, and metformin is used as a first-line medication for treating it, but gradually prevalence and incident rate of T2DM is increased. There was an upsurge in the utilization of alternative therapies in managing of diabetes. Especially in diabetes, Herbal medicines are considered safe and reliable by the majority of the population. This research aims to estimate the safety and efficacy of poly herbal metabolite compounds of Cresvin beta capsules in adults with T2DM. Methods: In this study, 60 T2DM patients aged 18-60 years were randomly assigned to Groups A (30), receiving Metformin 500 mg twice a day after food, and Group B (30), receiving Cresvin beta capsule 500 mg twice a day, after food in a prospective, randomized and open-label clinical study. The in-silico simulation study was performed on selected plants major compounds on target protein Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (1K3A). Results: The Cresvin beta is found to be safe and effective in the management of T2DM. The FBS, PPBS and HbA1c were significantly lowered (p\<0.001) in posttreatment in both the Metformin and Cresvin beta capsules. Similarly, the levels of IGF1, adiponectin, EL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α showed significant alteration (p\<0.001) after the treatment. The alterations found in the post-treatment results of Cresvin beta, including the reduced levels of creatinine and triglycerides, express the efficacy. Conclusion: The research results conclude, that the Cresvin beta capsule would be one of the suitable choices for increasing the efficacy in the management of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes; Cresvin beta; Cardiovascular complications; Insulin resistance; Metformin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16s.234}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2296, title = {Evaluation of Potential Toxicity Associated with Antidiabetic Herbs in Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {576-581}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a serious, long-lasting disease that is characterized by high blood sugar levels, leading to more severe complications involving other organ systems of the body. Diabetes is becoming more common worldwide. Managing diabetes can be complicated, but many people, especially in Saudi Arabia, often use traditional herbal medicines to treat the condition. Our study concentrates on assessing the safety of commonly used antidiabetic herbs in Saudi Arabia by examining their potential toxicity. Method: Using keywords and their variations, we conducted a systematic search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases to find studies on treatments based on antidiabetic herbs and their toxic effects from 2014 to 2024. Result: Our study revealed that the use of medicinal plants for treating and managing diabetes along with its complications is becoming popular around the globe. These medicinal plants are also being used as primary sources of developing modern pharmaceutical antidiabetic drugs. Phytotherapy is safe to treat diabetes as herbal bioactive components act through many biological pathways. They may inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme, enhance GLUT-4 translocation, and also improve lipid profile. Conclusion: The use of natural plants having medicinal properties is popular for the treatment of diabetes. Claims of their usefulness by traditional healers are being supported by scientific evidence also. To determine the right dosage of these medicinal herbs, cytotoxicity tests or short-term experiments are done to establish doses of plants used in vitro and in vivo. Toxicity concerns are a primary reason why healthcare professionals hesitate to incorporate herbal products into the healthcare system. That{\textquoteright}s why it is necessary to screen such plants for their toxicity to differentiate pharmacological efficacy from adverse effects.\ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Diabetes, Herbal medicines, KSA, Medicinal herbs, Phytotherapy, Plant extracts, Saudi Arabia, Toxicity, Traditional}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.90}, author = {Inbaraj Susai Domnic and Prasanna Mohanabhaskaran and Imran Zaheer and Semmal Syed Meerasa and Ramaprabha Prabhakar} } @article {2268, title = {Evaluation of Serum Eta Protein, Sclerostin, and Calcitonin Level in Arthritis Patients on Vitamin D Therapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {426-430}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {426}, abstract = {

Background: Arthritis is an inflammatory condition affecting the diarthrodial joints. A joint{\textquoteright}s bone, cartilage, and structural design all preserve its integrity, and arthritis alters that integrity, resulting in joint activity loss and discomfort. The primary symptom of arthritis is joint pain, although other symptoms include stiffness, inflammation, and impaired joint motor function. Methods: The cross-sectional study comprised 90 subjects: 70 arthritis sufferers and 20 controls, ages 25-60, both sexes. From September 2023 to March 2024, patients were referred to Kirkuk city in Azadi hospital and Kirkuk general hospital. The research participants were placed into three groups: Group 1 for arthritic patients without Vit D (35). Patients with arthritis who received vitamin D for at least two months (G2), n (35), were the second group. The third group comprised healthy individuals without arthritis n (20). Result: Significant (P\<0.05) increase in ETA protein levels in G1 and G2 compared to G3. G1 had ETA protein levels of 28.05{\textpm}5.34 ng/L, G2 had 24.10{\textpm}3.67 ng/L, and G3 had 8.92{\textpm}2.80 ng/L. Sclerostin levels peaked in G1 (0.4273{\textpm}0.3023 pg/mL) and declined in G2 (P\<0.05) compared to G3. Calcitonin levels were higher in G1 (34.72{\textpm}4.72 pg/mL) and G2 (27.06{\textpm}5.85 pg/mL) than G3 (14.71{\textpm}3.71 pg/mL) at (P\<0.05). Conclusion: The study found a rise in ETA protein and calcitonin levels in arthritic patients before and after therapy with vitamin D, which was not influenced by vitamin supplementation. Sclerostin levels increase in arthritic patients and decrease following therapy with vitamin D.

}, keywords = {Arthritis, Calcitonin, ETA protein, Sclerostin, Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.67}, author = {Soma A. Mohammed and Entedhar R. Sarhat} } @article {2399, title = {Exploration of Adolescent Knowledge Experiences and Efforts to Identify Interventions on the Use of Digital Technology Information Media to Increase Knowledge related to HIV/AIDS Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1150-1158}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1150}, abstract = {

Background: HIV/AIDS has become a pandemic that worries the world community, especially teenagers because of their lack of understanding in tackling the prevention and spread of HIV/AIDS. One of the things that can be done is to identify interventions in the utilization of digital technology information media. Purpose: This study focuses on exploring the experiences of adolescents in efforts and in identifying interventions using digital technology information media to increase knowledge related to HIV/AIDS prevention. Methods: Qualitative research using interpretive descriptive approach and literature review on teenage students of SMA Negeri 4 (SMA A) and SMK Negeri 6 (SMA B) in Pangkep Regency, Class II and Class III. Sampling using t purposive sampling type of criteria sampling. The number of participants is 20 people and 5 participants who fall into the source triangulation category. Semi-structured interview guidelines with in-depth interviews, FGDs and observations using field notes. Results: There are 4 main themes that are obtained, namely: 1) Lack of youth knowledge about HIV/AIDS; 2) Perception of adolescents{\textquoteright} response control towards HIV/AIDS sufferers (ODHA); 3) Work Program in efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS; 4) The needs of adolescents, teachers, health center staff, and the health office regarding plans for developing interventions to increase youth knowledge in efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Respondents have inadequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, show negative attitudes towards PLHIV and are also involved in risky practices that can affect HIV transmission. This shows that the provision of accurate and comprehensive information related to HIV/ AIDS is a component of prevention and control interventions that must be increased so that intervention strategies are needed to alleviate suffering and possibly reduce the negative consequences that may occur.

}, keywords = {HIV/AIDS, Intervention Strategy, knowledge, Model Development, Youth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.188}, author = {Rusli Taher and H. Muh. Syafar and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Stang and Oedojo Soedirman and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Ridwan Amiruddin and Andi Armyn Nurdin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2320, title = {Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Transforming Growth Factor Beta and Fibroblast in The Simblefaron Due to Alkali Burn: Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {687-690}, type = {687-690}, chapter = {687}, abstract = {

Simblefaron is one of the most challenging complications in the late stages of an alkali burn. Symblepharon characteristically resembles connective tissue or bands that protrude from the eyelid{\textquoteright}s interior surface (palpebral conjunctiva) to the surface of the eyeball (bulbar conjunctiva). This literature review was conducted to see the molecular mechanism of symblepharon formation. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP- 9), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and Fibroblast played a significant part in the healing of conjunctival wounds. MMP-9, TGF-β, and fibroblast overexpressed are suspected to cause excessive inflammation and fibrosis, which results in symblepharon. By knowing this, it is hoped that it can become a basis for developing appropriate management for the occurrence of simblepharon.

}, keywords = {Alkali, Burn, Conjunctiva, Symblepharon}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.115}, author = {Dian Mayangsari and Lukisiari Agustini and Susy Fatmariyanti and Ridholia and Pudji Lestari} } @article {2261, title = {Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Diarrhea in Infants Aged 7-14 Months in Puskesmas Alak Kupang City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {388-392}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {388}, abstract = {

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by changes in the consistency of stools to liquid accompanied by an increase in the frequency of defecation more than usual \> 3 times / day accompanied by changes, with or without blood and or mucus. Factors that cause diarrheal disease are infections, infections can be caused by bacteria, parasites and viruses. Busy parents often pay less attention to health and the impact of an unhealthy environment. The three children have digestive problems, which are still considered a habit and can be cured without having to go to a health facility. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors that influence the incidence of diarrheal disease in infants aged 7-12 months at the Alak Health Center, Kupang City. The type of research used is an analytical survey with a case control design. The population in this study was divided into case populations, namely all infants aged 7-12 months totaling 137 infants and controls were infants aged 7-12 months who did not experience diarrhea totaling 8,868 infants. Determination of the size of the control sample using a ratio of 1:1 with the case sample so that the number of control samples is the same as the case sample, namely 37 infants and the total sample is 74 infants. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. Analysis of the data used is the chisquare test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship with a history of premature birth (p-value = 0.015 with an odds ratio = 3.434), low birth weight (p-value = 0.015 with an odds ratio = 4.563), exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.015 with an odds value ratio = 3.434), immunization status (p-value = 0.004 with odds ratio = 4.265) and history of allergies (p-value = 0.004 with odds ratio = 4.083) with the incidence of diarrheal disease at the Alak Health Center, Kupang City. Suggestions that health center health workers need to be able to increase prevention efforts from an early age by approaching the community and providing concrete education related to the incidence of diarrhea.

}, keywords = {BBLR, Diarrhea, Exclusive Breastfeeding and Immunization Status, Premature}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.60}, author = {Deviarbi Sakke Tira and Sonyalin Buifena and Sigit Purnawan and Maria Magdalena Dwi Wahyuni and Marni Marni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2262, title = {Factors Affecting the Realization of Non-Physical Special Allocation Funds in The Health Sector at the Baubau City Health Office}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {393-399}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Failure of meeting the budget realization target can result in the loss of spending benefits, because not all of the funds allocated can be utilized by the government which means there are idle funds. This study aims to investigate the factors that affect budget Realization. This study was approached using mixed method design, using a saturated sample technique where the sample used was the entire population of financial managers within the scope of the Baubau City{\textquoteright}s Health Office and Community Health Center totaling 76 respondents. The data were collected by questionnaire techniques and in-depth interviews with 6 informants and analyzed by univariate analysis techniques, bivariate with Chi Square formula, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that budget planning (p = 0.000), budget implementation (p = 0.000), human resources (p = 0.000), regulation (p = 0.001), and leadership (p = 0.012) influence on budget Realization. The results of logistic regression analysis show that budget planning is the most influential factor on budget Realization with p value of 0.002\<0.005 and OR 11.353. Budget planning, budget implementation, human resources, regulations and leadership factors influence budget realization. Related parties are expected to improve the quality of human resources in the field of planning and budgeting division, which in turn, can increase budget realization.

}, keywords = {Budget Realization, Human Resources, Implementation, Leadership, Planning, Regulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.61}, author = {Wildan Harisma and Sukri Palutturi and Amran Razak and Indar and Ummu Salmah and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2402, title = {Health Risk Assessment and Monte Carlo Simulation of Microorganism Aerosol Pollution at the Intensive Care Unit of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital. Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1170-1176}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1170}, abstract = {

Microorganism pollutants can be bacteria, fungi and spores in the room. Microorganisms that are distributed in space are known as bioaerosols. The spread of bioaerosol in hospitals can result in danger to human health, especially for patients with weakened immune systems. Risk assessment is very important for an organization or institution to overcome current and future risks related to contamination. The QMRA approach has been applied to inform standards for the microbiological quality of food, water, air, and touched surfaces. The method uses descriptive analytics with a literature review design. Data was obtained through searches on the electronic databases Pubmed , Elsevier , and Google Scholar. Keyword terms such as: (Bioaerosol * and Airborne * and Infections * and Hospital *) , ( Bioaerosol * and Microorganisms * and Inhalation ) , ( Airborne * and Microbial and * Hospital * or Intensive Room *) , ( Bioaerosol * Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA)* and Hospital-Acquired Infection* and Intensive Care unit ) . health risks AND sensitivity AND aerosol pollution AND microorganisms OR fungi OR bacteria AND montercarlo AND intensive care OR hospital rooms: (Bioaerosol * and Airborne * and Infections * and Hospital *) , ( Bioaerosol * and Microorganisms * and Inhalation ) , ( Airborne * and Microbial and * Hospital * or Intensive Room *) , (Bioaerosol * Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) * and Hospital-Acquired Infection * and Intensive Care unit ) . health risks AND sensitivity AND aerosol pollution AND microorganisms OR fungi OR bacteria AND monter carlo AND intensive care OR hospital rooms are used. The search covered research conducted over the past ten years, from 2012 to 2022. Of the 27 articles found using the search terms, seventeen articles were selected for examination. The four categories of analysis are population, type of study, aims, and findings. According to research, one of the parameters for evaluating indoor environmental quality is bioaerosol. Microbial bioaerosol media in the air are ambient air and indoor air. The routes of exposure can be through ingestion/swallowing, direct contact and inhalation/inhalation. The cause of hospital infections is because hospital environmental conditions do not meet the requirements, causing high levels of room air germs. Poor hospital indoor air quality can cause HAIs. Therefore increasing levels of mechanical or natural ventilation as well as regular cleaning and maintenance activities can play an important role in improving indoor air quality.

}, keywords = {Bioaerosol, Health risk assessment, Microorganisms, Monte carlo, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.191}, author = {Rochfika and Anwar Mallongi and Aminuddin Syam and Agus Bintara Birawida and Syafri Kamsul Arif and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Muh. Nasrum Massi} } @article {2355, title = {Identification of Effort and Issues in the Prevention of Diabetic Foot in the Community: A Qualitative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {895-901}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {895}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetic foot is one of chronic complications that can cause significant issue on diabetes mellitus patient. In addition to contributing to mortality and morbidity rate, this disease also increases the family as well as national health economy burdens. Therefore, preventive efforts are necessary to decrease the risk of diabetic foot. In this case, intervention model in preventing diabetic foot is known to focus more on diabetes mellitus patients and healthcare service provider. Objective: Current research aims to identify the determinant of the efforts and issues in the prevention of diabetic foot in the community. Method: This research applied qualitative method through focus group discussion and indepth interview with 19 informants selected through purposive sampling, including the holder of Public Health Center programs, cadre, diabetes mellitus patients, and family. Data obtained through record were further transcribed and analyzed thematically. Result: There are several themes produced, including the education of foot care, cadre empowerment, role of cadre, strategy of cadre empowerment, knowledge, perception, self-efficacy, as well as patient and family strengthening. Conclusion: Diabetic foot preventive efforts focuses on the education of foot care and cadre empowerment in the community. Meanwhile, the issues discovered include the lack of knowledge, perception, efficacy and behavior in taking care of foot on diabetes mellitus patients. Hence, further study is needed in designing proper intervention strategy to prevent diabetic foot in the community.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic foot prevention.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.145}, author = {Tini and Darmawansyah and Ridwan Amiruddin and Masni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2439, title = {Impact of Natural Products and Mindfulness Practices on Serum Serotonin Levels, Clinical Symptoms, and Mindfulness in Adolescents with ADHD Symptoms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1389-1395}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1389}, abstract = {

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by impulsivity, hyperactivity, and impaired attention (inattention). Pharmacological treatments are often effective but have limitations, necessitating the exploration of alternative therapies. Interventions based on mindfulness (MBIs) have demonstrated effectiveness in alleviating symptoms of ADHD, but their effects on clinical symptoms, serotonin levels, and mindfulness in adolescents have not been thoroughly studied in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions on the improvement of clinical symptoms, changes in serum serotonin levels, and mindfulness levels in adolescents with ADHD symptoms. Methods: A true-experimental design with a randomized controlled trial was employed. ADHD symptoms were screened using the Abbreviated Conners{\textquoteright} Teacher Rating Scale (ACTRS) among adolescent students in grades 7 through 9 of junior high school (n = 1067). After meeting all inclusion and exclusion criteria, the study included 28 adolescents aged 12{\textendash}16 years diagnosed with ADHD, divided into treatment (mindfulness) and control groups. Clinical symptoms were assessed using the SPPAHI questionnaire, mindfulness levels were measured with the CAMM scale, and serum serotonin levels were analyzed pre- and post-intervention. Results: The mindfulness group demonstrated notable reductions in clinical symptoms and mindfulness levels in comparison to the control group. There was no notable difference in serum serotonin levels between the two groups. Conclusions: MBIs effectively reduced ADHD symptoms and increased mindfulness levels in adolescents. No substantial changes were observed in serotonin levels, indicating that mindfulness impacts behavioral and cognitive aspects more than biochemical markers. These findings suggest that mindfulness may be a valuable complementary therapy for ADHD management in adolescents.

}, keywords = {CAMM, mindfulness, serotonin serum, SPPAHI}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.223}, author = {Dianasari and Yunias Setiawati and Royke Tony Kalalo and Atika and Farida Anwari and ASM Morshed and Auliya Yudia Yasyfin} } @article {2221, title = {Implementation Model of Acceptance of Covid-19 Booster Vaccine in Elderly in Bogor City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {145-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {145}, abstract = {

Objective: The major impact of COVID-19 occurs especially on the elderly, however the vaccination achievement rate among them tends to be low. The COVID-19 vaccination strategy for the elderly must still be implemented even though WHO has been revoked the Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) status for COVID-19. One approach that can be taken is to empower the elderly in the vaccination process. This research aims to see the effectiveness of changes in knowledge, attitudes and behavior of the elderly regarding acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine after receiving educational intervention using modules using the peer group method. Method: Quasi-experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest pattern. The research was conducted at the North Bogor Community Health Center in April-June 2023 on 66 elderly people taken using a purposive sampling technique. The questionnaire is used to look at characteristics, vaccine history, assess respondents{\textquoteright} knowledge, attitudes and behavior regarding the COVID-19 situation. Data collection went through three stages, namely pre-test distribution, peer group method using module-19 and post-test distribution. Bivariate analysis with dependent t-test using SPSS 23.0 software. Results: The majority of elderly people were aged 60-74 years (90.9\%) and there was a significant increase (p\<0.05) in the average score of knowledge, attitudes and behavior of elderly people before and after being given the intervention. The average knowledge score before intervention was 69.60 {\textpm} 9.51 and after intervention 80.30 {\textpm} 10.29, attitude score before intervention 80.43 {\textpm} 9.61 and after intervention 85.25 {\textpm} 11.99, and behavior score before intervention 86.29 {\textpm} 14.67 and after intervention 90.35 {\textpm} 10.34. Conclusion: implementation of the model with intervention modules is effective in increasing knowledge, attitudes and behavior. It is hoped that with this increase, elderly people will be able to receive the COVID-19 vaccine.

}, keywords = {Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine, Attitudes, Behavior, knowledge, Module, Peer group}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.20}, author = {Astrid Dewi Prabaningtyas and Ridwan Amiruddin and A Arsunan Arsin and Healthy Hidayanty and Chatarina Umbul W and Ummu Salmah and Lalu Muh Saleh and Sudirman Nasir and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2316, title = {Implementation of Preconception Health Services in Some Southeast Asian Countries: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {677-681}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {677}, abstract = {

Objective: This literature discusses various forms of implementation of preconception health services in Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Methods: This literature uses a narrative review with a time limit of 10 years (2011{\textendash}2021) and sources from online database journals that provide free journal articles in PDF format. These include Q1{\textendash}Q4 open access journals, Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, and other sources, such as data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. Of the 52 studies identified in the search phase, 17 were eligible for inclusion in this review. The keywords used in the literature search are preconception, health services, and Southeast Asia. The analysis carried out in this study is to group and combine the same types of preconception services from each country. Results: There is literature showing the implementation of preconception health services in some countries in Southeast Asia. These services include increasing preconception knowledge (in couples of childbearing age and adolescents), providing preconception care in the form of micronutrients, iron administration, use of contraceptives, counseling, screening for infectious diseases, increasing the participation of health workers in the village, and developing web-based preconception electronic modules and platforms. Conclusions: Providing micronutrients to women of childbearing age is a preconception service that is carried out in almost every country in Southeast Asia; some countries have developed preconception health service information systems, and other countries have not. It is necessary to evaluate the performance of existing preconception health services.

}, keywords = {Health Services, Preconception, Southeast Asia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.113}, author = {Fitrianty Sutadi Lanyumba and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Anang S Otoluwa} } @article {2206, title = {The Implementation of Quick Wins Blood Services Program in Efforts to Prevent Maternal Deaths Due to Hemorrhage in East Lombok Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

The Quick Wins Blood Service Program was launched by the Ministry of Health to accelerate the fulfillment of blood needs for pregnant women with hemorrhage complications by integrating public health centers, referral hospitals, and blood transfusion units. Maternal hemorrhage deaths could be prevented if more voluntary donors regularly donated blood. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the Quick Wins Blood Service Program implementation in East Lombok Regency. Methods: This is qualitative research with a case study design. Data were collected by interviewing 11 informants from the blood transfusion unit of the hospital, the East Lombok Red Cross, Public Health Centers, the East Lombok District Health Office, and high-risk pregnant women. Results: Health services for pregnant women have been adequately provided. However, some midwives do not conduct home visits and only wait for patients at the posts (polindes) in some areas or only do examinations at the integrated health services posts (Posyandu). Blood services have been good, but more blood stocks are often needed due to a lack of donor interest. Preparing prospective donors for pregnant women in the Quick Wins program is not always carried out because pregnant women and their families assume that blood is always available at referral hospitals. Conclusion: The Quick Wins Blood Service Program has been well implemented but needs to be more optimal.

}, keywords = {Blood Transfusion, Hemorrhage, Maternal Death, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.5}, author = {Alfina H. Ummah and Sudirman Nasir and Suriah and Shanti Riskiyani and Syamsuar and Lalu M. Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2390, title = {Improving Tuberculosis Detection: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Contact Investigation Implementation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1103-1109}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1103}, abstract = {

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of death. Indonesia is currently ranked 2nd globally, and the incidence rate increases yearly. TB is highly contagious to risk groups, especially to those who live in one house. Purpose. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of tuberculosis contact investigation by health workers and health cadres in Samarinda City, Indonesia. Methods: This study was conducted with an exploratory qualitative design to explore the implementation of Active Case Finding through contact investigation in Samarinda. As research informants, there are five managers of the tuberculosis program of the Samarinda City Health Office and Public Health Center, four Health Cadres, and ten household contacts of tuberculosis patients. Results: The results of the in-depth interviews identified three domains, eight themes, and 22 sub-themes. We found several obstacles in investigating the TB patient case index contacts, including a lack of resources, low awareness of household contacts, and difficulty meeting targets. Conclusion: Lack of resources and use of conventional instruments indicate less effective coverage of contact investigations. Low awareness of household contact for screening is due to a lack of understanding of TB, shame as a family of TB sufferers, denying the existence of TB symptoms, and not wanting others to know about their health conditions.

}, keywords = {Contact Investigation, Evaluation, Tuberculosis Detection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.179}, author = {Joko Sapto Pramono and Ridwan Amiruddin and Ida Leida and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2378, title = {Influence of Chamomile Leaves extract in Different Doses on Renal Functions and Diabetic indices in Streptozotocin {\textendash} Induced Diabetic Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1029-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Background: The prevalence of diabetes among Egyptians is rising. Therefore, there is always a demand for innovative natural medicines. Medicinal plants have long been a significant source in search of novel, effective alternatives for human therapy. Chamomile is one of the most widely used medicinal plants, which may help hyperglycemic patients by lowering blood sugar levels. Objectives: To determine how chamomile extract affects the kidneys when albino male rats with chronic diabetes are induced by streptozotocin (STZ). Methods: The study was conducted in the Al-Azhar Faculty of Medicine (Assiut) pharmacology department animal laboratory. For this investigation, a local strain of fifty adult male albino rats was used as the animal model and weighed 120 to 150 g. In this study, rats were divided into five groups, body weight, and systolic blood pressure was measured, and blood samples were collected for measuring blood glucose and insulin level, HbA1c, Na, K, and renal function tests, and histopathological examination was done. Results: After the study, mean glucose levels, HbA1c, urea, creatinine, K, and systolic blood pressure were significantly decreased in group IV \& group V compared to group III. In contrast, body weight serum insulin level and Na increased dramatically in group IV \& group V compared to group III. Conclusion: The serum levels of urea and creatinine in diabetic patients may be positively affected by chamomile. Additionally, short-term chamomile uses benefits diabetic individuals by decreasing loss of body weight, lowering HbA1c, and increasing insulin levels.

}, keywords = {Chamomile leaves, Diabetes mellitus, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.166}, author = {Mohamed Zaeim Hafez Ahmed and Muhammad Abdelbaeth Hassan Elfiky and Elsayed Elagamy Elsayed Mohamed and Ramadan Hassan Ibrahim Thabet and Ahmed Mohamed Gad Allah and Ahmed Abdrabo Elshenawy Elsisi and Ahmed Abdel Nasser Ahmed Mohamed and Tarek Shikhon and Mostafa Abo-akrab and Sayed A.M.Mahmoud and Mohamed AbdelAziz Doma and Wael Ahmed Mahmoud Khattab and Khaled Saleh Ali Elhamaky and Mohamed El- Salamoni and Fatma Mahmoud Abdelraheem and Mahmoud Ahmad Mohamed Azab and Mahmoud Ahmad Mohamed Azab6 and Mohamed E EL-Refaey and Ahmed A. Abd El-Rhman and Ahmed F. Abdel Ghany and Ghada Adel Hegazy} } @article {2304, title = {The Influence of Human Resource Management Functions on the Quality of Health Services in Inpatient Patients at Maryam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {624-629}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {624}, abstract = {

Health human resource management is the most important part of improving public health in Indonesia. Health human resources are also said to be a key component for driving health development which aims to increase awareness, willingness and ability to live healthily. As much as 80\% of the success of health development in Indonesia is determined by health human resources. There is still a lack of health human resources in Indonesia due to unequal distribution and less than optimal management of health human resources. Indicators of the health Human Resources management function consist of Health Human Resources Planning, Health Human Resources Organizing, Health Human Resources Procurement, Health Human Resources Development. This study aims to determine the influence of the health Human Resources management function on the quality of health services for inpatients at the Mayam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency. This type of research is quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study was 110 health workers in the inpatient department at Maryam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency, obtained using the probability sampling method. Data collection uses a questionnaire instrument. Data processing uses the chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression test. Based on the research results, there is an influence of health human resource planning, organizing health human resources, development of health human resources and there is no influence of procurement of health human resources on the quality of health services for inpatients at the Mayam Citra Medika Hospital, Takalar Regency.

}, keywords = {Development, Human Resources, Organizing, Planning, Procurement, Quality of Health Services.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.98}, author = {Andi Sri Adinda and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Darmawansyah and Indar and Hasanuddin Ishak and Andi Zulkifli and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2302, title = {The Influence of Nurse Resource Aspects on Performance Nurse at Tenriawaru Hospital Bone District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {610-614}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

The human resources who interact most directly with patients are nurses. Low performance of nurses in an organization can cause obstacles to an organization in achieving its goals. This study aims to determine the influence of aspects of nursing resources on nurse performance at Tenriawaru Hospital, Bone Regency. This type of research is quantitative research with a cross sectional study approach. The sample for this research was nurses who work as nurses, namely 94 nurses. Data collection uses a questionnaire. Processing uses the chi square test and logistic regression test. Based on the research results, it shows that competence has a significant influence on nurse performance with a value of p=0.00\<0.05, motivation does not have a significant influence on nurse performance with a value of p=0.059>=0.05, loyalty has a significant influence on nurse performance with a value of p= 0.00\<0.05. Work discipline has a significant influence on nurse performance, p value = 0.00 \<0.05. and rewards have a significant influence on nurse performance, p value = 0.00 \<0.05.

}, keywords = {Hospital, Influence, Nurses resource, Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.96}, author = {Siska Ayuningsih and Sukri Palutturi and Balqis Nazaruddin and Indar and Erniwati and Syafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2243, title = {The Influence of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Nurse Performance in the Inpatient Department at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {280-286}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {280}, abstract = {

Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is an individual behavior that is rooted in his willingness to contribute beyond his role or duty or unconsciously directed or undirected, to be able to provide benefits and benefits to his company. OCB indicators consist of Altruism, Conscientiousness, Sportsmanship, Courtesy, Civic Virtue. This study aims to determine the effect of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) on the performance of nurses in the inpatient department at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar. This type of research is quantitative research using a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 55 nurses in the inpatient department at Ibn Sina Hospital obtained by purposive sampling method. Data collection using a questionnaire instrument. Data processing using chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression test, and partial correlation test. Based on the results of the study there is an influence of Altruism, Conscientiousness, Sportsmanship, Courtesy, Civic Virtue, with the work environment as a control variable on the performance of nurses in the inpatient department at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar.

}, keywords = {Altruism, Civic Virtue, Conscientiousness, Courtesy, Nurse performance, OCB, Sportsmanship, Work Environment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.41}, author = {Andi Nurul Azizah and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Darmawansyah and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Vonny Palopadang and Masni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2351, title = {The Influence of Psychological Capital on Nurse Performance Through Work Engagement at the Inpatient Installation of the Sandi Karsa Hospital in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {865-871}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {865}, abstract = {

Background: One concept that supports nurses in being more motivated to achieve good performance is psychological capital. Objective: To analyse the effect of psychological capital on work engagement and nurse performance at the inpatient installation at Sandi Karsa Hospital. Method: The type of research used is quantitative research. The research design used analytic observations with a cross-sectional study approach. The sample in this study was 65 nurses at the inpatient installation at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar City, using the total sampling technique. The analysis method used is Partial Least Square with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a direct influence of psychological capital on work engagement (p = 0.000), and there is a direct influence of psychological capital on nurse performance with a (p = 0.000). There is no effect of work engagement on nurse performance (p = 0.307) and no direct effect of psychological capital on nurse performance through work engagement (p = 0.326).

}, keywords = {Hospitalization., Performance, Psychology, Work engagement}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.141}, author = {Annisa Putri Ramadhani Arifin and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Amran Razak and Aminuddin Syam and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2244, title = {The Influence of Workplace Spirituality and Leader Member Exchange on Organizational Commitment of Nurses at Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {287-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {287}, abstract = {

Background: The determining factor for the success of health service organizations today lies in how well management builds commitment, especially employee performance as internal customers. How well executives and all employees at all levels emphasize the importance of patient retention. How well customer commitment is translated into easy-to-understand actions, processes and performance records and how seriously leadership views all employees as a valuable investment and not a burden to the organization. This study aims to analyze the influence of Workplace Spirituality and Leader Member Exchange on Organizational Commitment in Nurses at Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency. The type of research is quantitative research using an observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sample was 102 nurses in the Inpatient Unit of Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency. Results: of the research show that organizational commitment in the Inpatient Unit of Elim Rantepao Hospital, North Toraja Regency is 46.1\% with the variable that has the most significant influence on nurses{\textquoteright} organizational commitment, namely Workplace Spirituality with a sig value of 0.001\<0.05 with a value of 51.1\%, as well as the most influential dimension. towards organizational commitment, namely Professional Respect with a sig value of 0.001 \<0.05 with a value of 46.6\%.

}, keywords = {LMX (Leader Member Exchange) and Organizational Commitment, Workplace Spirituality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.42}, author = {Adrian Benedict Wijaya and Irwandy and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Sangkala and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2202, title = {Inhibitory Mechanisms of Soybean Extract on the Development of Breast Cancer Through Modulation of Cellular Immune Response}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {01-08}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Consumption of soy products has been reported to reduce the incidence of and mortality rate for some cancers, including breast cancer. However, there are limited in vivo studies on the inhibitory effect of soybean extracts on breast cancer. Objectives: To examine the effect of soybean extracts on breast cancer cellular immunity and to determine the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the development and outcome of breast cancer. Material and Methods: Rat were induced with DMBA 11 times to get a breast cancer model. A soybean extract was given at different doses starting one week before DMBA induction and continued until the end of the study. At the end of the study, peripheral blood was collected, and the lymphocytes were examined using flow cytometry. Results: The phytochemical screening of soybean extract, using the Q-TOF LC/MS method, detected four bioactive components from the isoflavone and saponin groups. The incidence of tumor formation in the NeC, SE-D250, SE-D500, and SE-D1000 groups was 100\%, 83\%, 33\%, and 33\%, respectively. The highest proportion of CD4+ T cells was found in the NeC (69.35\%), while the lowest was in the SE-D1000 (63.75\%). The highest and lowest proportions of CD8+ T cells were found in the SE-D1000 and NeC groups, at 35.95\% and 31.15\%, respectively. Conclusions: The soybean extract was able to reduce the incidence of breast tumor formation in DMBA-induced rat in a dose-dependent manner. The soy extract group{\textquoteright}s CD4+/CD8+ ratio was close to that of healthy rats compared to the DMBA-induced group without soy extract. A lowered CD4+/CD8+ ratio is followed by a lower risk of tumor formation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, CD4+, CD8+, Cellular immune response, Soybean extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.1}, author = {Andi Muh. Maulana and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Taifo Mahmud and Heri Wibowo and Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto and Primariadewi Rustamadji and Numlil Khaira Rusdi} } @article {2264, title = {Intercorrelations among Hemoglobin Level, Physical Fitness, and Cognitive Score in Adolescent Girls: A Cross Sectional Study in Banggai District, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {405-409}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls can cause decreased concentration, cognitive levels and fitness. In the long term it will have an impact on low productivity and school achievement. This study aims to analyze the correlations between hemoglobin level, physical fitness and cognitive score in Anemic adolescent girls. The research design was cross-sectional, with a sample of adolescent girls aged 12{\textendash}18 years (n=139). Iron status was determined by hemoglobin levels using Hemocue. Cognitive function was measured using the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT), memory scores using the Intelligenz Structure Test (ITS), and physical fitness based on the predicted VO2max using the Bleep Test. Correlation analysis uses Pearson correlation analysis. The research results showed that overall 58.3\% of students experienced anemia, of which 64.1\% experienced mild anemia and 32.1\% experienced moderate anemia. The average value of hemoglobin levels in respondents was 11.6 mg/dl. The mean predicted VO2 max is 25.3 kg/ m2 and kognitif score 81,02 and memori score 11,01. Pearson{\textquoteright}s test results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin levels and predicted VO2 max (r = 0.28, p\<0.05) and memori score (r = 0.31, p\<0.05). There was a weak correlation between hemoglobin levels and kognitif score (r=0.17, p=0.053). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between hemoglobin levels and physical fitness and cognitive function. Therefore, an intervention program is needed to increase Hb levels in adolescent girls

}, keywords = {Adolescent girl, Anemia, Hemoglobin level, kognitif, Physical Fitness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.63}, author = {Risma Risma and Veni Hadju and Andi Zulkifli and Healthy Hidayanti and Syamsiar S.Russeng and Apik Indarty and Abdul Salam and Toto Sudargo and Abdul Fandir and Masrif Masrif} } @article {2212, title = {The In-Vivo Assessment of the Effect of Traditionally Used Asparagus laricinus Extracts for Anticancer on the Kidney, Liver, and Spleen of Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {76-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Introduction: The plants has been a fertile source of revealing novel molecules discovered by sophisticated techniques for drug discovery. The present research was triggered by the increase in the use of Asparagus laricinus as home remedy, with a lot of studies done invitro on the plant evaluating possible toxic effects of the dried roots extracts using Sprague Dawley rats as animal models was needed. The objectives of the study was to investigate deviations effects in haematology and histology parameters, on the liver, kidneys and spleen tissues of animals exposed to aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Asparagus laricinus roots. Methods: Interfaculty Animal Ethics Committee approval was obtained from the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Free State. All experimental work was performed in Animal Research Unit at the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. The supernatant of dried plants was filtered, and the ethanol removed completely under vacuum. The aqueous sample was lyophilized to obtain dried powdered material. The powdered plant material was dissolved in distilled water to prepare 2\%, 10\% and 20\% concentration. 54 Sprague Dawley rats (180g and 250g), both male and female, were divided into two groups of 24 and 30 rats for aqueous and ethanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous group was further divided into four subgroups of 6 rats which were exposed to 2\%, 10\% and 20\% extracts and the final group were controls (unexposed). The ethanolic group was divided into five subgroups of 6 rats which were exposed to increasing doses of 50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg/day extracts and the last group were controls (unexposed). The aqueous extracts were administered to the three subgroups for eight weeks ad libitum while the control group was exposed to tap water. Ethanol extracts were administered daily over a period of two weeks through gavage and the control group was administered water through gavage as well. Blood samples were collected, animals were sacrificed, and organs/tissues excised for histological assessment. Results: Haematological tests were selected as indicators of the damage to the tissue of organs, including the liver, kidney, and spleen. Comparison of treatment groups (n=6) and controls (n=6) across all ethanol extracts showed significant differences in the starting median change in weight at the 200g/kg/day dosage, as well as the median termination weight at 400g/kg/day. There were no statistical differences between the treatment groups and controls with regard to the rest of haematological variables. Comparison of the controls (n=6) and treatment groups (n=6) revealed an average median change in weight of slightly above 50g over the entire eightweek period of experimentation with aqueous extracts. The Histological evaluation could not reveal any pathological changes in both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts across all levels of dosage. Discussion and conclusion: Haematological results could not show any patterns in abnormalities although we observed statistically significant results on few parameters. Histologically, no pathological changes were observed. In conclusion, we summarize that the toxicological evaluation of Asparagus laricinus extracts may be considered relatively free of toxicity when given orally, as it did not cause death, damage, or inflammation to the tissues, nor produced any remarkable haematological adverse effects in both the male and female Sprague Dawley rats.

}, keywords = {Asparagus Laricinus, Haematology, Histology, In vivo, Sprague Dawley rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.11}, author = {Sekobane Daniel Mokgawa and Pakiso Moses Makhoahle and Samson Mashele} } @article {2234, title = {Measuring Adolescent Mental Health and the Effect on Junevile Deliquency Behavior Tendencies. Case Study in Tana Toraja}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {231-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Adolescence is a transitional phase of development from childhood to adulthood, involving various changes in the biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional aspects of the adolescent. These changes often lead to confusion in establishing their identity, which can result in behaviors that are not in line with their developmental responsibilities. The tendency towards delinquent behavior in adolescents is one of the forms of behavior that emerges during adolescence due to the dysfunction of various aspects within the adolescent. The presence of dysfunction in these aspects of the adolescent indicates that the adolescent is experiencing mental disorders. The aim of this study is to analyze how the mental health of adolescents influences their tendency to engage in delinquent behaviors. Method: Using a quantitative method with descriptive statistics and testing assumptions using multiple linear regression analysis. Result: Based on the characteristics of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years, it was found that the mental health condition of adolescents has an impact on the tendency of delinquent behavior in adolescents, with a value based on the linear regression model of 0.000 \< 0.05, indicating a significant level. Conclusion: The non-impulsive behavioral aspect is the most significantly influential factor on the tendency of adolescent delinquent behavior with a value of p \< 0.05.

}, keywords = {Adolescent, Juneville delinquency tendency, Mental health, Self-Control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.33}, author = {Librawaty Sara Tangibali and Muhammad Syafar and Ridwan M. Thaha and Sudirman Nasir and Hasanuddin Ishak and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2420, title = {Metabolite Profiling of Different Parts of Syzygium cumini var. album and Physicochemical Testing of its Identical Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1272-1280}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1272}, abstract = {

Indonesia is the second most biodiverse country in the world and is classified as a megadiverse country. Syzygium cumini is known to have various pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiarrheal, and others. This study aims to explore the metabolite profile of 70\% ethanolic extract from the leaves and bark of Syzygium cumini var. album and analyze the physicochemical properties of its identical compounds. Phytochemical screening was conducted using commonly used methods, and metabolite profiling was carried out using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS. Pharmacological bioactivity and physicochemical properties of the identified compounds were analyzed using web tools such as Way2Drug, SwissADME, and ProTox II. The results showed that the ethanolic extract of Syzygium cumini var. album leaves contain 33 compounds, while the bark extract contains 26 compounds. Morin and alnusiin were identified in both samples. Based on PASS activity testing, morin exhibited Chlordecone reductase inhibitor activity and has potential for further development due to its favorable physicochemical properties and safety profile based on toxicity tests. This study demonstrates that the leaf and bark extracts of Syzygium cumini var. album contain morin and alnusiin, with morin showing potential as an effective and safe therapeutic agent as a Chlordecone reductase inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Syzygium cumini var. album; Chlordecone reductase inhibitor; biological activity; physicochemistry; toxicity analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.206}, author = {Yanu Andhiarto and Faisal Akhmal Muslikh and Suciati and Sukardiman} } @article {2236, title = {Microbial Quantitative Risk Assessment in Springs as Community Drinking Water Sources in the Banggai Islands Karst Area, Central Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The Banggai Karst Area of the Islands of Central Sulawesi Province is dominated by the appearance of the Karst Ecosystem, which covers 97\% of the total area, so it is very vulnerable to pathogenic bacterial contamination. This type of research is an observational study with a Cross-Sectional design with an Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach method to assess or forecast the amount of human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) determines or predicts the human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards from pathogenic bacterial contamination. In this study, we collected 230 human samples and four samples of springs as a source of community drinking water, namely Paisu Lalomo Spring in South Buko District, Paisu Taabak in Liang District, Paisu Olulan in North Bulagi District and Paisu Sinangkal North Tinangkung District. The examination results on four springs as a source of community drinking water contained one sample with the highest probability of infection (Pinf) of 3.92 x10-4, namely Coliform bacteria in Paisu Lalomo springs. Furthermore, the annual chance of infection (Pinf / year), the highest pathogenic bacteria, was also found in Paisu Lalomo spring samples, namely in coliform bacteria with the same value (Pinf / year) = 1.32{\texttimes}10-1. However, examination of other bacteria also showed that all positive springs contained coliform bacteria and Enterococcus exceeding the specified limit (1x10-4). Risk management is needed to control risk factors that can cause health problems due to consuming and utilizing springs as a source of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Karst, Pathogenic bacteria, QMRA, Springs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.35}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Agus Bintara Birawida and Amran Achmad and Muh. Syafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Stang and Langgeng Wahyu Santoso and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2255, title = {Mozart K488 Addition Can Improve Depressive-Like Behavior in Rats: In Search of Better Management}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {348-354}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Background: Fluoxetine is one of the medications used for the treatment of depression with several benefits, but some patients have a poor response to the drug. Several studies reported the use of Mozart music (K448) as an alternative therapy for treating the condition, yet the combination of Mozart and fluoxetine remains underexplored. In light of this, this study aims to assess the impact of combined fluoxetine and Mozart (K448) therapy on depressive-like behavior and associated hormonal changes in a rodent model subjected to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) conditions. Materials and Methods: The depression-induced animal model received one of these three specified treatments: fluoxetine (F), Mozart (M), or a combination of fluoxetine and Mozart (F+M). The depressive-like behavior was assessed using a 24-hour sucrose preference test (SPT). Additionally, after 21 days of treatment, plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal melatonin levels were assessed. Statistical analysis using either ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests was then performed. Results: The fluoxetine-Mozart group had higher SPT compared to CUMS group. However, they do not have a better result compared to other groups in terms of corticosterone and melatonin levels with values of respectively. Conclusion: The combined therapy of fluoxetine and Mozart improved depressive-like behavior.

}, keywords = {Corticosterone, Depressive-like behavior, Fluoxetine, Hippocampus, Melatonin, Mozart}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.53}, author = {Lisa Pangemanan and Irwanto and Margarita M. Maramis} } @article {2410, title = {Obstacles to the Complementary Feeding Assistance Program for Stunted Children Aged 6-24 Months: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1209-1217}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1209}, abstract = {

Stunting is a condition of stunted physical and cognitive growth caused by malnutrition during the development of children under five. UNICEF and WHO recommendations stipulate exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding for up to two years. Apart from that, it is very important to provide complementary foods for breast milk for 6-23 months. The aim of the research is to determine the obstacles to the Complementary Feeding assistance program for stunted children aged 6-24 months. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review. Health database with search engines Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direch, ProQuest and Scinapse. The search strategy uses the keywords: Program Constraints, Complementary Feeding, Stunting and Baduta. Identifying research articles for 2017-2023 and using PRISMA flowcharts and literature eligibility criteria based on the PICOS framework. A total of 10,523 articles were identified. Five articles used cross sectional methods, three survey articles, one descriptive analysis article and one cohort article. There were 10 eligible articles that met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of the identification of Complementary Feeding assistance programs for stunted children aged 6-24 months. There is a correlation between obstacles to the mentoring program related to non-optimal complementary feeding practices (accuracy, diversity and frequency), lack of knowledge and experience, obstacles in communication skills (delivering key messages), selfefficacy/ working mothers, sanitation/environmental conditions, socio-economic, weak regulations and government programs including increasing community-based programs such as posyandu. If children aged 0-23 months receive inappropriate complementary foods, they are at high risk of stunting. Various obstacles to the Complementary Feeding assistance program will influence the program{\textquoteright}s emphasis on promoting children{\textquoteright}s growth and development to prevent stunting. Conclusion: the Complementary Feeding mentoring program is not optimal, due to various obstacles (specific and sensitive) faced in providing Complementary Feeding to stunted children aged 6-23 months.

}, keywords = {Breast milk, Complementary Feeding, Program Barriers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.198}, author = {Icha Dian Nurcahyani and Ridwan Amiruddin and Yahya Thamrin and Wahiduddin and Aminuddin Syam and Nurhaedar Jafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2239, title = {Occupational Diseases in Female Workers in the Industrial World, Indonesia: Hazard Types and Exposure Mechanisms {\textendash} Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {263-267}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {263}, abstract = {

Background: Occupational diseases are diseases caused by work and the work environment. Specifically gender, women have a double burden, namely domestic work in the household and the burden of being a breadwinner who works outside the home, women are also faced with reproductive tasks, namely pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, and bioanatomically women have physical strength different from men, so that women are specifically more vulnerable to health risks due to their work, both physically, mental and social. This research will review the types and mechanisms of the spread of Occupational Diseases (OD) in female workers in the industrial world. Methods: The writing of this research was carried out using the Literature Review method which is a literature review method in which scientific articles are selected by researchers related to the research topic. Results: According to the results of the study, the specific risk of occupational diseases in the female worker community is pregnancy and childbirth disorders, Anemia and Sexuall Transmitted Disease (STD), while other accompanying diseases are Pulmonary Obstruction Disease, Tinea pedis, Neurotoksic Symptoms, Noice Induce Hearing Loss (NIHL), Low Back Pain (LBP), MSDs, and Work Stress. Conclusion: Every female worker has a susceptibility to occupational diseases according to the conditions and work environment experienced. The industry must pay attention to programs to improve occupational health by making anticipatory efforts so that occupational diseases do not become a life threat to female workers.

}, keywords = {Female Worker, Hazard, Industry, Occupational Disease}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.38}, author = {Mirawati Tongko and Yahya Thamrin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Sukri Palutturi and Ridwan Amiruddin and Irwandy and Anwar Mallongi and Maria Kanan and Fahrudin Lahay and Almustari} } @article {2385, title = {Overview of Cancer and Treatment Challenges: Harnessing the Anti-cancer Potential of Jasminum Sambac and its Nanoparticle Formulations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1069-1076}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1069}, abstract = {

Cancer research strives to discover effective treatment strategies that target tumour cells while minimising the negative effects of traditional chemotherapy. Studies conducted on plant-based leads have yielded promising therapeutic activities, prompting researchers to remain vigilant in exploring further plant-based studies. Research has shown that phytochemicals found in the roots, leaves, and flowers of Jasminum sambac (J.sambac) have demonstrated various active functions, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and anxiolytic effects. The progress made in nanoparticle drug delivery systems for cancer treatment is noteworthy as it allows for higher doses of medication to be delivered directly to cancer cells while minimising the negative impact on healthy cells. Various reports showcase the nanoparticle synthesis of J.sambac for screening multiple diseases. This review provides an overview of cancer and the challenges of available treatments while exploring the potential of J.sambac for its anticancer, cytotoxic, and antioxidant properties. Furthermore, it sheds light on the recent advances made in nanoparticle formulations of Jasminum sambac for cancer and other ailments. Disseminating these updates could encourage additional exploration into the potential anti-cancer properties of J.sambac and foster the development of nanoparticles for more effective cancer treatment.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-oxidant, Cancer therapy, Cytotoxic, Jasminum Sambac, Nanoparticle}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.173}, author = {Yousra.A. Nomier and Anugeetha Thacheril Mohanan and Walaa A. El-Dakroury and Dallin A. Hassan and Sermugapandian Nithya and Aamena Jabeen and Eman Merghani Ali Mohammed and Moataz B. Zewail and Gihan F. Asaad and Zeinah Y. Abbady} } @article {2263, title = {Peer Group Empowerment to Improve Teenagers{\textquoteright} Behavior in Consuming Blood Supplement Tablets Through the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center Program}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: South Sulawesi Province ranks in the top 7 with a percentage of 58.9\% coverage of TTD provision to adolescent girls. Based on data from the Gowa District Health Service in 2021, it shows that the number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets among young women is 57\% of the accumulated achievements of 26 health centers, where the health center with the lowest number of coverage for taking blood-added tablets is one of the Kanjilo Community Health Centers with an achievement of 18\% of 1239 targets targets. Youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a peer-group approach allows for continuous interaction between peer educators and their peers so that the delivery of information is more intensive. This research aims to determine the effect of peer group empowerment to increase adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets at the Youth Integrated Healthcare Center, Barombong District, Gowa Regency. Methods: This research uses a quantitative method of quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test group approach. The population in this study were all members of the youth Integrated Healthcare Center in the Kanjilo health center working area, Barombong sub-district, South Sulawesi province, who were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group and the control group, each with 40 people. Results: The results of the study showed that there was a significant effect of peer group empowerment intervention on intention, self-efficacy, knowledge, attitudes, parental support, and teacher support in the intervention group and control group in consuming blood supplement tablets in youth Integrated Healthcare Center with a p-value \< 0.05. Apart from that, the results showed that adolescent Integrated Healthcare Center participants were more disciplined in consuming blood supplement tablets because of peer invitations which made changes in adolescent behavior in a more positive direction. Conclusion: There is a significant influence between the intervention group and the control group before and after being given counseling and peer group empowerment training on adolescent behavior in consuming blood supplement tablets.

}, keywords = {blood supplement tablets, peer groups, Teenagers, youth Integrated Healthcare Center}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.62}, author = {Nurjanna and Muhammad Syafar and Syria and Ridwan M. Thaha and Abdul Salam and Ridwan Amiruddin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2421, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Different Extracts of Stem Bark and Leaf of Flueggea leucopyrus Willd.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1281-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1281}, abstract = {

Background: Traditional medicinal plants are generally extracted and evaluated to identify potential sources of effective drugs. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of stem bark and leaf extracts of Flueggea leucopyrus. Materials and Methods: The collected plant material was dried, powdered, and extracted separately by soxhlation with different solvents viz., petroleum ether, n-hexane, chloroform, acetone, methanol, and water. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical evaluation. Alkaloids were extracted and characterized from the powdered sample of leaf and bark. In vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and nitric oxide radical scavenging assay and anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of protein denaturation and Human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method. Results: Extracts were found to be either semisolid or solid with different tints of green or brown colour. The preliminary phytochemical evaluation found alkaloids, glycoside, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, carbohydrates, sterol, and saponin. On spectral evaluation, the presence of an alkaloid, Securinol-A was found in a fraction extracted from the bark. In the in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity the tested samples showed a concentration-dependent rise of activity, particularly, the isolated fraction and acetone extract of stem bark revealed a significant activity. Conclusion: Alkaloids, flavonoids, sterols, and saponins identified in these extracts may be responsible for these biological activities. Hopefully, our in vitro and in vivo evaluations and compound-level studies in the future will reveal significant data for the development of clinically useful chemotherapeutic agents.

}, keywords = {Extraction, Flueggea leucopyrus, In vitro anti-inflammatory activity, In vitro antioxidant activity, Phytochemical evaluation, Spectral evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.207}, author = {Sarath Lal P S and Thirumal M and Ajith Babu T K} } @article {2361, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract of Durian (Durio Zibethinus murr.) Soya Varieties Against Pathogen Bacteria Escherichia Coli in Raw Drinking Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Introduction: Durian (Durio zibethinus) fruit skin contains antibacterial compounds. The antibacterial content in durian skin (Durio zibethinus) such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus and act as a disinfection agent. This research aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Soya durian peel against the pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Methods: This type of research is a laboratory experiment, including making Soya durian peel extract using the maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) value and the solid dilution method to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) value. Results: Based on qualitative phytochemical screening, Soya durian peel ethanol extract contains secondary metabolite compounds with an average content of 4.24\% alkaloids, 22.95\% flavonoids, 1.74\% saponins, 57.41\% phenols and 2.27\% tannins. Soya durian peel extract has an MIC against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria of 3.12\%, while the MBC value of Soya durian peel extract against E. coli ATCC 25922 bacteria is 6.25\%. The results of the One Way ANOVA analysis of the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) data have a significant value of 0.00 \< 0.05. The results of the Pearson correlation test (r) showed a significant number of 0.000 (p \< 0.05), the Pearson correlation coefficient between concentration and number of bacterial colonies was (r) = 0.812. This means that the higher the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract given, the less the number of E.coli ATCC 2592 bacterial colonies will be reduced. The results of a simple linear regression test showed that the value of Y = 245.618 {\textendash} 29.016 245,618 colonies and each increase in the concentration of Soya durian peel ethanol extract by 1\% will cause a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies to 29,016 colonies. Conclusion: Soya durian skin extract has antibacterial compounds that can kill pathogenic Escherichia coli bacteria in raw drinking water.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Durian (Durio zibethinus) Soya variety, Escherichia coli, Phytochemicals, raw drinking water.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.151}, author = {Rahwan Ahmad and Ridwan Amiruddin and A.Arsunan Arsin and Stang Stang and Hasanuddin Ishak and Wahiduddin and Gemini Alam and Bambang Wispriyono and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2415, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential in Euryale ferox Salisb. and Eupatorium birmanicum DC. of Manipur, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1231-1237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Introduction: Euryale ferox Salisb. popularly called {\textquotedblleft}Foxnut{\textquotedblright} is a spiny aquatic plant locally named {\textquotedblleft}Thangjing{\textquotedblright} in Manipur and is one of the most highly consumed aquatic crops while Eupatorium birmanicum DC. locally named {\textquotedblleft}Langthrei{\textquotedblright} is an endemic ethnomedicinal plant found in Manipur, India. Methods: This study was carried out to examine the phytochemical content, evaluate the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and the in vitro antioxidant potential (DPPH and ABTS assays) in the seeds, arils of E. ferox and leaves of E. birmanicum. Results: Phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids were detected from the plant samples studied. Among the samples, TPC was found in the range 21.95 {\textpm} 1.18 mgGAE/g ext to 119.80 {\textpm} 2.63 mgGAE/g ext while, TFC was recorded in the range 2.57 {\textpm} 0.07 mgQE/g ext to 7.27 {\textpm} 0.28 mgQE/g ext with the highest value of TPC and TFC in E. ferox seeds. In case of DPPH and ABTS assays, the recorded IC50 value were attained in the range 16.99 {\textpm} 0.49 μg/mL to 335.90 {\textpm} 2.19 μg/mL and 70.69 {\textpm} 1.83 μg/mL to 576.26 {\textpm} 4.41 μg/mL respectively with the lowest IC50 value recorded in E. ferox seeds. Conclusions: The results of our study revealed that seeds and arils of E. ferox as well as leaves of E. birmanicum contain a variety of phytochemicals and promising antioxidant activity which will contribute a scientific insight for exploration of their therapeutic potentials in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Foxnut, Northeast India, Phenol, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.201}, author = {Okram Ronibala Devi and Lutrika Moirangthem and Ojit Singh Keithellakpam and Nanaocha Sharma and Kshetrimayum Birla Singh} } @article {2359, title = {Positive NS1 Antigen in Non-Dengue Virus Infection Serum: Possible Reasons for the Discrepancy with DENV PCR Results}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {923-926}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {923}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: A specific examination is required to distinguish between DVI and viral, bacterial, and parasitic illnesses because their clinical manifestations are nearly identical. Leukopenia and lymphocytosis are examples of non-specific tests that might be used to get a diagnosis. Non-structural protein 1 (NS1) antigen, anti-DENV antibody, or DENV-specific nucleic acid detection are more specific assays. Methods: Virus isolation or molecular analysis of the detection of DENV nucleic acid ribonucleic acid (RNA) using RT-PCR was used to make the conclusive diagnosis of DVI. The sensitivity of the DENV RT-PCR method ranges from 28.8 to 99\%. NS1 antigen is used as an initial diagnostic option in primary health care because it has a high specificity value (100\%). Researchers want to analyze the positivity in non-DVI samples that have been confirmed by real-time RT-PCR examination with semi-quantitative NS1 antigen examination. Patient population aged 1-65 years with acute fever \<5 days. A total of 130 samples of non-DVI confirmed patients by RT-PCR were examined for NS1Antigen ELISA. Results: With a proportion of 3.08\% of the total sample, the results showed that 4 NS1Antigen ELISA samples were positive. A negative DENV RT-PCR result could indicate either a true negative or a false negative. Conclusion: The type of PCR technology, the primer used, the existence or absence of a DENV mutation, the DENV serotype, and the presence of mismatched nucleotides can all affect variations in DENV PCR sensitivity.

}, keywords = {Dengue Virus Infection., NS1Ag, RT-PCR DENV}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.149}, author = {I Gusti Agung Ayu Eka Putri Sunari and Aryati Aryati and Faradila Khoirun Nisa Hakim and May Fanny Tanzilia and Ida Parwati and Rismawati Yaswir and Budi Mulyono} } @article {2423, title = {Potential Molecular level Impact of Cresvin beta on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1297-1304}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with an increasing prevalence rate over the past few decades. Despite the availability of medications to prevent and reduce disease severity, T2DM prevalence and incidence continue to rise annually. Understanding genetic heritage{\textquoteright}s impact on therapeutic responses is improving, with pharmacogenetics being used to better comprehend the therapeutic variability of T2DM. This study aims to compare the effects of metformin and Cresvin beta capsules containing Pterocarpus marsupium, Withania somnifera, Salacia reticulata, Gymnema Sylvestre, Curcuma longa, Vitis vinifera and Piper nigrum (Black pepper extract) on diabetic and immune-related gene expression in T2DM patients. Methods: Sixty patients were divided into two groups: metformintreated (group A, n=30) and Cresvin beta -treated (group B, n=30). Anthropometric, biochemical, and hematological parameters were measured at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Gene expression levels were analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain from DNA extracted from whole blood samples. Results: After 3 months, metformin significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS), postprandial blood sugar (PPBS), and HbA1c levels (p\<0.001). Cresvin beta also significantly reduced FBS (p\<0.01), PPBS (p\<0.001), and HbA1c (p\<0.001). Gene expression analysis showed significant changes in SIRT1, AKT, SLC2A4, IL-6, and TNF-α in both groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that Cresvin beta reduced glycemic levels and improved SIRT1, Pi3k, Akt, and SLC2A4 gene expression while decreasing IL-6 and TNF-α cytokine gene expression in T2DM patients.

}, keywords = {anti-diabetic efficacy, Ayurveda, Cresvin beta, Metformin, Sirtuin 1, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.209}, author = {Nandakumar K N and Mohanraj Nehru and Prasanth Subramanian and Bhuvaneshwaran Mothiswaran and Vishagan S S and Satishkumar Rajappan Chandra and Venkataraman Prabhu} } @article {2209, title = {Predictive Simulation and Functional Insights of Serotonin Transporter: Ligand Interactions Explored through Database Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {52-59}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Through its ability to facilitate the absorption of serotonin into presynaptic neurons, the serotonin transporter, also known as SERT, an essential component in the control of neurotransmission. To discover SERT possible therapeutic application, it is essential to have a solid understanding of its dynamic behavior, ligand interactions, and functional consequences. Within the scope of this investigation, the predictive simulations is crucial to investigate the complexities of SERT to gain a fresh understanding of its operation. We use the 6AWN model to describe the sequence and simulate the behavior of SERT in silico. Within this simulation, we anticipate the conformational changes of SERT and its reaction to ligand binding with paroxetine, cholesterol, dodecyl-beta-D-maltose (DDM), and sodium hydrogen ion. We discover critical residues that are crucial in the interaction between ligands and proteins. They have paroxetine binding to I.172, I.172, Y.176, and F.341 are examples of hydrophobic interactions. Example of hydrogen bonds include A.96 and pi-stacking: F.341. The blockage of the serotonin transporter is the principal mechanism of action that paroxetine has. Cholesterol interacts with SERT W.500, W.500, W.500, W.500, L.504, and A.507, and it also interacts with the outward-facing conformation of this transporter in two different ways. In general, cholesterol interacts with SERT and ligands to stabilize their optimal activity and structure. DDM contact with SERT is also a part of this interaction. R.104, D.328, E.494, Y.495, G.498, P.499, T.503, F.556, L.557, S.559, P.561, Y.579, G.582, T.583, and F.586 are the numbers that are currently in use. Within the context of glucosyl transfer processes, DDM has been utilized as an acceptor. And the interaction of Na with SERT S.263, which causes a change in the structure of SERT. Serotonin transporters are present in the environment.

}, keywords = {Database Analysis, Functional analysis, Predictive in silico, Serotonin Transporter}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.8}, author = {Irzan Nurman and Ninik Mudjihartini and Nurhadi Ibrahim and Linda Erlina and Fadilah Fadilah and Muchtaruddin Mansyur} } @article {2400, title = {Probabilistic Simulation and Sensitivity of Health Risks from Nickel and Cobalt Deposition Around the Mine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1159-1163}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1159}, abstract = {

Background: Mining activities can produce large amounts of heavy metals that are discharged uncontrollably, causing widespread ecosystem pollution. Heavy metal pollution is a serious problem, as heavy metals are toxic and non-degradable, polluting air, water and soil. Although some heavy metals are considered essential for normal physiological functions, concentrations that exceed the prescribed limits can have negative impacts on human health and biota. Exposure to heavy metals can cause toxicity to various tissues, organs and systems such as circulatory, respiratory, endocrine, immune, nervous, urinary and reproductive systems. Due to the differences in toxicity of heavy metals, risk assessment is very important in environmental management. Objective: To describe the probabilistic simulation and sensitivity of health risks due to Nickel and Cobalt deposition around the mine using monte carlo simulation. Methods: The method used in this study was literature review. Data collection was done through searching online databases such as: Pubmed and Science Direct. The keywords used in the article search were "Heavy Metal Toxicity", "Heavy Metal Effects", "Heavy metal risk analysis" and "Monte Carlo Simulation". Inclusion criteria were quantitative or qualitative research, target population was heavy metals Nickel and Cobalt, published in the last 10 years (2013-2023) articles in English and articles in original, fulltext and open access. Exclusion criteria are articles that are not relevant to the topic of discussion. Results: 14 articles were found, of which 3 articles on diseases or health problems caused by nickel, 3 articles on nickel risk analysis, 5 articles on diseases or health problems caused by cobalt, 3 articles on cobalt risk analysis. Conclusion: The environment around the mine shows a high level of toxicity, caused by the presence of heavy metals. This can result in serious environmental pollution and pose a great threat to human health. Chronic exposure to heavy metals can cause various health problems, such as mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, deformation and organ damage.

}, keywords = {Cobalt, Health risk, Heavy metal contamination, Monte Carlo Simulation, Nikel}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.189}, author = {Sherly Wulandari and Anwar Mallongi and Budimawan and Agus Bintara Birawida and Nur Nasry Noor and M. Alimin Maidin} } @article {2216, title = {Quantification of Four Phytochemical Parameters of Imperata cylindrica Leaves to Promote Its Use as A Medicinal Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {108-117}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {108}, abstract = {

Introduction: The benefits of Imperata cylindrica (I. cylindrica) leaves and their relationship to the content of phytochemical compounds have been widely studied. The aim of this study was to promote I. cylindrica leaves from Kertajati Subdistrict in Majalengka Regency in their use as a medicinal plant based on the four parameters, namely the content of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and antioxidant activity. The four parameters that become the basis for the benefits of the leaves were compared with the four parameters of the roots. Methods: Quantification of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and antioxidant activity used Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-Phenanthroline, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH) methods, respectively. All methods used visible spectrophotometric method. Results: The percentages of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and IC50 of antioxidant activity of I. cylindrica leaves extract were 9\% (GAE), 2.1\% (QE), 5.6\% (TAE), and 100.5 ppm, respectively. Then, the percentages of I. cylindrica roots extract showed the percentages of total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, total tannin content, and IC50 of antioxidant activity were 5.8\% (GAE), 0.64\% (QE), 3\% (TAE), and 241 ppm, respectively. Conclusion: The extract of I. cylindrica leaves contained the phenolic compound, namely flavonoids, tannins and other phenolic compounds, and had antioxidant activity. All parameters have been reported to have positive effect on health. Therefore, the leaves of I. cylindrica from Kertajati Subdistrict are discovered to have effects on health which are suitable to be promoted as a medicinal plant.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Imperata cylindrica leaves, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Total Tannin content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.15}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Wulan Mayasari and Achadiyani and Ruslin} } @article {2306, title = {A Quasi-Experimental One Group Pre-Post Test Design in Air Traffic Controller in Indonesia: Progressive Muscle Relaxation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {638-643}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Objectives: The effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in assessing the general health of air traffic controllers (ATC) is still insufficient, specifically when examining the psychological conditions of workers who use questionnaire instruments. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the use of PMR program in ATC by developing a model using biomarkers (saliva) tested on the cocorometer stress diagnostic tool and validity, including observing related determinants in the work environment. Methods: A quasi-experimental method was used, focusing on one group pre-post-test design for 92 respondents across six research areas in Indonesia. All respondents had received training in PMR methods conducted by psychologists. Subsequently, ongoing assistance was provided in implementing relaxation by a trained reminder team for eight weeks to maintain the precision and effectiveness of the intervention. Further analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test to evaluate the success of the intervention. Results: The implementation of PMR program in ATC reduced the incidence of stress levels after the observation. Statistically, the feeling of fatigue was a significant variable that decreased in mean value after the implementation of the relaxation program on the data review. The main benefit of PMR program in improving psychological health conditions (stress) was found in Surabaya branch ATC. Conclusions: The relaxation program was proven to reduce stress levels in ATC, showing an improvement in conditions before and after the implementation of PMR.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.100}, author = {Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Istiana Tadjuddin and Iva Hardi Yanti and Nurul Mawaddah Syafitri and Yulianah Rahmadani and Mahfuddin Yusbud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2324, title = {The Relationship Between Blood Levels of Ubiquitin Carboxyterminal Hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) Protein and the Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury Based on the Glasgow Coma Scale and Rotterdam CT Score}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {695-699}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {695}, abstract = {

Objective: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide, with an estimated 64-74 million cases annually. The current gold standard for diagnosis is a computed tomography (CT) scan, which has limitations such as access, cost, and radiation risk. Therefore, a simple, accessible, and safe diagnostic modality is needed, one of which is biomarker examination. This study aims to establish the relationship between blood levels of the biomarker ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and the severity of TBI based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Rotterdam CT score. Material and Methods: This observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design involved 41 samples aged 18-50 years who presented to the Emergency Department of Dr. Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, within 3-24 hours of the incident. UCH-L1 levels were measured from blood samples using the ELISA method, and the data on UCH-L1, GCS, and Rotterdam CT scores were analyzed with SPSS 29. Results: The mean UCH-L1 level was 0.522 {\textpm} 0.592, with a cutoff value of \> 0.2057, indicating moderate to severe TBI if UCH-L1 levels exceeded 0.2057. Spearman{\textquoteright}s test and correlation coefficient analysis showed a strong relationship between UCH-L1 levels and Rotterdam CT score (p \< 0.05), as well as between UCH-L1 levels and TBI severity based on GCS (p \< 0.05). The cutoff value for Rotterdam CT score was \> 2, indicating moderate to severe TBI if the score exceeded 2. Conclusion: Serum UCH-L1 levels are significantly associated with the severity of TBI based on GCS and Rotterdam CT score.

}, keywords = {Glasgow Coma Scale, Rotterdam CT score, Traumatic Brain Injury, UCH-L1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.111}, author = {Junjungan Kristianto Manurung and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Hamzah Hamzah and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Anggraini Dwi Sensusiati and Budi Utomo} } @article {2367, title = {A Review: Understanding the Impact of Cancer During the Search of Safe and Affordable Medicinal Plants. A Need for In Vivo Investigation for the Safety Aspect of Asparagus Laricinus?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {975-981}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {975}, abstract = {

The understanding of the initiation, progression, and predictions about the burden of cancer are of importance during the scientific race for the discovery of much safer and cheap medicinal plants. The world population mostly relies on medicinal plants for the treatment of infections and diseases due to ongoing economic constraints and growing poverty. This review study seeks to establish the what the literature reported and the true extent to which Asparagus laricinus is being studied for safe use. Studies indicate how cancer spreads and affects the different organs in the body. Most studies on medicinal plants are performed invitro with few concentrating to in vivo due to ethical requirements during the use of animal rats. Literature does not reveal any previous toxicological studiesafor Asparagus laricinus per se in vivo, but several studies were performed on other medicinal plants used for the treatment of cancer. The safety aspects certain palnts were established for example Moringa oleifera and Lithocarpus dealbata were found to have no mortality or any visible signs of acute toxicity, while serum biochemistry tests did not reveal any noticeable changes in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), cholesterol (CHOL) and protein levels in animals. While in vivo showed high dose of toxicological studies on Moringa oleifera have indicated to cause severe hepatotoxicity and organ damage. The acute lethality (LD50) test has been found to be relatively safe with subchronic toxicity studies, eliciting no significant difference in sperm quality, haematological and biochemical parameters in the treated rats, as compared to the controls . Both studies engaged the use of laboratory experimental animal models to evaluate the toxicology of plant extracts. With the growing interest in the use of Asparagus laricinus in Botswana, South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland for the treatment of infections and diseases, there is a need to correlate the published data with the in vivo data which is very scares current.

}, keywords = {Asparagus Laricinus, burden of cancer, Impact of cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.157}, author = {Pakiso Moses Makhoahle} } @article {2318, title = {The Role of Parents in Monitoring the Growth and Development of Toddlers: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Toddler growth and development are important aspects that are interrelated. Growth is an increase in physical size and body structure while development is an increase in body structure and function in terms of movement, speech, language, socialization, and independence. The first five years of a child{\textquoteright}s life are a time of building learning, social, and emotional skills.1Children who receive stimulation provide good benefits for growth in body weight and mental development.2However, the growth and development of toddlers can experience disorders. The role of parents in monitoring the growth and development of toddlers is very important because it will influence the child{\textquoteright}s behavior as an adult. Applying parenting knowledge to children as early as possible is beneficial for the development of children{\textquoteright}s cognition and socio-emotional behavior.3Parenting is the overall interaction of parents with children that affect children{\textquoteright}s psychological and social.4Parenting groups are effective for increasing children{\textquoteright}s development, especially physical growth. The application of parenting techniques can be a method or way to help parents take better care of their children. Objective: This study aimed to know the methods and implementers that can monitor the growth and development of toddlers. Methods: This systematic review refers to the 2020 Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. The databases used to search for articles are Pubmed and Google Scholar. The studies used were assessed using eight criteria from Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). A total of 10 of 45,388 articles met the inclusion criteria for review. Results: The programs for monitoring the growth and development of toddlers using an application is considered more effective for training family independence in preventing disease. Monitoring the growth and development of toddlers can be carried out by health workers, child development agents, researchers, and parents. Conclusion: Parents can be effective implementers of monitoring because they are the closest people and the first for education place to their children. The use of the application is considered very effective for monitoring the growth and development of toddlers.

}, keywords = {Development, Growth, Monitoring, Role of Parents, Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.114}, author = {Andi Lis Arming Gandini and A. Ummu Salmah and Stang and A. Arsunan Arsin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2249, title = {Study on Factors that Influence the High Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) of Makassar Ethnic Nurses in LANTO Hospital DG Pasewang Jeneponto in 2024.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {312-318}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {312}, abstract = {

Background: Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is behavior carried out by an employee that exceeds formal work obligations, but has a good impact because it supports organizational effectiveness. Culture value is one of the factors for the high level of organizational citizenship behavior in Makassar ethnic nurses. According to the theory that researchers read, it is not only culture values that are a factor in high OCB. There are several factors that influence OCB, including Workplace Variables, HRM Policies \& Practices, Culture, Contextual Factors, Work Centrality, Org Service Orientation, Org Reputation Threat, Dispositional Variables, Org Commitment, Demographic Variables, Personality Variables, Leader Supportive. Researchers became interested because this research only explored cultural values. Researchers want to look for other factors that influence the high OCB of the Makassar tribe at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital so that they can be explored in more depth and become input for hospitals and other organizations. Methods: The type of research carried out is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The informants in the research were 3 key informants consisting of the hospital director, head of nursing and head of the inpatient room and 7 regular informants consisting of several nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital. Results: Based on the results of interviews conducted by writers and ethnic Makassar nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital, there are several factors that influence the high level of OCB attitudes. Divided into 2 factors, namely internal and external. Internal factors include aspects originating from individual members of the organization, while external factors relate to the organizational environment and culture within it. Internal and external factors are interrelated in increasing OCB. Internal factors include aspects originating from individual members of the organization which include Dispositional Variables, Organizational Service, Organizational Commitment, Personality Variables, and Work Centrality. External factors relate to the organizational environment and culture within it, which include Workplace Variables, HRM Policies \& Practices, Culture Values, Contextual Factors, Organizational Reputation Treats, Demographic Variables, and Leader Supportiveness. Conclusion: These twelve factors influence the high level of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) in Makassar ethnic nurses at Lanto Dg Pasewang Jeneponto Regional Hospital.

}, keywords = {Hospitals, Makassar Ethnicity, Nurses, Organizational Citizenship Behavior}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.47}, author = {Sri Yuyun Afrianti and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Stang and Ridwan M. Thaha and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2240, title = {Stunting and Family Socio-Cultural Determinant Factors: A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {268-275}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {268}, abstract = {

Background: Stunting is a major public health problem in many developing countries including Indonesia and several ethnic groups have a very high prevalence of stunting which is caused by socio-cultural factors in the family. Objective: This study aims to review family social and cultural factors in relation to stunting. Method: This research uses a systematic review using the PRISMA method. There are 5 steps in this method namely determining the literature topic, searching for sources, selecting relevant sources, grouping and analyzing, and summarizing published research articles on family social culture on stunting published between 2018-2022 in the online article databases PubMed, Proquest, Scopus, Google Scholar and Sciencedirect. Data collection techniques by entering keywords in the database, keywords used: family social culture, intervention AND family environment risk of stunting*social demographics OR health education OR family empowerment OR maternal nutritional behavior OR family empowerment AND stunting. Screening consists of title, abstract, year of research, and methods used. Next, sorting the articles according to the predetermined inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria in this study are: (1) Quantitative type of research with primary data; (2) Contains research results on socio-cultural factors that influence stunting in children; (3) the year the research was published in the last five years (2018-2022), (4) the sample used was families (children), (5) the text of the article was in English. A total of 18 of 1,544 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review material. Results: This study shows that from the 18 selected articles it was found that stunting is caused by socio-cultural and family demographics, family nutritional behavior, and the family environment at risk of stunting. In addition, a model of health education and family empowerment based on family socio-culture was obtained. Conclusion: This study found that family social culture is a significant determinant of stunting.Therefore, further research needs to be carried out to complete our understanding of the complexity of the stunting problem.

}, keywords = {Family Behavior, Health Education, Social Culture, Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.39}, author = {Henniyati Harahap and Aminuddin Syam and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Syafar and Anto J. Hadi and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2233, title = {Test of Antihyperuricemia Activity of Methanol Extract of Plantain Peel (Musa Paradisiaca Var. Sapientum) Against Caffeine- Induced Mice (Mus Musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {226-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperuricemia occurs when serum uric acid levels rise above the normal range, typically exceeding 7.0 mg/dl for adults and 6.0 mg/dl for women. This condition can lead to various health issues, including gout, kidney stones, and renal failure. Objective: This study aims to verify the effectiveness of the methanol extract from plantain peel (Musa paradisiaca var. sapientum) in reducing uric acid levels in mice (Mus musculus) and to establish the optimal dosage for maximum efficacy. Materials and Methods: This analytical experimental research utilized a paired sample T-test Pretest-Posttest design. The mice were divided into five groups: a Negative Control of Na.CMC 0.5\%, a Positive Control of allopurinol at 100 mg/kg body weight, and groups receiving plantain peel methanol extract at 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg body weight. Uric acid levels were measured initially, post-caffeine induction on day 7, and post-extract induction on day 14. Results: The study found that plantain peel methanol extract exhibited an anti-hyperuricemic effect in male mice. Among the dosages tested, 400 mg/kg body weight of the plantain peel methanol extract was the most effective in reducing uric acid levels, followed by the 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg doses. Conclusion: Plantain peel methanol extract is effective in reducing uric acid levels in male mice, with 400 mg/kg being the most efficacious dosage. This suggests potential for further exploration of plantain peels as a treatment for hyperuricemia.

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperuricemic effect, Hyperuricemia, Methanol extract, Mus musculus, Optimal dosage, Plantain peel, Uric acid levels}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.32}, author = {Ratna Umi Nurlila and Jumarddin La Fua and Toto Surianto S and Titi Purnama and Muh Ikhsan Idrus and Armayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2401, title = {Testing the Effectiveness of Anti-Aging Cream Preparations with Snakefish Extract (Channa Striata)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1164-1169}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1164}, abstract = {

Background: Skin aging is caused by dry, rough, scaly, less elastic skin with wrinkles and fold lines. Snakehead fish extract has high antioxidant activity so it can be used as an active ingredient in antiaging cosmetics. Objective: The aim of this research was to see the effectiveness of snakehead fish extract cream as an anti-aging agent. Methods: This research method includes formulating snakehead fish extract cream preparations with various concentrations including: 2.5\% (F1), 5\% (F2), 7.5\% (F3), 10\% (F4), evaluating the physical preparations in the form of: organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, stability test, irritation test on volunteer skin, and anti-aging effectiveness test on volunteer skin for 4 weeks with 3 parameter tests, namely water content, pores and wrinkles. Results: The results of the study showed that there were changes that occurred in the volunteers as seen in the measurements of water content, pores and wrinkles on the volunteers{\textquoteright} faces. A good increase in changes was found in the F4 formula (10\%) in the wrinkle parameter test, namely 26.80\%. The number of wrinkles in volunteers from some wrinkles to few wrinkles. The conclusion of this research shows that snakehead fish extract ( Channa striata ) can be formulated in the form of a homogeneous cream dosage with a pH of 5.8 {\textendash} 6.7, and is stable when stored for 12 weeks at room temperature and does not cause skin irritation. Conclusions: There are differences in the results of each concentration of snakehead fish extract cream in influencing anti-aging effectiveness. The best concentration of 10\% snakehead fish extract showed better results compared to other creams in reducing the number of wrinkles on volunteers{\textquoteright} facial skin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Aging Cream, Formula, Snakehead Fish Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.190}, author = {Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Hakim Soleh Harahap and Susi Yanti and Elmi Sariani and Anto J. Hadi and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2364, title = {Training Methods of Basic Life Support in Laypeople to Prevent Death Due to Cardiac Arrest: Scoping Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {953-959}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {953}, abstract = {

Introduction: Most major deaths worldwide are caused by cardiac arrest outside the home. Cardiac arrest is a fatal event and is still a major topic of public health. One effort that can be made to increase community knowledge and skills is to provide Basic Life Support (BLS) training using interesting methods. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify methods of BLS training in laypeople to prevent death from heart attacks. Methods: We conducted a Scoping Review to identify BLS training methods in the community with a search process using appropriate populations, concepts, and contexts. The databases used for article searches are Science Direct, SAGE, PlosOne, Pubmed, NCBI, and Google Scholar. The selection process was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method and conducting a Critical Appraisal using The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results: From 2,996, 11 articles were selected in this review. Some of the training methods that can be carried out are in-person training, using mobile applications, CPR videos, and Virtual reality compression. Conclusion: The BLS training methods can be used to increase the knowledge and skills of ordinary people.

}, keywords = {Basic Life Support, Laypeople., Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.154}, author = {Alamsyah and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and A. Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Muh. Tahir Abdullah and Anwar Mallongi and Tut Handayani} } @article {2408, title = {Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Acute Pain: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1196-1201}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1196}, abstract = {

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a protein that functions as a non-selective channel receptor that is widely expressed in skin tissue, including keratinocytes, peripheral sensory nerve fibers, and immune cells. Several structural features of TRPV1 are involved in heat-induced activation, where stimulation of TRPV1 elicits a burning sensation, reflecting the receptor{\textquoteright}s important role in pain. A TRPV1- mediated signalling pathway that functions as an endogenous pain resolution mechanism by inducing nuclear translocation of β-arrestin2 to minimize desensitization of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). TRPV1 agonists can reduce pain primarily by interfering with pain nerve conduction. Several TRPV1 antagonist drug candidates have failed in clinical trials because by interfering with the detection of the above-mentioned stimuli, they triggered serious side effects such as hyperthermia and painful impaired heat detection. In the case of agonists, systemic administration causes more severe side effects such as respiratory damage. Therefore, only topical preparations with limited effectiveness have been developed. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin is currently the only one approved for the treatment of muscle, bone, neuropathic pain and migraine, and is only available as a low-concentration cream or as a transdermal patch.

}, keywords = {Agonis TRPV1, Capsaicin, Pain, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.196}, author = {Dian Retno Mumpuni and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo} } @article {2331, title = {Vaccinium corymbosum: Phenolic Compound Content and Effect of Fruit Extract on Blood Glucose in Healthy Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {716-725}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the context of the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the search for natural compounds with potential impact on glycemic regulation has become a crucial area of research. Among the numerous options available, Vaccinium corymbosum extract, commonly known as "blueberry", has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich composition of phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and the activity of Vaccinium corymbosum ("blueberry") fruit extract on glycemia in healthy mice. Methods: The Folin-Ciocalteau method was applied in order to quantify the phenolic compounds and the BE was administered to 25 mice distributed in six groups: control, negative control, experimental-D1- D2-D3, which were administered the BE in doses of 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. respectively; and insulin group; which were subjected to the glucose tolerance test (GTT) taking blood samples after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Results: The total phenolic content (TPC) amount found in the berries was 3.79{\textpm}0.06 GAE/dry weight (mg/g) and 18.96{\textpm}0.28 GAE/solution (mg/L). Statistically significant differences were observed between the three doses of BE and the negative control during GTT as well as induced a significant reduction in area under the curve (AUC) compared to the negative control. Conclusions: the three doses of the BE decreased glucose levels being the dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. the one that produced a statistically significant decrease with respect to the doses of 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. during GTT.

}, keywords = {Animal studies, Blueberry, Hypoglycemic Effect, Insulin, Phenols, Type 2 Diabetes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.121}, author = {Susana Rubio-Guevara and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano-Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Matilde Farias and Nayly Chinchay and Claudia Guerrero and Josue Flores and Edgar Vilela and Sidny Nunez and Janina Sernaque and Felipe Pacherres and Gabriela Mena and Maria Trillo and Julio Amayo and Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo} } @article {2131, title = {Accessibility of Mother and Child Health Services to Stunting Incidence in Leti Island, Southwest Maluku District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {856-860}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {856}, abstract = {

One of the nutritional problems that can worsen the quality of life of children in achieving growth and development is stunting. Stunting receives greater attention than other nutritional statuses because in addition to a higher prevalence it can also indicate something more serious than just short body size. This type of research is a quantitative study that uses analytic observational with a case control study design to see the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling with a total sample of 164 people, 82 people in the case group and 82 people in the control group. The results of this study indicate that there is an effect between exclusive breastfeeding and health services on the incidence of stunting, while for the basic immunization variable there is no effect on the incidence of stunting. Meanwhile, based on the multivariate test, it was found that the variable that had the most influence on the incidence of stunting was health services. As for suggestions for this research, it is hoped that the Health Service will further improve health services to monitor the growth of toddlers and for mothers of toddlers to visit health services regularly.

}, keywords = {Growth., Health Services, Mother, Stunting, Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.164}, author = {Apia Unmehopa and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Yahya Thamrin and Stang and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1988, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Oral Toxicity Profile of Root Bark Methanol Extract of Carissa Edulis Vahl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {253-258}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Background: Carissa edulis is widely used in traditional medicine to manage numerous ailments. However, few studies have assessed its toxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine acute and sub-toxicity levels of C. edulis methanol extract. Methods: In the acute toxicity probe, a limit test was conducted whereby the extract was given as a solo dose by gavage. The rats were observed for two weeks. The observations included mortality and changes in the general appearance and behavior of the experimental animals. The body weights of the rats were taken weekly. For the sub-acute toxicity probe, the rats received the extract daily at dosages 300, 520, and 900 mg/kg by gavage for 28 days. Body weights were also taken weekly. On day twenty-nine, the weights of the rats were taken, the rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected for biochemical and hematological analysis. Body organs were harvested, and their weights were taken. Results: The results of the acute toxicity probe showed that the extract didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or toxicity signs throughout the study duration. The LD50 of the extract was therefore deemed to be above 2,000 mg/kg. The sub-acute toxicity probe results demonstrated that the extract, at all the tested dosages, didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or affect the rats{\textquoteright} organ weights, body weights, or hematological and biochemical parameters throughout the study duration. Conclusions: In conclusion, the methanol extract of C. edulis is not toxic since it didn{\textquoteright}t cause mortality or toxicity signs in both acute and sub-acute toxicity probes.

}, keywords = {Biochemical parameters, Body weights, hematological parameters, Organ weights.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.36}, author = {Jane Wanja Mbiri and Kenneth Ogila and Patrick Kisangau and Michael Gicheru} } @article {2075, title = {Aedes Sp. Mosquito Resistance and the Effectiveness of Biolarvicides on Dengue Vector Mortality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {541-546}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Until now, dengue fever is still a public health problem in Indonesia. To control mosquito vectors, various strategic approaches have been promoted such as chemical control, biological control, resource reduction and public education. The four main classes that are widely used for mosquito control are organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and carbamates. A literature study was conducted to determine the extent of Aedes aegypti resistance to several insecticides in several countries including Indonesia. This study also reviewed the effectiveness of biolarvicides on the mortality of Aedes sp. All research that has been done in the last 10 years is included in this topic. In Brazil, Sri Lanka, China and Peru, there have been reports of resistance to Aedes sp. against delthamethrin, pyrethroid and temephos insecticides. Meanwhile in Indonesia (Semarang, Surabaya, Banten, DKI Jakarta, North Sumatra, Jambi, Bandung, Bogor, Makassar and Palu), Aedes sp. resistance occurs to insecticides of the pyrethroid, temephos, malathion, cypermethrin, and permethrin groups. Continuous monitoring of mosquito vector resistance status is very important in the effectiveness of dengue fever control. In addition, research on plants that can be used as biolarvicides is very useful for alternative control and improving public health. This review also provides better insight into the effectiveness of laboratory-tested plants as larvicides and plans for further research to be applicable to the community.

}, keywords = {Aedes sp mosquito, Biolarvicides., Dengue fever, Insecticide resistance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.116}, author = {Bambang Dwicahya and A. Arsunan Arsin and Hasanuddin Ishak and Firdaus Hamid and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1967, title = {Alkaloids from Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb Leaf as Promising Candidates for Antidyslipidemic Agents: An in silico study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {106-111}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Introduction: The plant Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb (pandan), has been shown to have antidyslipidemic potency. This study explored the potential of several alkaloids from pandan leaf as antidyslipidemia as well as their safety profile in silico. Methods: Analyses were carried out by studying the binding affinity of the alkaloids to 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR) alpha and Niemann Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1). The structures of the alkaloids were downloaded from the Pubchem database and optimized using the ChemDraw Professional 16.0 to obtain 3D structures in protein data bank (PDB) format. The in silico testing was based on the interactions of the alkaloids with the HMG-CoA reductase (PDB ID 1HW9), PPAR alpha (PDB ID 6LX4) and NPC1L1 (PDB ID 7DFZ) proteins, downloaded from the Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics (RSCB) PDB website (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb). The preparation of protein structures was performed using the Discovery studio 2021 client and Gromacs applications, while optimization of the 3D structure of the alkaloids was carried out with the ChemDraw professional 16.0. Finally, validation was completed using AutoDock application. The safety profile was assessed by pkCSM online tool. Results: The respective root mean square deviation (RMSD) values of the 1HW9, 6LX4 and 7DFZ proteins were 1.677, 0.918 and 1.706, respectively. The alkaloids pandanusine B, pandamarilactonine A, pandamarilactonine B had respective values of binding energy for HMG-CoA of -5.52, -5.51 and -5.46 kcal/mol. The binding energy of pandamarilactonine B, pandamarilactonine A and pandanamine for PPAR alpha were -9.14, -9.10 and -8.48 kcal/mol, respectively, with the corresponding energy for t NPC1L1 of -9.63, -9.71 and -8.54 kcal/mol. The toxicity tests indicated that the alkaloids were safe, pandamarilactonines had the highest LD50 (2.736 mol/ kg). Conclusion: The studied pandan alkaloids have potential antidyslipidemic activity by interacting with HMG-CoA reductase, PPAR alpha, and NPC1L1, with good safety profile.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Dyslipidemia, In Silico., Pandan, Pandanus amaryllifolius}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.14}, author = {Martohap Parotua Lumbanraja and Kusnandar Anggadiredja and Hubbi Nashrullah Muhammad and Neng Fisheri Kurniati} } @article {2020, title = {Analysis Factors Affecting the Utilization of Antiretroviral Treatment Services in HIV Patients in Ambon City Puskesmas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {424-428}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a collection of symptoms that arise due to decreased immunity caused by HIV infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a type of virus that infects white blood cells which causes a decrease in human immunity. Efforts are being made at this time for people with HIV namely Antiretroviral treatment (ARV). This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the utilization of ARV treatment services in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. This type of research is a quantitative analytic study with a cross sectional design. Respondents in this study were obtained using the Isaac and Michael method of 156 HIV patients from the Waihaong Health Center and Karpan Health Center in Ambon City using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using descriptive statistical tests, comparative analysis tests and multivariate analysis tests. The results showed that there was no effect of knowledge on the use of ARV treatment in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. Furthermore, there is an influence on the patient{\textquoteright}s actions, access distance, and peer and community support on the use of ARV treatment in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. The action variable and access distance are the variables that have the strongest influence compared to the other variables.

}, keywords = {AIDS, ARV, HIV, Puskesmas, Utilization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.66}, author = {Faradila Kilkoda and Balqis and Indar and Darmawansyah and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2076, title = {Analysis of Determinants of Midwife Performance in Antenatal Care Services in Allang Care Health Centers Central Maluku District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {547-552}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {547}, abstract = {

Antenatal care (ANC) is an important part of health care for pregnant women. Several studies conducted in high-income countries have shown that antenatal care can improve the care experience and health outcomes for pregnant women and newborns. This study aims to analyze the performance determinants of midwives in antenatal care services at the Allang Nursing Health Center, Central Maluku Regency. This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study approach. Respondents in this study were obtained by taking the entire population of 23 people using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using univariate analysis tests, bivariate analysis tests and multivariate analysis tests. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between age, employee status and years of service to the performance of midwives in ANC services at the Allang Health Center, Central Maluku Regency and there is no relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards the performance of midwives in ANC services at Allang Health Center, Central Maluku Regency. Suggestions from this study are for the Office of Health and Midwives in Central Maluku District Provide policies in managing human resources for midwives with non-permanent employee status, with incentive arrangements that can improve performance in ANC services and carry out Antenatal care services with full sense of responsibility and seriously bearing in mind that the services provided are related to the scope of the Maternal and Child Health program to be achieved.

}, keywords = {Antenatal Care, Child health., Health Center, Pregnant women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.117}, author = {Josina Hattu and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi and Syamsiar S Russeng} } @article {2129, title = {Analysis of Factors Affecting Exclusive Breast Milk in The Work Area of Waru Puskesmas East Seram Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {846-850}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {846}, abstract = {

At present exclusive breastfeeding is decreasing, the causes of the decline in exclusive breastfeeding are factors of lack of knowledge, social culture, awareness of the importance of breastfeeding, health services, health workers who have not fully supported, and the incessant promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. The low percentage of breastfeeding is probably due to the many factors that cause breastfeeding failure, both internal factors (mother{\textquoteright}s knowledge, mother{\textquoteright}s education, mother{\textquoteright}s occupation, and mother{\textquoteright}s disease) and external factors (promotional infant formula, birth attendants) which cause failure in breastfeeding for 6 months. This study aims to determine the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding to infants in the work area of the Waru Health Center, East Seram District. This type of research is quantitative research with an analytic observational design with a cross-sectional study to see the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable and observations at the same time. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling with a total sample of 81 mothers. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence between employment status and the support of health workers with exclusive breastfeeding, while for the variables of maternal pregnancy distance and knowledge, there is no effect with exclusive breastfeeding. Suggestions for health workers are to improve communication, information, and education. The advice for breastfeeding mothers is to further increase knowledge related to lactation and family support is needed.

}, keywords = {Exclusive breastfeeding, Infants, Puskesmas.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.162}, author = {Sukmawati Rumakur and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Darmawansyah and Balqis and Furqaan Naiem and Suriah and Anwar Mallongi and Muh. Yusri Abadi} } @article {2125, title = {Analysis of Factors Affecting the Behavior of Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Work Area of Werwaru Puskesmas Moa Lakor District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {829-832}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {829}, abstract = {

Exclusive breastfeeding is not only the best food for babies, but is important for the health of breastfeeding mothers and provides optimal growth for babies. Exclusive breastfeeding for babies aged 0 to 6 months and continued until the child is 2 years old can encourage healthy growth and development. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding behavior in the working area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. This type of research is a quantitative analytic study with a cross sectional design. Respondents in this study were obtained using the proportional sampling method as many as 73 toddlers aged 6-24 months from the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District, which consisted of 6 villages (Werwaru, Klis, Pakty, Upyour, Syota, and Comfort) using a questionnaire and measuring instruments. anthropometry. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis tests. The results showed that internal factors that had an effect partially were knowledge while simultaneously namely perceptions of exclusive breastfeeding behavior in the Working Area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. Meanwhile, external factors that have a partial effect are work and those that have a simultaneous effect are the support of the closest people to the behavior of exclusive breastfeeding in the Working Area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. Suggestions for the government of Southwest Maluku Regency through the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District, to be able to improve the exclusive breastfeeding program by disseminating information on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in the morning for pregnant and lactating women so that mothers{\textquoteright} knowledge increases.

}, keywords = {Exclusive breastfeeding, Health centers., Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.158}, author = {Magdalena Akse and Indar and Amran Razak and Balqis and Wahiduddin and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2126, title = {Analysis of Knowledge and Skills of Cadres in Early Detection of Stunting Toddler Development in Soppeng Regency, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {833-838}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

Background: About 16\% of Indonesian toddlers experience neuro developmental and brain disorders ranging from mild to severe, every two days 1,000 babies experience motor development disorders. The prevalence of stunting in South Sulawesi is in the 20th lowest ranking, namely 27.4\% based on the provincial level in 2021. Objective: Recognizing the increased knowledge and skill of cadre and mothers and toddlers in early development detection of stunted infants using a Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire (DPQ) in the working area of the Panincong Health Center, Soppeng Regency. Method: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control group involving 30 cadres and 30 mothers with 15 children in each group selected by systematic random sampling. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and Independent t-tests. Results: The results showed that there were differences in knowledge (p=0.000) in the intervention group and differences in knowledge levels in the control group (p=0.044). The level of knowledge after treatment was greater in the intervention group (11.8\%), while the knowledge after treatment in the control group was only (2.9\%). There was a difference in the skills of the cadres (p=0.000) after being given the Android-based DPQ intervention. There was a difference in the knowledge (p=0.000) and skills of toddler mothers (p=0.000) after being given the Android-based DPQ intervention applied by the cadres. Conclusion: Android-based DPQ is effective as an educational medium and as an alternative to cadres and parents in monitoring or early detection of child development using Android-based DPQ.

}, keywords = {Cadre, Development Disorders, Questionnaire., Stunting, Survey}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.159}, author = {Hasriani and Andi Ummu Salmah and Masni and Apik Indarty Moedjiono and Healthy Hidayanty and Wahiduddin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2032, title = {Analysis of Performance Determinants of Health Laboratory Officers in Health Laboratory Centers and Medical Device Calibration in Maluku Province}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {285-289}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

The Center for Health Laboratories and Medical Devices Calibration has the task of planning, coordinating implementation and evaluation of clinical laboratory examinations/public health laboratories, referrals, education, technical training, research and development. Performance is the result achieved by someone according to the standards that apply to a particular job. There are several factors that influence the performance of officers, both individually and in organizations, namely the dimensions of performance, namely ability, motivation and opportunities. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the performance of the staff at the Maluku Provincial Health Laboratory and Medical Device Calibration Center based on factors related to work, related to opportunities, related to infrastructure and related to officers. This type of research is a quantitative research with a survey method to obtain data from the field based on the existing population with a total sample of 56 people. Data processing is done using SPSS. The results showed that the opportunity factor and staff factor had a significant influence on the performance of the staff at the Maluku Province Health Laboratory and Medical Equipment Calibration Center, while the factors that did not give an effect were infrastructure and work factors. Suggestions for related agencies, namely the Health Service must provide motivation, work autonomy, workload according to ability, carry out work effectively and efficiently, communicate regarding access and availability of medical devices and must be able to strengthen the activeness of officers in carrying out tasks with supervision that does not interfere with autonomy health worker job.

}, keywords = {Equipment, Laboratory Hall, Laboratory Officer, Medical devices., Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.76}, author = {Herlyn De Fretes and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Amran Razak and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2132, title = {Analysis of Policy Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Hypertension in Marusu Health Center Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {861-867}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {861}, abstract = {

The Minimum Service Standards (SPM) in the health sector are a reference for Regency/City. Regional Governments in the provision of Health Services that every citizen is entitled to receive at a minimum. The MSS for Hypertension health services is one of the types and quality of basic services in the MSS in the health sector. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the MSS for hypertension services at the Marusu Health Center, Maros Regency. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative which aims to get an in-depth description of the analysis of the implementation of the minimum service standard for hypertension at the Marusu Health Center. The results of the study show that communication has not run optimally, the SPM Hypertension policy contained in PMK No. 4 of 2019 has not been transmitted to the public as a policy target. Human resources are still inadequate and have a double workload so that the achievements are not optimal. Disposition has been going pretty well. commitment and implementation support are quite good, has carried out coordination and commitment involving cross-programs and related cross-sectors. The bureaucratic structure is already running quite well. The implementation mechanism has been running according to the SOP with the guidelines of the Minister of Health Regulation No. 4 of 2019. The implementation of the SPM for hypertension services at the Marusu Health Center has been going quite well. It is hoped that the Maros District Health Office and the Marusu Health Center will improve the aspects of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure in their implementation.

}, keywords = {Commitment., Hypertension, Minimum services, Policy implementation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.165}, author = {Wafika Aziza Nasir and Sukri Palutturi and Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Wahiduddin and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2048, title = {Analysis of Policy Implementation of The First 1000 Days of Life Program in Overcoming Stunting in Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {405-410}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Stunting is closely related to the first 1000 Days of Life. This 1000 HPK period starts from pregnancy until the age of 2 years. The aim of the study was to analyze the implementation of the First 1000 Days of Life program policy in Stunting Management in Maros Regency. This study uses a qualitative panel research method with a descriptive approach. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Interviews were conducted with 9 informants in several agencies, including 3 key informants and 6 regular informants. Research result: Communication between Organizations and Executing Activities (The process of conveying information about the 1000 HPK program in tackling stunting is carried out in the form of good socialization). Resources (Almost fulfilled in carrying out the 1000 HPK program but the capacity of human resources is still inadequate in this case the understanding and availability of budgets sourced from APBD funds and APBN funds). Characteristics of the Executing Agency (There is an SOP for the implementation of 1000 HPK. In the distribution of tasks and responsibilities to all policy implementers of the 1000 HPK program contained in the SK so that each cross-sector coordinate with each other. Disposition of Executors (Executors have played an active role and have a commitment for the success of the 1000 HPK program). Conclusion: Socialization activities have not gone well; several agencies are still experiencing a shortage of human resources both in quantity and quality and experiencing budget shortages resulting in inadequate facilities. In implementing the 1000 HPK program policies, several agencies used the SOP as a procedure for implementing the program as well as the division of tasks and responsibilities based on the Decree of the Maros Regent. Special suggestions for the health office to pay more attention to and have a high commitment to the nutritional status of children by ensuring specific nutrition interventions and sensitive nutrition interventions are right at the location of the village and at the right target group.

}, keywords = {First 1000 Days of Life, Policy, Stunting.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.92}, author = {Andi Sri Fifi Wahyuni Azis and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Alwy Arifin and Muh Syafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2196, title = {Analysis of Policy Recommendations in Efforts to Control Positive COVID-19 Cases in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1230-1235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1230}, abstract = {

Introduction: Inconsistent COVID-19 policies have caused the government to experience a degradation in public trust. So, it is necessary to propose policy recommendations for controlling positive COVID-19 cases that receive support from various multi-sectoral areas. Method: This research was conducted in January{\textendash}May 2023. This type of research is qualitative-exploratory, using case study methods through indepth interviews and literature studies of all informants. Sampling was purposive sampling. This research variable uses Patton and Sawicki{\textquoteright}s alternative policy criteria theory (1986). Results: The proposed policy recommendations are increasing COVID-19 vaccine coverage and surveillance for monitoring coronavirus mutations. The two policy recommendations have met technical feasibility because they have clear outcomes, where the outcome of vaccination is to establish herd immunity. In contrast, surveillance of coronavirus mutations has the outcome of analyzing the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine. From the economic and financial possibility side, a budget is available with the advantage of carrying out normal activities without any restrictions and efficiency in the health budget. Regarding political viability, the government supports the policy, does not violate the rules, and serves the community{\textquoteright}s needs. Regarding administrative operability, the government as the authorized party is considered to have adequate capability, organizational support, and institutional commitment. Conclusion: The policy recommendations proposed by policymakers and epidemiology experts are increasing COVID-19 vaccination coverage and monitoring surveillance of coronavirus mutations, and it is hoped that the South Sulawesi Provincial Government can consider the proposed policy recommendations.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Health Policy, Policy Analysis, Surveillance, Vaccination}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.223}, author = {Sri Nuriana and Balqis and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Yahya Thamrin and Stang and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1978, title = {Analysis of Royal Jelly Apis Cerana as Therapeutic Candidate in Cbavd Based on Bioinformatics Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {175-182}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {175}, abstract = {

Background: Apis cerana honey bee is a honey bee native to Asia that spreads from Afghanistan, China, and Japan to Indonesia. The productivity of Apis cerana honey bees can produce as much as 2-5 kg of honey per colony in a year. Royal jelly is the queen{\textquoteright}s nourishment, and it is produced by larvae, adult bees, young worker bees, and male bee larvae. CBAVD contributes to 1{\textendash}2\% of the 20{\textendash}25\% of males with subfertility. Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate Royal Jelly Apis Cerana as a potential therapeutic candidate for CBAVD using a bioinformatics approach. Method: This research method consisted of converting nucleotides into amino acids, analyzing the three-dimensional structure of Apis Cerana Royal Jelly Protein, Ramachandran Plot Analysis, Analysis of Epitope and Allergen Proteins, and Analysis of Proteins that were antigens and toxins. Results: The research results were conducted on six three-dimensional Apis Cerana Royal Jelly bee protein structures and had very good validity based on the Ramachandran plot, GQME value, and QmeanDisCo value. In addition, this study also obtained the results of proteins that are epitope, antigenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used as a basis for therapy against CBAVD.

}, keywords = {Apis Cerana, Bioinformatics, CBAVD, Public health., Therapeutic Candidates}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.26}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwia} } @article {1960, title = {Analysis of The Effect of Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin, and NPY Markers on Changes in Body Weight of Childhood Epileptic Using Valproic Acid Monotherapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {150-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that occurs due to abnormal neurons in the brain and an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. The first line of OAE in children is VPA (Valproate Acid). However, long-term use can cause weight gain with a frequency of 10-70\%. The underlying mechanism of weight gain in patients remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between levels of biomarkers AMPK, NPY, Leptin, and Adiponectin on changes in body weight in patients with epileptic seizures using VPA monotherapy. Method: This study is an observational cohort design. Data collection in April-June 2019. Inclusion criteria were children aged 2-10 years who used VPA requirement less than two years, not taking any drugs that affect body weight, not diagnose systemic lupus, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Bodyweight and all biomarkers measurement on subjects who came to the clinic at the time of study and at least after one month of taking VPA. A total of 17 subjects participated in this study. Result: The results of the statistical multivariate analysis test of VPA dosage on changes in body weight and biomarker levels found that Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin did not significantly increase in body weight (p\>0.05), but NPY significant increase in body weight (p\<0.05). Conclusion: NPY is the most potent for appetite enhancing, preferential effect on carbohydrate intake, weight regulation, energy storage, and expenditure. Increase production of NPY, there is an increase in energy intake and then increases fat storage and body weight.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, AMPK, Childhood., Epilepsy, Leptin, NPY, Valproic acid, Weight gain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.21}, author = {Wardah Rahmatul Islamiyah and Nasronudin and Abdulloh Machin and Iin Ernawati and Yunita Dwi Tanti and Nur Jaya and Farah Medina and Fathia Faza Rahmadanita and Paulus Sugianto} } @article {2146, title = {Analysis of the Impact of Heat Stress on Embryo Development of Broiler: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {964-968}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {964}, abstract = {

Temperature is an important factor in embryonic development because temperature plays a role in determining the overall development of the embryo. The effect of high temperature on the embryo will cause the embryo to make a defense by diverting some of its energy to form thermal homeostasis, which is a physiological response. The purpose of this study was to analyze heat stress on embryonic development. This study used a systematic literature review (SLR) following PRISMA guidelines and gathered the sample of papers through the PubMed databases using keywords categorized as heat, stress, and embryo. There were 31 papers used as samples. The result showed that hyperthermia in chickens caused an increase in heart rate per minute as a result of temperature pressure. It affects the hatching percentage, hatching time, weight, and mortality rate in chicken embryos. In summary, heat stress has an impact on embryonic development heat stress gives an impact on the development of embryos.

}, keywords = {Chicken, Embryo Development, Food security, Health risk, Heat Stress.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.179}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Nor Hayati Othman and Akhmad Kusuma Wardhana} } @article {2157, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Internal and External Factors on Empowered Pregnant Women Through the Behavior of Pregnant Women in Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1029-1035}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Objective: Maternal health is still one of the health problems globally, including in Indonesia. Empowering women that allows someone in making decisions about themselves to detect pregnancy complications. This study aims to analyze the influence of internal and external factors on empowered pregnant women through the behavior of pregnant women in conducting early detection of pregnancy complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency. Method: Village in study is an analytical survey with a cross sectional study approach, which takes data related to internal factors (age, education, and parity) and external factors (husband support, family support, community support, and health worker support), behavior (knowledge, attitudes and motivation), and empowered pregnant women. It was analyzed using the spearman correlation test and path analysis with a confidence level of 95\%. The data was analyzed using the SPSS program version 26.0. Results: internal factors that influence empowered pregnant women in Conducting Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency are education (r: 0.194; p\<0.001) and parity (r: -0.108; p: 0.044) which means that the higher the education and the less parity, the better empowered pregnant women will be with weak correlation strength. External factors affect Empowered Pregnant Women in Early Detection of Pregnancy Complications [KOMPAK] in Bogor Regency where external factors (husband support, family support, culture and community support, and health worker and government support) will cause empowered pregnant women to be better with moderate correlation strength (r: 0.537-0.645; p\< 0.001). Conclusion: Internal factors (education and parity) and external factors (husband support, family support, culture and community support, and health worker and government support) affect (empowered pregnant women in early detection of pregnancy complications. External factors also influence pregnant women through maternal behavior (knowledge, attitudes, and motivations).

}, keywords = {Behavior, Empowered pregnant women, External factors, Internal factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.189}, author = {Bintang Petralina and Ridwan Amiruddin and Wahiduddin and Irwandy and Anwar Mallongi and Ummu Salmah and Suriah and Evi Martha} } @article {2046, title = {Analysis of The Influence of The Marketing Mix on The Satisfaction of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Miletus Installation at Hajj General Hospital, Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {395-399}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Marketing mix is a set of marketing tools used by companies to achieve marketing objectives. The marketing mix consists of nine components, namely product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence, performance, and strength. This study aims to determine the effect of the marketing mix on patient satisfaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus inpatient installations in public hospital in the Hajj area of Makassar, the type of research used was an analytical survey with a quantitative approach using cross sectional. The sample in this study was type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the inpatient installation at the Hajj area general hospital as many as 81 people who were obtained by the probability sampling method, collecting data using a questionnaire instrument. Processing data using the Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Based on the results of the study, there is an influence between the process (Process). Promotion, Place, and Power on patient satisfaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus in inpatient installations. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant variable was placed (exp β = 19,093). The conclusion of several influential variables that are most related to patient satisfaction with the marketing mix, namely the place variable, which is the most important factor in patient satisfaction. It is hoped that the Haji Makassar Hospital will pay more attention to the services needed by the community in general, especially the location in terms of the number of rooms, parking and waiting rooms that are more adequate.

}, keywords = {Place, Power, Price, Process, Product, Promotion, Satisfaction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.90}, author = {Suci Safwa Salsabila and Indar and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Syamsuar Manyullei and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2015, title = {Analysis of the Metabolite Compound of the Ethanol Extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Stem and Activity for inhibition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in silico study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {393-398}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Background: Oral cancer is a deadly disease that is expected to increase yearly. Current cancer treatment methods have side effects. C. cinerariifolium plants have potential as anticancer agents. Objective: To evaluate the anti-OSCC properties of the ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stems via an in-silico study. Materials and Methods: Analysis of active compounds in ethanol extracts of C. cinerariifolium stems using TLC and UPLC-QToF-MS/MS metabolic profiling. The data were analysed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). In silico of C. cinerariifolium compounds on protein (PI3K and Cyclin D) from OSCC. Results: TLC procedures utilizing UV light with λ 366 nm after spraying with H2SO4 revealed multiple-colored spots, indicating that H2SO4 is a specific spray detector for terpenoid and carotene. Metabolic profiling in ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stem included Pronethalol (3.96\%), 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N-(1 naphthylmethyl) methanamine (7.34\%), Orphenadrine (24.27\%), Pentazocine (5.09\%), 4-(Dodecyloxy) aniline (6.30\%), Linoleamide (4.95\%), and Pheophorbide A (8.05\%). Orphenadrine had the highest percentage. Based on the Lipinski rule of five, pronethalol has the potential to be used as a drug-like therapy for OSCC. The anticancer activity profile is predicted by PASS online with a likely range of 0.065 to 0.385. An in-silico study showed that the strongest binding affinity is pronethalol to Cyclin D1 and pheophorbide A to the PI3K protein. Conclusion: The active metabolite of the ethanolic extract of C. cinerariifolium stem exhibits potency against oral squamous cell carcinoma via the downregulation of the cell cycle (cyclin D1) and P13K, especially pronethalol.

}, keywords = {Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Cyclin D1, OSCC, P13K.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.61}, author = {Anik Listiyana and Yuanita Lely Rachmawati and Hani Susianti and Nurdiana and Hidayat Sujuti and Roihatul Mutiah and Agustina Tri Endharti} } @article {1992, title = {Antibacterial and Anti-quorum Sensing Activities of Erianthemum dregei{\textquoteleft}s Leaf Extract and Molecular Docking}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {279-285}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {279}, abstract = {

Background: The increasing incidence of multi-drug resistance among pathogens has propelled researchers to search for novel antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing agents characterised by different mechanisms and high potency. Objective: The study aimed at investigating the antibacterial and antiquorum sensing properties of compounds from Erianthemum dregei and their molecular interactions with the target proteins. Methods: The methanolic leaf extract from E. dregei was evaluated for its chemical composition and antibacterial activity using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS) and micro-dilution method, respectively. The inhibition of violacein production in Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 07) was assayed as anti-quorum sensing activity using micro-dilution method. The molecular docking of the GC-MS ligands and penicillin-binding protein 2x (PDP2) and CviR was executed using AutoDock Vina. Results: The two volatile compounds namely phytol (93.58\%) and 3-tetradecyn-1-ol (6.42\%) were shown by GC-MS. The extract exhibited antibacterial activity against the selected bacterial strains with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 1.56 to 3.125 mg/mL. The maximum inhibition of violacein production of 53.93\% was observed at 1.56 mg/mL. Both compounds had docking scores of more than -6.0 kcal/mol against the target proteins. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract is a potential source of antibacterial and anti-quorum sensing compounds and thus can have pharmacological applicability.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing activity, Antibacterial activity, Erianthemum dregei, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.39}, author = {Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Tlou Nelson Selepe and Nokuthula Nomusa Mthembu and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {2002, title = {The Antidepressant Effect of Fluoxetine and Mozart K448 Combination Therapy on Hippocampal Serotonin and BDNF Levels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {325-328}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Despite the use of fluoxetine as a first-line therapy, some patients do not show a good therapeutic effect. Effective antidepressant therapy will reverse the low serotonin and BDNF levels found in depression. Mozart K. 448 was reported to yield a good therapeutic effect for depression. Based on findings, the combination of Mozart K. 448 and fluoxetine as a therapy for depression is very rare. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of the combined therapy of fluoxetine and Mozart K. 448 on hippocampal serotonin and BDNF levels in an animal model of depression under CUMS conditions. In this study, the animal model of depression was administered three different treatments, i.e. fluoxetine, Mozart, or fluoxetine-Mozart combined therapy, respectively. Hippocampal serotonin and BDNF levels were assessed after 21 days of treatment. Statistical analysis was then carried out using T-test or Mann-Whitney test and ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis. The fluoxetine-Mozart group has higher BDNF levels, but lower serotonin levels compared to other groups with values of 1,694{\textpm}0.215 and 44,533{\textpm}3,275, respectively.

}, keywords = {BDNF, Fluoxetine, Hippocampus, Mozart, Serotonin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.48}, author = {Lisa Pangemanan and Irwanto Irwanto and Margarita M. Maramis} } @article {2040, title = {Antidiabetic and Hypoglycaemic Activities of Commonly Used African Traditional Vegetables}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {339-356}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {339}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a common and complex metabolic disorder associated with high blood glucose levels leading to complications. Adopting a sedentary lifestyle characterized by low physical activity and consumption of high-energy diets contributes to the development of diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle changes and the use of pharmacological agents that target particular biochemical pathways involved in nutrient metabolism are currently used as management guidelines for managing risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus. The use of prescription medications for an extended period is linked to several negative side effects. Alternative management strategies of risk factors linked to diabetes mellitus involve the use of African leafy vegetables. African leafy vegetables contain a variety of biologically active compounds that provide health benefits. These crops have the potential to be a valuable source of new oral hypoglycemic agents for diabetes management. This review analyses the antidiabetic activities of nine African leafy vegetables whilst also defining the gap areas for future research. Methods: Data was acquired via electronic search engines of which only peer-reviewed papers published in journals were considered. Results: African traditional vegetables showed diverse in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activities. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to document and use the knowledge of African leafy vegetables that have potential in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {African traditional vegetables, Antidiabetic, Diabetes mellitus, Hypoglycaemic, Phytochemicals.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.84}, author = {Nolitha Nkobole and Lavhelesani R. Managa and Gerhard Prinsloo} } @article {2116, title = {Anti-Neoplastic and Cytotoxicity Potency Measuring of Five Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) Leaf Extracts Towards Melanoma (UACC62), Breast (MCF7), Prostate (PC3), and Colon (HCT116) Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {768-776}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {768}, abstract = {

The National Cancer Registry of the National Department of Health of South Africa confirms that in females, the highest incidence of cancers diagnosed in the year 2019 was breast (10 172 cases), cervical (6 945 cases) and colorectal (1 952 cases) cancers, while in males the most diagnosed cancers were prostate, lung, and colorectal neoplasms. The risk factors that promote cancer development, and metastasis or spreading includes excessive alcohol and narcotic usage, carcinogenic infections (oncoviruses) and genetical predispositions. The global incidence of cancer is much likely to increase because of the increased exposure to risk factors (processed fast foods, industrial toxins in air and water) that promote oxidative stress, low grade chronic inflammation, diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Because the ancient healer or doctor relied on plants and other natural resources for therapeutic compounds, we wanted to measure the anti-cancer actions induced by our Alfac-facah leaf extracts towards four major cancer cells. The growth inhibitory and cytotoxicity activity that was induced by our extracts was measured using the reliable Sulforhodamine B Assay as per the collaborative research program between the CSIR{\textquoteright}s Biosciences Pharmacology Group and the NCI. Our Alfac-facah leaf test material was extracted using five solvents: Ethanol, Methanol, Diethyl-ether, Acetone, and Water. Medicinal Plants persist to play a key role in medicine, whereby they not only help with treating or preventing diseases, but they also contribute to the general wellbeing of the patient. For this reason, natural resources remain a pivotal ingredient of novel drug development compounds

}, keywords = {AICR (American Institute for Cancer Research), Cancer (malignancy, Carcinoma, CSIR (The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, ECACC (European Collection of Authenticated Cell Cultures, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Leukemia, lymphoma), Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa), NCI (National Cancer Institute, neoplasm, sarcoma, South Africa), Sulforhodamine B Assay (SRB), THC (delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol). Rick Simpson oil (RSO)., Tumour, U.S Department of Health and Human Services), UK)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.150}, author = {Makhele Thapelo Simon and Makhoahle Pakiso Moses and Mashele Sitheni Samson} } @article {2115, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Total Polyphenol Profile and Anticancer Activity, of Leaf, Bulb and Root Extracts of Tulbaghia violacea from Bloemfontein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {761-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {761}, abstract = {

In this study, the effects of the home remedy herb Tulbaghia violacea on antioxidants, total polyphenol activity, and cancer were investigated. Using methanol/dichloromethane and aqueous solvents, the extracts were produced. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl assay, and their phenol content by the gallic acid method. The extracts were found to be inactive or weak against the HeLa (cervix), human cancer cell lines TK-10 (renal), and PC3 (prostate). It is suggested that these three human cell lines be tested against extracts of water and methanol/ dichloromethane at higher concentrations. The plant{\textquoteright}s leaf extract would also be the best substance to test against the human cell lines TK-10, PC-3, and HeLa. The IC50 values for two to three cell lines show that T. violacea plant extracts (\>100 g/ml) have no effect on cells. T. violacea extract has greater antioxidant activity than the control. A thorough phenolic analysis showed that water leaf extract had the highest quantity of phenolics whereas bulb methanol/dichloromethane extract had the lowest. Both the methanol/dichloromethane and the aqueous extracts have the same characteristics for antioxidant activity. In order to enhance food{\textquoteright}s nutritional content and quality while also supporting excellent health, it has been found that phenolic compounds alter the color, flavor, and other sensory characteristics of the meal. Additionally, they help plants defend themselves against harm from ROS, molecular damage, microbial invasion, insects, and herbivores.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidants, Medicinal plants, Polyphenol, Tulbaghia violaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.149}, author = {Pakiso Moses Makhoahle and Dijeng Euginiah Rampana} } @article {2087, title = {Antioxidant, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid of 70\% Ethanol Extract of Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Mill.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {599-605}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {599}, abstract = {

Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are high in phytochemicals and are utilized in herbal medicine. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant activities, total phenolics and flavonoids of the P. americana seed extract. P. americana seed extraction was obtained through maceration and reflux using a 70\% ethanol solvent. The results obtained were compared in terms of yield productivity, with yields of 43.07 (\%) and 39.58 (\%) respectively. Phytochemical compounds extracted from P. americana seeds were tested using the phytochemical screening method, the antioxidant activity assay, the total phenolic analysis, and the total flavonoid analysis. The phytochemical screening showed that P. americana seeds contain flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and quinones. The antioxidant activity of the 70\% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method was 77.298 g/mL and 98.626 g/mL, respectively, meanwhile the IC50 values of vitamin C were 12.883 g/mL. The 70\% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method had total phenolic content of 276.96 mgGAE/g and 294.96 mgGAE/g, and total flavonoid content of 1.73 mgQE/g and 12.70 mgQE/g respectively. This simply implies that the 70\% ethanolic extracts from P. americana seeds obtained through maceration and reflux have strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Avocado seeds, DPPH, Persea americana Mill., Total flavonoids, Total phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.126}, author = {Sri Wahyu Ningsih Munthe and Riskianto Riskianto and Denny Juvi and Jessica Novia} } @article {1998, title = {The Aqueous Leaf Extract of Moringa Oleifera had Immunomodulatory Effects on Sheep that had Been Infected by Fasciola Gigantica, Clostridium Novyi Naturally and Impact to Fasciola gigantica Non-Embryonated}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {304-309}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {304}, abstract = {

M., which received a (C), was the study{\textquoteright}s main objective. The whole thing was eaten. a couple of quotes from (C. dispersed in a liquid. has antibacterial properties (E. elegans). It{\textquoteright}s necessary to remove the body. C. Eczema on the face is comparable to this. Sheep and novyi both had organic infections. novyi. Following different combinations of treatments, a heavy dose of treatment, and a light dose, fasciolitis manifested in all three groups of infected sheep. The treatment groups received an oral 150 mg/kg aqueous M. oleifera leaf extract every 48 hours for 21 days. Body mass, fecal egg counts, blood anti-Fasciola IgG levels, cytokines (IL-2, IL-17, and IL-10), and C. the elegans{\textquoteright} bacterial inhabitants jokingly strike up a conversation with everyone there. Sheep with light and heavy infections gained more weight after receiving M. oleifera treatment and had lower fecal egg counts than control groups; sheep with light infection had a 100\% reduction in egg count. The serum concentrations of IL-2, IL-17, and IgG all significantly decreased after M. oleifera treatment. There were significantly higher levels of IL-10 in sheep with both mild and severe infections. C{\textquoteright}s feces contained noticeably fewer bacteria after taking moringa extract. The two novyi groups had varying degrees of infection severity. Fabricio (F. (as well as OleiferaMdot). C. noteworthy and novyi. M. oleifera aqueous extracts showed a concentration-dependent ovicidal effect on F. gigantica non-embryonated.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Antimicrobial, Cytokines, Moringa oleifera, Public health.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.44}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Wan Irjani Wan Ismail} } @article {2086, title = {Cadre Interventions on Health Outcomes of Diabetes Mellitus Patients: Systematic Review of Randomized Control Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {697-702}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {697}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a disease that can cause complications in various organs of the body. There needs to be a strategic effort to improve the health outcomes of diabetes mellitus patients. Research studies show that cadres are able to become liaisons between patients and health care providers and make a positive contribution to the surrounding community. This systematic study aimed to review studies on cadre interventions on health outcomes of diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: The literature search was carried out on the online databases of PubMed, Proquest, and Google Scholar journals published in the range of 2015 {\textendash} 2021. The keywords used included community health worker, intervention, health outcomes, and diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, the literature criteria used included journal articles, peer-reviewed, written in English, and research studies with the Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design. Result: Based on the results of a review of 15 selected articles, it was found that the overall interventions carried out were providing education, counseling, and group classes. Other activities include home visits, goal setting and action plans, diabetes mellitus diaries, and follow-up phone calls. There were interventions carried out by cadres, in partnership with health care providers and academic partners, involving peers of diabetes mellitus patients and culturally relevant community resources. Conclusion: The results of the review showed that almost all articles found changes in metabolic control, behavior, and psychosocial of diabetes mellitus patients as a result of the interventions. Therefore, there needs to conduct subsequent studies on the effect of cadre interventions on the prevention of disease complications both macrovascular and microvascular.

}, keywords = {Cadres, Diabetes mellitus, Health outcomes., Intervention, Roles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.139}, author = {Tini and Darmawansyah and Ridwan Amiruddin and Masni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2009, title = {Child Survival Strategies on the Growth and Development of Infants Aged 0-6 Months in Makassar City (A Study on Employed and Unemployed Mothers)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {359-364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {359}, abstract = {

The South Sulawesi Provincial Government, through the health Office, stated that South Sulawesi currently has a fairly high infant mortality rate. From January to September 2018, a total of 870 infants died. According to these data, the highest mortality rate was recorded in Bone District. High maternal and neonatal mortality rates have a major impact on families and communities. Therefore, it is highly expected that women{\textquoteright}s participation as housewives will directly determine the survival of their infants. This study aims to determine the effect of child survival strategies (CSS) on the growth and development of infants of employed and unemployed mothers aged 0-6 months. It is an observational study with a case-control design. This study involved employed and unemployed mothers who had infants aged 0-6 months. The sample was determined by the simple random sampling method in the case and control groups. The Data was collected through interviews using a questionnaire and then analyzed statistically. This study is expected to provide input for the Indonesian Government (Health Office) as a consideration in formulating policies to reduce infant mortality rates, especially in South Sulawesi. The results indicated a significant correlation between mothers{\textquoteright} occupations and their infants{\textquoteright} fine motor skill development category (p \< 0.05 or = 0.033). The anthropometry of infants of employed and unemployed mothers indicated no significant differences, both in terms of age, body weight, and body length (with p \> 0.05). There was a significant correlation between mothers{\textquoteright} occupations and their infants{\textquoteright} fine motor skill development category. The infants of employed mothers tend to have good fine motor skill development than those of unemployed mothers. The percentage of growth and development of other infants that fall into the good category was found to be higher in employed mothers than in unemployed mothers, although it was not statistically significant. Employed mothers have better CSS than unemployed mothers, although it is not statistically significant.

}, keywords = {Child Survival Strategies, Growth and Development, Infants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.55}, author = {Arifin Seweng and Nurbaeti and Ella Andayani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2035, title = {Community Compliance Regarding No-Smoking Area Policy: Belief Control Analysis and Tobacco Use Habits in Society the Bugis Tribe (Pare-Pare City \& Sidrap Regency) and the Makassar Tribe (Gowa-Takalar Regency) in South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {301-306}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

Introduction: Smoking among the people of Bugis-Makassar has become an inseparable part of a smoker and has become a habit. Community compliance with the No-Smoking Area (KTR) policy is still a problem in various regions, this is because the habits and control of people{\textquoteright}s beliefs are not in line with implementation of KTR implementation. Methods: This study used an explanatory research design, namely to examine the correlation between control beliefs and the habit of using Bugis cigarettes on compliance with the policy of implementing a smoking-free area which is part of tobacco control. The research was conducted in four districts in South Sulawesi, namely Takalar, Gowa, Pare-pare, and Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap) Regencies. The sample used was 400 respondents using the non-probability sampling method, namely the Accidental Sampling technique. Results: This study shows that control beliefs and respondent compliance obtained a p-value of 0.717 \> 0.05 which means there is no significant correlation between control beliefs of tobacco use and community compliance with KTR policies. The results of the correlation test of smoking habits on public compliance with KTR policies obtained a p-value of 0.015 \<0.05 which means there is a significant correlation between tobacco use habits and public compliance with KTR policies. The results of the study also show that the control variable beliefs and habits have a p-value of 0.001 \<0.05 which means that there is a correlation between control beliefs and smoking habits. Conclusion: Policy makers should focus more on the implementation of KTR policies in all public places and law enforcement related to KTR policies in various contexts, including social and cultural approaches. KTR got easier with time.

}, keywords = {Believe control, Community compliance, Non-smoking area, Smoking cessation, Tobacco use.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.79}, author = {Achmad R. Muttaqien Al-Madin and H. Amran Razak and Darmawansyah and Suriah and HM Alimin Maidin and Pupin Astuti and Mutia Nur Rahmah and Nur Indah Sari} } @article {2091, title = {Community Empowerment with Independent Larva Monitor in Reducing the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Incidence, in Sidrap Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {622-625}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of developing a community empowerment model through independent larva monitor with an overlap in controlling dengue disease incidence in Sidrap Regency. Methods: This study used a mix-method conducted in Tanete Village. The number of samples for quantitative data was 70 respondents, and the qualitative data was 12 informants. Data collection was carried out through Focus Group Discussions, observations, and interviews. The data were analyzed using the McNemar test. Results: The results showed that the behavior of the people affected by dengue fever is people who do not maintain the cleanliness of their environment, litter, and people{\textquoteright}s habits do not routinely drain water tanks, and drinking places for livestock become mosquito shelters. The results of dengue counseling showed a significant difference between people{\textquoteright}s behavior related to dengue fever disease before and after counseling. Most people stated that explanations related to how to make and the process of making ovitrap were easy to do. They were interested in making their own because they used materials that were easy to find at home. In addition, the community has been obedient in implementing independent romantic programs. The results of overlap observations show that simple overlap can trap mosquitoes. Conclusion: The development of empowerment models through independent larva monitor can be used to prevent and control dengue disease.

}, keywords = {Community Empowerment, Dengue fever, Independent Larva Monitor, Ovitrap}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.129}, author = {A. Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Dian Saputra Marzuki and Rezki Elisafitri and Basir and Anwar Mallongi and Aisyah and Ahmad Yani} } @article {1963, title = {Comparative and Evaluative Study On Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Potential Within Hydromythanol Extracts and Their Fractions from All Parts of Drimia numidica (JORD. \& FOURR.) J.C. MANNING \& GOLDBLATT of Northeastern Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {64-81}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Introduction: Drimia numidica is a polyphenol-rich species that has antioxidant capacity, which makes it very important. Nevertheless, D. numidica has not been studied in depth. Moreover, its capsules have not been studied so far. This detailed study compared the values of total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of all D. numidica parts (scapes, flowers, bulbs, capsules, leaves, roots), from Edough Peninsula, Annaba, Algeria, using hydromethanol extracts and their fractions (cyclohexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol). Methods: The total phenolic content was determined by Folin Ciocalteo assay, and the antioxidant activity by the following methods: DPPH, Reducing Powder, Phenanthroline, Silver Nanoparticles, CUPRAC, and ABTS. Statistical analysis was done using the ANOVA test and a correlation test (between antioxidant activity and total phenolic content). Results: The Ethyl acetate fraction was found the sample with the highest phenolic content. The same was true for the antioxidant activity in all tests except for the silver nanoparticles test in which cyclohexane extracts scored the best. Considering the methods used in general, there is a correlation between phenolic content and the highest antioxidant activity, but there are some methods that have not recorded any correlation. Conclusion: Choosing the appropriate method or extract/fraction type is extremely important. In addition, extracts of D. numidica parts could be an important natural alternative to antioxidants industrial.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Drimia numidica, Hydromythanol extracts and their fractions., total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.10}, author = {Fares Khenniche and Abderachid Slimani and Chawki Bensouici and Ibtissem Magboune and Manel Srief and Hamed Hakkom} } @article {2110, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Microhardness and Color Change of Root dentin using Punica granatum (pomegranate extract), Sodium hypochlorite, Chlorhexidine and Normal saline as an Endodontic irrigant {\textendash} An in vitro study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {732-737}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {732}, abstract = {

Aim: To evaluate the microhardness and change in color of root dentin using Punica granatum, sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and normal saline as an endodontic irrigant and to implement their use in field of dentistry. Materials and Methods: 60 single rooted anterior teeth extracted due to periodontal and orthodontic reasons were collected. All the samples were decoronated to achieve constant length of 14mm. Patency of root canal was established using 10k file and working length was determined 1mm short of the file length. Each canal was prepared till F3 protaper. After preparation the samples were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group 1: Saline (Control); Group 2: 5\% Sodium Hypochlorite; Group 3: 2\% Chlorhexidine; Group 4: 5\% Punica granatum (pomegranate peel extract). After grouping the samples were longitudinally sectioned. One half of the tooth sample was used for microhardness testing using Vickers microhardness indentor and the other half of sample was used for color change evaluation using spectrophotometer after irrigation with the test solutions on day 1 and day 7th post irrigation. Results: The mean microhardness in all four groups decreased comparatively at post as compared to pre and the decrease was evident highest in sodium hypochlorite followed by chlorhexidine, pomegranate and saline the least. In regard to color change sodium hypochlorite, chlorhexidine and pomegranate all showed visible color changes after 7 day of irrigation with pomegranate showing the highest color change. Higher lightness was shown in Group 2 i.e., sodium hypochlorite whereas redness was seen more in Group 4 i.e., pomegranate and yellowish tint was more visible in Group 3. Conclusion: 5\% Punica granatum has showed negligible effect on microhardness of dentin but showed maximum color change when compared to chlorhexidine, sodium hypochlorite and saline.

}, keywords = {Chlorhexidine., Color change, Endodontic irrigant, Herbal, Microhardness, Punica granatum (pomegranate peel extract), UVVIS spectrophotometer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.144}, author = {Ankita singh and Sunil Tejaswi and Kenganora Mruthunjaya and Suneeth Shetty and Ambikathanaya U.K and Sachin B. Manglekar} } @article {2154, title = {Comparison of Hb Levels Given Iron Supplements with and Without Vitamin B12 to Anemia Female Industrial Workers in Surakarta Residency Area}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1010-1015}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1010}, abstract = {

Objective: The research objective was to analyze the comparison of Hb levels given iron supplements with and without vitamin B12 in female industrial workers who experience anemia. Method: The study used an experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research respondents were female industrial workers who experienced anemia in the Surakarta Residency Area. The sampling method was carried out by purposive sampling. The number of samples was 33 respondents divided into a treatment group of 17 respondents and a treatment group of 16 respondents. Results: There was no significant difference in hemoglobin levels in the control group and the treatment group as indicated by a p\>0.05. The results of the paired t-test statistic showed that there was a significant change in hemoglobin levels in the treatment group (0,96 {\textpm} 0,40) p 0,000 (p\<0,05). Conclusion: Giving iron supplementation to anemic women workers can increase hemoglobin levels. Handling of anemia in female workers can be done by making iron supplementation programs and policies in all companies that employ female workers.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Iron Deficiency, Iron Supplements, Vitamin B12, Women Industrial Workers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.186}, author = {Niken Pratiwi and Rutmauli Hutagaol and Marwansyah and Muhammad Pahruddin and Erna Fauziah and Parellangi and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi} } @article {2066, title = {Computational Evaluation of the Potential of Salicylate Compound from Syzygium aromaticum on Carbonic Anhydrase I as a Gastric Acid Stimulant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {489-493}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

This article explores the potential of the salicylate compound (Syzygium Aromaticum) as a stimulant for Carbonic Anhydrase I in gastric acid secretion, using a computational approach. The research methods include molecular modeling with Pymol and Pyrex, determination of compound structure and interactions with Protein Plus, and examination of physicochemical properties using the Lipinski Rule. The results show that the Binding Affinity of salicylate with Carbonic Anhydrase I ranges from -7.3 to -6.5, with RMSD values of 0, 2.102, and 2.212, indicating good modeling quality. The interaction between salicylate and Carbonic Anhydrase I is also supported by the findings from Protein Plus. Furthermore, the salicylate compound complies with the Lipinski Rule, with a molecular weight of 137, 1 hydrogen bond donor, 3 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 0.34, and a molar reactivity of 34.16. This study highlights the prospect of salicylate as a potential modulator of Carbonic Anhydrase I.

}, keywords = {Carbonic Anhydrase I, Gastric Acid Stimulant, Molecular docking, Salicylate, Syzygium Aromaticum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.107}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Rauza Sukma Rita and Fadhli Ranuharja and Musa Ghufron and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Herland Satriawan and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2162, title = {Conformity of Differential White Blood Cell (WBC) Examination Results on the Sysmex DI-60 And Sysmex XN-1000 at Prof. Dr. IGNG Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1059-1063}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1059}, abstract = {

Background: Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 are automatic analyzers that can be used to check WBC differential counts. Ensuring the suitability of the WBC differential count results from the two tools can help in daily practice. Objective: Knowing the suitability of the WBC differential count examination results on the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000. Method: Observational analytical research with a cross-sectional design. The data analyzed were differential WBC count data from samples of babies who underwent Complete Blood Count examinations on the Sysmex XN-1000 device and IT Ratio on the Sysmex DI-60 device without intervention (pre-classification results) at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Prof. Head overMarch 2023 {\textendash} April 2023. Results: 81 samples were analyzed. The neutrophil value on the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex vs 34.15\% {\textpm} 14.83\%, median monocytes 4.00\% (0.00-30.00)\% vs 13.05\% (1.30-34.40) \%, median eosinophils 3.50\% (0.00-31.00)\% vs 3.75\% (0.00-29.90)\%, and median basophils 0.75\% (0.00-16.00)\% vs 0.30\% (0, 00-2.90)\%. The eosinophil variable did not show a significant difference between the results of the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 examinations (p=0.081). The results of the correlation analysis showed that there was a significant, strong, positive correlation between Sysmex DI60 and Sysmex. Strong positive significance in the lymphocyte variable (r=0.818). However, no significant correlation basophil variable (r=0.044). Bland-Altman analysis shows that the most appropriate differential count examination is the eosinophil variable. Conclusion: Automatic WBC analyzers apply not only one examination method to detect WBC. The use of the Sysmex DI-60 and Sysmex XN-1000 provides automation for checking the WBC differential count with different working principles. In this study, there was only agreement between the differential count results for the eosinophil variable, so when operating these tools, intervention from a Clinical Pathologist was still required.

}, keywords = {DI-60, Differential Count, WBC, XN-1000}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.194}, author = {I Dewa Komang Agung Cahyadi and I Nyoman Wande and Ni Nyoman Mahartini} } @article {2163, title = {Correlation Between Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (RetHe) With Erythrocyte Indices in Predialytic Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G. Ngoerah General Hospital Denpasar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1064-1067}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1064}, abstract = {

Background: Early detection and monitoring of anemia are important in CKD patients, which significantly increases the effectiveness of clinical treatment, reduce treatment cost and improve quality of life patients. Differential diagnosis of anemia based on conventional erythrocyte indices is limited, therefore it requires to be combined with other indices to determine iron deficiency. Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (RET-He) is an alternative indicator of iron deficiency that is not affected by inflammation, and has been proposed as an additional marker for iron deficiency screening. Objective: To determine the correlation between RET-He and erythrocyte indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC) in predialytic CKD patients. Method: Cross-sectional retrospective study of predialytic CKD patient data in Prof. Ngoerah General Hospital, that were tested for RET-He and erythrocyte indices in January {\textendash} March 2022. Data was collected from laboratory information system (LIS) and medical record. RET-He was measured with lightscatter flow cytometry method and erythrocyte indices was calculated. Result: Sixty and three (63) study subjects were consisted of 37 men (58,7\%) and 26 women (41,3\%), with average of age was 60,68{\textpm}10,52 years. The mean value of RET-He, MCV, MCH and MCHC was 30,55{\textpm}2,86 pg, 89,08{\textpm}7,78 fL, 28,76{\textpm}2,72 pg, and 30,55{\textpm}2,86 g/dL. Result of data analysis showed positive correlation between RET-He and MCV (r = 0,659), MCH (r = 0,734), and also between RET-He and MCHC (r = 0,383), with p \< 0,05. Conclusion: There was a significant positive correlation between RET-He with erythrocyte indices in predialytic CKD patients.

}, keywords = {Erythrocyte indices, Predialytic CKD, RET-He}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.195}, author = {Christina Noviasiata Djawa and Sianny Herawati and Ni Kadek Mulyantari} } @article {2108, title = {Decreased Expression of Endocrine Glands Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (EG-VEGF) in Rat Endometrial After Stimulation with Recombinants FSH Can be Reduce Implantation Rates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {707-713}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {707}, abstract = {

Background: Decreased expression of EG-VEGF in human endometrium after administration of ovarian stimulators has been reported to adversely affect endometrial receptivity and low implantation rates. Objective: To determine the effect of recombinant FSH administration on EG-VEGF protein in the endometrium of rats taken in the secretory phase and how it relates to endometrial receptivity. Design: A total of 36 female wistar rats with normal estrous cycles were randomly assigned to the natural cycle group (NC) and two stimulation groups (SC) which were injected with recombinant FSH at 12.5 IU and 25 IU intraperitoneally. Uterine necropsy and blood collection were performed on day 1, day 2, and day 3 after hCG administration. A total of 3 female rats from each group were mated with male rats (two males and three females in one cage). A successful marriage is indicated by the presence of a vaginal plug the next day. The level of EG-VEGF protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemical technique and steroid hormone levels were measured by the Elisa technique. Results: ANOVA test, that the expression of EG-VEGF in the endometrial glands showed a significant decrease from the normal cycle group to the stimulated cycle group 1 (SC 1) and SC2 (P = 0.00), as well as the expression of EG-VEGF in the endometrial stroma. (P = 000). Steroid hormone levels did not show a significant decrease between the normal cycle group and the stimulated cycle group (P = 0.48 and P = 0.13). Conclusion: Decreased EG-VEGF expression in rat endometrium after administration of recombinant FSH is associated with decreased endometrial receptivity which can reduce pregnancy rates.

}, keywords = {EG-VEGF, Endometrial receptivity, rFSH, Secretory phase.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.141}, author = {Raden Muharam and Nurhuda Sahar and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Luluk Yunaini and Risqa Novita and Rosalina Thuffi and Conny Riana Tjampakasari and Ponco Birowo and Diyah Kristanty} } @article {2019, title = {Development of Patient Safety Management Learning Model Based on Problem Based Learning Integrated Soft Skill Higher Level Thinking for Health Students in Samarinda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {418-423}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Background: Nursing students who participate in clinical practice in hospitals are not ready to provide quality care in maximizing patient safety. This study aims to develop a Problem Based Learning Patient Safety (PBLPS) conceptual model design that stimulates high-level thinking soft skills for students and finds PBLPS learning tools. Method: Research and Development (R\&D), which is a research method that aims to produce new products through a development process. The stages of the research method consist of 3 stages, namely: the preliminary study stage; model development stage; model testing stage. The research subjects were nursing students at tertiary institutions in Samarinda city who had taken patient safety management courses, totaling 162 people. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: Patient safety goals have not been implemented properly by students who practice clinical practice in hospitals. Students state that case-based learning can improve both hard skills and soft skills. The design of the integrated Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model and the integrated PBLPS learning tools developed are RPS and integrated PBL-based modules on patient safety management. The results of the analysis of the soft skills assessment of high-level thinking students who practice in hospitals in the first year and the second-year show that there are differences in the results of the assessment of high-level thinking soft skills in the application of patient safety. Conclusion: The Problem Based Learning Patient Safety (PBLPS) conceptual model can stimulate high-order thinking soft skills for students in patient safety management practices in hospitals.

}, keywords = {Patient Safety, Problem Based Learning, Soft skills.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.65}, author = {Hilda and Supriadi and Hesti Prawita Widiastuty and Arsyawina and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2074, title = {Diversity of Types of Medicinal Plants and Local Wisdom of the Kaili Tribe in Processing Medicinal Plants Around the Forest Areas of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {535-540}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

The forest area in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi, is a habitat for various medicinal plant species. Forest areas must be managed appropriately for the local community and society{\textquoteright}s welfare and sustainable use. One of the local people living around the forest is the Kaili tribe. The local wisdom of the Kaili tribe, who inhabit forest areas in Central Sulawesi, in managing forests and forest products, especially using plants as medicine, must be documented in research. This study aimed to identify the species, habitat, habitus, and ways of using the plant as medicine by the Kaili people in the Sigi Regency. Prior to data collection, a literature study was conducted to obtain information regarding the condition of the research location around the forest area and the ethnic/ethnic groups who live permanently around and within the forest area. This stage was then followed by interviews and field surveys. The interviews were conducted by combining purposive sampling and snowball methods. The results showed the high potency of medicinal plants around forest areas used by the Kaili tribe, with the discovery of 113 species in 51 families. Herbs are the most common habitus of medicinal plants. The habitat of medicinal plants is mainly found in the yard. The most used plant part is the leaves, which can be boiled in water and drunk directly.

}, keywords = {Kaili tribe, Local knowledge, Medicinal plants, Species diversity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.115}, author = {Abdul Hapid and Ariyanti Ariyanti and Erniwati Erniwati and Ni Made Dharma Shantini Suena and Ketut Agus Adrianta and Karnita Yuniarti and Muthmainnah Muthmainnah} } @article {2194, title = {Does Land-Use Associate with Escherichia coli Pollution in Karst Springs? A Review of the Literature}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1250-1253}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1250}, abstract = {

Objective: The presence of Escherichia coli bacteria in karst springs, influenced by land cover conditions and land use activities in rainwater catchment areas, indicates a decrease in water quality. The study aimed to describe the effect of land use on Escherichia coli contamination in karst springs. Methods: This was a narrative review retrieving studies from Scopus and PubMed databases. The keywords used are pollution, Escherichia coli, land use, and karst springs. Of the 52 studies identified in the search phase, ten studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: The concentration of Escherichia coli increases with increasing rainfall in all types of land use, such as forested land, mixed garden land, residential land, and grazing or livestock land. Factors that cause concentration Escherichia coli does not meet water quality standards due to feces from wild animals, feces-contaminated fertilization, construction of non-water impermeable septic tanks, and feces from livestock grazing. Conclusions: Repairing septic tanks and sewage in areas with high population density may reduce Escherichia coli contamination. Further research is needed to formulate strategies and policies for managing springs in the karst areas.

}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Karst Springs, Land-Use, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.226}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1964, title = {Effect of Butionin-Sulfaximine and Fluphenazine as Trypanothione Inhibitory Drugs on Promastigotes and Axenic Amastigotes of Leishmania Peruviana and Leishmania Braziliensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {82-85}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the Leishmania parasite, which is difficult to diagnose, causes disfigurement and is difficult to treat. Objectives: To determine the effect of Butionin-Sulfaximine (BSO) and Fluphenazine on trypomastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania peruviana and Leishmania braziliensis. Methods: A study was performed with Butionin-Sulfaximine (BSO), Fluphenazine, and Glucantime (positive control,) utilizing respective concentrations of 41.7 mg/ml, 4.17 mg/ml, and 50 mg/ml for twenty-four hours on axenic amastigotes. Results: A significant difference (*P \< 0.05) was found between the negative control group, Fluphenazine, and BSO within both the axenic amastigotes of L. peruviana (5.5 X 105 / ml for the negative control, 0.15 X 105 / ml for Fluphenazine, and 0.7 X 105 / ml for BSO) and L. braziliensis (6.9 X 105/ml for the negative control, 0.18 X 105/ml for Fluphenazine, and 0.22 X 105/ml for BSO). Another significant difference (*P \< 0.05) was found in the promastigotes of L. peruviana (5.9 X 105 / ml for the negative control, 0.66 X 105 / ml for Fluphenazine, and 3.1 X 105 / ml for BSO) and L. braziliensis (8.7 X 105/ml for the negative control and 5.68 X 105/ml for Fluphenazine). Conclusions: From this, we conclude Fluphenazine and BSO present promising antiparasitic effects against axenic amastigotes of L. peruviana and L. braziliensis in both pharmacological tests of the in vivo model and their potential future use.

}, keywords = {Axenic Amastigote, Butionin-Sulfaximine, Fluphenazine, Leishmania}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.11}, author = {Jes{\'u}s Rojas-Jaimes and Marco Mes{\'\i}a-Guevara and Alexander Murillo-Zenozain} } @article {1970, title = {The Effect of Drying Methods on Chemical Profiling of Zingiberaceae Herbs Production}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {128-133}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Background: Drying method is one of the important steps in post-harvesting in herbal production in order to prolong the shelf-life of herbal medicine and to ensure the good quality. Objective: This research aimed to profile and quantify the metabolites changing using metabolomic based on 1H-NMR Spectroscopy on Curcuma and Zingiber genus due to the drying process. Material and Methods: Five species of the Curcuma and Zingiber genus were Curcuma longa L., Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., Zingiber officinale Roscoe. and Zingiber amaricans BI. The drying method applied were freeze drying and oven drying method at -1080C and 500C, respectively. Samples were extracted using buffer phosphate and deuterated methanol (3:7). The analysis was performed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy 400 MHz with TSP as an internal standard. The 1H-NMR spectra were analysed with multivariate (Principal Component Analysis). Results: The relative concentrations of sucrose and fructose at 5 samples in freeze drying method showed significant higher content than those in oven drying. On the other hands, glucose was mostly significant higher concentration in oven drying at 5 samples. Fructose and sucrose were significantly higher in freeze drying method than those in oven drying in Curcuma and Zingiber genera. Relative glucose content was higher in oven drying at Curcuma genus Conclusion: Therefore, oven drying method which applied heating at 500C is an appropriate method for herbal medicine production, especially in Curcuma and Zingiber genus, for maintaining the major secondary metabolites.

}, keywords = {Curcuma Genus, Freeze drying, Multivariate, Oven drying, Zingiber Genus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.17}, author = {Dinar Sari C. Wahyuni and Siti A. E. Astuti and Soerya Dewi Marliyana and Yudi Rinanto and Tiara Dewi S. Pratama and Ahmad Fauzi and Ari Satia Nugraha} } @article {2173, title = {The Effect of Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics on Muscle Strength and Scope of Motion of Lower Extremity Joints in Elderly with Osteoarthritis (Martapura River Region, South Kalimantan)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1126-1131}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1126}, abstract = {

Increased life expectancy (UHH) in Indonesia from 71.7 years in 2016 (Novianty, Nodia, 2018). And it is estimated to increase to 72.2 years in 2035 (BPS, 2016). The implication of increasing the number of elderly people with high UHH is expected to be healthy and productive elderly people and free from diseases and health problems, however, the results of a preliminary study in East Banjarmasin, the number of elderlies is 207 elderly (Posyandu, 2018). And almost 70\% experience health problems such as osteoarthritis, so it is necessary to intervene in the form of Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics (SHL) which can increase muscle strength and scope of joint motion of the Elderly, so that the Elder can live healthy and free from osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SHL on muscle strength and joint range of motion in elderly people with osteoarthritis in the Suburb area, Sungai Martapura Village, South Kalimantan Region. Quasi Experiment research design with The Non-Randomized Control Group Pretest Posttest Design approach, the population of all elderly in the Martapura River area with a total of 110 elderly (Pemko Dinkes, 2016). The research sample was the elderly living in the Martapura watershed who had osteoarthritis, non-random sampling, purposive sampling technique, with a total sample of 68 elderly consisting of the control and treatment groups, each of which was 34 participants. Both groups measured muscle strength and joint range of motion before and after treatment. Data analysis used Paired T-test for paired samples and Independent T-Test for unpaired samples with normal distribution. The results of research show There is an effect of SHL on the Strength of Pelvic and Knee Muscles of the Elderly as well as the effect of SHL on the Scope of Pelvic and Knee Joints in the Elderly. In the elderly who have osteoarthritis, they should do elderly Hadrah Gymnastics regularly at least 2 times a week.

}, keywords = {Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics, Joint Scope, Knee Muscles, Osteoarthritis, Pelvic Muscles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.205}, author = {Bahrul Ilmi and Parellangi and Akhmad Rizani and Hammad and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi} } @article {2052, title = {The Effect of Family-Based Empowerment in Preventing Overweight and Obesity in Elementary School Children in Kupang}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {428-434}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {428}, abstract = {

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity continues to increase in both developing and developed countries and occurs in all age groups. As well as being the biggest threat to public health, especially non-communicable diseases. Childhood is the most special period in life. It is almost certain that many health problems/illnesses experienced during this period will be carried on into adulthood. The causes of obesity in children are very complex; genetic, biological, psychosocial, behavioral and sociocultural factors. The impact of overweight and obesity on children is related to physical and psychological effects. Lifestyle modification which includes increasing knowledge, diet, physical activity, sedentary behavior, socio-cultural aspects is believed to be a strategy in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. This study aims to examine the effect of family empowerment on the prevention of overweight and obesity in elementary school children. This research is a quasy experiment that is pre-test and posttest with control group design. Parallel design with one treatment group and one control group. The sample is determined by purposive random sampling. The research sample was overweight/obese children in elementary school grades 4, 5 and 6, totaling 112 people. Data were obtained through a structured questionnaire covering family abilities, knowledge, physical activity and nutritional intake. Nutritional status was measured after measuring body weight and height using digital scales. Eating patterns were measured using a food frequency questionnaire and a 24-hour recall formula. Results: The results showed that there were differences in family ability (p\<0.016), knowledge (p\<0.001), physical activity (p\<0.015) and nutritional intake (p\<0.000) in the treatment group and the control group after implementing the family empowerment intervention. Conclusion: Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity. Family-centered empowerment interventions through health education about overweight and obesity management have a positive impact on increasing family capacity, family knowledge, physical activity and changes in family eating patterns. It is necessary to implement lifestyle modifications in preventing and controlling overweight and obesity.

}, keywords = {Elementary School Children., Empowerment, Family, Obesity, Overweigh}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.96}, author = {Fransiskus Geroda Mado and Nurhaedar Jafar and Masyta Muis and Ida Leida Maria and Muhammad Syafar and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Alwi Arifin and Anwar Mallongi and Toto Sudargo and Agustina} } @article {2177, title = {The Effect of Jelly Candy Snake Fruit and Banana With Ferrous Fumarat Fortified using Nano Technology in Adolescent Female at Junior High School}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1150-1155}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1150}, abstract = {

Aim: Adolescent Female are a population at risk for anemia. Nutritional factors such as calories, protein, iron, dietary fiber, and folic acid induce this disease. Furthermore, fishy odor and nausea are two factors that contribute to adolescent females{\textquoteright} lack of iron consumption. Jelly candy formulations of snake and banana fruit with ferrous fumarate fortification using nanotechnology also decrease these diseases as an alternative to food consumption. Young adolescents ought to embrace this jelly formulation, considering its reasonable pricing. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of jelly candy formulations of snake and banana fruit with ferrous fumarate fortification using nanotechnology on the increase in hemoglobin levels. Materials And Methods: A quasi-experimental approach was adopted with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group design. The study included a cohort of 150 adolescent girls hailing from Tamansari District, Tasikmalaya City, within the age range of 12 to 18 years. Additionally, the subjects were divided into three distinct groups, namely the treatments (involving jelly, snack fruit, banana, and ferrous fumarate supplementation, abbreviated as JEPISA), control group 1 (comprising jelly and ferrous fumarate supplementation, denoted as JFumarate), and control group 2 (receiving iron and folic acid supplementation as part of the Programme), each consisting of 50 participants. The sample selection process employed the purposive sampling technique and the collected data were subjected to analysis using T-Test, Chi-square and Multiple Logistic Regression methods. Results: The results of the T-Test analysis showed that the mean rise in hemoglobin after lean period of 13 week after giving treatments increased hemoglobin levels by 0.65 {\textpm} 0.39 g/dl (95\% CI 0.53-0.75 g/dl), significantly (p-value=0,000). Their mean post intervention haemoglobin of three group was 12.10 {\textpm} 0.80 g/dl, 12.42 {\textpm} 0.70 g/dl and 11.73 {\textpm} 0.90 g/dl respectively. The results of statistical test were obtained, the treatment and control group 1 (p=0,044) and the treatment and control group 2 (p=0,33). The result of the multivariate analysis showed that complaince (p=0,000), nutritional status (p=0,000) and menstrual duration (p=0,000) variable were confounding variables for the incidence of anemia (Exp(B)=17,769). Conclusion: There were differences in Hb levels before and after administering the treatment. However, there was statistically significant difference between treatment with controls 1 and 2. Weekly supplementation of treatment{\textquoteright}s in Iron Deficiency Anemia patients is as good as weekly supplementation of control 1 and but higher than control 2. Adolescent female who did not adhere to consuming iron had a chance of experiencing anemia 17,769 times compared to obedient adolescents after controlling for the variable nutritional status and length of menstruation.

}, keywords = {Adolescent female, Anemia, Fortified, Hemoglobin, Jelly Candy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.209}, author = {Meti Megawati and Toto Sudargo and And Susetyowati} } @article {1999, title = {The Effect of Moringa Leaf Extract Intervention Since Preconception Period on the Prevention of Oxidative Stress in Pregnant Women and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance of oxidants and anti-oxidants and is often associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, additional supplementation is needed since the preconception period to prevent oxidative stress and poor pregnancy outcomes. This study aims to examine the effect of supplementing Moringa leaf extract on the prevention of oxidative stress in pregnant women and poor pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This study is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design. The research subjects were third trimester pregnant women consisting of 2 groups, namely the control group who only received Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) supplements (n = 30) and the group that received moringa leaf extract and IFA supplements (n = 26). Then an examination of Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a biomarker of oxidative stress was carried out using the ELISA (enzyme-link immune sorbent) method, followed by pregnancy outcomes including birth weight and birth length. Data were analyzed by unpaired t test. Results: The results showed that there were no significant differences in the levels of MDA, birth weight and birth length in the two groups with a p value \> 0.05. Nevertheless, MDA level in IFA group was 49.25 nmol/ml higher than Moringa + IFA group which was 47.58 nmol/ml. Likewise, the average of birth weight and birth length in Moringa group were 3042.3 grams and 48.62 cm higher than IFA group which were 2993.7 grams and 48.23 cm. Malondialdehyde levels were also higher in women who had babies with birth weight \< 2500 grams was 49.48 nmol/ml and birth length \< 48 cm was 49.13 nmol/l compared to birth weight >= 2500 grams was 48.50 nmol/ml and birth length >= 48 cm was 48.62 nmol/ml but there was no significant difference in the two groups (p\>0.05). Conclusion: Oxidative stress in pregnant women tends to be associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. Moringa leaf extract supplementation since preconception can prevent increased oxidative stress and improve pregnancy outcomes.

}, keywords = {Malondialdehyde, Moringa oleifera, Oxidative stress, Pregnancy outcomes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.45}, author = {Rahma and Veni Hadju and A. Arsunan Arsin and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi and Abd. Farid Lewa and Haerani Harun and Miranti} } @article {2079, title = {Effect of Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA) and 6-Benzylamino Purine (BAP) on In-Vitro Propagation of "Mashua" (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ru{\'\i}z \& Pav{\'o}n) Morphotypes from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {563-568}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {563}, abstract = {

Background: Tropaeolum tuberosum Ru{\i}z \& Pav{\'o}n {\textquotedblleft}mashua{\textquotedblright} is a native species of the central Andes and different propagation methods in vitro have been evaluated. However, this research has studied the in vitro propagation of 15 mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ru{\'\i}z \& Pav{\'o}n) morphotypes from the Ayacucho and Apur{\'\i}mac regions (Peru) Objective: To evaluate the effect of the additives naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylamino purine (BAP) on the micro-propagation rate of T. tuberosum. Material and Methods: For in vitro establishment, seedlings were used after disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, propagated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. For the evaluation of the effect of NAA and BAP additives, nodes were isolated from in vitro seedlings after 30 days of cultivation and transferred to MS medium supplemented with 3\% sucrose, pH 5.6 and 7 g/L of agar according to T1 (MS + NAA 1ppm) and T2 (MS + BAP 1ppm) treatments. The samples were cultivated for 28 days at 19 {\textdegree}C {\textpm} 2 {\textdegree}C with photoperiods of 16 h/light and 8 h/darkness. Results: After evaluating 20 repetitions for each of the three treatments, the addition of NAA or BAP does not improve the micropropagation rate of practically all the morphotypes studied. Furthermore, BAP behaved as an inhibitor of the development of mashua seedlings. Conclusion: The best micropropagation medium of Tropaeolum tuberosum Ru{\'\i}z \& Pav{\'o}n (mashua) is the basic Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without the NAA or BAP additives.

}, keywords = {BAP., Mashua, Micropropagation, NAA, Tropaeolum tuberosum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.120}, author = {Gilmar Pe{\~n}a-Rojas and Luz Quispe-Calle and Vidalina And{\'\i}a-Ayme and Alex Pereda-Medina and Rolando Estrada- Jimenez and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Elizabeth Julia Melgar-Merino and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon} } @article {1995, title = {The Effect of Preconcenption Moringa Leaf Extract Supplementation on Cotinine Serum Levels in Pregnant Women Exposed to Tobacco Smoke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {290-293}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {290}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is known for its nutrition content, antioxidant and medical benefit. Tobacco smoke contains various toxic substance and can affect the pregnancy. To reduce the tobacco smoke effect on pregnancy outcome good nutrition is needed. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of Moringa leaf extract on serum cotinine levels in pregnant women exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke. Method: This is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design the study population was pregnant women which were divided by 2 groups, first group received IFA supplements only (n = 30) and the second group receive IFA and Moringa leaf extract supplements (n = 26). The tobacco smoke exposure data collected with questionnaire, and cotinine serum by blood sample. The tobacco smoke exposure and cotinine serum levels were compered between the two groups. Results: The tobacco smoke exposures at home were higher in MO+IFA group pregnant women then the IFA group pregnant women (p\<0,05). The cotinine serum levels in both groups were found not significantly different (p=0,535). These results indicate that pregnant woman with high exposure of tobacco smoke who MO receive have similar cotinine serum levels with the pregnant woman with lower exposure of tobacco smoke. Conclusion: Moringa leaf extract supplementation to pregnant women with high tobacco smoke exposure has serum cotinine levels similar to pregnant women with lower exposure to tobacco smoke.

}, keywords = {Cotinine, Moringa oleifera., Preconception, Tobacco smoke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.41}, author = {Haerani Harun and Anwar Daud and Ridwan Amiruddin and M Sabir and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Rahma and Miranti and Tamrin Talebe and M. Faris} } @article {2198, title = {The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1219-1223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Ramania leaves extract contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenols and terpenoids which can be used as an alternative medicine for socket wound healing. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing and can stimulate the formation of osteoblasts. Analyzing the differences in the number of osteoblasts in the negative control group, positive control given aloe vera gel 15\% and ramania leaf extract gel 15\% on day 5, 7 and 14. This study used true experimental design with posttest-only control design, using 27 rats divide into 3 groups. The experimental animals were sacrificed on days 5, 7 and 14 for histopathological observations. Two-Way ANOVA test results obtained p value = 0.013 \<0.05, which indicates that there is a significant difference between the use of 15\% ramania leaf extract gel 15\% and the number of osteoblasts on days 5, 7 and 14. Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s Post Hoc test showed a difference. The number of osteoblasts was significant among the negative control group with ramania leaf extract gel 15\%. Ramania leaf extract gel 15\% was proven to be able to increase the number of osteoblasts and has the potential as an alternative medicine for socket healing after tooth extraction.

}, keywords = {Bouea macrophylla Griff, Flavonoids, Osteoblast, Ramania leaf extract gel, Secondary metabolite, Tooth extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.221}, author = {Irham Taufiqurrahman and Siti Hajar Norma Gupita and Beta Widya Oktiani and Isyana Erlita and Andi Zulkifli and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Eko Suhartono} } @article {2049, title = {The Effect of Safety Climate on Safety Behavior with Safety Motivation as An Intervening Variable on Contractor Workers in PT X}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {411-416}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Safety climate in the workplace and safety behaviour of workers need attention to be able to assess what factors are the causes of safe action for workers. This study aims to determine the effect of safety climate on safety behaviour with safety motivation as an intervening variable on contractor workers at PT X. The type of research is analytical observational with a cross sectional design. Questionnaires were given to 380 respondents. The data were analyzed using path analysis to see the direct and indirect effects of safety climate on safety behaviour. The results showed, 361 respondents (95\%) with good safety climate, 367 respondents (96.9\%) with good safety motivation, and 348 respondents (91\%) with good safety behaviour. The path analysis showed that there was no direct influence of safety climate on safety behaviour in contractor workers at PT X (p value \>0.05). However, the safety climate indirectly affects safety behaviour through safety motivation (p value = 0.001). It is recommended to workers that they need to maintain and increase their motivation so the safe work behaviour will still create.

}, keywords = {Contractor workers, Path analysis., Safety behaviour, Safety climate, Safety motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.93}, author = {Darius Tandiabang and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Atjo Wahyu and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1994, title = {The Effect of Sapodilla Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) on Lipid Profiles of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {286-289}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of sapodilla leaf extract on lipid profiles of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. This research method are 30 male mice were used as experimental animals, which were randomly divided into five groups, each group consisting of 6 mice. The division of the group is as follows: Treatment of non-diabetic mice, diabetic mice, diabetic mice by administering pioglitazone at a dose of 2 mg/kg BW, extracts of manila sapodilla leaf (M. zapota L.) dose 100 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW. Observations were made on the 14th day, after administration of sapodilla leaf extract, mice were given light anesthesia and serum lipid profiles Total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were measured using diagnostic kits (Pars Azmoon Kit) and automatic analyzer (Abbot, model Alcyon 300). The results of this study are in TC, there was a significant difference in pioglitazone and 100 mg leaf extract against all treatment groups. In TG, there was a significant difference in pioglitazone and 300 mg leaf extract against all treatment groups. In LDL, there were significant differences in the 100 mg, 300 mg leaf extract and pioglitazone, against negative control, and diabetes control. In HDL, there was a significant difference in negative control and 300 mg leaf extract, against 100 mg leaf extract, pioglitazone, and diabetes control. The conclusions of this study exhibited the ethanol extract of M. zapota leaves contains several phytochemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, quinones, and steroids. M. zapota leaves extract (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) exhibited a significant effect on improvement in lipid protein.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes, Lipid Protein, Manilkara zapota}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.40}, author = {Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Tania Anggreani Wijaya and Salsabila and Daffa Alice Pavita and Ragil Kusnandar Miftakhurrozaq and Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo and Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Faisal Fikri} } @article {2055, title = {The Effect of Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction Toward Patient Loyalty in Special Regional Hospitals of South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

The improvement and guarantee of hospital Service Quality in Indonesia should always be in the best interest of any hospital as regulated in Article 40 of Hospital Law No. 44 of 2009. Adequate Service Quality in a hospital would result in emotional bonds and positive experiences felt by patients and family, eventually strengthening loyalty in the long run. Thus, Service Quality is a critical aspect and indicator to achieve patient satisfaction hence behavioral intention to build loyalty towards the hospital and future visits. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of Service Quality and patient satisfaction in relation to patient loyalty in Special Regional Hospitals of South Sulawesi. This is a quantitative study with a crosssectional model. The sample in this study were all patients who had been registered in the database, namely patients who had visited the outpatient service at Dadi Special Regional Hospital (RSKD), Siti Fatimah Regional Special Hospital for Mother and Child (RSKDIA), and Pertiwi Special Regional Hospital for Mother and Child (RSKDIA) in 2017-2019 with a total sample of 269 from the outpatient care, respectively. The inclusion criteria in this study are as follows: (1) Patients from the outpatient care. (2) Patients who had received hospital services twice. (3) Not suffering from any mental illness and sensory disturbances. (4) Patients who are willing to be respondents and consented to fill out research questionnaires. (5) The patient is conscious and is able to communicate. The results that were obtained show that Service Quality holds a significant effect on patient satisfaction. Service Quality has no significant effect on patient loyalty, while patient satisfaction has a significant effect on patient loyalty. The output of this study should be taken into consideration for hospitals to commit to improving the Service Quality in order to achieve patient satisfaction. Increased patient satisfaction in turn will develop loyalty, thereby accommodating the implementation of the hospital strategy and achieving hospital goals.

}, keywords = {Patient Loyalty, Patient Satisfaction, Regional Special Hospital., Service Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.99}, author = {Rara Armita Arman and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Fridawaty Rivai and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Irwandy and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2133, title = {The Effectiveness of SI-DINI Mobile App (an Education and Early Detection of Leprosy App) on Changes in Community Behavior}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {868-872}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {868}, abstract = {

Most leprosy case detection in Indonesia is based on passive surveillance. This condition impacts the high number of new cases of leprosy and the disability rate of leprosy. Data from the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia stated that for 2021, there were 7,201 new cases of leprosy with a disability proportion of 84.6\%. The community{\textquoteright}s reluctance to make early contact is due to low knowledge and fear of stigma. SI-DINI is an android-based application that contains information about leprosy, videos on identifying the characteristics and symptoms of leprosy, and reporting suspected leprosy so that it is hoped that it can change people{\textquoteright}s behavior in a positive direction. This study aims to see the effectiveness of the SI-DINI App in changing people{\textquoteright}s behavior. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a pre and post-test design with intervention and control groups. The use of the SI-DINI App has been proven effective in changing people{\textquoteright}s behavior in terms of knowledge, attitudes and actions. There is a significant increase in the knowledge aspect with p-value = 0.000 (p\<0,05), the attitude aspect p-value = 0.000 (p\<0,05), and the action aspect p-value = 0.000 (p\<0,05). It is hoped that the application of education and surveillance for early detection of leprosy (SI-DINI) can be applied on a broader scope and can be used sustainably and in the future.

}, keywords = {Attitude, Behavior., knowledge, Leprosy, SI-DINI App}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.166}, author = {Maspa Lapui and Wahiduddin and Ida Leida Maria and A Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan M Thaha and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2147, title = {Effectiveness of the Aedes aegypti Mosquito Vector Control Program in Southeast Asia {\textendash} A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {969-975}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {969}, abstract = {

Background: Dengue is still a major vector-borne disease problem in the world. It is caused by infection with the Dengue virus, which can be spread through a vector in the form of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. One of the ways to reduce the incidence of dengue infection is by controlling vectors. Aim: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of vector control of the Aedes aegypti mosquito on the dengue incidence in Southeast Asia. Methods and findings: This study was a systematic review that examines articles with experimental research designs and cluster randomized controlled trials. The scope of this research area is limited to Southeast Asian countries during 2012-2021. There are 333 articles obtained from two sources: PubMed and ScienceDirect, by using certain keywords. Furthermore, articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that 31 articles were obtained. A total of 6 articles that met the inclusion criteria were then selected for further analysis. Three journals that discussed the output in the form of the Larva Density Index (LDI) showed a decrease with significant results. Two journals that discussed biological control (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) got significant results in decreasing Pupal Density (PD). The two journals on chemical control (permethrin) that discussed the outcome of the presence or absence of IgG seroconversion show insignificant results. Conclusion: All control methods are considered effective. However, among the three vector control methods studied, the control with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis is the most effective method.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Dengue, Dengue Control Program, human and health, Medicine, Tropical Disease.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.180}, author = {Sulistiawati and Miranda Jemyma Mas{\textquoteright}ulun and Anggita Kanza Ramadhany and Afiel Nadhifa Hanafie and Rani Fitri Alfiani and Sarah Evita Husnah and Agnes Ilene Suprapto Puteri and Anisa Novia Mahestari} } @article {2080, title = {The Effectiveness of the Si-DBD Application in Increasing the Number of Households in Conducting Periodic Larvae Examination at the Health Center in Bantaeng Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {569-574}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {569}, abstract = {

Background: Vector-borne diseases, namely DHF, are estimated to infect 100-400 million people each year. Until now there is no specific drug or vaccine for DHF that can be done to avoid or prevent mosquitoes, which focuses on prevention efforts by eradicating mosquito nests. This study aims to see the effectiveness of the application system in carrying out periodic inspections by households. Method: Quasi-experimental research type with design "The Nonrandomized Control Group Pretest Posttest Design{\textquotedblright}. There are 112 samples with a ratio of 1:1 treatment (application system) and control (manual). Data collection using observation sheets (secondary data) and data from larvae inspection results through the application. Seeing the difference before and after the Mc test. Nemar and Chi-Square to see the difference between the treatment and control groups. Results: Periodic larvae inspection by the household before and after manually had no difference, while the system with the application had a significant difference with a value of P=0.000. The comparison between the treatment and control groups with a value of P = 0.000 indicates that there is a difference in the number of households that carry out periodic larva inspections through an application compared to the manual method. The system with the Si-DBD application is simpler, more acceptable, and timelier in carrying out periodic larvae inspections by households with a value of P=0.000. Conclusion: The implementation of periodic larvae inspections that is modeled by an application-based information system via a smartphone has an influence on the number of households that carry out larvae inspections compared to the manual system that is running. Follow-up testing can be carried out on a large scale of household respondents covering the entire work area of the health center and with a cohort research design.

}, keywords = {Application, DHF., Periodic larva inspection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.121}, author = {Muhammad Firdaus and Ida Leida Maria and Ansariadi and Andi Zulkifli and Nurhaedar Jafar and Shanti Riskiyani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2181, title = {Ethanolic Extract of Propolis from Tetragonula laeviceps: Selective Cytotoxicity for MCF-7 Breast Cancer cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1177-1180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1177}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many patients with breast cancer fail to respond to conventional chemotherapeutic agents; these agents are also associated with numerous adverse events and toxicities. These concerns have led to the ongoing search for natural ingredients with antitumor effects. As such, the aim of this study was to explore the anti-cancer properties of an ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP), a natural product derived from the stingless bee, from Tetragonula laeviceps. Methods: Bioactive components of EEP were identified by gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS) and antioxidant capacity was tested by 2.2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) analysis. Selective cytotoxic actions of EEP on both MCF-7 and Vero cells were then evaluated using the MTT assay. Polyphenols were identified as the major components of EEP from T. laeviceps. Results: our results indicated that EEP was selectively toxic for human MCF-7 breast cancer cells and had only limited impact on African Green Monkey kidney Vero cells. Conclusion: EEP from T. laeviceps has bioactive components that may selectively inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells. As such, EEP may be useful source material to be used for the development of novel anti-cancer agents.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells, Proliferation, Propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.213}, author = {Rina Masadah and Savira Ekawardhani and Ramadani Eka Putra and Dzul Ikram and Muhammad Faruk} } @article {1957, title = {Evaluation of Antidiarrheal, Antispasmodic, and Antisecretory Activities of Extract and Fractions of Castanopsis costata Leaves in Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {31-37}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Background: The use of traditional medicinal plants Castanopsis costata in the management of diarrhea is an ancient practice in North Sumatra, Indonesia, but its safety and efficacy have not been examined scientifically in animal models. Therefore, this study aims to determine the antidiarrheal effect of C. costata leaf extract and fractions in vivo. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated against animal models of diarrhea induced by castor oil, charcoal meal, and entero-pooling test. The extract group received doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, while the fraction groups was treated with WFCC, EAFCC, and nHFCC, in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The negative control received 10 mL/kg of the dissolving vehicle, while the positive was treated with loperamide 3 mg/kg. Results: The results showed that EECC doses of 200 mg/kg, WFCC, and EAFCC at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea, while WFCC and EAFCC at 100 mg/kg significantly reduced the amount of wet feces output and total feces output. In addition, only WFCC and EAFCC (at 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively) significantly reduced the mean weight of wet feces and total feces. The percentage of maximum diarrhea inhibition was observed at the EAFCC dose of 100 mg/kg. Based on the charcoal meal test results, only EAFCC significantly inhibited the distance traveled by charcoal meal and reduced the peristaltic index at a dose of 100 mg/kg, while the percentage decrease in gastrointestinal motility was 46.87\%. Similarly, in the entero-pooling test, WFCC and EAFCC significantly reduced the volume and weight of intestinal contents at a dose of 100 mg/kg, respectively. Conclusion: The results confirm that the extract and fractions of C. costata have antidiarrheal activity. Therefore, this study provides scientific support for the traditional use of C. costata in treating diarrhea.

}, keywords = {Animal models, Castanopsis costata, Diarrhea, North Sumatra., Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.5}, author = {Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri and Mally Ghinan Sholih and Nitya Nurul Fadilah and Maya Arfania and Surya Amal and Dedy Frianto and Lina Aliyani Mardiana and Diany Astuti and Dadang Muhammad Hasyim} } @article {2051, title = {Evaluation of Electronic Medical Record System in Outpatient Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital in 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {423-427}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

The Electronic Medical Record System in Indonesia is currently a concern of the government of the Republic of Indonesia by requiring every health facility including hospitals in Indonesia to implement an Electronic Medical Record System. To find out that this system is beneficial for health services in hospitals, an evaluation is needed. This study aims to evaluate the Electronic Medical Record System that has been running in the Outpatient of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital from a user perspective using the Human Organization Fit Model. The type of research used is quantitative using an analytical observational design with a cross sectional study approach. The sample in this study were users of electronic medical records in the Outpatient Department of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital, totaling 174 respondents. Hypothesis testing in this study using path analysis. The results of this study indicate that technology has a direct and significant effect on humans (\<0,001) \<0,05. Technology has a direct and significant effect on the organization (\<0,001) \<0,05. Humans have a direct and significant effect on the organization (\<0,001) \<0,05. Human has a direct and significant effect on benefits (\<0,001) \<0,05. Organization has a direct and significant effect on benefits (\<0,001) \<0,05. Technology has an indirect effect on benefits through people (ρ Value 0,007 \< 0,05, path coefficient = 0,179). Technology has no indirect effect on benefits through organizations (ρ Value 0,051 \> 0,05). This means that humans as intermediaries from technology to benefits have a significant effect while organizations as intermediaries from technology to benefits have an insignificant effect.

}, keywords = {Electronic Medical Record System, Hot-Fit, Outpatient., System Evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.95}, author = {Asriani Usman and Irwandy and Noer Bahry Noor and Alimin Maidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Indrabayu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2178, title = {Evaluation of the Economic Impact of Implementing National Health Insurance (JKN) on Hospitals at RSUD Tenriawaru Kab. bone}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1156-1162}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1156}, abstract = {

The National Health Insurance Program (JKN) through the Social Security Administering Body has been running since January 1 2014, the Tenriawaru Regional General Hospital in Bone Regency is one of the hospitals under the auspices of the local government that works closely with BPJS Kesehatan. The Bone Regency Government has registered 237,381 people into the National Health Insurance (JKN) program. In general, this study aims to analyze the economic impact of the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) on hospital income, hospital financing and financial compensation for hospital employees at Tenriawaru Hospital, Kab, Bone. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method that aims to obtain an in-depth evaluation study on evaluating the economic impact of the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program on hospitals. The informants in this study totaled 5 people consisting of the Head of Finance Subdivision, the JKN case mix officer, the Head of Service Subdivision, the Head of HR Subdivision and the Head of Public Relations Subsection. The results of the study show that the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has an impact on hospital income. The implementation of JKN provides great benefits for the hospital. the implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program also has an impact on hospital financing, JKN covers hospital operational costs, JKN claims have their respective portions for hospital human resources, drug resources and BHP in hospitals. The implementation of the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has no impact on the financial compensation of employees in hospitals, salaries, bonuses and semi-annual incentives that employees get have no effect on the implementation of JKN in service hospitals that get a portion each for the operational needs of the hospital not for employee financial compensation.

}, keywords = {Compensation, Financial, Financing, Income, JKN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.210}, author = {Karmilasari and Sukri Palutturi and Darmawansyah and Muh. Syafar and Indar and Citrakesumasari and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2171, title = {Extract of Torbangun (Coleus amboinicus Lour) Leaves Inhibits the Expression of PEPCK and G6Pase in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1116-1120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1116}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to analyze the anti-hyperglycemic activity of Torbangun leaf extract (TLE) in hyperglycemic rats by observing its effect on blood glucose levels and PEPCK and G6Pase gene expression. Method: This post-test-controlled group design study used a completely randomized design (CRD). Seven rats were separated as a normal group (N) and other rats were injected with streptozotocin (STZ). Hyperglycemia was characterized by fasting blood glucose (FBG) \>126 mg/dl. Hyperglycemic rats were divided into three groups: H-IM (control drug metformin hydrochloride dose 62.5 mg/kg BW), H-IT (TLE dose 620mg/kg BB), and NG (negative control, hyperglycemic rats). Rats were given intervention for 14 days. Result: The results showed a significant difference between initial and final FBG of the HI-IM group (p = 0.002, α = 0.01) and the H-IT group (p = 0.005, α = 0.01) and effect on the key gene expression of gluconeogenesis in the liver. The H-IT group showed a decrease in PEPCK gene expression 0.80 times and decreased G6Pase gene expression by 0.65 times compared to NG group. Conclusion: The findings suggested the administration of TLE in STZ-induced hyperglycemic rats was able to reduce blood sugar levels and was involved in inhibiting the expression of PEPCK and G6Pase expression genes in the liver.

}, keywords = {G6Pase, hyperglycemia, PEPCK, Rats, Torbangun}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.203}, author = {Meilla Dwi Andrestian and Rizal Damanik and Faisal Anwar and Nancy Dewi Yuliana and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2156, title = {Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Diarrhea in Infants Aged 7-12 Months in Puskesmas Alak Kupang City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1024-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1024}, abstract = {

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by changes in the consistency of stools to liquid accompanied by an increase in the frequency of defecation more than usual \> 3 times / day accompanied by changes, with or without blood and or mucus. Factors that cause diarrheal disease are infections, infections can be caused by bacteria, parasites and viruses. Busy parents often pay less attention to health and the impact of an unhealthy environment. The three children have digestive problems, which are still considered a habit and can be cured without having to go to a health facility. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the factors that influence the incidence of diarrheal disease in infants aged 7-12 months at the Alak Health Center, Kupang City. The type of research used is an analytical survey with a case control design. The population in this study was divided into case populations, namely all infants aged 7-12 months totaling 137 infants and controls were infants aged 7-12 months who did not experience diarrhea totaling 8,868 infants. Determination of the size of the control sample using a ratio of 1:1 with the case sample so that the number of control samples is the same as the case sample, namely 37 infants and the total sample is 74 infants. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. Analysis of the data used is the chisquare test. The results showed that there was a significant relationship with a history of premature birth (p-value = 0.015 with an odds ratio = 3.434), low birth weight (p-value = 0.015 with an odds ratio = 4.563), exclusive breastfeeding (p-value = 0.015 with an odds value ratio = 3.434), immunization status (p-value = 0.004 with odds ratio = 4.265) and history of allergies (p-value = 0.004 with odds ratio = 4.083) with the incidence of diarrheal disease at the Alak Health Center, Kupang City. Suggestions that health center health workers need to be able to increase prevention efforts from an early age by approaching the community and providing concrete education related to the incidence of diarrhea.

}, keywords = {BBLR, Diarrhea, Exclusive breastfeeding, Immunization Status, Premature}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.188}, author = {Deviarbi Sakke Tira and Sonyalin Buifena and Sigit Purnawan and Maria Magdalena Dwi Wahyuni and Marni Marni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2033, title = {Habitat Characteristics of Aedes Sp Larval Containers and Density of Container Index (CI) In the Area Endemic and Non-Endemic to DHF In Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {290-295}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {290}, abstract = {

Aedes sp has breeding habitats in water reservoirs or containers with relatively clear water, both inside and outside the house and in public places. The existence of containers as a breeding habitat for Aedes sp mosquitoes can increase the population density of Aedes sp mosquitoes, triggering high transmission of the dengu virus in the city of Makassar. The purpose of the study is to determine the characterisitic relationship of containers with the index of aedes sp larvae in dengue endemism areas in Makassar city in 2022. This study is an analytical observational study. Quantitative analysis with a cross-sectional approach. The sample sampling technique is a technique with simple purposive sampling. The sample was 600 houses in endemic and non-endemic areas in makassar city. The results of this study are container types with CI density in endemic areas, namely bucket 242 (CI = 9.5), while in non-endemic areas namely bucket 298 (CI = 5.4), container materials with CI density in endemic areas namely plastic 422 (CI = 10.9), while in non-endemic areas namely plastic 482 (CI = 5.6), and container locations with CI materials and densities namely in indoor locations with plastic material 398 (CI = 8.0), while in non-endemic areas with CI materials and densities, namely in indoor locations with plastic material 455 (CI = 5.5). The results of the chi-square test in the endemic area obtained a value of p = 0.478 which means that there is no relationship between the container type and the presence of aedes sp larvae in Tamamaung, Chi-square test results in non-endemic areas obtained a value of p = 0.217 which means that there is no relationship between the container type and the presence of Aedes sp larvae in the new Malimangan Village. The results of the chi-square test in the endemic area obtained a value of p = 0.000 which means that there is a relationship between the location and the presence of aedes sp larvae in tamamaung, and Meanwhile, the results of the Chi-Square test in non-endemic areas obtained a value of p = 0.631 which means that there is no relationship between the location and the presence of Aedes sp larvae in the new malimongan. There is no relationship between CI density and endemic and nonendemic regions. All six regions fall into the moderate category. His advice for the Makassar City Health Office, especially in Tamamaung, Pisang Utara, Pampang, Malimongan Baru, Kalukuang and Rappojawa villages, is that it is necessary to conduct counseling / information about the importance of environmental cleanliness and mosquito breeding sites to residents evenly and distribute abate, so that the community can be vigilant and avoid the transmission of dengue fever

}, keywords = {Characteristics of Container Habitats, Endemic and Non-Endemic., Larval Density}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.77}, author = {Muh Ichsan and Hasanuddin Ishak and Erniwati Ibrahim and Hasnawati Amqam and Isra Wahid and Syahribulan and Rusdiyah Sudirman and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2042, title = {Hand Hygiene Awareness and Knowledge Among Healthcare Personnel in The Dawadmi Region of Saudi Arabia: A Cross- Sectional Survey Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {368-371}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {368}, abstract = {

Introduction: The outcome of patient care in healthcare settings is influenced predominantly by healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Hand hygiene is the single most essential component in avoiding HAIs. Objectives: The aim of the study is to evaluate the awareness and knowledge about hand hygiene among the healthcare personnel in the Dawadmi Region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey study was carried out between May till September 2021. The tool (Questionnaire) was adopted from World Health Organization{\textquoteright}s Hand Hygiene Knowledge and awareness Questionnaire (revised in 2009), validated according to CROSS (Checklist for Reporting of Survey Studies) check list. Results: A total of 300 participants were randomly enrolled, 60 were nursing assistants, 140 nurses, and 100 residents, were enrolled in this study. With respect to years of experience in hand washing, 123 participants had 1{\textendash}5 years (41\%), 6{\textendash}10 years (80\%), 11{\textendash}20 years (77\%), and greater than 30 years of participation (6.67\%). Concerning the education of hand washing and hygiene, training programs were attended by 230 participants (76.67\%), and 70 participants (23.33\%) did not attend the latest training program conducted by each institution. Most of them (83.33\%) were using alcohol for hand hygiene. Conclusions: This study has clearly shown the requirement of an in-depth appraisal of important issues of compliance and patient safety. Educational interventions to recognize the hand hygiene opportunities, improved availability of hand hygiene facilities and multifaceted approach to tackle various barriers (poor attitude, workload, etc) of adherence are needed to be accorded priority.

}, keywords = {awareness, Cross infection, Hand hygiene, Healthcare workers, Knowledge.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.86}, author = {Prasanna Mohana Bhaskaran and Mohammed Nawar Alotaibi and Inbaraj Susai Domnic and Bhaskaran Ashokan and Sudharshan Reddy Dachani and Semmal Syed Meerasa and Osama Mohammed Alruways} } @article {2054, title = {Health Behavior and Social Support in Postpartum Mothers Treatment in Ba{\textquoteright}ukup Tradition in Maluku}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {438-442}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {438}, abstract = {

The maternal mortality rate is still high in Indonesia and one of the priorities of government agendas to decrease, one of them is giving good treatment to Postpartum Mothers. This is very important because in the Postpartum periode, there is a risk to get bleeding and infection that has an impact on maternal death. Many Postpartum Mothers{\textquoteright} treatment is based on local wisdom, but not all give benefits to Postpartum Mothers. The aim of this study was to analyze Ba{\textquoteright}ukup Tradition as a Postpartum Mothers Treatment Based on Local Wisdom in Negeri Luhu, Huamual, Maluku. This study used Qualitative method with ethnographic approach. The informants were 8 people which consisted of 1 supporting informant (Traditional Midwife/ Mama Biang), 1 Midwife as a key informant and 6 ordinary informants were selected purposively with the criteria of Mothers who are carrying out Ba{\textquoteright}ukup. Thematic data analysis and data validity used triangulation technique. The results showed that Ba{\textquoteright}ukup tradition is an ancestral heritage felt psychically and beneficially by Postpartum Mothers such as feeling more relaxed, sleeping better, sweating and helping to increase breast milk production. Meanwhile, Ba{\textquoteright}ukup tradition is a local wisdom in Postpartum Mothers treatment so that in its implementation, it requires the assistance of health workers because during the Postpartum period, there is a risk to get bleeding and other complications. It is suggested that there are persuasive approach and communication between health workers and the society in order to build a harmonious trust in local traditions and health services.

}, keywords = {Ba{\textquoteright}ukup, Health., Postpartum, Tradition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.98}, author = {Andi Asrina and Rizal Payapo and Fairus Concerned Idris and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2022, title = {Health Literacy Brisk Walking Exercise on Clinical Outcomes of Blood Sugar in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {433-438}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {433}, abstract = {

Background: Regular Physical activity (PA) is recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes because it has a beneficial effect on metabolic risk factors for the development of diabetic complications. This study was designed to determine the effect of health literacy (HL) brisk walking on clinical outcomes (HbA1c) and PA in patients with DMT2. Method: In using the Quasi Experimental method using the Two group pre-posttest design approach. Research subjects were allocated for the provision of Health literacy Brisk walking (n-30, 30 completed) and the usual care group (n = 30,30 completed). Health literacy brisk walking participants received weekly scheduled information via WhatsApp group with monitoring to walk 3-5 times for 150 minutes/week, while the control group only received regular care from the Chronic Disease Management (Prolanis) program. Results: Sixty T2DM patients (thirty in the intervention group and thirty in the control group) were examined. The results showed that Health literacy Brisk walking with Whatsapp Group Monitoring in the intervention group was significantly higher than usual care from the Chronic Disease Management program (Prolanis) in the control group towards changes in HbA1c and PA after 3 months (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Health literacy brisk walking related to diabetes can be a modifiable factor related to HbA1c for DMT2 patients. The findings indicate the need for health care providers to be able to consider brisk walking PA as a solution in controlling blood sugar (HbA1c).

}, keywords = {Blood Sugar (HbA1c)., DMT2, Health Literacy Brisk walking, Physical Activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.68}, author = {Zainuddin and Andi Zulkifli Abdullah and Nurhaedar Jafar and Suriah and Nursalam and Darmawansyah and Syahrul Syahrul and Wahiduddin and Widiantoro and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2105, title = {Hepatitis E Inhibited by Rosmarinic Acid Extract from Clove Plant (Syzygium Aromaricum) through Computational Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {518-523}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor against Hepatitis E by interacting with the active site of the Tyrosine FYN protein. Computational approaches were employed to predict the molecular interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The research methodology involved the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Docking analysis was conducted using Pymol to obtain information about the binding energy between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The results of the analysis showed that Rosmarinic Acid exhibited a Binding Affinity of -8.3, -8, and -7.9, indicating a strong affinity towards the target protein. Additionally, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values of 0, 15.905, and 17.014 were used to assess the stability of the formed protein-ligand complex. Analysis using Protein Plus revealed interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. Furthermore, analysis using the Lepinski Rule to examine the physicochemical properties of Rosmarinic Acid indicated that the molecule had a mass of 360, 5 hydrogen bond donors, 8 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.76, and a molar reactivity of 89.8. These findings highlight the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor of Hepatitis E through its interaction with the Tyrosine FYN protein, providing a basis for the development of potential new therapies in the treatment of this disease.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis E, Molecular Docking., Rosmarinic acid, Syzygium aromaricum, Tyrosine FYN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.112}, author = {Sunadi and Saddam Al Aziz and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Rismi Verawati and Nita Yessirita and Oski Illiandri and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2008, title = {HPTLC Comparision Studies with Marker Compound and Isolation of Rutin Anti Inflammatory Agent from Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Rivea Hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {353-358}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {353}, abstract = {

Introduction: To extract the leafy parts with ethanol and perform the HPTLC studies with marker compounds Quercetin, Rutin, and gallic acid then a compound was isolated and susceptible to spectroscopic analysis Background: Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy holds Convolvulaceae family the leafy parts underwent a Soxhlet extraction with ethanol which was then subjected to a phytochemical investigation that shows the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, glycosides saponins, sterols, and carbohydrates. Material and Methods: Firstly, the ethanolic leaf extract is treated with petroleum ether to remove excess lipids, sterols, and impurities. TLC was performed by toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid and the same solvent system was used for column chromatography. The bands getting separated into the column were collected separately in a test tube. Once the solvent toluene ends, the next solvent system with 18 ml of toluene and 2 ml of ethyl acetate, is introduced into the column, and continues the separation procedure. Collect separated bands and perform TLC of each separate band by using the same solvent system in a concentration of 5:4:1. A single component on a TLC plate with a solvent system of 12 ml toluene and 8 ml ethyl acetate was obtained whose characterization was done by IR, NMR, and mass. Results: The RF value of Rutin is 0.17 which correlates with the Retention factor of ethanolic leaf extracts of RH by HPTLC comparative studies and a compound was isolated by column chromatography. Conclusion: These studies have concluded that a compound is separated by means of HPTLC and spectroscopic interpretation and identified as Rutin.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, HPTLC studies, Marker compound, Rivea hypocrateriformis ethanolic leaf extract, TLC plates.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.54}, author = {Shanthini Nachiar G and Thirumal M} } @article {2039, title = {Identification of Family Adaptive Behavior in The Dayak Tribe in An Effort to Prevent Stroke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {334-338}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {334}, abstract = {

The Dayak tribe inhabits a large part of West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan Province. Hypertension is a major health problem in the West Kutai region. The family plays a role as a facilitator in reducing hypertension and preventing the risk of Stroke in family members. The purpose of this study was to identify the adaptive behavior of Dayak families in an effort to prevent Stroke. This research method is qualitative research with in-depth interviews and FGD (focus group discussion). FGDs were conducted on 7 participants with tingkat 1 and tingkat 2 hypertension patients and 3 people from traditional leaders/ culturalists. This study obtained four main themes, namely 1) Understanding health problems, 2) Utilization of medicinal plants, 3) Disease control, 4) Driving factors in reducing Stroke risk. Suggestions for health workers to be able to improve educational methods and digital health promotion not only using print media.

}, keywords = {Family Adaptive Behavior., FGD, Stroke, The Dayak Tribe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.83}, author = {Parellangi and Muhammad Syafar and Sukri Palutturi and Agus Bintara Birawida and Anwar Mallongi and Oedojo Soedirham and Pawennari Hijjang} } @article {2153, title = {Immunization During the Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1005-1009}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Objectives: This Study Aims to Analyze the Determinant Factors Associated with Basic Immunization Services for Infants Aged 1-12 Months in Banjarbaru City During the Covid 19 Pandemic. Methods: The Research Design Is an Analytic Research with A Cross Sectional Approach. The Independent Variables Are Mother{\textquoteright}s Knowledge, Mother{\textquoteright}s Anxiety, And Accessibility to Health Facilities, And the Dependent Variable Is Basic Immunization Services. The Research Sample Consisted Of 100 Respondents Who Had Babies Aged 1-12 Months in The Cempaka Health Center, Sungai Ulin Health Center, Sungai Besar Health Center and South Banjarbaru Health Center. The Sampling Technique Was Non-Probability Sampling, Namely Purposive Sampling. The Instruments Used Were A Knowledge Questionnaire, An Anxiety Questionnaire (Dass) And an Accessibility Questionnaire in The Form of a Google Form. Analysis Using the Chi Square Statistical Test. Results: The Results Showed That 58 People (58.0\%) Had Basic Immunization Services According to Age, 44 People (44.0\%) Had Good Knowledge And 55 People (55.0\%) Had Accessibility to Health Facilities. Variables Related to Basic Immunization Services in Banjarbaru City Were Knowledge (P=0.03) And Anxiety (P=0.01). Another Variable in This Study, That Is Accessibility to Health Services, Was Not Related to Basic Immunization Services in Banjarbaru City (P=0.80). Conclusions: It Is Recommended That Basic Immunization Information and Services Be More Proactive. Health Promotion Uses an Interpersonal Approach in The Community to Increase Knowledge, Attitudes and Change People{\textquoteright}s Behavior.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, Anxiety, Health Center, Immunization, knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.185}, author = {Yuniarti and Rusmilawaty and Tri Tunggal and Norlaila Sofia and Nur Rohmah Prihatanti and Ahmad Rizani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2128, title = {Implementation Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination Policy in Southwest Maluku Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {843-845}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {843}, abstract = {

The implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination policy can be influenced by several factors, including communication, available resources, task disposition, and organizational structure. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the implementation of these policies. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design, with data collection techniques including observation and interviews. The research was conducted in Southwest Maluku Regency in October-November 2022, with a total of 5 informants consisting of key informants, such as the Regent of Southwest Maluku as the chairman and spokesperson of the Task Force, ordinary informants, such as the Head of the Regional Disaster Management Agency, the head of Surveillance and Immunization at the District Health Office of Southwest Maluku, and the Coordinator of the COVID-19 Task Force Expert Team, as well as ordinary informants, such as community leaders. The results of the study revealed that the implementation of the COVID-19 Vaccination Policy in Southwest Maluku Regency has been well executed. The government has actively conducted health promotion and socialization, and has adequate resources equipped with specific competencies and expertise. However, there were several challenges during the implementation, such as the spread of misinformation, the difficult geographical terrain, and limited communication access to all areas. The findings of this study are expected to serve as an evaluation material for the government in the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination program.

}, keywords = {COVID-19 Vaccine, Health promotion, Policy, Task Force., Vaccination Policy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.161}, author = {Joska Rap Rap and Balqis and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Masni and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2103, title = {Improving the Quality of Assessment and Diagnosis in Nursing Care: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {703-706}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {703}, abstract = {

Nursing care involves a series of interactions between nurses with clients and the environment to meet their needs and ensure independence in caring for themselves. Therefore, this research aimed to examine how to improve the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care. Several articles were obtained from Google Scholar, Pubmed, and ProQuest databases, while the research questions were structured using the PICO method and search keywords. The inclusion criteria included articles focused on the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care, applied to health institutions and services, and published in English from 2018-2022. A total of six articles were included after thorough identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. The results obtained can be used to improve the quality of assessments and diagnoses in nursing care.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.140}, author = {Brajakson Siokal and Ridwan Amiruddin and Tahir Abdullah and Yuliana Syam and Sukri Palutturi and Hasnawati Amqam and Rian Adi Pamungkas and Wahyuningsih and Samsualam and Sudarman and Akbar Asfar and Andi Mappanganro}, editor = {Yahya Thamrin} } @article {2104, title = {In Silico Study of Rhamnocitrin Extract from Clove Syzygium Aromaricum in Inhibiting Adenosine A1 Adenylate Cyclase Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {512-517}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {512}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Rhamnocitrin, a compound found in clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum), as an inhibitor of Adenylate Cyclase through an in-silico approach. The research method involves the use of software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lipinski Rule for molecular interaction analysis and physicochemical characterization of Rhamnocitrin. The analysis results show that Rhamnocitrin has significant affinity towards Adenosine A1 with Binding Affinity values of -6.1, -5.8, and -5.7. RMSD analysis indicates good stability of the formed protein-ligand complexes, with RMSD values of 0, 3.129, and 3.696. Analysis using Protein Plus software reveals the interaction between Rhamnocitrin and Adenosine A1, while the lipinski analysis shows physicochemical characteristics of Rhamnocitrin that meet important criteria, such as a mass of 300, 3 hydrogen bond donors, 6 hydrogen bond acceptors, log P of 2.6, and molar reactivity of 77.27. These findings provide new insights into the development of potential therapies involving clove extract and Rhamnocitrin as inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclase, and further research is needed to validate their effectiveness and safety.

}, keywords = {Adenosine A1, Adenylate Cyclase inhibition, Molecular Docking., Rhamnocitrin, Syzygium aromaricum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.111}, author = {Nita Yessirita and Rismi Verawati and Devi Purnamasari and Rollando Rollando and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2081, title = {In Silico Study on the Inhibition of Sitogluside from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) on Interleukin 2 in B and T Cell Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {575-580}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

This research discusses an in-silico study of sitogluside found in the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) as a potential inhibitor of B and T cell proliferation through interaction with Interleukin-2. This study utilizes methods such as Swiss Target Prediction, Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule to predict the biological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of sitogluside. From the docking simulation results, sitogluside exhibited strong interactions with interleukin-2 with RMSD values of 0, 1.637, and 2.299, and Binding Affinities of -5.7, -5.5, and -5.5, indicating its potential effectiveness as an inhibitor. In addition, sitogluside fulfills Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule with a molecular mass of 520, 4 hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, a log P value of 2.3, and a molar reactivity of 133, indicating a high potential for good bioavailability in biological systems. These results suggest that sitogluside from the clove plant holds potential as a new therapy in inhibiting B and T cell proliferation, however further research is needed to validate these findings and explore its potential in clinical treatments.

}, keywords = {Cell Proliferation, Interleukin-2, Molecular docking, Sitogluside, Syzygium.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.122}, author = {Linda Rosalina and Devi Purnamasari and Rismi Verawati and Okta Suryani and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2067, title = {In Silico Study on the Potential of Guaiacol Extract from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) as a Stimulant for Carbanoic Anhydrase II in Renal Tubular Acidosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {494-499}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {494}, abstract = {

This study explores the potential of Guaiacol, a green tea extract from Camellia sinensis, as a stimulant in renal tubular acidosis through in-silico investigation on the Carbanoic Anhydrase II enzyme. Utilizing comprehensive computational tools including PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five, a detailed examination of the molecular structure and its interactions with the target enzyme was conducted. The results from Protein Plus revealed interactions between Guaiacol and Carbanoic Anhydrase II. Quantitative parameters were determined with Binding Affinity values of -5, -4.7, and -4.5, along with RMSD values of 0, 0.956, and 1.412. The Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was employed to evaluate the compound{\textquoteright}s drug-like properties, with the findings indicating a molecular weight of 124, one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P of 1.4, and a molar reactivity of 34.65. Overall, these findings suggest that Guaiacol holds promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of renal tubular acidosis.

}, keywords = {Camellia sinensis., Carbanoic Anhydrase II, Guaiacol, Molecular docking, Renal Tubular Acidosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.108}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Agus Suprijono and Riso Sari Mandeli and Asri Peni Wulandari and Dony Novaliendry and Ritmaleni and Linda Rosalina and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2061, title = {The Influence of Effective Nurse Communication Application on Patient Satisfaction: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {479-483}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {479}, abstract = {

Communication is an important element for building trust and comfort in nursing, and it is the foundation of the nurse-patient relationship. The purpose of this study is to find out how effective communication influences nurses{\textquoteright} perceptions of patient satisfaction. A recent literature review was conducted using the Pubmed, Wiley Online, and Science Direct electronic databases. The review method uses the terms and expressions of the keywords "effective communication," "nurse," and "patient satisfaction." Based on the screening results for inclusion and exclusion criteria, a literature search turned up 10 studies. Effective communication provided by nurses greatly affects patient satisfaction; the better effective communication is carried out, the greater the patient satisfaction will be. With patient satisfaction, nurse communication can improve service by creating good cooperative relationships and fostering trust so as to improve patient recovery. Not only with patients, but effective communication must also be carried out with colleagues and other professions by applying several methods such as ISBAR, PCC, and MCA communication methods. Therefore, health services, especially nurses, should pay more attention to effective communication with patients and implement this effective communication in nursing care activities.

}, keywords = {Effective communication, Nurses, Patient satisfaction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.105}, author = {Brajakson Siokal and Ridwan Amiruddin and Tahir Abdullah and Yahya Thamrin and Sukri Palutturi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Yuliana Syam and Rian Adi Pamungkas and Samsualam and Andi Mappanganro and Wahyuningsih and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2001, title = {The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Nurse Performance with Work Motivation as a Mediating Factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital In 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {319-324}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {319}, abstract = {

Nursing performance is an important thing that needs to be studied in order to maintain and improve the quality of hospital services. There are many factors that affect nurse performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the performance of nurses with work motivation as a mediating factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital. The type of research conducted is quantitative research using an analytic observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique is proportional random sampling with the number of samples in this study being 130 nurses. Testing the hypothesis in this study using path analysis. The results showed that job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,264; T statistic= 2,433). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,347; T statistic= 3,742). Work motivation has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,160; T statistic= 2,533). Job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on performance (β = 0,179; T statistic= 2,510). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,151; T statistic= 2,163). Job satisfaction has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,042; T statistic = 1,888). Organizational commitment has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,056; T statistic = 1,911). Hospitals are expected to be able to maintain job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work motivation of nurses so that every nurse is willing to provide the best productivity and performance for the realization of improving the quality of nursing services.

}, keywords = {Hospital., Job satisfaction, Nurse performance, Organizational commitment, Work motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.47}, author = {Maria Ulfha Ibrahim and Alimin Maidin and Irwandy and Indahwaty Sidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Khalid Shaleh} } @article {2083, title = {Interaction of Cynaroside from Orthosiphon Aristatus Plant Extract on TNF Alpha as a Stimulant in Malaria and Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {581-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

This research aims to investigate the interaction between cynaroside, a natural compound found in Orthosiphon aristatus plant extract, with TNF Alpha as a stimulant in the context of malaria and asthma. The research method involved an in-silico approach using software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. The results of the study showed that cynaroside has a significant interaction with TNF Alpha, as indicated by high Binding Affinity values of -9.6, -9.3, and -9.2. Analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between cynaroside and TNF Alpha. Additionally, evaluation using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that cynaroside has physicochemical characteristics suitable as a potential drug compound, with a mass of 448, hydrogen bond donors of 7, hydrogen bond acceptors of 11, log p -0.401, and molar reactivity of 105.2. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential of cynaroside in regulating the immune response to malaria and asthma through its interaction with TNF Alpha. These results can serve as an important basis for further research in the development of more targeted and effective therapies for both of these diseases

}, keywords = {Asthma., Cynaroside, Malaria, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, TNF Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.123}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Gemini Alam and Khoirun Nisyak and Trisna Kumala Sari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Ritbey Ruga and Putri Azhari and Romadhon and Himmatul Barroroh and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2063, title = {Interaction of Masilinic Acid from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) with CD81 Antigen in Inhibiting HIV Virus Regulation In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {484-488}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {484}, abstract = {

This research explores the interaction of Masilinic Acid from the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) with the CD81 antigen to inhibit HIV virus regulation in silico. Using computational methods such as Pymol, Pyrex, and Protein Plus, we demonstrate that Masilinic Acid can significantly interact with the CD81 antigen. The obtained data shows binding affinities of -6.4, -6.2, and -5.7, and RMSD values of 0, 1.885, and 1.952. Further detailed interaction analysis with Protein Plus strengthens these findings, providing evidence of a strong interaction between Masilinic Acid and the CD81 antigen. This study also includes the testing of the Lepinski Rule of Five to assess the potential of Masilinic Acid as a drug candidate, with results indicating a mass of 472, three hydrogen bond donors, four hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 6.2, and a molar reactivity of 134. These results indicate that Masilinic Acid has the potential as an inhibitor of the CD81-HIV interaction, which can be utilized as an effective antiviral strategy. Key words: Masilinic Acid, Clove plant, CD81 antigen, HIV virus, In silico.

}, keywords = {CD81 antigen, Clove plant, HIV virus, In Silico., Masilinic Acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.106}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Elsa Yanuarti and Siti Amiroch and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Rismi Verawati and Amalia Putri Lubis and AAA Murtadlo} } @article {2018, title = {Intervention of Giving Moringa Biscuits (Moringa Oliefera) Mix Sori Fish Flour to Increased Blood Hemoglobin Levels in Young Girls, Kendari, INDONESIA}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {414-417}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {414}, abstract = {

Adolescents are the next generation and national development assets, one of the nutritional problems in adolescents is anemia, namely the lack of hemoglobin levels below normal (12 mg/dl). Efforts to deal with anemia are making food in the form of Moringa biscuits and sori fish which are rich in nutrients. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of giving Moringa mixed sori biscuits on blood hemoglobin levels in adolescents. The type of research is a quasi-experimental conducted in June- September 2021 at Coastal Region Public Middle Schools throughout Kendari City in 2021, namely at SMPN 4 Kendari, SMPN 5 Kendari, SMPN 10 Kendari, SMPN 15 Kendari and SMPN 16 Kendari. The sample is anemic adolescent girls in the coastal area of Kendari City. The intervention sample was anemic adolescent girls who were given moringa biscuits mixed with sori fish flour as many as 36 people and the control sample was anemic adolescent girls who were not given moringa biscuits mixed with sori fish flour as many as 36 people. The case sampling technique used cluster random sampling and the control sample used matching. Data collection of blood hemoglobin levels using a portable device brand Easy Touch Meter. Data were analyzed using independent t-test test. The results of the study found blood hemoglobin levels before and after Moringa biscuits were given, namely in the case group before the intervention the average Hb level reached 10.51 mg/dl and after the intervention it reached 12.45 mg/ dl, while in the control group before the intervention it was 12.79 mg/dl and after intervention 13.49 mg/ dl. The results of the independent t-test obtained p value 0.000. The conclusion is that there is an effect of giving Moringa fish biscuits mixed with Sori fish flour on hemoglobin levels. Suggestions for young women are expected to increase the intake of protein sources of nutrients such as fish, eggs, tofu and tempeh and iron (Fe) which can be obtained from green vegetables such as Moringa to prevent and treat anemia.

}, keywords = {Adolescents., Blood Haemoglobin, Moringa Biscuits, Sori Fish}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.64}, author = {Fatmawati and Suriana Koro and Nadimin and Kameriah Gani and Hasan and Ellyani Abadi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1982, title = {Lisinopril-Induced CD34 Bone Healing Marker}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {208-211}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Background: Lisinopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is commonly used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure. While it is generally well-tolerated, some studies have suggested that it may affect bone healing, suggesting that lisinopril treatment was associated with an increase in the CD34 bone healing marker in patients with tibial fractures. CD34 is a protein that is involved in the formation of new blood vessels and has been shown to play a role in bone healing. Methods: The study used 24 rabbits with artificially induced tibial bone fracture divided into 4 groups (6 rabbits each), the control group treated with distilled water and 3 groups treated with lisinopril. Each group were sacrificed for immunohistochemical study on 3 timepoints at day 7, 14, and 21. Results: Indicated that the lisinopril group had significantly higher levels of CD34 than the control group. Conclusion: While the results of this study suggest that lisinopril may have a positive effect on bone healing, more research is needed to confirm these findings and to determine the mechanisms by which lisinopril may affect bone healing. It is also important to note that lisinopril may have other potential side effects, and patients should discuss any concerns with their healthcare provider

}, keywords = {Bone healing, Bone injury, CD34., Inflammation, Lisinopril}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.30}, author = {Omar M. Alsaffar and Maha T. Al-Saffar and Abdulsattar S. Mahmood} } @article {2172, title = {The Mediating Role of Perceived Value on the Relationship between Quality Assurance and Student Satisfaction in Nursing Education}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1121-1125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to examine the connections between quality assurance, perceived value, and nursing student satisfaction. Methods: A survey was conducted with 200 nursing students in Indonesia. Data on quality assurance, perceived value, and satisfaction was gathered. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the measurement and structural models. Results: PLS-SEM showed a significant positive link between quality assurance and perceived value (β=0.239, p=0.002), and between perceived value and satisfaction (β=0.510, p\<0.001). However, no direct relationship was found between quality assurance and satisfaction (β=0.042, p=0.571) in the structural model. Perceived value exhibited a mediating role. Conclusion: Enhancing quality assurance in nursing schools is essential for improving students{\textquoteright} perceived value, subsequently leading to higher satisfaction levels. However, it{\textquoteright}s crucial to note that quality alone doesn{\textquoteright}t directly impact satisfaction. Nursing schools should prioritize both quality assurance and increasing perceived value to maximize student satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Nursing education, Perceived value, Quality assurance, Student satisfaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.204}, author = {Hammad and Parellangi and Kelana Kusuma Dharma and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi and Ainun Sajidah and Naning Kisworo Utami and Khairir Rizani and Reza Fauzan and Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho and Muhammad Rasyid} } @article {2038, title = {Metabolite Profiling of Compounds from Sargassum polycystum using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {321-333}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Background: There are many types of seaweed that have high economic value. Brown seaweed (Sargassum polycystum) can be used as a raw material in the industry and as a medicinal plant. Maintaining the quality of a compound requires an analytical method that can identify the diversity of metabolome profiles. Objective: This investigation seeks to discover the metabolite profile of S. polycystum from Sumenep, Madura Island, Indonesia, utilizing the UPLC-QToF MS/MS equipment. Materials and Methods: The extract was further fractioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The metabolite profiling of extract and fractions used the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS instrument. It was produced with SPE and then introduced into the MS Xevo G2-S QToF detector of the ACQUITY UPLC{\textregistered} H-Class System. The findings of the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS analysis were processed with the MassLynx 4.1 software to obtain chromatogram data and m/z spectra of each observed peak, which were then validated using the ChemSpider and MassBank databases. Results: Based on the results of metabolite profiling using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS, the 96 \% ethanol extract of S. polycystum indicated a total of 61 compounds, the n-hexane fraction indicated a total of 55 compounds, the ethyl acetate fraction indicated a total of 67 compounds, and the water fraction indicated a total of 49 compounds. Conclusion: There are 232 compounds in the extract and a fraction of S. polycystum consisting of 168 known compounds and 64 unknown compounds.

}, keywords = {Metabolite profiling, Sargassum polycystum, Seaweed, UPLC-QToF-MS/MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.82}, author = {Pramudita Riwanti and Intan Kris Prasetyanti and Burhan Ma{\textquoteright}arif} } @article {2188, title = {Metrics to Catch on Innovation Culture in Hospital: A Scoping Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1213-1218}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1213}, abstract = {

Objective: This scoping review aimed to map measurement instruments of innovation culture in hospital. Introduction: A culture of innovation can reveal the strengths and opportunities of hospitals in driving strategic innovation and creating an organizational culture; however, suitable measurement instruments for depicting innovation culture are still being discussed. Inclusion criteria: This review considered studies that reviewed the measurement of organizational innovation culture, specifically in a hospital setting. Methods: This review adopted the JBI methodology for scoping review. Search strategies used PCC elements, and the terms "Metric OR Measure OR Questionnaire" AND "Culture of Innovation OR Innovation Culture" AND "Hospital OR Healthcare" were used as the main keywords, limited by quantitative research types in English. The data was extracted from qualified articles, compiled in a spreadsheet, and then imported into Microsoft Word to be combined into a table containing a grid synthesis and a summary of the main concepts. Results: Eight articles published from 2015 to 2022 were eligible for review. The mapping results obtained five metrics that depicted the innovation culture in the hospital. Groups of various dimensions and the measurement results also varied, including innovation tendency, value, climate, flexibility, and focus on being characteristic of innovation. Resource, process, role and involvement of health workers, technology support, and leadership were components of innovation. Reflexivity, behavior, and teamwork are essential to achieving a successful culture of innovation in the hospital. Conclusions: The measurement of innovation culture in hospitals consists of three main keys, namely the characteristics of innovation, the components of innovation, and teamwork: innovation in action.

}, keywords = {Innovation Culture in Hospital, Metrics, Team Work}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.220}, author = {Asnany and M. Alimin Maidin and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2195, title = {The Miracle of Moringa Oleifera Leaves for the Prevention of Anemia: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1258-1261}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1258}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera leaves contain very rich compounds that include nutrients, minerals, vitamins, amino acids, and many other compounds with numerous benefits for humans. This literature review discusses the benefits of Moringa oleifera leaves in preventing anemia. Methods: This review is a narrative review using the research of international journal sources from databased, national journals in the last ten years. The keywords anemia, hemoglobin, and Moringa oleifera/M. oleifera leaves were used. Based on the 35 journals reviewed, 12 studies were included in this review. Results: The literature results show a positive relationship between Moringa leaf extract and an increase in the value of hemoglobin levels, with a p-value \<0.05. However, this review found other benefits of Moringa oleifera leaf extract, such as improving the morphology of damaged red blood cells and antioxidants. It has become an alternative in the treatment of anemia. Conclusions: The nutrient content in Moringa leaf extract plays a significant part in increasing hemoglobin levels in the blood. Other factors that can increase the risk of anemia are micronutrient deficiency, infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria), worm infections, and genetic disorders. (25) We recommend conducting an experimental study to compare two groups given Moringa leaf extract and multi-micronutrient tablets to get more effective results in lowering the prevalence of anemia.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Moringa oleifera leaf extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.228}, author = {Dwi Wahyu Balebu and Ridwan Aminuddin and Veni Hadju and Arsunan Arsin and Nurhaedar Jafar and Herawati and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2047, title = {Model Prediction of Potential Disease Effects from PM2.5 Emission Among School Children in Coming 30 years in South Tangerang}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: The largest global environmental health risk factor is the ambient of air pollution, that largely attributed to transportation emissions. One of the main causes of PM2.5 emissions is thought to be onroad transportation. PM2.5 has an impact on health, especially on children that relate to the respiratory system such as asthma, lung cancer, and decreased intelligence. Objective: The research objective was to predict the risk potential disease due to PM2.5 in children from vehicle emissions in South Tangerang City. Method: This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study design using a dynamic model approach using STELLA software. The environmental and human samples aare used to calculate the exposure level to PM2.5 taken from 32 points in 7 sub-districts of South Tangerang City (North Serpong, Serpong, Pondok Aren, Ciputat, East Ciputat, Pamulang, and Setu). then, meteorological data was also collected. Results: The number of vehicles in the city of South Tangerang is quite high, especially between 11:00 and 15:00 with the majority of vehicles passing by are cars and motorbikes. PM2.5 pollution levels will fluctuate until 2053. The effects of temperature, weather, and humidity might cause an increase in PM2.5 pollutants at specific times. According to the modeling calculation results, even though there are occasions when PM2.5 pollution levels fall, acute respiratory infection (ARI) incidence in children will continue to rise over time. Although PM2.5 emissions fluctuate, exposure to PM2.5 in low concentrations poses a risk to human health.

}, keywords = {Acute respiratory infection., Children, Particulate matter, Transportation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.91}, author = {Ernyasih and Anwar Mallongi and Anwar Daud and Sukri Palutturi and Stang and Razak Thaha and Erniwaty Ibrahim and Wesam Al Moudhun} } @article {2068, title = {Molecular Docking of Thaflavine from Camellia sinensis in Inhibiting B-Cell Lymphoma Through BCl2 Apoptosis Regulator: An In Silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Thaflavine, a compound found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), as an inhibitor in inhibiting B-cell lymphoma through its interaction with the BCl2 apoptosis regulator using an in-silico approach. The research methodology involved the use of software tools such as PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Through molecular docking analysis using PyMOL and PyRx, the findings of this study demonstrate significant interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2, with Binding Affinity values of -5.5, -4.6, and -4.6, and RMSD values of 0, 1.436, and 2.292. The analysis using Protein Plus indicates the presence of interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2. Additionally, the analysis using the Lepinski Rule of Five reveals that Thaflavine meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 549, 9 hydrogen bond donors, 12 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of -2.5, and a molar reactivity of 119.17. The findings of this study provide important contributions to the development of therapies for B-cell lymphoma through an in-silico approach. However, further research is needed for in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis Regulator BCl2, B-cell Lymphoma, Camellia sinensis., In-Silico Thaflavine, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.109}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Herland Satriawan and Teresa Liliana Wargasetia and Devi Purnamasari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Bahrun and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2169, title = {Novel Coumarin-Indole Hybrids as Cytotoxic Candidates: Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1105-1111}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1105}, abstract = {

Cancer is regarded as a nightmare for humanity and a challenging task for medical professionals. Twelve hydrides (2a-2l), made of trifunctionalized coumarin and various substituted indoles, were created in an effort to realize the hope of a cancer cure. The 4,5-dimethoxysalicylaldehyde and ethyl acetoacetate were combined in a Knoevenagel reaction to create the coumarin component. The construction of the indole component involved converting various aminoindoles through diazotization and Sandmeyer reactions to twelve substituted indoles (1a-1l). These two components were combined through a Michael addition reaction to create the desired hybrids. Investigating their spectra released from various spectroscopical instruments allowed researchers to determine the 2D molecular frameworks of these hybrids. Studying the survival of nine tumor cell types after treatment with the synthesized hybrids enabled researchers to estimate there in vitro impact as cytotoxic candidates. By checking the cell viability using an MTT marker, it was possible to see that this effect was antiproliferative. The cytotoxicity measurements, IC50 scores, revealed a number of intriguing facts. To start, the synthetic hybrids displayed a relatively similar cytotoxic pattern against the cancerous cell lines under investigation. Second, compared to hybrids with chloride, hydroxyl, or methoxy substituents, fluorinated hybrids are more toxic to cancerous cells. Finally, hybrids with indole substituted at position-6 (2i-2l) have the highest cytotoxicity among those with indole functionalized at position-4 (2a-2d) or position-5 (2e-2h). From these facts, the authors concluded that hybrids with indole substituted at position-4 can represent potential candidates as antiproliferative applicants. Moreover, hybrid 2i may serve as a valuable model for creating potent anti-breast cancer therapies.

}, keywords = {Anti-breast cancer, Coumarin, Cytotoxicity, Indole, Michael addition, MTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.201}, author = {Sarah S. Ismael and Noor Ahmed M. Waheed and Seema Mahmood Kasim and Yasser Fakri Mustafa} } @article {2184, title = {Performance Comparison of Urine Sediment Analytical Tool by Flowcytometry and Digital Imaging with Standardized Manual Microscopic Testing}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1189-1196}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1189}, abstract = {

Background: Urine sediment examination provides numerous information about patient{\textquoteright}s kidney condition. Flowcytometry and digital imaging system could conduct automatic urine sediment analysis. Therefore, determining the diagnostic performance of the examination is very important in the management carried out by the clinician. This study aims to determine the diagnostic performance of urine flowcytometry and digital imaging sediment examination tools compared to manual microscopes that are standardized as gold standards. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach on 92 urine samples of patients who attended the Internal Medicine Nephrology Polyclinic of Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital Surabaya. The performance of flowcytometry and digital imaging methods is assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Analysis of the suitability of each urine sediment parameter used Cohen{\textquoteright}s kappa. Urine sediment analysis with a light microscope was conducted with the Shih-Yung method as a gold standard. Results: The erythrocyte parameters revealed a very favorable result with the concordance of the flowcytometry with the Shih-Yung method (κ=0.82) and fair results for WBC (κ=0.25), Epithelium (κ=0.57) and Cast (κ=0.27). At the same time, yeast had substantial conformity (κ=0.63). The digital imaging method showed substantive fit for WBC (κ=0.676), RBC (κ=0.621), fair for SEC (κ=0.42) and NSE (κ=0.24), moderate for Yeast (κ=0.45), and slight for Hyaline Cast (κ=0.074) and Path Cast (κ= 0.134) Conclusion: The urine flowcytometry demonstrates better performance compatibility with a standardized manual microscope compared to urine digital imaging. However, pathological samples should still be verified with a manual microscope

}, keywords = {Digital imaging, Flowcytometry, Microscopic, Urine sediment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.216}, author = {Nur Fitri Hayati Melida Ritonga and Ferdy R. Marpaung and Hartono Kahar and Nunuk Mardiana and Yessy Puspitasari} } @article {2119, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antiinflammatory Activity of the Extract from the Leaves of Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC (Fabaceae) in Rats with Acute Inflammation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {786-790}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {786}, abstract = {

Inflammation and pain are the initial response mechanisms to environmental aggression on the human body. The traditional use of plants such as Desmodium Molliculum (Kunth) DC, among the Peruvian population for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, has occurred since ancient times. The objective of this research was to determine the presence of secondary metabolites and evaluate the antiinflammatory activity of Desmodium molliculum (EDM) leaves in rats with acute inflammation induced using carrageenan. The phytochemical profile was performed for the main secondary metabolites with biological activity. Subsequently, 25 rats were divided into 5 groups and treated as follows: Group I and II: Physiological Saline Solution (PSS) by oral administration. Group III: Sodium Diclofenac (25 mg/kg body weight) by intraperitoneal administration. Group IV and V: EDM at 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw by oral administration, respectively; 30 minutes after administration, acute inflammation was induced in Groups II, III, IV, and V using the subplantar edema technique with 1\% w/v carrageenan. The volume displaced by the hind paw was evaluated in all 5 groups using a digital plethysmometer every 60 minutes for 5 hours. The results were obtained from the displaced volume (Mean {\textpm} SD), with the most representative values obtained at 240 minutes, where EDM at 250 mg/kg (0.57 {\textpm} 0.07 ml) bw and 500 mg/kg bw (0.578 {\textpm} 0.051 ml) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (ANOVA p\<0.05). We concluded that Desmodium Molliculum has anti-inflammatory activity at doses of 250 mg/kg bw and 500 mg/kg bw.

}, keywords = {Acute inflammation, Carrageenan, Desmodium, Dog{\textquoteright}s Paw, Edema Subplantar, Fabaceae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.153}, author = {Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano- Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Maria Llontop and Fatima Malca and Sebastian Noe and Cyntia Blanco-Olano} } @article {2152, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity in Dragon Fruit Plant Extracts as Immunomodulators in Pregnant Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dragon fruit contains many organic acids, proteins, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and vitamin C. Several natural compounds can increase the activity of the immune system, namely flavonoids, curcumin, limonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and catechins. Objective: to analyze the levels of phytochemicals and active ingredients from the fruit, skin, stem, and roots of dragon fruit plants. Methods: This research was carried out experimentally, carried out at the Pucuk Sirih Jamu Factory. This study used fresh and ripe Dragon Fruit Plants directly taken from the Tanah Laut District garden (South Kalimantan), carried out extract preparation, phytochemical screening, and determination of phytochemical levels of red dragon fruit plants. Results: The study found the highest secondary metabolite levels in red dragon fruit for Flavonoids in the stem (0.74\%), Alkaloids in the stem (4.21\%), Saponins in fruit flesh (0.45\%), and Steroids in roots (2.54\%). Antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit flesh (78.23\%), stem (79.13\%), root (8.64\%), and skin (11.24\%). The highest antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit stems.

Conclusions: There are groups of secondary metabolites and antioxidants contained in dragon fruit plants (fruit, skin, stems, and roots) from Kalimantan Selatan (Indonesia).

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dragon fruit plant, Immunomodulator, Phytochemical screening, Pregnant Women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.184}, author = {Rubiati Hipni and Isnaniah and Noorhayati Maslani and Hapisah and Megawati and Isrowiyatun Daiyah and Ahmad Rizani} } @article {1956, title = {Phytotherapy for Sexually Transmitted Infections In ThabaNchu, Free State Province, South Africa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {21-30}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants have been prescribed by traditional healers for the treatment of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI{\textquoteright}s) for years. This study documents therapeutic plants used against STI{\textquoteright}s in Thaba {\textquoteleft}Nchu, South Africa. Information was gathered through semi-structured interviews with traditional medical practitioners between March and December 2017. Information on medicinal plants, their local names, and their uses against STI{\textquoteright}s was gathered. The use value (UV) of the plant species, frequency of citation (FC) and the informant consensus factor (ICF) were calculated for the plants and STIs included in the study. Plants were used to treat infections such Herpes zoster (ICF=0.4) as gonorrhoea (ICF=0.11), vaginosis (ICF=0.2), symptoms of HIV/AIDS (ICF=0.1) and pubic lice (ICF=0.1). A total of 35 plant species were identified for the treatment of STIs. Most medicinal plants in the study area came from the families Asteraceae (21\%), Fabaceae (17\%), Solanaceae (13\%) and Hyacinthaceae (13\%). Bulbinenarcissifolia, Pentanisiaprunelloides, Hypoxishemerocallidea, Scabiosa columbaria, Xysmalobiumundulatum Rumex lanceolatus, Eucomisautumnalis, Dicomaanomalaand Salvia runcinatawere frequently used. The preferred method for preparation of remedies were decoctions made from the roots (72\%), whole plant (17\%), leaves (7\%), fruits (2\%) and bark (2\%) which were consumed orally.This study contributes to the documentation of plants used for STIs to conserve the information for future generations. A selection from the most frequently mentioned plants for treatment of STI{\textquoteright}s may be used for further phytopharmacological investigations and subsequently be used for the development of new antimicrobial agents for global use and for the socioeconomic development of local communities.

}, keywords = {Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Sexual transmitted infections, Thaba {\textquoteleft}Nchu, Traditional Healers.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.4}, author = {Brian Ngobeni and Idah Tichaidza Manduna and Ntsoaki Joyce Malebo and Samson Sitheni Mashele} } @article {2095, title = {Policy Implementation of Hypertension Prevention and Control Program in Banjarmasin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {641-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {641}, abstract = {

The Ministry of Health launched the Policy Implementation for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension Program with the goal of addressing the needs of national and regional public health development through minimal service standards. The goal of this study was to look at how hypertension prevention and control programs were implemented in the city of Banjarmasin. This study uses a qualitative descriptive-explorative analysis method with multiple case study approaches. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews, observation, documentation and literature study to all research informants. Informant selection technique used purposeful sampling. Research variables included communication, resources, bureaucratic structure and dispositions/attitudes. The research findings indicated that communication between policymakers, implementers, and program targets was effective. Despite the fact that human resources have reached the criterion for personnel, certain officers continue to have an excessive burden, and the number of health cadres was insufficient. Although facilities and infrastructure were available, several Public Health Centers were still having difficulty channeling demands and budgets. The bureaucratic structure had been implemented through SOPs and the delegation of authority, however numerous agencies still lacked complete documentation and archives. Even though the overall objectives were not attained, all parties exhibited a strong commitment and determination to continue the program. It can be concluded that the implementation of hypertension prevention and control policies in Banjarmasin had been quite successful, though there were still some challenges, such as differences in program target participation methods, the need for systematic equalization of authority tasks, and more equitable budget management in terms of resources. Furthermore, in terms of bureaucratic structure, it is vital to develop organized documentation standards in each agency.

}, keywords = {Control, Hypertension., Implementation, Policy, Prevention, Program}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.132}, author = {Sally Pobas and Balqis Nazaruddin and Sukri Palutturi and Wahiduddin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2031, title = {Preliminary Exploration of Traditional Medicine Formulas as A Basis of Effort and Support Toward Traditional Medicines Developing Use and Implementation in The Government Healthcare Program}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {279-284}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {279}, abstract = {

Introduction: Develop the healthy living communities with enhance ability of community in using herbs or traditional medicine in the family health system was supported by the government regulations. Materials and Method: The study only took point 3 out of 10 points Essential Public Health Services. The point was to inform and educate the public about health, the factors that influence it, and efforts to improve it. This point was realized by collecting and selecting the formulas that have been published by the government to be summarized based on the indication of disease, quantity of herbs and water (including the parts of herb), processing of formulation and drinking rules, etc. Results: 17 Formulations of traditional medicinal herbs are valuable for the indication of diseases: arthritis, reduce blood fat /blood cholesterol, reduce blood glucose, reduce body weight, maintaining the health conditions of cancer patient, cough, diabetes mellitus, gastritis, gout, hemorrhoids, reduce high blood pressure, liver problem, nausea and vomiting, uric acid, increase urine volumes, urinary stone/kidney stone, and physical fitness. Conclusion: The formulas could be used and was introduced to the community for encouraging health literacy, empowering the community to build a family health system. Finally, the exploration of traditional medicine formulas could support the developing use and implementation of traditional medicines in the Government Healthcare Program.

}, keywords = {Healthy living communities., Traditional medicine, Traditional medicine formulations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.75}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Wulan Mayasari and Achadiyani} } @article {2094, title = {Quality of Health Services of Non-Accredited Health Centers on Patient Satisfaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {633-640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Introduction: Health Centre a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and first-level individual health efforts, by prioritizing promotive and preventive efforts in its working area. Health Center as a first-level health facility is required to always improve service quality and patient safety, improve health center performance, protect health human resources, the community and the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore or describe the quality of health services on patient satisfaction at the Tiakur Health Center, Southwest Maluku Regency. Methods: This research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach. Key informants in this study were patients who had undergone treatment at the Tiakur Health Center from January to December 2022 and supporting informants were the head of the health services facility field, the head of the Tiakur Health Center, the head of Tiakur administration and the head of the Tiakur Health Center working group. The technique of determining informants using purposive sampling method. The instruments used were in-depth interview guidelines and focus group discussions. Results: The results showed that the dimensions of service quality, namely effective, efficient, patient-focused and safe, have not been fulfilled properly while the dimensions of accessible and fair have been fulfilled properly. The Tiakur Health Center needs to make improvements to health services so that service quality and patient satisfaction can be realized properly. Conclusion: This qualitative study of patient satisfaction with non-accredited Health Center as health services can be used as evaluation material to be able to improve and improve the health services of Tiakur Health Center to the community.

}, keywords = {Health, Patient., Quality, Satisfaction, Service}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.131}, author = {Sohordinatus Ifan Unkelefta and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Balqis and Aminuddin Syam and Andi Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1996, title = {Relationship Between Individual Characteristics and the Risk of Exposure to Heat Stress in Indonesian Fishermen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {294-297}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {294}, abstract = {

Background: Fishermen who go to sea during the day are classified as informal sector jobs that have heavy activities and are at risk of becoming dehydrated because the work climate is in a hot environment due to exposure to sunlight. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between individual characteristics and the risk of heat stress exposure to fishermen in Surabaya Coastal Area. Materials and Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a sample of 100 people using accidental sampling technique. The research was conducted in the Surabaya Coastal Area from February to June 2022. The variables of this study include age, exercise habits, water drinking consumption, and risk of heat stress. The relationship analysis test used Spearman correlation and chi square. Results: Based on cross tabulation, the age interval that experienced the most heat stress was 41-50 years of age, followed by 51-60 years of age group. Respondents who exercise more are at risk of heat stress than respondents who do not exercise. Workers who consume 1-2 liters of water per day are the group that has the highest risk of heat stress. Conclusion: No one variable has a relationship with the risk of heat stress exposure to fishermen in Surabaya, but it is still important to increase the consumption of fisherman{\textquoteright}s water and doing exercise habits among fishermen in Surabaya.

}, keywords = {Age, Exercise Habits, Heat Stress, Water Drinking Consumption.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.42}, author = {Putri Ayuni Alayyannur and Dani Nasirul Haqi and Fatimatuz Zahroh and Tazkia Azrielda Munib and Moh. Malik Alhakim and Diah Pramesthi Ningrum} } @article {2137, title = {The Relationship of the Gene Allele Apolipoprotein E with Height in Down Syndrome 21}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {897-900}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Background: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a form of polymorphic protein located on the long arm of chromosome 19 at position 13.2 (19q13.2), translated into three alleles of the gene, namely normal allele 3 and dysfunctional allele 2 and 4. Patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 may have different allele frequencies and combinations of APOE gene genotypes with controls, which can result in decreased cognitive function and inhibition of bone growth. This study aims to analyze the relationship of the Apolipoprotein E Gene Allele with the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21. Methods: This research is a cross sectional study with a comparative cross-sectional study design. Results: The sample used was the result of DNA extraction of patients with Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome Trisomy 21 as many as 33 samples and 33 controls stored in the Biomedical Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia. The next step is to examine the APOE gene polymorphisms using PCR and sequencing techniques. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and height (p=0.009). Conclusion: This study concluded that there was a significant relationship between the APOE gene allele and the height of patients with Down Syndrome Trisomy 21.

}, keywords = {Apolipoprotein E, Down{\textquoteright}s Syndrome, Height.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.170}, author = {Malinda Meinapuri and Arni Amir and Eva Chundrayetti and Efrida Efrida and Susmiati Susmiati} } @article {2092, title = {RETRACTED: Human Sperm for Basic Embryo Research And 3D Treatment of Patient-Representative Ovarian Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {626-632}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {626}, abstract = {

The article has been retracted based on the authors{\textquoteright} request.

}, keywords = {3D treatment, Basic embryo research, Human sperm, Ovarian cancer cells, Public health.}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Wan Irjani Wan Ismail} } @article {2089, title = {RETRACTED: The Effects of Andrographolide on Apoptosis in PC-3 Cell Line Via the Involvement of Caspases 3, 8 And 9}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {612-621}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {612}, abstract = {

The Article has been Retracted based on the Authors{\textquoteright} Request.

}, keywords = {Andrographolide, Anti-cancer, Apoptosis, Caspase., PC-3 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.128}, author = {Janany Manimaran and Daruliza Kernain Mohd Azman} } @article {2078, title = {Risk Analysis of Microplastic Exposure Through Consumption of Anadara Granosa at Coastal Area}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {558-562}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {558}, abstract = {

Plastic waste is starting to threaten marine waters, especially microplastics. This micro-sized plastic can be consumed by marine biota. The accumulation of microplastics in the bodies of marine biota can threaten humans who consume them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk level of microplastic (polystyrene) exposure through the consumption of blood clams in the coastal area of Pao Village, Tarowang District, Jeneponto Regency. This type of research is a descriptive analysis with the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. The samples in this study were 30 respondents and 125 blood clams (anadara granosa). Data were obtained by interview using a questionnaire, identifying MPs in shells in the laboratory, and identifying polymer types using FTIR-spectroscopy. The results showed that 68 MPs of microplastics were found in blood clams (anadara granosa) samples. The dominant shapes were lines and blue. The types of polymers from the FTIR results are Polystyrene (PS), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Polyethylene (PE). The average non-carcinogenic daily intake (Intake) is 0.00012 mg/kg/day, the average risk level (RQ) is 0.0006, and the daily intake value is <=0.2 (RfD Styrene), so it is said to be safe and the risk level value (RQ) <= 1, then categorized as the risk of exposure to MPs in humans through consumption of blood clams is still categorized as safe. The route of exposure to MPs in humans is not only through blood clams, so efforts to control the risk of exposure to MPs in humans are still needed.

}, keywords = {Anadara Granosa., Blood clams, Microplastic, Polystyrene, Risk analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.119}, author = {Nurhayati Namira and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Irwandy} } @article {2021, title = {The Risk Analysis of Patient Transfer Practice Events to Safety of Nurses and Patients of the TNI AU Dodi Sardjoto Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {429-432}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Work accidents can occur due to unsafe action and unsafe condition factors. This type of research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research (mix method) with a phenomenological approach that aims to determine the risks of patient transfer practices to the safety of nurses and patients. This research was conducted at the TNI AU Dody Sardjoto Hospital with a total sample of 51 people, the sampling technique is simple random sampling. Then in-depth interviews will be conducted on key informants, ordinary informants, and additional informants. Quantitative data analysis using chi square test and multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the history of disease (p = 0.010), physical activity (0.026), facilities and infrastructure (0.011), SOP (p = 0.000), and the environment (p = 0.000) influenced the safety of nurses. The results also showed that compliance with SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) was the most influential variable with B of 0.675. It is also known that the results of the path test have an indirect influence between nurse safety and patient safety is E2 = 0.887 or 88.7\%. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference to reduce the risk of patient transfer practice events to the safety of nurses and patients.

}, keywords = {Accident, Patient Transfer, Work safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.67}, author = {Muh. Nur Amal Sali and M. Furqan Naiem and Masyitha Muis and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Atjo Wahyu and Erniwati Ibrahim and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2130, title = {Risk Factors of Stunting in Children Aged 0-23 Months in Katumbangan Health Center, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {851-855}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {851}, abstract = {

The results of Indonesian nutritional status study at the regency level in 2021 showed that Polewali Mandar Regency had the highest prevalence of stunting in West Sulawesi Province at 36\% with the highest percentage of stunted toddlers being reported by Katumbangan Health Center (42.6\%). This study aims to determine the most dominant risk factors for stunting in children aged 0-23 months. This study was conducted in the working area of Katumbangan Health Center with a case-control study. The number of samples was 236 infants (0-23 months) with a ratio of cases and controls of 1:1. This study used secondary data sourced form e-PPGBM application, then analyzed by odd ratio test and logistic regression on Stata. The results showed that CED in pregnancy (OR=3.142 with 95\% CI, 1.122-10.072), LBW history (OR=5.963 with 95\% CI, 1.251-56.216) and exclusive breastfeeding (OR=2.099 with 95\% CI, 0.984-4.613). The dominant risk factor for stunting in children aged 0-23 months, namely LBW history (OR=5.092 with 95\% CI, 1.08-23.94). It is recommended for mothers to put more attention to the fulfillment of nutrition during in order to reduce the risk of LBW and also to assure that children nutritionl intake are adequate to their needs during the golden period of growth, especially infants with LBW.

}, keywords = {Infant, Risk Factors., Stunting}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.163}, author = {Nurul Iffa Safitri and Nur Nasry Noor and Wahiduddin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Nurhaedar Jafar and Balqis and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2025, title = {The Role of Cyclooxigenase-2 Inhibitor in Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {233-238}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {233}, abstract = {

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common skin malignancy worldwide. It has low mortality but can cause significant morbidity primarily due to local destruction. The incidence and associated cost are rising in recent years causing a burden in healthcare system. BCC incidence are continue to increase due to lack of effective chemopreventive option. Several risk factors are associated with the pathogenesis of BCC. One of the major risk factors of BCC is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, hence the prevention strategy for this malignancy include avoidance of natural and artificial sources of UV radiation. However, these methods are still less than optimal in inhibiting the emergence of basal cell carcioma. In recent years, there is accumulating evidence that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), may be involved in the pathogenesis of BCC. Several recent studies have shown that the use of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor drugs can prevent the development of nonmelanoma skin tumors including BCC. In this review, we described the potential of COX-2 inhibitors as chemoprevention for BCC.

}, keywords = {Basal cell carcinoma., Cancer, Chemoprevention, Cox-2 inhibitor, Cyclooxygenase, Skin malignancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.15.35}, author = {Maylita Sari and Kartika Misalina and M. Yulianto Listiawan} } @article {2101, title = {Spatial Distribution of Microplastic Contamination in Blood Clams (Anadara granosa) on the Jeneponto Coast, South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {680-690}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {680}, abstract = {

Plastic waste in oceans will threaten of marine biota. There is a very high degree of plastic pollution in Indonesia, however the distribution of microplastic contamination in seafood, particularly that ingested by the general populace as a daily meal from seas, is quite low. The purpose of this investigation is to map the distribution of microplastic contamination in blood clams (Anadara granosa) throughout the South Sulawesi coast. Observational study employing a spatial analysis exploratory design. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) and information on wind, currents, and tides are used to map the distribution of microplastic pollution. The Kriging model was used for their geographical analysis. Purposive sampling was used to collect a total of 25 samples of blood clams (Anadara granosa) from offshore locations, residential waterways, mangrove ecosystems, rivers, and river estuaries. The results showed that the highest distribution of microplastic contamination was found in mangrove ecosystem areas and residential waters, while the lowest was found in river areas. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) have high levels of microplastic contamination because of sources of plastic pollution that come from waste disposal activities. It became stuck in the fisheries and mangrove ecosystems along the coast. Oceanography has an impact on how currents and winds migrate from the northeast (where mangrove habitats are) to the north (where residential waters are), carrying microplastic particles. Provision of waste management facilities by the local government and using the depuration method to eliminate microplastics in blood clams (Anadara granosa) consumed by the community needs to be done to reduce the impact on ecology and health.

}, keywords = {Blood Clams (Anadara granosa), Coastal Coast., Microplastic Contamination, Spatial Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.137}, author = {Rachmat Saleh and Anwar Daud and Hasanuddin Ishak and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Stang and Agus B. Birawida and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2134, title = {Standardization Study of Trunks and Branches of Xanthoceras Sorbifolia Bunge}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {873-880}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Introduction: Although there is a wide range of studies on phytochemistry and pharmacology, there currently needs to be a standard quality control method or index for assessing the components of X. sorbifolium Bunge to ensure quality. Objectives: This study aimed to determine some quality parameters of the standardization of trunks and branches of Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge. Methods: The cellular diagnostic structures of trunks and branches of the plant were defined by {\textquotedblleft}Olympus{\textquotedblright} light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified using TLC and HPLC, and the main biologically active compounds{\textquoteright} contents were determined by HPLC methods. Some quality parameters of trunks and branches of X. sorbifolium Bunge were determined by Chinese Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Microstructure of trunk and branch of the X. sorbifolia Bunge was defined. Some quality parameters of trunks and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia were defined as: moisture 4.8-6.1\%, total ash 5.57-7.3\%, acid-insoluble ash 1.3-2.7\%, alcohol-soluble extractive 8.97- 11.63\%. The fingerprints of TLC to reveal epicatechin and HPLC to reveal epicatechin, dihydromyricetin, dihydroquercetin, myricetin, quercetin, and naringenin were defined. Some flavonoid contents in trunks and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia were determined according to the developed and validated method as: epicatechin 6.39-11.687 mg/g, dihydroquercetin 1.02-1.833 mg/g, and myricetin 0.02-2.693 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for the trunk and branches of X. sorbifolia Bunge were defined. Quality parameters and contents of epicatechin, dihydroquercetin, and myricetin were different in Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge collected from seven locations in Inner Mongolia.

}, keywords = {Dihydroquercetin, Epicatechin, Mongolian medicine., Myricetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.167}, author = {Qirigeer and Bagenna and Laxinamujila and Munkhzol Malchinkhuu and Purevsuren Sodnomtseren} } @article {1975, title = {Sub Chronic Toxicity Study of Coumacines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {160-164}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {160}, abstract = {

Coumacine is a brand-new heterocyclic molecular nucleus that was discovered in 2018. In addition to the unique heterocycle known as coumacine, the designer has developed two variants known as coumacine I and II. Coumacine derivatives had been evaluated for their antibacterial effects in vitro against a variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria using conventional bacterial strains, using ciprofloxacin and metronidazole as positive controls. The purpose of this research is to look into the relationship between the anticoagulant activity and hepatotoxicity of coumarin and coumacine because the former is a synthetic precursor of the latter and many natural and synthetic coumarins involving warfarin have anticoagulant activity. Thirty male mice were used in this study and exposed to a subchronic dose of 250 or 500 mg/kg of coumacine I or coumacine II. The results of histochemistry showed dramatic changes in hepatocellular morphology that were dose-dependent for both coumacine I and II. Traditionally, higher doses of Coumacine I and II resulted in a significant increase in liver enzymes. Coumacine I or II did no effect on bleeding time. In conclusion, coumacines at subchronic high doses might have hepatotoxic effects through a mechanism that does not affect the coagulation process

}, keywords = {Bleeding, Clotting., Coumacine, Hepatotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.23}, author = {Wejdan Al-Shakarchi and Yasir Saber and Marwan M. Merkhan and Yasser Fakri Mustafa} } @article {1971, title = {Sun Protection Factor Activity of Jamblang Leaves Serum Extract (Syzygium cumini)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {134-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {134}, abstract = {

Background: The development of serum preparations containing natural ingredients for sun protection is growing rapidly. Jamblang (Syzygium cumini) leaves are rich in phenolic compounds that can inhibit free radicals causing premature aging. Therefore, this study aims to determine the potential of S. cumini serum extract as sun protection. Methods: The extract was prepared and included in the serum base. The formulations were evaluated for rheological, pH, dispersion coefficient, and stability examinations. Furthermore, Sun Protection Factor was tested using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: The test of phytochemical compounds showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, quinones, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. The result also showed that all serum formulations met the predetermined requirements. Furthermore, the extract has protective activity against ultraviolet rays, which was indicated by the SPF value. The higher the dose of S. cumini extracts in the serum formulation, the higher the value obtained. Formulations 1, 2, and 3 have SPF of 9.35{\textpm}0.11, 13.26{\textpm}0.16, and 26.05{\textpm}0.31, respectively. This indicates that they all met the Indonesian National Standard, that a sun protection preparation must have a minimum protection factor of 4. Conclusion: S. cumini extract serum has the potential to be developed as a new sun protection agent against ultraviolet radiation. However, further studies are still needed to determine the mechanism of its constituent active compounds.

}, keywords = {Serum, Sun protection factor, Syzygium cumini, Ultraviolet.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.18}, author = {Himyatul Hidayah and Surya Amal and Nia Yuniarsih and Farhamzah and Anggun Hari Kusumawati and Neni Sri Gunarti and Ermi Abriyani and Iin Lidia Putama Mursal and Adinda Khansa Sundara and Maulana Yusuf Alkandahri} } @article {2053, title = {Tanacetum Parthenium (L.) Sch Bip From Peru: Antioxidant Profile and The Antinociceptive Effect in An Experimental Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {435-437}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Background: Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch Bip known as {\textquotedblleft}santa mar{\'\i}a{\textquotedblright} (Asteraceae family) is used in Peru for inflammatory diseases and also in colic, stomachache, headaches, diarrhea, among other. Objective: The aim was to determine the antioxidant profile, and analgesic effect of ethanolic extract of flowers and leaves of T. parthenium Material and Methods: Leaves and flowers of T. parthenium were soaked in 96\% ethanol and the obtained extract was analyzed using chemical reactions for identifying each secondary metabolite, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was used to determine the antioxidant capacity, and the antinociceptive effect was determined by using tail flick method. Results: Qualitative phytochemical study indicates the presence phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and steroids in both extracts. In DPPH assay IC50 showed in leaves and flowers extract 452.10 {\textpm} 10.2 μg/mL and 270.70 {\textpm} 20.6 μg/mL respectively. The antinociceptive effect was better in leaves at doses 300 mg/ Kg than flower extract. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of flowers of T. parthenium showed a high antioxidant activity and antinociceptive effect in mice.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antioxidant, Medicinal Plants., Polyphenols, Tanacetum parthenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.97}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Wilfredo Bulege-Guti{\'e}rrez and Luz Alexandra Javier-Silva and Melva Iparraguirre- Meza and Victor Guillermo Sanchez-Araujo and Elizabeth Julia Melgar-Merino and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {1976, title = {Tectona Grandis Leaves: Determination of Total Flavonoid Content, Phenolic Content, Characterization of the Leaves, and Compound Identification in GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {165-170}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Nowadays, traditional plant study has grown in importance as their use has been increased. Tectona grandis (teak) is one of several plants that have been studied for its phytochemical and pharmacological properties. This plant includes a number of secondary metabolites, which may explain its diverse pharmacological properties. Although teak leaf compounds have been examined in the past, there is still little information on the diversity of teak leaf compounds. As a result, we are employing several methodologies to determine the total flavonoids content, phenolic content, water extractable matter, ethanol extractable matter, total ash content, and other component analysis of teak leaves. We found that the average of total flavonoid content in the teak leaves is about 3.93 {\textpm} 0.008\%w/w, while the average total phenolic concentration in teak leaves is about 4.3{\textpm}0.15\%w/w. The Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry GC-MS study of the methanol extract of T. grandis leaves also found twenty-three active chemical compounds (phytochemical components)

}, keywords = {Ash content, Flavonoids content, GC-MS., Moisture content, Phenolic content, Teak, Tectona grandis, Water content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.24}, author = {Pepi Budianto and Suroto Suroto and Brian Wasita and Diah Kurnia Mirawati} } @article {2191, title = {Transmission of Four Serotypes of Dengue Virus in Several Asian Countries Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1244-1249}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1244}, abstract = {

Background: The serotype of the virus that causes infection in a person can influence the severity of the dengue disease experienced so it is necessary to monitor and understand the dengue virus serotypes circulating in an area. Method: We searched for studies through two electronic databases (Pubmed and Scince direct). In the first stage, database search, 74 studies were obtained. The criteria for including studies were four human dengue virus serotypes published in 2013 {\textendash} 2023. In the final search there were 10 studies included. Results: Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Singapore but DENV1 and DENV-2 are the main causes of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV- 1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Indonesia but the prevalence of certain serotypes can vary from year to year and between regions in the country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 have been reported in Nepal but DENV-2 is found in high altitude and cold weather areas. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Pakistan but serotype DENV-1 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in India, however serotype DENV-4 was found to be the main cause of dengue cases both alone and in combination with dengue causes in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Thailand but serotype DENV-2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in Sri Lanka but serotype DENV- 2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Serotypes DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 have been reported in China but serotype DENV-2 is the main cause of dengue cases in this country. Conclusion: Countries in Asia remain endemic for all four DENV serotypes, although some genotype- related evolution has been found in certain strains.

}, keywords = {Asian Countries, Dengue virus, DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4, Serotypes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.225}, author = {Nismawati Natsir and A Arsunan Arsin and Hasanuddin Ishak and Ilham Alimuddin and Masni Masni and Muhammad Nasrun Massi and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2193, title = {Utilization of Rainwater as Consumable Water with Rainwater Harvesting Methods: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1254-1257}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1254}, abstract = {

Background: Water demand is expected to increase in all sectors. Rainwater can be a solution to the lack of the clean water crisis. The quality of rainwater harvested is highly dependent on the rainwater harvesting system. Methods: This literature review is a narrative review using sources from the Scopus and Pubmed databases. The keywords used were utilization, rainwater, and rainwater harvesting methods. Of the 30 references identified in the search phase, ten were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: Harvested rainwater can be used for multiple purposes such as watering plants, washing, bathing, and even cooking if the water quality meets health standards. There are three fundamental components that should be present within the rainwater harvesting system: 1) a rainwater pipe that traps water, e.g., utilizing the shape of the roof surface, 2) a water distribution system, i.e., a system that transports water from the roof to the superficies through a gutter, and 3) a reservoir that stores rainwater such as barrels, tubs, or ponds. Conclusions: Water conservation efforts are needed to meet the demand for water in the face of increasingly limited supply. Harvesting rainwater is one of the methods of water conservation that can be carried out by each household of the community to collect raw rainwater for consumption and use. If rainwater harvesting is practiced in a sustainable manner, it will help maintain water and environmental sustainability, thus supporting the livelihood of present and future generations.

}, keywords = {Consumable, Harvesting, Rainwater, Utilization, Water Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.227}, author = {Sandy Novryanto Sakati and Anwar Mallongi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Budimawan and Stang and Sukri Palutturi and Maria Kanan and Herawati} } @article {2197, title = {Why Preconception Treatment is Important? A Literature Reviews}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1262-1267}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1262}, abstract = {

Objective: Conceptional care is a concept that has been proposed to address maternal health problems and environmental risk factors during pregnancy to improve the health of both mother and fetus during pregnancy. This article provides an overview of several studies relating to preconception care that are useful for preparing for a healthy pregnancy and fetus. Methods: This narrative review uses several sources from the Elsevier database. Key search terms such as preconception, iron status, pregnancy and fetus were used in this review. Of the 50 studies identified, 20 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: Preconception care is getting an increased focus as an effective way to prevent complications during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum as well as preventing fetal abnormalities by estimating nutritional status in the preconception period. Preconception care is aimed at supporting the health of women before pregnancy, which is useful for improving the health of a pregnancy and preventing stunted fetal growth due to poor nutritional status in the mother. Low preconception iron status will have an impact on preconception gynecological morbidity, which will cause complications in pregnancy and cause low birth weight. Conclusion: Preconception care when given regularly will affect the health of a pregnancy and the baby when born. Preconception care teaches women of reproductive age to minimize potential health risks from an early age so that if they have a baby, the baby is born in better health. Considering that a healthy baby is very late if it is prepared during pregnancy but must be prepared from the preconception period, that is why preconception is so important.

}, keywords = {Fetus, Iron status, Preconception, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.229}, author = {Darmin Dina and Nurhaedar Jafar and Veny Hadju and Hasnawati Amqam and Wahiduddin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Anwar Mallongi and Yulianah Sulaiman} } @article {1861, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Assessment of Freeze-Dried Lipote Fruit Extract (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) in ICR Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {490-503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {490}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lipote (Syzygium polycephaloides (C. B. Rob.) Merr.) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine due to its nutritional and bioactive contents. Methods: An acute oral toxicity test was conducted following the OECD 425 guidelines to investigate the toxic effects of freeze-dried lipote fruit extract (LFE) in male and female ICR mice at doses of 55, 175, 550, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg BW. Results: At the end of the 14-day experimentation period, no physical, behavioral, neurologic, or cardiorespiratory signs of toxicity nor mortalities were recorded in LFE-treated mice. Also, physiologic parameters such as body weight, and feed and water intake registered normal throughout the study. Hematologic values such as total RBC, total WBC, and differential WBC for both sexes remained normal, apart from the male mouse administered with 2000 mg/kg LFE dose which presented erythrocytopenia, leukocytopenia, and lymphocytopenia after the end of the experimentation period, most likely due to extraneous factors unrelated to treatment. Meanwhile, the blood creatinine and blood urea nitrogen values remained within their respective normal reference ranges. Conclusion: It can be inferred from results of this acute oral toxicity study that LFE is relatively non-toxic, has an LD50 above 5000 mg/kg, and like other closely related Syzygium berries, does not elicit any adverse effects on the physiologic, hematologic, and blood chemical levels of kidney-filtered substances in mice. Sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies must be conducted to determine the safety of continuous oral ingestion of lipote fruit.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Lipote, Mice, Philippine berry, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.126}, author = {Mark Joseph M. Desamero and Liezl M. Atienza and Maria Adrianna Isabella G. Claravall and Roxanne P. Gapasin and Jonna Rose C. Maniwang and Dianne Jane A. Sunico and James Ryan D. Aranzado and Joan I. Delomen and Loraine C. Bainto-Ancheta and Katherine Ann T. Castillo-Israel and Rohani B. Cena-Navarro and Maria Amelita C. Estacio} } @article {1920, title = {Ameliorative Effects of Moringa (Moringa Oleifera Lam.) Leaves Extract on Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress, Hepcidin and δ-Alad Levels in Rat{\textquoteright}s Blood}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {856-862}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {856}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal that cause a lot health problem. Blood, especially hemoglobin and erythrocyte, is the main target of lead poisoning. Literatures explain that moringa has phytochemical contents to reduce heavy metal poisoning. This study aimed to examine ameliorative effects of moringa leaves extract on oxidative stress, hepcidin increasement and δ-alad level decline induced by lead poisoning in the blood of rat model. Methods: This study was completely randomized posttest-control group design. Forty-eight males Rattus norvegicus Wistar strain rat were divided into 4 groups. The control group or G0 (given Pb orally doses of 750 mg/kgBW/day for 7 days and was not given 50\% ethanol extract of moringa leaves/MLEE). Three treatment groups (G1, G2 and G3), all were given Pb at a dose of 750 mg/kgBW/day orally for 7 days, followed by administration of MLEE for 14 days at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW/day, 500 mg/kgBW/day and 1,000 mg/kg/day orally, respectively. Blood samples were taken one day after 14 days of MLEE treatment. Pb levels was examined by AAS and δ-ALAD levels, GSH levels, MDA levels and hepcidin levels examined by ELISA. Results: MLEE doses 1,000 mg/kgBW/day for 14 days increased δ-ALAD levels, GSH levels, hepcidin levels and reduce MDA levels significantly compared to the control group. Conclusion: Moringa leaves ameliorate lead-induced poisoning by reducing oxidative stress, declining hepcidin, and increasing δ-ALAD in the blood of male Rattus norvegicus Wistar strains rats. Moringa leaves is beneficial to address Pb poisoning in the blood through antioxidants, anti-inflammation, and improving δ-ALAD level in the blood of Wistar strain rats.

}, keywords = {Blood, Hepcidin, Lead poisoning, Moringa, Oxidative stress., δ-ALAD}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.179}, author = {Agung Saprasetya Dwi Laksana and Harianto Notopuro and Arifa Mustika} } @article {1842, title = {Amino Acid and Proximate Analysis of Type-1 Collagen from Sea Cucumber and Tilapia-Skin and its Potential Application as Artificial Tendon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {358-361}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {358}, abstract = {

Tendon injury is a medical indication that requires surgical therapy and prolonged recovery. Collagen plays a crucial role in the wound healing process. Collagen maintains homeostasis, interacts with platelets, and enhances cellular components. Most living organisms consist of collagen components as fibrillar proteins. In this study, the potential properties of type-1 collagen from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin were evaluated depend on proximate analysis, amino acid composition, and moisture-absorption ability. The result showed that Tilapia-skin has a higher protein and fat composition compared to the sea cucumber. In contrast, moisture, ash, and yield composition showed higher for sea cucumber compared to Tilapiaskin. Meanwhile, based on amino acid analysis was revealed that proline, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine were lower on sea cucumber compared to Tilapia-skin. In conclusion, both type-1 collagen material from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin might be developed as a biomaterial for tendon injury. It is crucial that further studies be carried out to emphasize the potential of biodegradable and bio-replaceable materials using the in vivo model.

}, keywords = {collagen, Key words: Artificial tendon, Marine biodiversity, Sea cucumber, Tilapia-skin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.107}, author = {Arifia Safira and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Roro Ayu Puspitasari and Anindyta Kirana Putri Ayuningtyas and Yayang Amru Mahendra and Agus Purnomo and Faisal Fikri and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1858, title = {Analysis of LH Receptor Expression in the Testes of Infertile Azoospermic Non-Obstructive (NOA) Men at High Serum Prolactin Concentrations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {462-468}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {462}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperprolactin is one of the endocrine disorders that causes male infertility (11\%). The mechanism is not widely known; it is thought to occur through disruption of LH receptor activity on germ cells. Objective: The aim of study to compare the level of prolactin secretion with receptor expression in non-azoospermic infertile men (NOA). Methods: During the period from July 2019 to July 2021, 40 samples of testicular tissue and serum were obtained from infertile NOA men, aged 25-50 years who were recruited from Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) Jakarta, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia and Bunda Hospital Jakarta. Subjects were divided into 4 groups based on prolactin levels (20 ng/ml, 20-50 ng/ml, 50-100 ng/ml and 100ng/ml). This group was tested for significance between groups and continued with a correlation test with the level of LH receptor expression. Results: ANOVA test showed a significant decrease in LH receptor expression between prolactin levels \< 20 ng/mL with levels of 50-100 ng/ml and prolactin levels \> 100 ng/ml (P \< 0.05). Furthermore, the results of the correlation test showed a significant decrease between prolactin levels and LH receptor expression (P \< 0.05). Conclusion: The higher the level of prolactin secretion in this sample, there is a decrease in LH receptor expression, so that testosterone production decreases and the spermatogenesis process will be disrupted.

}, keywords = {Hyperprolactinemia, LH receptor expression, Male infertility, Non obstructive azoospermia (NOA).}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.123}, author = {Ponco Birowo and Nurhuda Sahar and R. Muharam and Dwi Ari Pujianto and Rosalina Thuffi and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Conny Riana Tjempakasari} } @article {1739, title = {Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Activity by Syzygium polyanthum Wight (Walp.) Leaves: Mechanism and Specificity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {76-84}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {76}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the potential antihypertensive mechanisms include angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. So far, there is no in-depth study on the ACE inhibition activity of S. polyanthum, an ethnomedicinal plant used in treating hypertension. Thus, we aimed to study the ACE inhibition activity of S. polyanthum leaves by evaluating its potency, mechanism, and specificity. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were macerated in a bath-sonicator with either water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane producing aqueous (ASP), methanolic (MSP), ethyl acetate (EASP) and hexane (HSP) extracts. Each extract (100 μg/mL) were initially screened for ACE inhibition activity and then compared with standard drug, captopril (2.06 ng/mL), then the most active extract was further tested at 1 to 1000μg/ml. Inhibition mechanism was studied using zinc chloride and bovine serum albumin (BSA), while inhibition specificity was determined upon screening for α-chymotrypsin and trypsin inhibition activity. Results: ASP at 100 μg/ mL exhibited the highest inhibition activity (69.43 {\textpm} 0.60 \%) compared to MSP (41.63 {\textpm} 0.15 \%), EASP (9.62 {\textpm} 1.60 \%), and HSP (45.40 {\textpm} 0.15 \%). ASP showed dose-dependent ACE inhibition activity with IC50 of 41 μg/mL. ASP{\textquoteright}s ACE inhibition activity was significantly reduced in the presence of BSA, but not upon the presence of zinc chloride. ASP did not significantly inhibit α-chymotrypsin and trypsin. Conclusion: This study showed that the enzyme inhibition activity by S. polyanthum leaves was specific towards ACE. The ACE inhibition possibly occurs via protein precipitation and was non-dependent to the chelation with zinc at ACE active site.

Key words: Antihypertensive, ACE, Angiotensin converting enzyme, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.11}, author = {A Ismail and TAFT Anuar and IFM Suffian and AA Abdul Hamid and MN Omar and BE Mustafa and WAN Wan Ahmad} } @article {1743, title = {Antibacterial Activity and Active Fraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A., and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Against Propionibacterium acnes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {103-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Background: Propionibacterium acnes is a commensal bacteria that play a role in developing acne vulgaris on the skin. Antibacterial activity assay in the last decades have shown that Propionibacterium acnes is resistant to several antibiotics. Potential zingiber genera such as Z. officinale, Z. montanum, and Z. zerumbet have potential as antibacterial. Objective: This study aims to compare the antibacterial activity of Z. officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet against Propionibacterium acnes, the active fraction, and the components of the active fraction of the plant. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity test using agar diffusion method, extracts with high antibacterial activity were partitioned with water: n-hexane, n-hexane: methanol, water: ethyl acetate. The fraction was tested for antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The active fraction obtained was identified for its phytochemical content using TLC and GC-MS methods. Results: The results of the antibacterial activity test of Z. officinale extract had a larger inhibition zone. The test results of the active fraction Z. officinale had a higher activity than the extract. The results of screening using the GC-MS method obtained that the main components identified from Z. officinale were volatile oil components (α-curcumene, α-zingiberene and zingerone) and oleoresin (6-shogaol). Conclusion: Extracts of Z. officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet had antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity in Z. officinale both extract and ethyl acetate fraction which is known to contain terpenoids and oleoresin compounds (6-shogaol).

Key words: Antibacterial, Zingiber officinale, Zingiber montanum, Zingiber zerumbeth, Propionibacterium acnes.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.15}, author = {N Aji and S Kumala and E Mumpuni and D Rahmat} } @article {1765, title = {Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activity of Selected Raw-Consumed Vegetables in West Java, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {289-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Raw-consumed vegetables, known as lalapan, is famous among Sundanese community in West Java because of their heath benefits. In the present study, nine selected raw-consumed vegetables, namely Vigna unguiculata, Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Etlingera elatior, Abelmoschus esculentus, Oenanthe javanica, Centella asiatica, Pluchea indica and Pilea trinervia were screened for their antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. Antibacterial activity test were conducting using disc diffusion method against Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae. Whereas, the cytotoxic activity were examined using WST assay against lung cancer cell line A549. For the antibacterial activity, this study finds that Ocimum tenuiflorum, Etlingera elatior and Pluchea indica have highest inhibition zone against tested bacteria. Furthemore, the results of the cytotoxicity assay indicated that among the nine plants tested, five plants showed IC50 \< 20 μg/mL, including Vigna unguiculata, Ocimum tenuiflorum Linn, Etlingera elatior, Centella asiatica and Pilea trinervia with the IC50 value 13.71 μg/mL, 7.43 μg/mL, 12.45 μg/mL, 5.51 μg/mL and 18.84 μg/mL respectively.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity, Edible plants, West Java}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.36}, author = {Tiana Milanda and Raden Maya Febriyanti and Arif Satria Wira Kusuma and Ajeng Diantini} } @article {1751, title = {Antimicrobial Compound from Endophytic Pseudomonas azotoformans UICC B-91 of Neesia altissima (Malvaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {172-181}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {127}, abstract = {

Centrifugated extract of endophytic Pseudomonas azotoformans strain UICC B-91 has been observed for its antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Bacillus cereus ATCC 10876, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6583, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 25241, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231, with minimum concentration in the range 250 μg/mL. But, the novel compound of the bioactive substances which relevant for antimicrobial activity have not been described. Further fractionation and identification of the extract by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrophotometry (LCMS-MS) detected several compound as futoamide (C18H23NO3), gentialutine (C9H11NO), gentiabetine (C9H11NO2), 1-[(2E,4E)-2,4-decadienoyl]pyrrolidine (C14H23NO), lycopodine (C16H25NO) and dihydrolycopodine (C16H27NO). The majority compounds containing CHON elements with molecular weight approximately 100-450 Da.

Keywords: Alkaloid, Antimicrobial compound, Extraction, P. azotoformans.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.23}, author = {Rina Hidayati Pratiwi and Eva Oktarina and Wibowo Mangunwardoyo and Iman Hidayat and Endang Saepudin} } @article {1937, title = {Antiparasitic effect of Psidium guajava on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {973-977}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {973-977}, abstract = {

Background: Leishmaniasis is a stigmatic and mutilating disease due to pathogenic species of the genus Leishmania which, depending on the species and the individual{\textquoteright}s immune status, may vary clinically from a cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral form, and for which there is no suitable treatment without significant side effects. Objectives: To measure the effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava against axenic promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania spp. Methods: The method of [3- (3,4 -dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was used to study the antiparasitic effects of ethanolic (100mg/mL) and aqueous (100mg/mL) extracts of Psidium guajava on axenic amastigotes cultures (8.1 x103 parasite/mL) and promastigotes (12 x 104 parasite/mL) obtained from a patient with cutaneous\ leishmaniasis, and the percentage of parasite death was evaluated in comparison with Glucantime (300mg/mL) and untreated parasite cultures. Results: Regarding parasite death in promastigotes, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts had a percentage of 22.58\% and -45.16\%, respectively, with no significant difference between treatments (N=3) (p= 0.058). In contrast, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts had an antiparasitic percentage of 91.67\% and -70.83\%, respectively, with a significant difference between treatments (N=3) (p\<0.05). Conclusions: Our study showed high and significant effectiveness in parasite death (91.67\%) of Leishmania axenic amastigotes of the ethanolic extract (100mg/mL) of Psidium guajava, being this result promising and the basis for in vivo studies, using the ethanolic extraction of P. guajava

}, keywords = {Amastigote, Leishmania, Promastigote, Psidium guajava}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.198}, author = {Jes{\'u}s Rojas-Jaimes and Marco Mes{\'\i}a-Guevara and Maria Rojas-Puell and Luis Casta{\~n}eda- Pelaez} } @article {1876, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Ziziphus lotus on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Lithiasis in Rats }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {596-602}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {596}, abstract = {

In Morocco, Ziziphus lotus is commonly used as an urolithiatic agent in the traditional medicine. To confirm this effect, an aqueous extract of Ziziphus lotus (AEZL) has been studied in ethylene glycolinduced urolithiasis model of rats. 30 male rats were randomly divided into five groups of six animals each. Group I served as a vehicle control and received distilled water (0.5 ml/100 g p.o.). All remaining groups received calculi inducing treatment for 28 days, comprised of 0.75\% v/v ethylene glycol with 1\% w/v ammonium chloride in drinking water ad libitum for 3 days followed by only 0.75\% v/v ethylene glycol for 25 days. Group II served as lithiatic control and received distilled water (0.5 ml/100 g p.o.). Group III served as curative treatment group and received AEZL at doses of 150 mg/kg from 14th day to 28th day. Group VI served as preventive treatment group and received AEZL at doses of 150 mg/kg from 1st day to 28th day. Group V served as therapeutic and received a drug {\textquotedblleft}Cystone{\textquotedblright} at dose of 750 mg/kg from 14th day to 28th day. The extract treatment decreased the levels of oxalate and calcium in urine. Crystalluria analysis showed that untreated rats excreted large CaOx monohydrate and few dihydrate crystals while treated animals excreted mostly small CaOx dihydrate crystals. Significant similarity was observed between preventive and therapeutic anti-urolithiatic effect of AEZL and anti-urolithiatic effect of cystone (P\<0.001). These results demonstrated that AEZL have an anti-urolithiatic effect with preventive and therapeutic treatments in this experimental condition.

}, keywords = {Ethylene glycol, Rats, Urinary parameter, Urolithiasis, Ziziphus lotus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.141}, author = {Miloud Chakit and Rezklah Boussekkour and Aboubaker El Hessni and Youssef Bahbiti and Redouan Nakache and Hicham El Mustaphi and Abdelhalim Mesfioui} } @article {1740, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism against SARSCoV- 2: An In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {85-90}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes COVID-19 which is responsible for respiratory illness infection in humans. The virus was first identified in China in 2019 and later spread to other countries worldwide. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an antiviral agent via dual inhibitor mechanisms against two SARS-CoV-2 proteases through the in silico approach. The three-dimensional structure of various bioactive compounds of mangosteen from the database was examined. Furthermore, all the target compounds were analyzed for drug, antiviral activity prediction, virtual screening, molecular interactions, and threedimensional structure visualization. It aimed to determine the potential of the bioactive compounds from mangosteen that can serve as antiviral agents to fight SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that the bioactive compounds from mangosteen have the prospective to provide antiviral agents that contradict the virus via dual inhibitory mechanisms. In summary, the binding of the various bioactive compounds from mangosteen results in low binding energy and is expected to have the ability to induce any activity of the target protein binding reaction. Therefore, it allows various bioactive compounds from mangosteen to act as dual inhibitory mechanisms for COVID-19 infection.

Key words: Antiviral agent, COVID-19, Garcinia mangostana L., In silico approach, SARS-CoV-2.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.12}, author = {ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and AA Parikesit and FA Dian and RT Probojati and M Rebezov and P Scherbakov and P Burkov and G Zhdanova and A Mikhalev and Y Antonius and MRF Pratama and NI Sumantri and TH Sucipto and R Zainul} } @article {1841, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and Star Anise (Illicium verum Hook) as SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism: In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {352-357}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {352}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the COVID-19 pandemic that infects humans and attacks the body{\textquoteright}s immune system. The purpose of the study was to identify the potential of bioactive compounds in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) and star anise (Illicium verum Hook) via a dual inhibitor mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 proteases with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB. Antivirus probability prediction was performed on PASS Online. Virtual screening was performed with PyRx via molecular docking. Visualization was used by PyMol and Discovery Studio. Compounds with the best antiviral potential are indicated by the low binding affinity value to the target proteins, namely SARS-CoV-2 TMPRSS2 and PLpro. The results showed that purslane luteolin has the best antiviral potential. However, further studies are required to validate this computational prediction.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Illicium verum Hook, in silico, Portulaca oleracea L., SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.106}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Dony Novaliendry and Riso Sari Mandeli and Budhi Oktavia and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Okta Suryani and Putri Azhari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1785, title = {Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth. Leaves as a New Promising Drug for Abscesses Caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {439-443}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) can cause an abscess, a skin condition with a build-up of pus due to a fluid or pus-filled tissue covering. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract and its fraction from jawer kotok (Indonesian), Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth.) against abscess-causing bacteria, S. aureus and MRSA. Materials and Methods: Laboratory Experimental Design. C. atropurpureus was collected, macerated using 96\% ethanol extract, then fractionated using ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Antibacterial properties of ethanol extract and its fraction using S. aureus ATTC 25923 and MRSA. Statistical analysis used: descriptive statistics. Results: It was found that the MIC values for S. aureus ATTC 25923 and MRSA were in the range of 0.78\% - 1.56\% w/v and the MBC value for the two test bacteria was 1.56\% Conclusions: Ethanol extract and n.hexane fraction from C. atropurpureus were new drugs for abscess treatment. It is necessary to research the formulation and evaluation of the ethanolic extract and the n-hexane fraction from C. atropurpureus against the two bacteria that cause abscesses first.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Coleus atropurpureus (L) Benth., Maceration, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.56}, author = {Resmi Mustarichie and Yoppi Iskandar and Nyi Mekar Saptarini} } @article {1897, title = {Comparison of Powdered Active Compounds Made from Tender Coconut Water Fortified with Vitamin E, Processed by Spray Drying and Freeze Drying}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Tender coconut water contains antioxidants vitamin C, amino acids, L-arginine, polyphenols, selenium, and minerals that prevent oxidative stress, anemia, and inflammation. It also lowers lipid profiles, increases enzyme antioxidant status, and controls lipid peroxidation. Previous investigations have shown that tender coconut water provides health benefits but is difficult to store. This is due to its short shelf life, which can be extended by drying to obtain a dry or powdered form. A special drying method to acquire dry materials and maintain the characteristics of the raw materials is spray or freeze drying. Objective: This study aims to develop tender coconut water into a powder fortified with vitamin E and to differentiate the active compound content of the powder processed by spray and freeze drying. Method: This study used a randomized block design and the sample used was green tender coconut water (Viridis variety) aged about 5-7 months from the Bogor area. The procedures include the purchase of tender coconut water, followed by spray and freeze drying, while the content of active compounds that are beneficial to health was also analyzed. Drying was carried out at the Seafast Center Laboratory of Research and Community Service Institute, Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB), while the active compound content was analyzed at the Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory, Gadjah Mada University (UGM), Yogyakarta. Result: The active compounds analyzed from powder made from tender coconut water fortified with vitamin E were vitamin C, phenol, L-Arginine, L-Histidine, L-Lycine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, L-Valine, and minerals consisting of Cu (Copper), Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium), Zn (Zinc), Na (Sodium), K (Potassium), and P (Phosphor). Conclusion: There are differences in the content of active compounds in tender coconut water powder fortified with vitamin E between freeze and spray-drying methods.

}, keywords = {Freeze drying., Spray drying, Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.154}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Ratnawati Ratnawati and Atina Hussaana and Tjahja Muhandri} } @article {1933, title = {Correlation Between the Suitability of Empirical and Definitive Therapies According to Culture Results with the Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Bacteremia Due to Carbapenem- Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) at Dr. Soetomo Tertiary Referral Hosp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {942-947}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Carbapenem administration is an important therapy for nosocomial infections due to MDRO, especially Acinetobacter baumannii. The global increase in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) that causes this pathogen has significantly threatened public health due to the lack of adequate treatment options due to the very few currently available antimicrobial agents that actively fight CRAB. Antimicrobial resistance is a major negative impact of inappropriate antimicrobial prescribing. Ineffective empiric treatment (initial antibiotic regimen not sensitive to identified pathogens based on in vitro sensitivity test results) is associated with a higher rate of deaths compared to effective empiric treatment. In this study, we analyzed the correlation between the suitability of empiric and definitive antibiotics and the clinical outcomes of patients with bacteremia due to CRAB treated in the inpatient ward of Dr. Soetomo Tertiary Referral Hospital, Surabaya. There were 227 isolates of bacteremia due to CRAB, consisting of 156 carbapenem-resistant A. baumanni and 71 carbapenem-sensitive A. baumannii. There were 88 isolates that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and all of them were resistant to ceftriaxone, cefepime, and ciprofloxacin. A total of 29.5\% of the isolates were sensitive to cotrimoxazole, 3.4\% of the isolates were sensitive to tigecycline, and 2.3\% of the isolates were sensitive to amikacin, levofloxacin, and cefoperazone sulbactam. Adequate empirical antibiotics and definitive antibiotics (sensitive based on culture sensitivity test) amounted to 12.5\% and 27.3\%, respectively. There is no significant correlation between the suitability of empiric and definitive therapies with the patients{\textquoteright} clinical outcomes (death and length of stay).

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baumannii, Bacteremia, Carbapenem-resistant, Clinical outcomes., Definitive antibiotics, Empirical antibiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.194}, author = {Nafdzu Makhmudatul Muna and Ni Made Mertaniasih and Pepy Dwi Endraswari} } @article {1913, title = {Correlation of the Presence of Non Structural-1 (NS1) Antigen Dengue Virus with Severity of Dengue Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {813-816}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major public health threat worldwide, affecting approximately 3 billion people. More than 100 countries in the world located in tropical and subtropical areas, there are at least 100 to 400 million people infected with the dengue virus which causes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Soluble Non Structural Protein (sNS1) DENV is a soluble NS1 protein that is secreted and found in the serum of patients during acute infection. Because of its presence early in infection, sNS1 is used as a diagnostic indicator of acute dengue infection. NS1 can directly activate platelets through TLR4 and can further increase platelet aggregation, endothelial cell adhesion, and phagocytosis by macrophages that can cause thrombocytopenia so that high sNS1 levels are associated with disease severity. From the results of the study showed p \<0.05. This indicates that there is a correlation between the presence of NS1 and the severity of dengue infection.

}, keywords = {Dengue virus, NS1 antigen, Thrombocytopenia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.172}, author = {Ichwan Baihaki and Beti Ernawati Dewi and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Pavel Burkov and Marina Derkho and Pavel Scherbakov and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina AR Tasakka and Tengku Siti Hajar Haryuna} } @article {1737, title = {Determination of Phytochemical Constituent, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenol and Total Flavonoid of Extract Ethanol Phyllanthus emblica Fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {63-67}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phyllanthus emblica (PE) is a plant that grows widely in Indonesia, particularly on Sumatra island. In India, it is known as Indian gooseberry and is frequently used in ayurvedic medicine. PE fruit is well-known for its high antioxidant activity and a variety of pharmacological properties. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the phytochemical composition, antioxidant activity, total phenol, and total flavonoid concentrations. Methods: The fruits were harvested in the Indonesian town of Padang Sidimpuan. Up to 700 g of dry PE fruit powder was dissolved in 96 percent ethanol and macerated for seven days, with periodic steering daily. The solution was then filtered using Whatman paper no 1, and the filtered result was evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator until a crude extract/ethanol extract of PE (EEPE) was obtained, and the phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, total phenol, and flavonoid were analysed. Results: The result shows that EEPE contains some flavonoids such as quercetine, betaine, Trigonelline, Myricitrin, Myricetin, Leucine, and Kaempferol. EEPE as an antioxidant of 7.626 {\textpm} 0.41 μg/dL. It shows that the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica is strong ethanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica contains Total Flavonoid was 5.816 {\textpm} 2.81(mg QE/g extract) and total phenol was 274.590 {\textpm} 13.61(mg GAE/g extract). Conclusions: In summary, extract ethanol of Pyllanthus emblica contains flavonoid and have antioxidant activity and high total phenol and flavonoid levels.

Key words: Antioxidant, Total flavonoid, Total phenol, Phyllanthus emblica..

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.9}, author = {B Halim and RA Syahputra and I Adenin and HP Lubis and F Mendrofa and S Lie and SE Nugraha} } @article {1925, title = {Differences in interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 expression in covid-19 post-mortem lung tissue biopsy compared with noncovid- 19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {887-892}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Objective: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients.

}, keywords = {Biopsy, COVID-19, IL-17, IL-6, Post mortem lung tissue.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.184}, author = {Etty Hary Kusumastuti and Priangga Adi Wiratama and Grace Ariani and Stephanie Natasha Djuanda and Alphania Rahniayu and Nila Kurniasari and Dyah Fauziah and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Isnin Anang Marhana and Alfian Nur Rosyid and Dwi Wahyu and Gilang Muhammad Setyo Nugroho and Adhitri Anggoro and I Komang Rusgi Yandi and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Jilientasia Godrace Lilihata and Ummi Maimunah and Supriadi and Achmad Lefi and Lalu Galih Pratama Rinjani and Edi Suyanto and Ricardo Ardian Nugraha} } @article {1746, title = {Does Soybean (Glycine max) Supplementation Increase Oocyte Viability, Decrease Oocyte Apoptosis and Improve Embryo Development Quality? An Experimental Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {133-140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {133}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the important factors in Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is embryo quality that depends on oocyte quality. Maternal nutrition in form of soybean supplementation is thought to have benefits in oocyte quality. To determine the effect soybean supplementation to the embryo quality from oocyte side. Methods: This experimental study involved female mice from Swiss strain aged 6 weeks that were divided into two groups, group with soybean (soybean group/SG) and group without soybeans (pellet group/PG). Follicles were collected and denuded to get oocytes. The oocytes were stained with MitoTracker for assessing the mitochondrial membrane potential and TUNEL for assessing the apoptotic level. Colour intensity was assessed using a confocal microscope and determined using ImageJ software. Sperms were extracted surgically from the epididymis-vas deferens and performed preparation prior to intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) procedure. Then, the embryos were cultured and observed for the quality. Result: In TUNEL test, the average colour intensity of the SG was lower compared to the PG, significantly (p=0.03). While in the Mito Tracker test, the average colour intensity for the SG was higher compared to PG, not significantly (p=1.08). In addition, the embryo development on Day-1 and Day-3 showed more good embryo quality of SG compared to PG, significantly (p=0.03). Conclusion: Soybean supplementation improved embryo quality at the cleavage stage by decreasing apoptosis of the oocytes rather than increasing the viability the oocytes.

Key words: Oocyte, Soybean, Apoptosis, Embryo development, Embryo quality.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.18}, author = {Silvia W Lestari and Khairunnisa F Ilato and M. Iqbal A Pratama and Husna Qonitah and Gito Wasian and Amandanu Bramantya and Firda A Husna and Ria Margiana and Gita Pratama} } @article {1875, title = {Effect of Crataegus aronia on the Biochemical Parameters in Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {587-595}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

Crataegus aronia is widely known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic properties, and it has traditionally been used to treat cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Crataegus aronia extract on the liver enzyme markers, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and kidney function biomarkers as well as hematological parameters in induced diabetic rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups: normal Control; Diabetic; and Diabetic animals treated with two doses of Crataegus aronia extract (5 and 10mg/kg) (DM + extract), Control treated with the extract ( 5 and 10mg/ kg) and induced diabetic treated with insulin. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (50 mg/kg, ip)and normal were orally administrated with Crataegus aronia extract once a day for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the biochemical and hematological parameters were measured in all groups. Also, the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of the Crataegus aronia extract were evaluated. According to findings, the total phenols, total flavonoid, and flavonol contents were 538.3 mg Galic acid equivalent /g extract, 149.3 mg Rutin equivalent / g extract, and 79.3 mg Rutin equivalent / g extract), respectively. The antioxidant activity according to 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) IC50 and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were 28.02 μg/ml and in the range of 0.273 {\textendash} 0.960 μmol Fe+2/g dw, respectively. Crataegus aronia extract significantly (p \<0.05) affects red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelets values. Also, Crataegus aronia had a significant (P \< 0.05) effect on serum biochemical parameters, including glucose, total proteins, albumins, triglycerides, creatinine, bilirubin, and serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST). However, Crataegus aronia treatment had no significant effects (p \< 0.05) on serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol levels. Crataegus aronia exerts antioxidant activity and significantly improves the biochemical and hematological biomarkers in induced diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Biochemical parameters, Crataegus aronia, Diabetes mellitus, Insulin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.140}, author = {Omar Khaled Al-Mobideen and Ali Abdallah Alqudah and Ahmed Al-Mustafa and Fuad Alhawarat and Hussam Mizher} } @article {1830, title = {Effect of Seahorse Extract (Hippocampus comes L.) on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay in Rats After Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {253-258}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {253}, abstract = {

Seahorse (Hippocampus spp) is marine fish and have pharmacological activity, such as an antiinflammatory, antioxidative, antifatigue and improve the fertility. Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) is a contraception drug for male and affect the endocrine system by inhibiting pituitary gonadotropin with reduce testosterone levels in 12 weeks. There are limited studies reported the effects seahorse extract (SE) on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay in rats induced by DMPA. Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats that were induced by 1.25mg/kgbw DMPA in 0 and 12 weeks. The animals were randomly into five groups, following: aquadest (G1), CMC 1\% (G2), SE dose of 150 mg/kgbw (G3), SE dose of 225 mg/kgbw (G4), SE dose of 300 mg/kgbw (G5). The rats were gavage every day from seven until week eighteen. On the last week, we taken the right and left testis to observed the apoptotic on Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay. Apoptotic marker was observed through immunohistochemistry from testicular tissue and analysed with plugin ImageJ IHC profiler, which is H-score as the results. Data were analysed using One-Way ANOVA and Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s post hoc tests. The SE decrease the Caspase-3 and TUNEL assay expression in rats induced by DMPA until eighteen weeks, with dose 150 mg/kgbw given the significant difference with p=0.028; \<0.05 and p=0.000; \<0.01. These results suggest that SE decreased germ cells apoptotic in DMPA induced rats.

}, keywords = {Apoptotic, Caspase-3, DMPA, Seahorse, TUNEL assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.93}, author = {Trisnawati Mundijo and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Franciscus D. Suyatna and Agung Eru Wibowo and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1885, title = {Effect of Vitamin C and E Supplementation and Combination of Both in Egg Yolk Tris Diluter on the Quality of Sapera Goat Spermatozoa in the 5 {\textdegree}C Cooling Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {661-665}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {661}, abstract = {

This study was aimed to determine the effect of vitamin C, E supplementation and both combination in the egg yolk tris diluent on the quality of Sapera goat spermatozoa in 5oC cooling process. The samples were fresh semen collected from Sapera goat. It was divided into four different treatment groups. The control treatment or P0 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent, P1 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin C 0,9 mg/ml, P2 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin E 1 mg/ml, P3 contained semen sample + egg yolk tris diluent + vitamin C 0,9 mg/ml + vitamin E 1 mg/ ml. The least decrease of spermatozoa motility, viability and membrane integrity was found in P3, which was significantly different to P0 (p\<0,05). However, P1 and P2 did not show significant difference in the results of motility and viability evaluation (p\>0,05). It can be concluded that the combination of vitamin C and E supplementation can be an optimal antioxidants supplement in egg yolk tris diluent on the quality of Sapera goat spermatozoa in 5oC cooling process.

}, keywords = {5oC Cooling Process, Quality of Spermatozoa, Sapera Goat, Vitamin C, Vitamin E}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.150}, author = {Amung Logam Saputro and Uliy Ba{\textquoteright}sin Syadid and Rimayanti and Suherni Susilowati and Ragil Angga Prastiya and Bodhi Agustono and Fauzan Mumtazi and Marifatunnisa{\textquoteright}romadhona and Anastasya and Muhammad Riesta Farhan} } @article {1796, title = {Effective Enzyme-Producing Bacteria Isolated from Diversified Thai Rice and Native Thai Bees (Cavity Nesting Honey Bees) and their Potential for Production of Protease Enzymes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {506-517}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

Background: Thailand is one of the most bio-diversified countries in Southeast Asia, especially regarding plants, animals and microbes that impact directly on human and animal life. Methods: Of the 201 bacterial isolates that were screened from Thai rice and bees in Ratchaburi and Chiang Mai provinces, Thailand, most were classified in the genus Bacillus. Result: From the morphological test and 16S ribosomal DNA sequence study, three strains, Bacillus flexus KRptI_S2, Microbacterium paraoxydans C13HN2 and Paenibacillus hunanensis KRrb_T2, could produce amylase and protease enzyme and non-hemolytic activity at higher temperature. The highest enzymatic activity of protease was produced by P. hunanensis KRrb_T2 (378.9967{\textpm}1.335 U.mL-1) at 36 h. Conclusion: In summary, the bacteria from Thai rice and bees could be potential suitable sources of protease production for development by the food and beverage industries globally.

}, keywords = {Bacteria, Bees, Biodiversity, Protease Enzyme, Rice.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.64}, author = {Thapakorn Chumphon and Yaowanoot Promnuan and Sujinan Meelai and Saran Promsai} } @article {1817, title = {Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on the Expression of FGF, MMP-9 and Occludin in the Repair of Gastric Mucosal Erosions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {660-671}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

This study was conducted to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and occludin in the repair of gastric mucosal erosions in Wistar rats was induced by administration of aspirin, one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These expressions are associated with changes in histopathological features. This experimental research used a posttest only control group design. The research sample was 28 male Wistar rats that met the inclusion criteria, but not met the exclusion criteria. The samples were randomly allocated into four groups. Group 1 as negative control and group 2 as positive control. Group 3 as treatment 1, which was given HBOT (hyperbaric oxygen therapy) 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 5 days, after aspirin induction at 30 mg/kgBW/day for 10 days. Group 4 as treatment 2, which was given HBOT 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 10 days, after aspirin induction at 30 mg/kgBW/day for 10 days. Each group was evaluated the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of FGF, MMP-9 and occludin, using the Remmele scale index, immune reactive score (IRS). The expressions were correlated with histopathological changes, using the HAI (Histology Activity Index) method. The results show that the HBOT 2.4 ATA for 3 x 30 minutes/day (air break 5 minutes) for 5 days and for 10 days, it can improve FGF (p=0.016) and occludin (p=0.021) expression significantly. The HBOT can also reduce inflammation (p=0.005), epithelial defects (p\<0.001) and MMP-9 expression (0.042). There is a significant difference in occludin expression (p=0.034) between 5-day HBOT and 10-day HBOT. However, there was no significant difference between the 5-day HBOT and the 10-day HBOT for reduce inflammation (p=0.845), epithelial defects (p=0.469), FGF expression (0.054) and MMP-9 expression (0.470). The provision of HBOT at 2.4 ATA significantly improved gastric mucosal erosion in NSAID-induced gastric mucosal erosion Wistar rats model, by decreasing MMP-9 expression, as well as increasing FGF and occludin expression. There is a significant difference in occludin expression between 5-day HBOT and 10-day HBOT.

}, keywords = {FGF, Gastric mucosal erosions, HBOT, MMP-9, Occludin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.85}, author = {M. Fathi Ilmawan and Soetjipto and M. Guritno Suryokusumo and M. Miftahussurur} } @article {1868, title = {Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used for the Treatment of Urolithiasis in Morocco }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {542-547}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

Urolithiasis (UL) is a frequent pathology which affects between 5 and 20\% of the population according to the countries and areas. The aim of this study was to determine the medicinal plants used traditionally by patients with UL in the Kenitra and Sidi Kacem cities (Morocco). From January 2012 to February 2015, 50 herbalists and 166 patients with urolithiasis who live in the area under study were interviewed by using structured questionnaire. The following data were recorded: name of the patients or herbalists with their age, sex name of the plant (s) (vernacular name), parts used mode of preparation and administration. A total of 42 plant species belonging to 24 families, mostly from the Apiaceae (16.66\%) Lamiaceae (11.9\%) were used to treat the UL in the area. All the plants were prepared by decoction which are taken orally for a period of one week. Herniaria hirsuta (Hh) and Ziziphus lotus (Zl) were repeatedly mentioned by the patients and herbalists as most used for the management of UL in this area. It{\textquoteright}s concluded that the traditional remedies are the first line to treat the UL in this area. Hh and Zl were the most commonly used plants in this treatment which a study of antiurolithiatic characteristics seem to be necessary to evaluate its use in therapy.

}, keywords = {Medicinal plants, Morocco., Questionnaire, Traditional medicine, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.133}, author = {Miloud Chakit and Aboubaker El Hessni and Abdelhalim Mesfioui} } @article {1944, title = {Fingerprint and Multivariate Analysis of Apium Graveolens L. From Different Geographic with Spectroscopic ATR-FTIR}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1022-1028}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1022}, abstract = {

Background: Apium graveolens L. or widely known as celery is a plant that comes from the Apiaceae family. Apium graveolens L. is found in the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia as a nutritious plant. Plants that spread throughout Indonesia, both highlands and lowlands, contain 3-n-butylphthalide, D-limonene, Linalool, Luteolin, Apigenin and Apiin compounds. Differences in geographical location of growth resulted in differences in the content and concentration of Apium graveolens L. Aim and Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the differences of Apium graveolens L. based on its distribution in Indonesia. Indonesia does not yet have a standard for Apium graveolens L. Material and Methods: this research uses Apium graveolens provided by the Center for Research and Development of Traditional Medicinal and Medicinal Plants (B2P2TOOT) Tawangmangu. 10 samples from different regions in Indonesia will be read using the ATR-FTIR instrument in the finger print area as well as PCA (principal principal) multivariate analysis. component analysis) and HCA (Hierarchical Clustering Analysis). Results: The PCA results show the highest number of variants on PC 1 91,98\% and PC 2 variants at 4,71\%. In the quadrant 4 score plot, it was found that there was a closeness between the standard sample and the S2 sample (Materia Medika Batu). Conclusion: The result of this study is that there is a mutually supportive relationship from spectrum readings, sample location (temperature, soil moisture content, height (m a.s.l) with multivariate analysis (PCA, HCA results) when compared to the geographic location of each sample.

}, keywords = {Apium graveolens L, ATR-FTIR fingerprint area, Multivariate analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.205}, author = {Wendy Nora Martian and Dini Kesuma and Rima Via Angraini} } @article {1744, title = {FTICR/MS Analysis of Micromeria Fruticosa and Teucrium Polium Growing in Lebanon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {112-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Micomeria fruticosa and Teucrium polium are Lamiaceae plants found throughout the Mediterranean, including Lebanon. Aerial parts of both plants were taken from a rocky mountain in Lebanon{\textquoteright}s Bekaa region and alcoholic extraction and chromatographic separation were performed. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) was used to examine crude extracts of both plants A and B, as well as their fractions. The mass spectra of both plants revealed great chemical complexity with a total of 6352 ions (peaks) for crude extract of plant A and 5147 ions (peaks) for extract B. The majority of chemicals found in both plants are condensed aromatics, particularly polyphenols which could explain the previously documented anticancer effects of both plants.

Key words: Micromeria, Teucrium chromatographic analysis, FTICR-MS.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.16}, author = {Mohamad Al- Hamwi and MahaAboul Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany and Youssef BAKKOUR and Ziad Mahmoud} } @article {1733, title = {Green and Optimum Extraction of Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves using Microwave- Assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {29-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

The current study mainly aims to apply and optimize the microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction (MANDESE) method of total polyphenol content from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil leaves using response surface methodology (RSM) and its extraction mechanism using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The extraction process was performed using the maceration and MANDESE method. Total polyphenols content was examined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The extraction mechanism was performed using SEM imaging. The extraction condition as experimental design variable factors for optimization using RSM included NADES composition ratio, the liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, and microwave power. The results show that the MANDESE with some different combinations of NADES composition is more effective than a maceration. SEM imaging result shows that the levels of damage of cells and cell walls were more severe after extraction. The optimum extraction condition has obtained the NADES composition ratio of 3 g/g (choline chloride/sorbitol) and the liquid-solid ratio of 20 mL/g for 20 min extraction time with 60\% Watts microwave power. The scale-up confirmation test was obtained the total polyphenols content of 526.12 μg GAE/g sample. This finding demonstrated the optimum condition of the MANDESE method and performed efficiently, rapidly, safely, and environmentally friendly.

Key words: Microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction, Mitragyna speciosa (Kort.) Havil, Response surface methodology, Total polyphenols content.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.5}, author = {Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo and Risna Agustina and Yuspian Nur and Ramila Hidayati and Dewi Rahmawati and M. Arifuddin and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1742, title = {Identification of CF Mutations and Clinical Symptoms in CBAVD Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {98-102}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {98}, abstract = {

CBAVD has a prevalence or morbidity rate of 1-2 percent and has an association with low sperm count and damage, including being associated with recessive inherited genetic disorders. In 1971, several men with CBAVD were identified and had an association with mild cystic fibrosis. The classic clinical symptoms of cystic fibrosis are chronic diseases of the lungs, exocrine disorders of the pancreas, increased electrolyte levels in the sweat glands. It is based on various studies that the mutation frequency in CFTR is very high in patients with CBAVD compared to non-CBAVD patients. The 5 T allele on intron 8 causes changes in amino acids that is elevated when there is translation in the mRNA. The 5 T variant is a common mutation associated with the CBAVD phenotype and clinical symptoms. The method used in writing this review article is online literature studies obtained by accessing national and international scientific journals as well as scientific articles related to CF mutation and clinical symptoms. From the results of research that has been done, mutations in CBAVD patients have differences in clinical symptoms and require further study, especially with regard to the immunological expression profile in patients using animal models.

Key words: Mutations, Clinical symptoms, CBAVD, Infectious Disease

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.14}, author = {M Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwira} } @article {1732, title = {Improving Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Brazilin from Sappanwood (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) Extract by Fungal Cellulase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {21-28}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {21}, abstract = {

Brazilin was one of phytoconstituent from sappanwood that widely used as textile-colouring agent and found in traditional concoction for therapeutic purposes. Due to obtain its maximum level in sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) extract, the extraction method of brazilin has been developed. Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) is one of green chemistry methods to achieve that outcome. This study aims to enhance brazilin level by optimize the EAE condition with fungi cellulase. The cellulase are produced by monoculture Aspergillus niger UICC371 in carboxymethyl cellulose submerged fermentation{\textquoteright}s media. Sappanwood extracted with fungi cellulase through variation conditions: enzyme concentrations (2.0; 4,0; 6.0\%); temperature (45, 50, 55{\textcelsius}); and time (1, 2, 3 hrs). The optimization are provided by response surface method-BoxBehnken design and brazilin level was carried out through High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with asetonitril : 0,3\% acetic acid in water (14.5 : 85.5) as eluents. The study showed that cellulase from monoculture of Aspergillus niger UICC371 showed optimum condition of cellulase-EAE method at 6.0\% concentration enzyme at 50{\textcelsius} for 3 hours extraction time which provide an increase in brazilin level to 5.014\% compare to reflux method.

Key Words: Caesalpinia sappan L., Cellulase, Enzyme assisted extraction, Fungi, Response surface method.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.4}, author = {Dia Septiani and Herman Suryadi and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1813, title = {In silico Analysis of the Polyphenolic Metabolites of Zea mays L. "Purple Corn" on HMG-CoA Reductase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {549-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {549}, abstract = {

This research aims to identify the polyphenolic metabolites, reported in ears and grains of Zea mays L. "purple corn" according to the current literature, with more significant interaction on HMG-CoA reductase, through in silico assays. Using the keyword combination {\textquotedblleft}Zea mays L{\textquotedblright} AND {\textquotedblleft}polyphenols{\textquotedblright}, a search was made in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases, identifying 22 polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic ligands and control molecules were prepared with the OpenBabel program and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. In addition, the crystallized structure of HMG-CoA reductase (1DQA) was downloaded from the Protein Data Bank database, then prepared in PyMOL and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. Molecular docking was performed in AutoDock Vina with a 100-time repetition for each ligand-target interaction. The results show that the hydrogen bonds with amino acids of importance in HMG-CoA reductase are ASN 658, ARG 590, and GLU 559. Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid presented lower affinity energy (ΔG{\textdegree}). The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the molecules with the best pharmacodynamic interaction were analyzed with the SwissADME and pkCSM servers, showing that protocatechuic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, p-coumaric and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids have the best physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, this study gives us a clearer idea of the action of polyphenols on HMG-CoA reductase, which will allow obtaining new drug candidates for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, HMG-CoA reductase., in silico, Polyphenols, Zea mays L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.70}, author = {Horna-Rodriguez Alexsandra M and L{\'o}pez-Gamboa July A and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1808, title = {In Silico Phytochemical Compounds Screening of Allium sativum Targeting the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {604-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {604}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease is still widely spread across the world causing catastrophic effect in both human life and global economy. By the end of year 2021, it has caused a total of 5.437.636 deaths across the world. Indonesia has rich plant biodiversity including medicinal plants that may be used for combating the virus. One of the commonly used medicinal plants comes from Allium species and it has been proved to have antiviral activity. Conducting an in silico study, we screened bioactive compounds that came from Allium sativum to fight against coronavirus through the inhibition of 3CL-Pro, one of the major protease that have an active role for viral replication. Molecular docking of compounds from Allium sativum to 3CL-Pro resulting in the discovery of 5 compounds that have the best binding affinity to 3CL-Pro, which are squalene, 1,4-dihydro-2,3-benzoxathiin 3-oxide, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester, trans-13-octadecenoic acid and methyl-11-hexadecenoate with binding affinity of -7, -6.5, -5.9, -5.7 and -5.6 kcal/mol, respectively. It is very likely that these compounds can be candidates for therapeutic agents and these candidates need to be studied further.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.78}, author = {Priscilla Listiyani and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Md. Emdad Ullah and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1873, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia mangostana L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {575-579}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been the resulted of massive human deaths since early 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an inhibitor of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RCSB PDB. Analysis of the similarity of the drug was carried out with the Swiss ADME on the basis of Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities was carried out using PASS Online. Molecular screening was performed using PyRx through molecular docking. Discovery Studio was used for visualization. The bioactive compounds with the highest antiviral potential were indicated with the lowest binding affinity to the targeted proteins RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that mangiferin has the greatest potential as a potential antiviral. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Garcinia mangostana L., in silico, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.138}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Elsa Yuniarti and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Budhi Oktavia and Amalia Putri Lubis and Fajriah Azra and Fadhilah Fitri and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1832, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Syzygium cumini L. and Moringa oleifera L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {267-272}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

The global pandemic of COVID-19 has caused disastrous consequences for both humans and the economy. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of juwet (Syzygium cumini L.) and moringa (Moringa oleifera L.) as inhibitors of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in-silico approach. Samples were obtained from PubChem and RSCB PDB databases. The drug similarity analysis was determined using Swiss ADME and the Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities is carried out with PASS Online. Molecular screening is performed by molecular docking using PyRx. Visualization was used using PyMol and Discovery Studio. The bioactive compounds with the best antiviral potential had the lowest affinity bonds to the target proteins against RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. Results show that ellagic acid from java plum and myricetin from moringa have the best potential as potential antivirals. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, in silico, Moringa Oleifera L, SARS-CoV-2, Syzygium cumini L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.95}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Devi Pernamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhardi and Budhi Oktavia and Trisna Kumala Sari and Titi Sriwahyuni and Putri Azhari and Mirella Fonda Maahury and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1872, title = {In Silico Study of Entry Inhibitor from Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {565-574}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to screen the content of bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera and to identify its potential as an antiviral against COVID 19 through an entry inhibitor mechanism using bioinformatics tools. The sample was obtained from PubChem database. Amino acis sequences were obtained from the NCBI. Protein modeling is made through the SWISSMODEL site. The target proteins for this study were SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp. The protein-inhibitory interaction of the drug from M. oleifera bioactive compounds to SARS-CoV-2 was predicted by molecular docking with PyRx software. The result shows that M. oleifera was a potential antiviral candidate for SARS-CoV-2 with an entry inhibitor mechanism through a compound, especially quercetin. The RFMS value of both interactions between Mpro and quercetion and RdRp with quercetin were not higher than 1.05. This result still needed further research to prove this prediction.

}, keywords = {Active site, COVID-19, Moringa oleifera, Mpro, RdRp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.137}, author = {Nala Mawaddani and Ekris Sutiyanti and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Syamsurizal and Bayu Ramadhani Fajri and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Dony Novaliendry and Dwi Hilda Putri and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Alexander Patera Nugraha and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1773, title = {An In Silico Study of Examining Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta indica Juss. (Neem) as Potential Death Receptor 5 Inductor in Hepatoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a disease that occurs due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal hepatocytes. While cancer cells will not die by itself, due to resistance to death receptors 5 (DR5)-mediated apoptosis. This study is aimed to investigate Azadirachta indica Juss. leaves compound, such as gedunin and nimbolide, in binding DR5 and stimulated the TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), native ligand binding to DR5, which has a role of pro-apoptotic by docking simulation. The ligand and protein preparations were done using Discovery Studio 2016 and Hex 8.0.0 for docking. Visualization was done using Discovery Studio 2016. The docking studies revealed that nimbolide has a lower binding energy with the DR5-TRAIL complex than gedunin. According to the findings, nimbolide is a more effective DR5-TRAIL binding inducer than gedunin and has a higher binding affinity for DR5-TRAIL. This interaction has the potential to significantly reduce DR5-TRAIL binding resistance. Nimbolide and gedunin can be considered as drugs that can sensitize TRAIL binding to DR5 and increase the activation of one of hepar cancers signaling apoptosis pathways.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Azadirachta indica Juss., Cancer, Death receptor 5, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.44}, author = {Ricadonna Raissa and Anna Safitri and Masruri Masruri and Ma Asuncion Guiang Beltran5 and Aulanni{\textquoteright}am Aulanni{\textquoteright}am} } @article {1912, title = {In Silico Study of the Potential of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma Sumatrana: Zingiberaceae) As Anti-Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {806-812}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {806}, abstract = {

Cancer is one of the diseases that is the highest cause of death in humans. Most human cancer cells are formed as a result of over-expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Thus, the activation of these proteins can inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, then apoptosis will be inhibited so that other apoptotic pathways need to be activated to prevent cancer cells from developing. Current cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy using synthetic compounds, have various side effects, so research on natural based therapies can be used as an alternative in cancer treatment. Curcuma sumatrana is one of the plants of the Zingiberaceae family which is an endemic plant from Sumatra which is found along the Bukit Barisan. The research was carried out in silico by analyzing the potential bioactivity of the compounds, testing the bioavailability, toxicity, and molecular docking of the bioactive compounds from the ethanol extract of the rhizome of C. sumatrana which had been previously identified through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis. The results obtained that the compound 9-Acetyl-S-octahydrophenanthrene and 3-Oxoandrosta- 1,4-dien-17.beta.-spiro-2{\textquoteright}-3{\textquoteright}-oxo-oxetanecontained in C. sumatrana has the potential to be developed as an anticancer where the compound has good bioavailability value and is not toxic and potentially can trigger apoptosis. However, the results of this study need to be analyzed further with an in vitro or in vivo approach.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, C. sumatrana, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.171}, author = {Aldi Tamara Rahman and Rafia and Aiken Jethro and Putra Santoso and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul and Kiran Dobhal and Tarun Parashar and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Deffi Ayu Puspito Sari} } @article {1836, title = {In vitro Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities as well as Phytochemical Content of the Fresh Stem Juice from Montrichardia arborescens Schott (Araceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {296-304}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Montrichardia arborescens Schott (Araceae) is traditionally used for treating, among others, inflammatory conditions, but so far without scientific evidence. In this study, the fresh stem juice was assessed for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and phytochemical content. Methods: The stem juice{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using a heat-induced bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay and a hypotonicity-induced human erythrocyte membrane lysis assay. Its antioxidant activity was determined by a DPPH free radical-scavenging assay and a FRAP assay. Diclofenac and Trolox were used as reference compounds. Its phytochemical content was qualitatively explored by standard methods. Data (means {\textpm} SDs; n >= 3) were evaluated for statistically significant differences (p \< 0.05) using ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc adjustments. Results: At >= 12.5\% (v/v), the stem juice inhibited BSA denaturation by 50\%-75\% and membrane lysis by roughly 90\%. At 0.20-7.0\% (v/v), it did not affect BSA denaturation but stabilized membranes by \> 50\%. The juice scavenged DPPH free radicals at an EC50 of 2.0 {\textpm} 0.2\% (v/v) and achieved at that dilution an antioxidant power of 2,616 {\textpm} 16 μM Fe2+ equivalents. All the effects were in the range of those found with diclofenac 50 μg/mL and Trolox 1.0-6.0 μg/mL. The stem juice contained phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, and glycosides. Conclusion: The M. arborescens stem juice exhibited appreciable anti-inflammatory activities that might mainly be associated with the inhibition of the release of inflammatory mediators, along with notable antioxidant activity, which might be attributable to phytochemicals with known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant activity, In vitro studies, Montrichardia arborescens Schott, Phytochemical content, Stem juice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.99}, author = {Dennis R.A. Mans and Priscilla Friperson and Meryll Djotaroeno and Vinoj Sewberath Misser and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo} } @article {1900, title = {Influence of Chitosan Concentration on Characteristic of Microspheres Delivery System Prepared from Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {702-709}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr. (E.palmifolia) is a medicinal plant containing naphthoquinone, isoliquiritigenin, and oxyresveratrol compound. This study aims to formulate and characterize the E. palmifolia microspheres delivery system using chitosan variation as the polymer. Methods: The preparation method was the solvent evaporation method. The microspheres delivery system was performed by variation of chitosan concentration in each formulation 0.637\% (F1), 1.275\% (F2), and 1.912\% (F3). The physical and chemical characterizations include Entrapment Efficiency (EE), yield percentage, particle size, particle morphology, FTIR analysis, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) had been evaluated. Results: The results showed that chitosan concentration variation affected the microsphere{\textquoteright}s physical and chemical characteristics. Variations in the concentration of chitosan polymer (0.637\%, 1.275\% and 1.912\%) had an effect on the physical characteristics of the microspheres of the resulting Dayak onion bulb extract. The higher the concentration of chitosan used, the higher the entrapment efficiency and the yield yield will increase. Meanwhile, in observing the particle size, the higher the concentration of chitosan used, the smaller the particle size produced. The optimal concentration of chitosan as a polymer at concentration variations of 0.637\%, 1.275\% and 1.912\% to provide good physical characteristics of the Dayak onion bulb extract microspheres was shown in formula 3 with a chitosan concentration of 1.912\%. Conclusion: The better characteristic was obtained upon higher chitosan concentration. The best physical characteristics of E.palmifolia extract microspheres were obtained from chitosan concentration at 1.912\% (F3).

}, keywords = {Characteristic, Chitosan, Delivery system., Eleutherine palmifolia, Microspheres}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.157}, author = {Roihatul Mutiah and Wirda Ardania and Arief Suryadinata and Dewi Sinta Megawati and Anik Listiyana and Abdul Wafi and Rahmi Annisa} } @article {1862, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Neuroglobin and The Reducing Enzyme Metneuroglobin (Neuroglobin Fe3+) From Bovine Brain Tissue}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {504-510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {504}, abstract = {

Background/Aim: The brain uses 20\% of the O2 consumed by the body for energy metabolism. In 2000, found a protein that is thought to be a binding O2 in the brain, namely neuroglobin (Ngb). Ngb is a member of the hemoprotein which has a heme group. The iron ion in the haem group can be oxidized, so a reducing enzyme is needed. In this study, the isolation, purification, and characterization of Ngb protein and the reducing enzyme from oxidized neuroglobin (neuroglobin Fe3+) were carried out. Materials and methods: Ngb protein was isolated by fractionation technique using ammonium sulfate 90\% saturation, purified by anion exchange chromatography (DEAE Cellulose) and immunoaffinity chromatography, confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The metneuroglobin-reducing enzyme was isolated by RIPA lysis buffer, purified by Affi gel blue chromatography, and confirmed by SDS-PAGE. Results: The isolated Ngb obtained has a molecular weight of 17.26 kDa. Spectrum analysis in the wavelength range of 350- 500nm, showed the afternoon peaks of deoxyNgb, oxyNgb, carboxyNgb and metNgb were 415 nm, 405 nm, 405 nm, and 420 nm, respectively. The results of the isolation of the reducing enzymes obtained consisted of 2 parts, namely the matrix-bound eluate (eluate-1) and matrix-bound eluate (eluate-2). SDSPAGE results of eluate-1, eluate-2 and Ngb-free fraction (byproduct of Ngb purification) showed the same 3 bands at a molecular weight of 72.45; 26.84 and 16.33 kDa were suspected as reducing enzymes. Conclusion: The reduction kinetics was tested by reacting the fraction and metNgb and measuring the deoxyNgb uptake formed per unit time. The results of the measurement of the ratio of NgbFe3+ to NgbFe2+ from the free fractions Ngb, eluate-1 and eluate-2, which has the best reducing activity is eluate-1 because it has the best regression value of 0.8769.

}, keywords = {Bovine brain tissue, Neuroglobin, Neuroglobin absorption spectrum, Reductase enzyme}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.127}, author = {Ninik Mudjihartini and Dewi Pratiwi Purba and Fadilah Fadilah and Mohammad Sadikin and Sri Widia A. Jusman} } @article {1804, title = {Molecule Attachment and Prediction of ADMET Compounds in Cinnamomum burmannii on Orexin Receptor as Anti-insomnia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {576-583}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by a person{\textquoteright}s dissatisfaction with the quantity or quality of sleep. Suvorexant is a sedative and hypnotic drug that has been shown to be useful for the treatment of insomnia and can act more centrally and selectively on the orexin system. However, suvorexant has quite a lot of side effects. According to research, cinnamon has pharmacological benefits, one of which is anti-insomnia. The aimed this study to determine the interaction between the compounds contained in the cinnamon plant and the Orexin receptor with the molecular anchoring method and to determine the prediction of the ADMET properties of cinnamon compounds which have the potential as anti-insomniac. Material and Methods: The research method was in-silico study consisted of validation, bonding of cinnamon compounds and prediction of ADMET properties. Results: The results showed that cinnamon compounds, namely Cinnamic acid and Methylhidroxy calcone, had the best interactions with lower Gibbs bond energy values (ΔG) and inhibition constants (Ki). From the results of the prediction of ADMET properties, the Methylhydroxy calcone compound obtained positive results on the hepatotoxicity parameter and the Cinnamic acid compound obtained negative results, which means that the compound does not have toxic properties. Conclusion: The Cinnamic acid could be used as a new promising anti-insomnia agent.

}, keywords = {ADMET, Cinnamic acid, Cinnamomum burmanii, Insomnia, Orexin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.74}, author = {Resmi Mustarichie and Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Sandra Megantara} } @article {1910, title = {Nano Transdermal Delivery Potential of Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. (Brown Algae) as Chemoprevention Agent for Breast Cancer Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {789-795}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Conventional chemotherapy substances are associated with mild to severe side effects that affect both healthy and cancer cells. It is presumed to improve therapeutic efficacy in coexistence reducing chemotherapy{\textquoteright}s side effects. Fucoidan is an anticancer bioactive compound derived from Sargassum sp. that has low cytotoxic activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of anticancer activities of fucoidan from Sargassum sp. against breast cancer then analyze the suitability of nano transdermal patch of fucoidan and blueprint the long-term research design of nano transdermal patch as a chemoprevention agent in the chemotherapeutic management of breast cancer. This research was performed through a literature study and in silico study by imposing carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) as a marker of hypoxia and metastatic state of cancer cells. The results showed that the fucoidan from Sargassum sp. effectively induced apoptosis and prevented metastasis of breast cancer cells through the Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and bad pathways. Fucoidan, in addition, was predicted to inhibit CA IX by Glu4 Glu5, Leu7, Pro8, and Asp6 residues. Therefore, the delivery of fucoidan is favored to have a local effect on the site of breast cancer cells by nano transdermal patch preparations using fucoidan nanoparticle polymer. Further nano transdermal patch development as a treatment for breast cancer is suggested through the stages of formulation optimization, optimum formula activity testing, patent filing, and distribution in health services.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Breast cancer, Fucoidan, Nano transdermal, Sargassum sp. .}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.169}, author = {Syeftyan Muhammad Ali Hamami and Michelle Fai and Ahmad Fariduddin Aththar and M Nizam Zulfi Zakaria and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Maksim Rebezov and Nikolai Maksimiuk and Nataliya Kulmakova and Evgeniya Latynina and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Oski Illiandri and Khoirun Nisyak and Ernarisa Fitri} } @article {1856, title = {Nephrotic Syndrome with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Histological Feature: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {459-461}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia or hypoproteinemia. Renal biopsy is fundamental to assess not only the type but also the degree of disease activity. The overall prognosis and response to treatment often depend on the severity of histological lesions and their reversibility.1,2 Case Presentation: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome and planned for a kidney biopsy. This case showed a patient with swollen face (especially on the cheek). On Biopsy results showing the glomerulus proliferation of cells and mesangeal matrix, adhesions in (50\%) glomerulus, focal sclerosis in some glomeruli, erythrocyte cells visible in the urinary space and thickening of the basement membrane in some glomeruli, partially atrophic tubules, visible erythrocytes in the tubular lumen. Conclusion: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome with cushing syndrome and hypokalemia who had a renal biopsy. The histological feature from the renal biopsy was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The underlying cause of FSGS is still unclear. Assessing the diagnosis and etiology become important to direct the subsequent clinical approach and therapy

}, keywords = {Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Nephrotic syndrome, Renal biopsy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.122}, author = {Dian Samudra and Widodo and Nunuk Mardiana and Artaria Tjempakasari and Pranawa and Aditiawardana and Anny Setijo Rahaju} } @article {1769, title = {Pasuchaca (Geranium ruizii Hieron.): A Medicinal Plant of the Geraniaceae Family with Hypoglycemic Effect on Alloxan-Induced Hyperglycemia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {315-321}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii on alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in albino mice. Material and Methods: Geranium ruizii was collected in Huancayo, Junin, Peru. A phytochemical analysis was carried out to confirm the chemical groups. In the pharmacological study, hyperglycemia was induced with alloxan at doses of 170 mg/kg in male albino mice, animals with blood sugar levels above 250 mg/dL were included in the protocol. Mice were randomized into five groups (I: Alloxan 170 mg/Kg; II, III and IV (Geranium ruizii extract: 50; 150 and 300 mg/Kg body weight); and V: glibenclamide, 5mg/Kg B.W. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, saponins and phenolic compounds. It is observed that at doses of 50, 150 and 300 mg/kg reduced blood glucose at 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: The hypoglycemic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Geranium ruizii, administered orally in mice with alloxan-induced hyperglycemia was effective with 150 mg/Kg body weight.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic drugs, Antioxidants, Geranium ruizii, Herbal therapy, Medicinal plants, Pasuchaca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.40}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Renan Dilton Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Luz Josefina Chacaltana-Ramos and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Melva Iparraguirre-Meza and Mildred Hilda C{\'o}ndor- Privat and Beatriz Lilian Galdos-Vadillo and Jenny Mendoza-Vilcahuaman and Rossibel Juana Mu{\~n}oz-de-la-Torre} } @article {1869, title = {Pathophysiological Electrolyte Changes Connoted via Antagonism of Serotonin Receptor in Experimental Animals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {548-552}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {548}, abstract = {

Background: Atypical antipsychotics are a subclass of antipsychotics that have emerged primarily since the 1970s for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. They are sometimes referred to as second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). Several atypical antipsychotics have received regulatory approval for the treatment of disorders such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, irritability in autism, and as adjunctive treatment for major depressive disorders. Objectives: The purpose of the following study was to evaluate the effect of two widely known atypical antipsychotics, aripiprazole, and risperidone, on pathophysiological fluctuations in electrolytes. Several other studies were based on the following ideas, which brought a variety of different perspectives. As can be seen in the following evaluation, although atypical antipsychotics reduce the chance of extrapyramidal symptoms, it leads to impairment of renal function and destruction of renal histo-morphology. Materials and Methods: Thirty rats (10 per group) were used for this study, control group received normal saline, aripiprazole group received 10mg/kg//day, and risperidone group received 20mg/kg//day. The duration of therapy was long up to 3 months. Results: the results confirmed that both drugs reduced plasma sodium and chloride concentration with no effects on plasma potassium and calcium concentration. Moreover, the histomorphology at microscopic level shown no defects after 3 months of therapy. Conclusion: the outcome confirmed no deleterious defects associated with aripiprazole and risperidone when used for 3 months.

}, keywords = {Aripiprazole, Calcium, Chloride, Electrolyte, Potassium, Risperidone, Sodium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.134}, author = {Mohammed D Mahmood and Mohammed A. Younes and Mohammed Saarti} } @article {1810, title = {Pharmacobotany, Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-inflammatory effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Luffa operculata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {622-628}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Background: Luffa operculata is a vegetable species well known in the traditional peruvian medicine for its many medicinal properties and cosmetic applications. Objective: The aim objective was to determine the pharmacognostic characteristics of L. operculata as well as observing the pharmacological effect of the ethanol extract of L. operculata fruit on chronic inflammation in rats. Materials and Method: Phytochemical analysis was carried out by using specific chemical reagents for each constituent chemical, the pharmacobotanical study was done with a histological tinction (fruit, steam and leaves), which were stained with Safranin 1\% and Toluidine blue 1\%; the chronical inflammation was assessed by air bag method in Holztman male rats. Doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/Kg were tested in order to determine the anti-inflammatory effect, which was demonstrated with histopathological evaluation and lymphocytes reduction. Results: The main findings indicate that the ethanolic extract presented saponins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenes and steroids. The efficiency of lymphocyte reduction per field in the histopathological study of the granuloma was 58.4\% with the middle dose of 250 mg/kg (p \< 0.0001), which gives a dose-independent anti-inflammatory effect in rats. Conclusion: Luffa operculata presented anti-inflammatory effect at 250 mg/Kg by oral administration in a chronical experimental model of inflammation in rats.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory., Luffa operculata, Pharmacobotany, Saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.80}, author = {Jorge Alejandro Arroyo-Sandoval and Manuel Jes{\'u}s Marin-Bravo and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Roberto Jes{\'u}s Ch{\'a}vez-Asmat and Josefa Bertha Pari-Olarte and Javier Hern{\'a}n Ch{\'a}vez-Espinoza and Jaime David Torres-L{\'e}vano and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Jos{\'e} Santiago Almeida-Galindo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon} } @article {1877, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Helichrysum acutatum DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {603-609}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Helichrysum acutatum from the Asteraceae family is a shrub indigenous to Southern Africa. The plant is used in traditional medicine as an enema for newborn babies. This study aimed to isolate and identify the bioactive constituents from H. acutatum. In addition, the crude extracts and isolated compounds were tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities. The phytochemical investigation afforded the known compounds stigmasterol, stigmasterol glucoside, and caffeic acid. The antioxidant activity of the ethyl acetate extract showed higher activity compared to other extracts, ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene. Antibacterial profiling of all the extracts showed no activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains. The cytotoxic activity of the crude extracts was assayed in vitro against two human cancer cell lines, liver hepatoblastoma (HepG2) and colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2). The human embryonic kidney cell line (Hek-293) was used as the non-transformed control. The plant extracts showed insufficient antiproliferative or cytotoxic activity to the tumour and regular cell lines tested, which signifies suitable for human consumption. Overall, this plant has better antioxidant activity than other plants in the genus, which needs further exploration.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Caffeic acid, Cytotoxicity, Magnetic resonance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.142}, author = {Funsho Oyetunde-Joshua and Roshila Moodley and Hafizah Cheniah and Rene Khan} } @article {1874, title = {The phytochemical and pharmacological activity of extract Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaves: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {580-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {580}, abstract = {

C. odorata L. is considered to be a plant weed that is scattered in various climates. As a weed, this plant contains a variety of beneficial secondary metabolites. Several studies have shown the benefits of C. odorata L. leaf extract. This study reviews the metabolite content and the pharmacological activities of C. odorata L. leaf extract. A literature search was carried out to obtain various studies related to the use of this plant extract. Secondary metabolites identified in C. odorata L. are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Several reports have also shown that even though it is considered a weed, C. odorata L. leaf extract also provides many benefits due to its pharmacological activities. Various pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antidyslipidemia, hematologic agent, antidiabetic and anti-cataract, analgesic and antipyretic, wound healing, anti-malaria, mosquito larvicidal, antihypercholesterolemia, and antifungal.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Chromolaena odorata, Kirinyuh, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.139}, author = {Erna Harfiani and Yudhi Nugraha and Citra Ayu Aprilia and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Ratna Puspita and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Riso Sari Mandeli and Mirella Fonda Maahury and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tasakka and Alexander Patera Nugraha and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1894, title = {Phytochemical Approach Including Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents and Evaluation of in vitro ABTS Antioxidant Capacity and Lipoxygenase Inhibition of Anisosciadium lanatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {928-932}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {928}, abstract = {

Anisosciadium lanatum Boiss is commonly known in Bedouins as besbas. Traditional, it is palatable plant and used in medicine of livestock to treat skin conditions . The main objective of current approach was to screen the presence of different kind of metabolites applying standard procedures followed by assessment of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) contents. In addition, the in vitro ABTS antioxidant and lipoxygenase activities were evaluated. Different organs (leaves, stems and flowers) of Anisosciadium lanatum were extracted using 70\% methanol to yield total methanol extracts of leaves (TML), stems (TMS) and flowers (TMF). Results demonstrated that TML, TMS and TMF are characterized by the content of different constituents such as flavonoids, phenolics/tannins, steroids, saponins, and carbohydrates at different levels. Ethyl acetate (EA) and butanol (BT) fractions of TML and TMS demonstrated the highest percentage of TPC and TFC. The results demonstrated the competence of EA and BT as free radical scavenger fractions compared to other fractions and its opportunity to contain bioactive antioxidant metabolites . TML, TMS and TMF exhibited Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 4.88, 5.40 and 6.05 μg/mL, respectively when compared to that of the positive control baicalein (IC50: 0.27 μg /mL). In conclusion, present investigation highlighted the potential of Anisosciadium lanatum to be promising candidate with activity against wide range of inflammatory-related diseases.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Anisosciadium lanatum, Lipoxygenase, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.191}, author = {Mohammed Wasel Matar and Shahad Mohammed Nasser Alqahtani and Duaa Adnan Alghafli and Abdullah Abdulhamid Altaweel and Abdullah Jalal Alasoom and Hussein Ali Burshed and Marwan Mohamed Alshawush and Hany Ezzat Khalil} } @article {1756, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Biological Screening of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Salvia hispanica L. Aerial Parts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {226-234}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L. is an annual herbaceous plant commonly known as "Chia", native of southern Mexico and northern Guatemala. The aim of this study is isolation, identification of secondary metabolites and evaluation of biological activities of ethyl acetate fraction of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts. Methods: Air dried powdered of Salvia hispanica L. aerial parts was extracted by maceration and fractionated using light petroleum, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate solvents. Ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column and thin layer chromatography for isolation of secondary metabolites that are characterized by UV-Vis, FT-IR, EI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS technique was used on the same fraction. In-vitro biological evaluation of the fraction carried out for anti-oxidant activity using DPPH assay, anti-obesityactivity using pancreatic lipase inhibitory assay,anti-diabetic activity usingα -amylase inhibition assay andanti-cancer activities usingcell viability assay. Results: Six compounds were isolated including 1,2,4,5 tetrahydroxy benzene (1), leucantho flavone (2), rhamnetin (3), apigenin-7-O-β- D-glucoside(4), rosmarinic acid (5) and kaempferol-7-O-β-D-glucoside (6). The identification of thirty seven compounds byUPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis. A strong DPPH scavenging activity with IC50 13.11compared to ascorbic acid, anti-obesity activity with IC50 59.3 compared to orlistate, anti-diabetic activity with IC50 95.2 compared to acarbose. High cytotoxic activity against lung carcinoma, colon carcinoma and moderately cytotoxic activity against prostate carcinoma cell lines. Conclusions: Salvia hispanica L. is a strong antioxidant and anti-carcinogenic against lung and colon cancer.

Key words: Anti-oxidant, Anti-obesity, Leucantho flavone, Salvia hispanica, 1,2,4,5-tetrahydroxy benzene, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.28}, author = {Ehsan M. Abou Zeid and Afaf E. Abdel Ghani and Marwa Y. Mahmoud and Rehab H. Abdallah} } @article {1883, title = {Phytochemical Test and Acute Safety Evaluation of Oral Purple Leaves (Graptophyllum Pictum L. Griff) Extract in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {649-654}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {649}, abstract = {

Background: Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) is a native plant from Indonesia (Polynesia) which is empirically common used to treat hemorrhoids, diabetes, and many other diseases. Despite its massive development globally, there are few studies have written about the toxicity of this herbal medicine. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the acute toxicity of this herbal medicine, as the basic ground of the further safe development of this medicine. Method: Each purple leaf dry powder (2 kg) was extracted with 15 L of 70\% ethanol and 15 L of hexane by maceration method for 3 days at room temperature and then filtered to obtain macerate liquid. The study was conducted on 36 male 6-8 weeks, Sprague{\textendash}Dawley (SD) rats. The result was presented as the mean value {\textpm} standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated for homogeneity using Saphiro Wilk. The comparisons between pre dan post treatment body weight were measured by paired student t test and hematological measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Acute toxicity of ethanol and hexane extract were assessed following a single dose administered by gavage at a dose of 50, 2000 and 3000 g/kg bw. The mean body weight of rats increased from 150 {\textpm} 2.22 g to 161 {\textpm} 6.68 g during the 14 days. The difference of body weight between before and at 14 days amongs groups were significantly different with P value \<0.01. Conclusion: The present study showed that hexane extract contains more valuable components for medical treatment purposes. The acute toxicity on 50, 2000,3000 kg/BW oral ethanol and hexane extract of Graptophyllum pictum showed no significant influence on hematological blood parameters of rats. It is safe to administered orally ethanol or hexane extract of G. pictum below 3000mg/kgBW rats.

}, keywords = {Acute, purple leaves, Safety, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.148}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1911, title = {The Potential of Antivirus Compounds in Gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.) in Inhibiting 3CLpro Receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused pandemic disease since the end of 2019. Virus transmission occurs through droplet and infects the host{\textquoteright}s respiratory tract rapidly. Viral propagation occurs through translation process of genome +ssRNA, then it being replicated forming some new body parts of virus and assemblied into virions that ready to infect. During the replication process, the translated viral genome in the form of polyprotein will be cut into smaller components by proteases, which one is 3CLpro. The presence of the 3CLpro receptor is used in drug development through in-silico molecular docking process to minimize failures before laboratory test. The antivirus compounds that used to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor are from gletang plant (Tridax procumbens Linn.). This study aim is to determine the value of binding affinity, the interaction between compounds and receptor, and the effect of drug components. The research was conducted by in-silico through the molecular docking process of 3CLpro receptor and antivirus compounds of gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.), including betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan. The results showed that the binding affinity of betulinic acid was -6.6 kcal/mol, kaempferol was -5.6 kcal/ mol and lignan was -5.4 kcal/mol. The interaction form of compounds and receptor was hydrogen bond, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals. Compared to baicalein compound as a positive control with the value of binding affinity was -6.7 kcal/mol and its interaction with 3CLpro receptor, showed betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan have smaller ability but they have the potential to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor.

}, keywords = {3CLpro receptor, Antivirus, Gletang, In-silico, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.170}, author = {Yuna Islamiati and Yani Suryani and Ayuni Adawiyah and Opik Taufiqurrohman and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Maksim Rebezov and Shimanovskaya Yanina and Belyakova Natalia and Dmitriy Kulikov and Gulnara Mullagulova and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Thoriq Albari} } @article {1778, title = {The Potential of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk) Seed Oil as Anti- Alopecia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Objective: This review article aimed to examine the potentiality of moringa seed oil as anti-alopecia. Method: The data was collected by studying national and international journal articles using several search engines, namely Google and Google Scholar websites, Research Gate, Sciencedirect and Scimagojr. The keywords for this article include moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Results: The result was tabulated in a table and described according to the mechanism of action of the active compounds found in moringa seed oil, fatty acids, phytosterol, and anti-alopecia. Moringa seed oil contain the phytosterol compounds (β-sitosterol, ergosterol and campesterol) show the activities that obstruct the formation of the dihydrotestosterone (DHT) compound known to be the cause of alopecia. The fatty acid compounds found in moringa seed oil (lauric acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid) reinforce its potential to be an anti-alopecia. Conclusion: The phytosterol and fatty acid compounds supported the growth of hair to be fertile and healthy.

}, keywords = {Anti-alopecia, Fatty Acids, Moringa Seed Oil, Phytosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.49}, author = {Yulius Baki Korassa and Nyi Mekar Saptarini and Resmi Mustarichie and Rini Hendriani} } @article {1766, title = {Potential of Stem Cells in Overcoming Infertility Problems in Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {296-300}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Stem cells are characterized as cells with undifferentiated kinds that have the ability to differentiate into a variety of various cell types in response to the environment in which they are growing and develop (niche). Stem cells are classified into three broad categories based on their origin: extra-embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the amniotic fluid, umbilical cord and placenta; adult stem cells, which are derived from adult tissues such as blood, fat, bone marrow and skin; and embryonic stem cells, which are derived from the blastocyst. Stem cells exposed to certain suitable conditions will differentiate into 3 germ layers and also primordial germ cells. This is the basis for the latest research to obtain mature haploid gametes capable of developing into normal embryos and fetuses. Somatic Nuclear Cell Transfer (SNCT) technique is used to produce mature gametes so that the resulting cells contain cell nuclei with new genetic material. Infertility is a common problem that occurs with a prevalence of 10-15\% of couples of reproductive age. Causes of infertility in women include metabolic and hormonal disorders accompanied by interactions with environmental factors that reduce oocyte quality. This results in an increased rate of aneuploidy in the resultant oocytes and impairs the human implantation process. The main objective of this research is to enhance the understanding of stem cells in women{\textquoteright}s infertility. The method used in writing this review article is online literature studies obtained by accessing national and international scientific journals as well as scientific articles related to stem cells (Stem cells), infertility, women. From the results of this study, it can be seen the potential of stem cells (stem cells) in treating infertility in women. Further studies are needed, especially pre-clinical and clinical trials so that they can be widely applied.

}, keywords = {Health risk, Infertility therapy, Public Health, Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SNCT), Stem Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.37}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwia} } @article {1812, title = {Potential Roles of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as Antimetabolic Syndrome: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {710-714}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

The number of cases of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is part of the metabolic syndrome case. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a plant that has been clinically tested and has the potential to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome as well as pathogenic and pathophysiological activities that cause disease. The aim of this study is to discuss and conclude information regarding the activity and use of purslane (P. oleracea) as an antimetabolic. This review article is based on scientific publications found on Google Scholar and PubMed databases using the keywords of {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca obesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca overweight{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca dyslipidemia{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}Portulaca metabolic syndrome{\textquotedblright}. This plant acts on numerous pathways in the metabolic syndrome such as reduction of lipids, blood sugar, body weight and total cholesterol. Purslane (P. oleracea) can be used as a candidate for a new herbal plant as an anti-metabolic syndrome.

}, keywords = {Body weight, Insulin resistance, Metabolic syndrome, Obesity., Portulaca oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.90}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Farraz Syadzha and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Md. Emdad Ullah and Sin War Naw and Vikash Jakhmola and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1917, title = {Prediction of MMP-9 Polymorphism Impacts on MDR-TB by Molecular Simulation and Network Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {833-841}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

MMP-9 overexpression is associated with a poor outcome in MDR-TB patients, indicating that MMP-9 is a suitable target for MDR-TB therapy. MMP-9 also includes SNPs that occur at inhibitor binding areas as well as zinc ions. As a result of polymorphisms, the usage of MMP-9 inhibitors for MDR-TB might vary. Through molecular simulation, it has been found that the mutant MMP-9 has a larger cavity and a more lipophilic surface. The docking tests revealed that EGTA had the least amount of binding energy to both wild-type and mutant MMP-9. The wildtype MMP-9 can bind zinc when EGTA is in the active site. This shows that using EGTA to chelate Zn is only partially successful. However, the binding energy of EGTA at the active site suggests that it may be a competitor to MMP-9 substrates. On the other hand, Zn is not involved in the interaction of the mutant MMP-9-EGTA complex.

}, keywords = {Gene polymorphism, Matrix metalloproteinase 9, Molecular simulation., Multidrug resistant TB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.176}, author = {Anse Diana Valentiene Messah and Sawitri Darmiati and Cleopas Marthin Rumende and Retno Ariza Soemarwoto and Joedo Prihartono and Asmarinah and Fadilah Fadilah and Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum} } @article {1774, title = {Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Four Secondary Metabolites, Total Tannin and Total Flavonoid Contents in Guava Fruit Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {350-357}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study on guava fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh Village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed increased megakaryocytes and platelet numbers in thrombocytopenic mice model. The study of acute oral toxicity of the extract did not show toxic effects in the kidney and liver at doses of 2000 and 5000 mg/kg b.w. The aim of the study was to determine the profile and quantity of four metabolite compounds and total tannin and flavonoid in the extract. Materials and Method: gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaemferol in the extract were identified and quantified by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with column LiChroCART 250-4,6 RP 18E, isocratic mobile phases with the composition of mixture:0.1\% acetic acid, acetonitrile and methanol (40:50:10) respectively, and at temperature 300C. The total tannin and flavonoid were determined using the by spectrophotometry method, Fe(III) chloride and 1.10-phenanthroline at wavelength 510 nm for tannin and aluminium chloride and rutin at wavelength 422 nm for flavonoid, respectively. Results: Percentage of gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin and kaempferol were 0.77\%, 1.37 \%, 0.41 \% and 0.35 \%, respectively. Total tannin and flavonoid contents were 1.20\% (TAE) and, 1.18\% (RE) respectively. Conclusion: The guava fruit ethanol extract contained gallic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, kaempferol, tannin and flavonoid.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Guava fruit, Psidium guajava, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.45}, author = {Diah Dhianawaty and Nur Atik and Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Iskandar Muda} } @article {1839, title = {Protein Analysis of Royal Jelly Bee Apis Mellifera Carpatica as Candidates for Immunotherapy in Reproductive Disorders}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {338-343}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Background: The honey bee of the Apis mellifera species is the main type of bee cultivated in almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. Honey has benefits in various aspects, including food, health, and beauty. Royal jelly is a daily food menu as a food supplement to maintain and increase health and vitality. Purpose: Analyzing the immunogenic and toxinogenic proteins of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica as immunotherapy. Method: Conversion of nucleotides into amino acids. Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, analysis of the three-dimensional structure of Protein of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, Analysis of Ramachandran Plots of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica, Analysis of epitope and allergen proteins, Analysis of antigens and toxins. Research result: The research results found that six proteins of Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica were epitope, antigenic, and non-toxic. Allergens and three Royal jelly proteins, Apis mellifera carpatica, are non-allergenic. In this study, the three-dimensional structure has not been found and opens opportunities for proteomic studies of the Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica protein, including protein isolation. Conclusion: The findings of this study can be used as a basis for the use of immunotherapy materials against the protein Royal jelly Apis mellifera carpatica against reproductive disorders.

}, keywords = {Analysis, Apis mellifera carpatica, Immunotherapy, Protein, Royal jelly}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.104}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwia} } @article {1822, title = {Review on Literature of the Plant Elephantorrhiza Elephantine on its Healing Properties and Recent Acquired Knowledge of its Medicinal Activities (2000-2020)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {715-721}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Background: The current review article outlines current findings in literature from undertaken studies and review articles on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine from the past 20 years to date. The information presented in this article will include the following aspects of the plant. The plant description and taxomony, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Elephantorrhiza elephantine. The article looks to discuss existing hurdles in research found on this plant and how to integrate any previous research with what is currently done in research on the plant. It aims on guiding the path of future research direction on the plant Elephantorrhiza elephantine. Methods: A total of 40 articles were selected and read through. The articles selected had included literature publications with the keywords such as; Elephantorrhiza elephantine, plant description, taxonomic of the plant, ethno medicinal usages, phytochemicals, pharmacological properties and plant toxicity, which were published between the years 2000 {\textendash} 2021. There were 32 articles relevant for this review article and 2 dissertation that were written between the criteria of years. Results: The ethomedicinal uses of Elephantorrhiza elephantine have been investigated by various authors on the anti-microbial activities, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and in ethnoveterinary medicine on how the plant provides relief to individuals with illnesses/disease through its traditional uses. These studies have been conducted on both animals and humans. The experiments performed used the crude extract derived from parts of the plant such as the roots and leaves. These plant parts have phytochemical compounds that are extracted using varying polar solvents. In the animal studies, acetone extracts of E. elephantine roots demonstrated significant activity against a tick-borne disease in cattle livestock and parasite worms in goats. In humans, the dried leaf extracts of E. elephantine was also subjected to various polar solvents and water, investigated for phytochemical content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities, using standard methods. It was reported that the ethanol extract yielded the highest phytochemical content. Conclusion: The gap in knowledge has narrowed on medicinal plants effects of healing properties. This lead by extensive research carried out trying to understand the benefits of traditional medication and why majority of the population uses it as they primary healthcare choice. Investigating the mechanism of action of E. elephantine on its antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing could lead to an enhanced understanding on the medicinal properties of the plant extracts and a commercialisation of a product in future.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Medicinal plants, Phytochemical content, Plant extracts.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.91}, author = {Radebe Tlotlo and Polo-Ma-Abiele Hildah Mfengwana and Dedr{\'e} Olivier} } @article {1950, title = {The Role of Breast Milk on Reducing the Risk of Neonatal Sepsis in Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1067-1074}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1067}, abstract = {

Background: High mortality and morbidity rates are associated with neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Aside from controlling the nosocomial infection, intervention for reducing the risk of sepsis is demanded. The best nutrition for preterm infants is breast milk. Bioactive compounds found in it, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities not only for immunity against the infection but also for growth, and development. Objective: To investigate the effect of breast milk against the risk of neonatal sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants. Methods: We conducted an electronic search through several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus. We performed an analysis on nutritional feeding and volume of breast milk and late-onset sepsis from ten potential observational studies. Results: Breast milk significantly reduced the risk of sepsis in preterm and low birth weight infants (pooled RR 0.70; 95 \% CI 0.55 - 0.88, p = 0.002). In addition, when we performed subgroup analysis, we found that breast milk volume \> 50ml/kgbw/day also reduce the risk of sepsis with pooled RR 0.61(95\% CI 0.46-0.8, p=0.0004). Conclusion: Low birth weight and preterm infants had a lower risk of neonatal sepsis when they got breastmilk. To preserve the supply of breastmilk, health professionals should support and encourage mothers who were breastfeeding.

}, keywords = {Breast milk, Low birth weight, Neonatal sepsis, Preterm infant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.211}, author = {Tita Natalia Manurung and Citrawati Dyah Kencono Wungu and Martono Tri Utomo} } @article {1938, title = {The Serum Formulation of Hati Tanah Tuber Ethanol Extract from Central Kalimantan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {978-982}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {978}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lately, the use of natural cosmetics can have a good effect on the skin. One of them is traditional beauty treatments. The Serum is a preparation with low viscosity, because of its low viscosity serum is categorized as an emulsion preparation. From the results of research that has been carried out, ethanol extract of Hati Tanah tuber has great potential as an anti-acne because it can inhibit the growth of acne-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes. With the innovation of serum ethanol extract of Hati Tanah tuber, it can be an option for the community later in the treatment of acne. Methods: The formulation is made in 4 (four) formulas with different concentrations of the main ingredients used. Next is to weigh all the ingredients needed according to each formula. Then physical properties test performed. a) Organoleptic test; b) Homogeneity Test; c) pH test; d) Spreadability Test and e) Adhesion Test. Results: The organoleptic test was carried out directly by looking at the shape and color and smelling the serum preparation of the ethanol extract of Tanah Hari tubers. The test results show that at F0 (0\%) the color is clear, for F1 (0,5\%) it is quite pale pink, F2 (1\%) is bright pink and F3 (5\%) is dark red. For scent organoleptic, F0 indicates no scent, for F1 and F2 there is a distinctive scent from the Hati Tanah tuber which is slightly pungent, while F3 shows a pungent aroma typical of the Hati Tanah tuber. The resulting serum has a thick texture at F0 and F1, a watery texture at F2 and a thinner texture at F3. All of the formulas have met the physical test requirement of organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and adhesion test. Conclusion: The simplicia of Hati Tanah tuber can be made into an innovative cosmetic preparation in the form of serum with a concentration of 0,5\%, 1\% and 5\%. From the results of testing the physical properties of the formulations, all of the formulas have met the physical test requirement of organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, and adhesion test.

}, keywords = {Formulation, Hati Tanah Tuber Ethanol Extract., Serum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.199}, author = {Nurul Qamariah and Rezqi Handayani and Jessika Maretania} } @article {1843, title = {Triterpenoids from Agathis robusta Aerial Parts and Their Hepatopotective Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {362-366}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Objective: While Agathis robusta contains important phytochemical constituents and has been linked to a variety of biological activities, there is currently insufficient research on the plant{\textquoteright}s total phytochemical constituents or pharmacological activity. Materials and Procedures: The aerial part of Agathis robusta was extracted with 70\% methanol and was screened for new phytochemical components. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic data interpretation. The hepatoprotective activity of the isolated compounds was investigated. Results: Four known triterpenoids and two new compounds were isolated for the first time from the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of A. robusta. Conclusion: For the first time, new triterpenoidal saponins with high hepatoprotective activity have been isolated from the aerial portion of A. robusta. As a result, it is suggested that more emphasis be placed on this plant{\textquoteright}s biological behavior.

}, keywords = {Agathis robusta, Hepatoprotective activity., Triterpenoid saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.108}, author = {Amal H. Ahmed and Shaza A. Mohamed} } @article {1835, title = {Uncover Itchy Leaves Ethnomedicine Usage: A Preliminary Study on Characterization and Bioactivity of Laportea Spp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {286-295}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

Background: Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd. and Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Miq. (Urticaceae) or itchy leaves are endogenous plants from The Maluku Islands, Indonesia, which are used topically as analgesics by local people. Objective: As part of a preliminary investigation on the itchy leaves, this study was conducted to provide information on their macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, phytochemical profiles, and bioactivities according to the ethnomedicinal usages. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic examination was carried out on fresh leaves. The microscopic examination was carried out on leaf powder under a light microscope. The phytochemical analyses using TLC were conducted on those crude extracts and fractions. The bioactivity assays were conducted in vitro as Cox-2 inhibitory and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Results: reveal similar characteristics in the macroscopic and microscopic properties of both Laportea spp. leaves. Calcium oxalate crystals were observed in L. decumana but not found in L. stimulans. Both species have stomata with anisocytic type. More trichomes are found in the leaves of L. decumana, yet smaller and easily detachable. TLC analyses exhibited slightly different profiles. The crude extracts and fractions at 10 μg/ml showed similar inhibitory percentages on Cox-2. The DPPH scavenging activities of the crude extracts and fractions of L. decumana showed active moderate activity with an IC50 value \< 250 μg/ml, while those of L. stimulans showed moderate to weak potency with an IC50 value \< 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: Further exploration on Laportea spp. pharmacological activity is recommended to provide stronger evidence for its ethnomedicinal usage.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Cox-2 inhibitor, DPPH radical scavenging activity., Itchy leaves, Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd, Laportea stimulans (L.f.) Gaud, Phytochemical profiles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.98}, author = {Lukman La Basy and Djoko Santosa and Retno Murwanti and Triana Hertiani} } @article {1800, title = {Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Breast Cancer Drug with a Computational Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {536-543}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is one of the worst diseases that affect female people. Long-term treatment with therapy or surgery has a detrimental impact on the patient. The algae Kappaphycus alvarezii has gotten a lot of interest as a breast cancer medication because it contains chemicals that are expected to be anti-cancer. The objectives of this paper were to see how secondary metabolites in algae interact with the Nuclear Factor- kappaB protein kinase in breast cancer. The ligands and proteins were obtained from the PubChem and PDB websites, respectively. Swiss ADME was then used to assess the Pharmacokinetics and Drug likeness Properties. The last stage involved using molecular docking with PyRx and molecular dynamics to identify the interaction and visualization between the ligand and the target protein. The findings of the test revealed that the maraniol chemical had a superior binding capacity with NF kB protein kinase because it has a chromone group that controls transport efficiently in preventing breast cancer proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, K. alvarezii, Molecular Docking., NF kB protein kinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.68}, author = {AF Dibha and S Wahyuningsih and ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and MH Widyananda and AA Parikesit and MT Sibero and RT Probojati and AAA Murtadlo and JP Trinugroho and TH Sucipto and DDR Turista and I Rosadi and ME Ullah and V Jakhmola and R Zainul} } @article {1750, title = {Validation of Rosmarinic Acid Quantification using High- Performance Liquid Chromatography in Various Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {165-171}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {165}, abstract = {

Introduction: Rosmarinic acid has been utilized in traditional medicine as antioxidant, antiinflammation, anticancer and antibacterial. In order to control the herbal quality, validation of rosmarinic acid determination using high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. The objective of this report was to validate an HPLC technique for assessing rosmarinic acid levels. and application that method to determine rosmarinic acid in Rosmarinus officinalis, Symphytum officinale, Mentha piperita, Orthosiphon stamineus and Salvia officinale. Methods: The chromatographic separation was carried out on a reversed-phase C18 column with a mobile phase of 0,1\% formic acid and acetonitrile and an isocratic elution at a flow rate of 0,5 mL/min. The wavelength for detection was set to 330 nm. The method has been validated for precision, accuracy, linearity, limit of detection, and limit of quantitation. Result: The concentration response of the detector was linear, with a coefficient of determination of 0.9933. The HPLC technique had an accuracy of 101,00 {\textpm} 6,43\%. The precision was 6,36\% when expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV). The highest level of rosmarinic acid was 214,86 {\textpm} 0,60 μg/mL in Rosmarinus officinalis extract. Conclusion: The HPLC method was valid to analyse rosmarinic acid level. The method can be applied in routine determination of rosmarinic acid of phytopharmaceutical products.

Key words: Rosmarinic acid, HPLC, Laminaceae Borraginaceae.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.22}, author = {Andiri Niza Syarifah and Herman Suryadi and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1855, title = {Viral Meningoencephalitis Patient with Comorbid Major Depression with Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {455-458}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Viral meningoencephalitis causes meninges and brain parenchyma inflammation, thus provoking significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical features include neurological and psychiatric symptoms depending on the brain involved, mild symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and confusion, or severe symptoms such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such cases are challenging to make. This case report describes an adult male patient suffering from viral meningoencephalitis with comorbid major depression with psychotic symptoms. The patient requires holistic management of meningoencephalitis with comorbid depression and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may occur in the long term.

}, keywords = {Comorbid, Depression, Viral meningoencephalitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.121}, author = {Maulana Farid Rizki and Paulus Sugianto and Margarita Maria Maramis and Soetjipto} } @article {1788, title = {Virgin coconut oil and tuberculosis: A mini-review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {464-469}, type = {Mini-Review}, chapter = {464}, abstract = {

Virgin coconut oil is widely promoted and used as healthy and beneficial oil. One of them is caused by antimicrobials. Caprylic, caproic acid, capric acid, lauric acid and tau glyceryl monolaurate are other VCO compositions. Furthermore, due to the non-heating manufacturing process, the content in VCO can reduce cholesterol levels of triglycerides, LDL, phospholipids, VLDL and increase HDL in blood serum. VCO consumption lowers the number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonies while increasing the conversion of BTA sputum. Until now, the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease was extremely high. VCO can be used as a supplement to help TB patients recover faster.

}, keywords = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Virgin coconut oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.59}, author = {Fathul Djannah and Muhammad Nasrum Massi and Mochammad Hatta and Agussalim Bukhari and Irda Handayani and Muhammad Faruk and Anny Setijo Rahaju} } @article {1395, title = {The Acute Toxicity of Ki Hampelas Leaves (Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {570-576}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Background: Ki Hampelas (Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant and nephroprotective activity. Objective: This research aims to prove that Ki Hampelas leaves extract through an acute toxicity test. Materials and Methods: This study used white male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain divided into four groups, the normal group and the 50 mg/ kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg dose groups. For the acute toxicity test, a single dose with an observation of 14 days. After that, the surgery was done to see changes in the histopathology of the liver and kidneys. Results: The administration of Ki Hampelas leaf extract in the acute toxicity test did not cause death in the tested animals. There were no significant liver and kidney changes seen from the SGOT, SGPT, creatinine, urea, and histopathology. Conclusion: Ki Hampelas leaves extract did not cause death and toxic effects in the acute toxicity test.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Ki Hampelas ( Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq), Kidney, Liver}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.71}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Ema Dewanti and Cut Mauliza and Ester Hidayati and Ita Anggraini and Riska Anggraini and Vera Ladeska} } @article {1325, title = {Analysis of Heavy Metal Contents of Marsilea crenata Presl. Leaves and Soils from East Java Province, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {17-22}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {17}, abstract = {

Introduction: Marsilea crenata Presl. grows in East Java Province, Indonesia, and showed several pharmacological activities due to its phytoestrogen content. Research indicated its phytoremediation property, and therefore has an impact on heavy metal accumulation in the plants. Lead, cadmium, and mercury are amongst heavy metals that are toxic to the human body. This study aimed to determine and compare Pb, Cd, and Hg mineral contents of soils and leaves of the plants grew in Batu, Pasuruan, Surabaya, and Kediri cities in the province. Method: 10 g of dried powdered leaves and soils were put in separate crucible porcelains, and add 2ml of nitric acid. All were burnt in low heat until white smoke were not formed, and then stood to cool. Ashes obtained were examined using AA 6200 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS). Result: Showed that leaves samples from the areas showed no Pb and Hg mineral contents that exceeded the permissible limit. Batu City leaf sample had Cd heavy metal content of 2.79 {\textpm} 0.01 ppm, which exceeded the permissible limit. Conclusion: Analysis of heavy metal contents of soils from all of the areas showed no exceed limit of Pb and Hg mineral concentrations. Cd soil contents of Surabaya and Kediri cities, were 0.73 {\textpm} 0.00 and 2.61 {\textpm} 0.08 ppm respectively.

}, keywords = {Aas, Clover, Phytoremediation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.3}, author = {Mangestuti Agil and Hening Laswati and Neny Purwitasari and Burhan Ma{\textquoteright}arif} } @article {1659, title = {Analysis of Three-Dimensional Protein Structure of CBAVD in Indonesia as a Basis for Immunotherapy to Ensure Maternal Health}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1282-1286}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1282}, abstract = {

Introduction: Congenital Bilateral Advance Vass Deferens (CBAVD) is a birth defect characterized by azoospermia. Determine the protein structure by laboratory research was relatively difficult. The threedimensional structure of proteins is computationally analyzed as an excellent and cost-effective alternative to analyzing protein characteristics. Objective: This study has an objective to identify the three-dimensional protein structure of CBAVD in Indonesia so that it can be used to obtain drugs and immunotherapy. Method: This study uses method of DNA extraction, PCR, and sequencing in collecting the data sample. The data was analyzed using using expasy software and Swiss prot. Result: The results of this study were found 6 CBAVD proteins, four to three dimensional CBAVD protein structures and 2 CBAVD proteins that have not been identified by the three dimensional protein structure. Further studies of CBAVD protein are needed, especially those related to protein isolation and crystallography. Conclusion: The three dimensional protein can be used as immunotherapy to ensure the maternal health.

}, keywords = {CBAVD, Dimensional structure, Maternal health, Protein}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.162}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwira} } @article {1697, title = {Analyzing of Urine 3-Hidroxy Propil Mercapturic Acid on Cyclophosphamide Induced Rat to Determine Ameliorating Effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1549-1556}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1549}, abstract = {

Background: A 70\% ethanolic extract of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds contain a certain amount of sulfhydryl active compounds and potential for ameliorated cyclophosphamide side effects. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze of urine 3-hidroxy propil mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) in a rat model for cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis to determine the effect of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds extract. Materials and methods: The levels of urine 3-hidroxy propil mercapturic acid was measured using LCMS/MS. Urine preparation was carried out by dilution (1:5) with mobile phase and contained a deuteurated internal standard. The LC separation was performed using a C18 column (1.7 μm; 2.1 mm {\texttimes} 100 mm). The mobile phase consisted of formic acid (0.1\%) and formic acid (0.1\%) in acetonitrile (90:10 v/v), as a starting gradient at flow rate of 0.2 ml/min with total run 7 min. Results: The lower limit of quantification was 40 ng/ml and the linear extended to 20,000 ng/ml. The method has been successfully to be applied in determined of rat urine 3-HPMA. The results showed that the 70\% ethanolic extract of seeds can increased the amount of 3-HPMA in rat urine. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanolic extract of seeds displayed a potential ameliorating effect against cyclophosphamide side effects.

}, keywords = {3-Hidroxypropil mercapturic acid, Cyclophosphamide, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Urine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.197}, author = {Sri Wardatun and Yahdiana Harahap and Noorwati Sutandyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1386, title = {Anti-Cancer Activity of Cayratia Auriculata Ethanolic Extracts Against Cancer Cell Line A549 An In Vitro Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {495-499}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {495}, abstract = {

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticancer activity of ethanolic cayratia auriculata extracts using the A549 cell line MTT assay. Materials and Methods: Using Soxhlet apparatus, ethanolic extracts from cayratia auriculata were prepared. The cancer cells were exposed to 12.5, 25, 50 , 100 , 150, 200 μg / mL and incubated for 24 h at different concentrations. Compared with control, C. auriculata exhibited a cytotoxic effect. Results: At 150 and 200μg / ml concentrations, with 61 percent and 73.7 percent respectively, the highest cytotoxicity was identified. The findings show that cytotoxicity is directly proportionate to the concentration of the extract. IC50 of the ethanolic extract value of C. auriculata was found to be 102.9μg / ml against the A549 cell line. Conclusion: In the present analysis, C.auriculata ethanolic extract was shown to be a strong suppressant for cell division and proliferation. As for anti-tumor medicine, it can be a new source and can be effectively used as an immunological anti-malignant compound.

}, keywords = {Activity against cancer, Cell line cancer, Ethanol Extract, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.62}, author = {S Lalitha and D Anusha and Yogeshkumar Murkunde and Viji Devanand and K Maheshkumar} } @article {1334, title = {Antidepressant-Like Behavioral and Spatial Memory Effects in Peruvian Red Maca (Lepidium meyenii)-Treated Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {81-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lepidium meyenii, known with the vernacular name of {\textquotedblleft}Maca{\textquotedblright}, is a Brassicaceae family that has been widely used by Peruvian traditional medicine in cases of sexual dysfunction, memory loss, and several other diseases and pathologies. Objetive: The aim of the study was to test the potential effects of aqueous extract of Red Maca (AQ-RM) on antidepressant-like behavioral in male rats and spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: Forced swimming test was used to examine the potential antidepressant AQ-RM activity in male rats. Fluoxetine and amitryptiline were included as reference drugs. Morris Water Maze test was employed to examine the effect of AQ-RM on spatial memory in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Such effects were compared to exogenous estradiol administration. The potential role of oxidative stress on spatial memory loss was assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in rats brain homogenates. Results: AQ-RM enhances swimming and climbing activities while reducing the time of immobility in male rats. Meanwhile, it prevents the decrease in the time spent in the target quadrant and displays higher values in the number of crossings in OVX-rats as compared to OVX-control rats. MDA levels in brain homogenates were decreased in OVX-rats receiving AQ-RM. Conclusion: Oral administration of AQ-RM has anti-depressive application in male rats; and increases the ability of learning and memory in OVX rats.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant activity, Forced swimming test, Lepidium meyenii, Morris water maze test, Red Maca, Spatial memory}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.12}, author = {Roberto O Yba{\~n}ez-Julca and Ivan M Quispe-D{\'\i}az and Daniel Asunci{\'o}n-Alvarez and Kelly S{\'a}nchez-Mu{\~n}oz and Albert Vargas-Go{\~n}as and Jazminy Morote-Guzman and Ronald Yaro-Marcelo and Edmundo A Venegas-Casanova and Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Pedro Buc Calderon and Julio Benites} } @article {1690, title = {Antidiabetic Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Syzygium cumini Leave in Kadipaten, Central Java Indonesia, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1502-1508}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1502}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnomedicaly, jamblang (java plum) has been used as antidiabetic treatment in Dayak Tribe. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and the safety of the jamblang leaf extract as an antidiabetic. Objective: Evaluate Effecticity of Syzigium cumini (java plum) as anti-diabetic herb. Method: The antidiabetic activity test, used an animal model which gaven food a high fat diet High Fat Diet (HFD) then it was induced with Streptozotocin injected intraperitoneally. The subjects used in the study were male rats (Ratus novergicus) Sprague-Dawley strain. Results: Oral administration of jamblang extract has anti hyperglycemic activity through decrease of fasting blood glucose point significantly (dose 1, 50mg/ Kg Bw p: \<0.0001, dose 2, 100 mg/Kg BW p: \<0.0001).

}, keywords = {Anti-hyperglicemic, Fasting blood glucose, Syzigium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.191}, author = {Zahra Fadhilah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Gumilar Adhi Nugroho and Febrika Wediasari and Eem Masaenah and Varda Arianti} } @article {1655, title = {Antimicrobial Efficacy, Cytotoxicity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Phytochemical Investigation of the Aqueous and Methanolic Stem Bark Extracts of Bridellia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1248-1256}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1248}, abstract = {

Introduction: Microbial infections cause high morbidity and mortality in humans globally. Antimicrobial resistance, emergence of new strains, high costs of antibiotics, inaccessibility-especially in remote areas, and adverse effects, impede successful eradications of pathogens, hence the need for novel strategies. Bridellia micrantha is used in traditional medicine to treat microbial infections; however, it has not been empirically validated. Methods: Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of Bridellia micrantha was investigated using the disk diffusion and broth microdilution techniques, described by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The brine shrimp lethality assay technique was used to investigate the cytotoxic effects of the studied plant extracts in exposed nauplii. Acute oral toxicity effects of the studied plant extracts in Winstar rats were investigated following the up-and-down procedure described by the Organisation for Economic Development and Co-operation (OECD). Qualitative phytochemical screening was performed following standard procedures. Results: The aqueous and methanolic extract of B. micrantha indicated varied antimicrobial activities against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and C. albicans, with inhibition zones ranging from 6.00mm to 19.00mm. Furthermore, the studied plant extracts exhibited low MIC values (<=100 μg/ml) on selected microbes. Since the MIC values were much lower than 1000μg/ml (the cutoff for antimicrobial efficacy appraisal), it is anticipated that, the studied plant extracts can be strong antibiotics. The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of B. micrantha were cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii, with LC50 values of 486.67{\textpm}3.15 μg/ml and 458.33{\textpm}2.87 μg/ml, respectively; however, these extracts did not elicit any observable signs of toxicity in rat models. Pharmacologically active phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and anthraquinones were detected in the two studied extracts. Conclusions: The aqueous and methanolic stem bark extracts of B. micrantha have appreciable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. aureus and C. albicans. Besides, the studied plant extracts are cytotoxic to brine shrimp nauplii; but they do not cause acute oral toxicity effects in rat models. Additionally, the studied plant extracts contain bioactive phytochemicals, with antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Brine shrimp lethality Assay, Median lethal concentration (LC50), median lethal dose (LD50), Minimum inhibitory concentration, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.158}, author = {Joseph M Kathare and James M Mbaria and Joseph M Nguta and Gervason A Moriasi and Alfred O Mainga} } @article {1367, title = {Antioxidant, Anti-quorum Sensing and Cytotoxic Properties of the Endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 {\textquoteright}s Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {332-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {332}, abstract = {

Background: Novel bioactive compounds are in high demand to combat challenges of microbial resistance. In recent years, secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria have drawn attention from researchers due to their novel structures and significant biological activities. Objective: This study aimed at extracting secondary metabolites from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 from Anredera cordifolia leaves for their biological activities. Methods: The anti-SMASH was used to predict the biosynthetic gene clusters of P. aeruginosa CP043328.1. The bacteria was resuscitated on Nutrient agar. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the secondary metabolites. Chemical composition of the secondary metabolites was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to analyze the scavenging activity. Anti-quorum sensing activity was investigated using Chromobacterium violacuem ATCC 12472 as the biological indicator. Cytotoxicity assay was performed using a tetrozolium-based columetric (MTT) assay. Results: The bacterium has 12 gene clusters that encode for secondary metabolites. The extract revealed 15 volatile constituents with diisooctyl phthalate (50.51\%) and [1, 2, 4] oxadiazole, 5-benzyl-3 (10.44\%) being the major compounds. The extract revealed scavenging capabilities with IC50 of 0.625 mg/ml for DPPH and 0.15 mg/ml for ABTS. It displayed anti-quorum sensing activity with 88\% violacein inhibition at 3.31 mg/ml. According to MTT assay, the extract was found to be safe for use up to 2000 μg/mL. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa CP043328.1 shows a potential use as a source of pharmacologically important metabolites.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing activity, antioxidant activity, Chemical composition, Cytotoxicity assay, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.43}, author = {L S Ngidi and C I Nxumalo and J S Shandu and T S Maliehe and K Rene} } @article {1627, title = {A Botanical Profile and Phytochemical Evaluation of Leaf, Stem and Root of Egyptian Lycopersicon esculentum Miller}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1019-1029}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1019}, abstract = {

Background: Tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Family Solanaceae) is one of the most important vegetables worldwide for its edible fruit. Other plant organs (leaf, stem, and root) are discarded after harvesting. Reports showed that these worthless plant organs are rich untapped sources of biologically active constituents, which encourage us to do further investigation. However, lack of standardization for this plant represented a problem facing their use in medicine. Objective: The objective of the current work is to establish a botanical profile for the leaf, stem, and root, to perform a phytochemical investigation including estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as identification of isolated pure compounds from the highest yield organ. Methods: Samples of each organ have been examined macroscopically and microscopically. A phytochemical investigation including successive extraction, estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content were carried out. The different fractions of the leaf, having the highest yield, were subjected to phytochemical investigation using successive columns of silica gel and sephadex. Results: Colorimetric estimation of the total phenolics and flavonoids content showed that the leaf has the highest values (84.29{\textpm}1.50, 50.49{\textpm}0.26) followed by the stem (50.94{\textpm}0.33, 9.10{\textpm}0.14) then the root (40.71{\textpm}0.07, 1.32{\textpm}0.01), respectively. Six known compounds namely: apo- β-carotenol, β-sitosterol from the n-hexane fraction, protocatechuic acid, stigmasterol 3-O-β-D- glucoside from the ethyl acetate fraction, quercetin and rutin from the n-butanol fraction were isolated and their structure elucidation was confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Conclusion: This study could provide an authenticated data base for this Lycopersicon species.

}, keywords = {Lycopersicon esculentum Miller, Macro- and micromorphology, Pharmacognostical study, Total phenolics and flavonoids content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.132}, author = {Fify I Fathy and Marawan M Shabana and Hoda A Mansour and Manal M Sabry} } @article {1398, title = {Cardioprotective Role of Partharishtam on Isopreterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {591-595}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the key causes of high death rate globally. We report the cardio protective effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Partharishtam on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction on albino rats. Administration of Isoproterenol to normal albino rat triggers MI evident from the significant changes in key biomolecules tested in blood serum and cardiac tissues. The cardio protective role of Partharishtam was compared with a standard medicine, Propranolol on some of the known identifying markers of MI such as, Troponin I and T, creatine phosphokinase serum (CPK-S), creatine phosphokinase myoglobulin isozyme fraction (CPK-MB) and oxidative enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase. There was an appreciable decrease in the levels of Troponin 1 and T, CPK-S and CPK-MB after the treatment of Partharishtam on Isoproterenol induced MI rats. In vivo anti-oxidative enzyme studies also revealed the increase in the levels of SOD, GSH and catalase to near normalcy after the treatment of Partharishtam in MI rats, which is very much comparable to the commonly used drug Propranolol to treat MI patients. Histopathological analysis confirmed the cardio protective properties of Partharistham in rat model. We did not find any side effects or toxicity of Partharishtam when tested on the normal rats. Thus, polyherbal formulation Partharishtam could be considered as safe medicine for MI.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Creatine phosphokinase, GSH, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Infarction, Partharishtam, Polyherbal, Propranolol, SOD, Troponin I, Troponin T}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.74}, author = {G. Narayanan and K Prabhu and Anath Bandhu Chaudhury and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and N S Muthiah and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1651, title = {Chemical Composition and Protective Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis on Alcohol-Induced Serum Hepatic Changes and Liver Injury in Male Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1205-1215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1205}, abstract = {

Background: Is a pleasant-smelling perennial shrub that grows in many parts of the world, Rosmarinus officinalis a well known valuable herbal medicine which is widely used in pharmaceuticals and traditional medicine as a digestive, tonic, astringent, diuretic, diaphoretic and useful for urinary ailments. Objective: The objective of this study has, on the one hand, focused on the changes in hepatotoxicity induced by the chronic administration of ethyl alcohol according to a biochemical and histological experimental approach and, on the other hand, on the chemical composition which was determined. As well as, the hepato-protective effect of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EER), whether to restore or not the harmful alterations due to ethylism was evaluated. Method: The study included twenty-four male Wistar albino rats which were divided into four groups. The rats received ethanolic extraction of Rosmarinus officinalis orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Hepatotoxicity was induced orally with a daily dose of 05 mL of 20\% alcoholic solution for 90 days. Results: The chemical characterization of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis (EER) by HPLC/UV shows the presence of polyphenolic compounds and numerous flavonoids, the main constituent of which is rosmarinic acid. It was noticed that the Ethanol caused an increase in liver function parameters (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, triglyceride and cholesterol, total bilirubin) compared to the control and oxidative stress through a significant decrease in antioxidant liver enzymes Superoxidase dismutase (9.39 U/mg), glutathione peroxidase (12.89 U/mg) and catalase (25.39 U/mg) and increased malondialdehyde levels. The histological study showed significant lesions in the liver. Conclusion: The disturbances in liver function, antioxidant status and structural damage to the liver caused by ethanol have been restored by the administration of the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis which strongly justifies its therapeutic effect.

}, keywords = {Ethylism, Hepatotoxicity, HPLC/UV, Liver stress oxidatives, Rosmarinus officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.154}, author = {Rima Farah AOUAD and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Djallal Eddine Houari ADLI and Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Khaled KAHLOULA and Miloud SLIMANI} } @article {1388, title = {Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Salvia Officinalis Extract from Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {506-515}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

Background: Due to its flavoring and seasoning properties, Salvia officinalis has been widely used in the preparation of many foods. In folk medicine in Asia and Latin America, it has been used for the treatment of various types of disorders, including seizures, ulcers, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, and high blood sugar. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the chemical composition by HPLC/UV, antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation; thus the, the anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) on certain homeostatic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant status in Wistar rats subjected to inflammation induced by carrageenan. Method: Male rats (n = 24) were exposed to inflammation of the peritoneal by carrageenan (200 μL: 2\%) and treated for 5 days with ethanolic extract of Salvia officinalis (EES) in order to repair the damage caused by inflammation on homeostasis, TNF-α and PGE2. Results: The results of scavenging of DPPH and lipoperoxidation of the extract, showed an IC50 of 29.69 {\textpm} 1.32 and 46.17 {\textpm} 1.51 μg/mL, respectively. The identification of EEC by HPLC shows the presence of polyphenolic acids (salvianolic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid) and many flavonoids (Cirsimaritin, Catechin, Acacetin, kaempferol, pinocembrine, quercetin). Salvia extract contains 221.08 {\textpm} 2.36 mg EAG/g and 80.54 {\textpm} 1.3 mg EQ/g dry extract. Compared to the control group, carrageenan induced a substantial decrease (P\<0.05) in antioxidant enzymes and a highly significant increase (P\<0.05) in homeostatic parameters (blood sugar, CRP and fibrinogen), biomarkers of inflammation (TNF-α and PGE2) and malondialdehyde levels. Conclusion: The administration of Salvia extract corrects this perturbation where there is an improvement in antioxidant enzymes and a decrease in biomarkers of inflammation. Salvia officinalis has been able to repair carrageenin-induced perturbations homeostasis and inflammation markers in Wistar rats.

}, keywords = {Biomarkers of inflammation, HPLC/UV, Lipoperoxydation, Oxydative stress, Salvia officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.64}, author = {Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Soumia KEDDARI and Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Sara CHAA} } @article {1384, title = {Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Andrographis producta (C. B. Clarke) Gamble}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {475-485}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {475}, abstract = {

Background: Andrographis producta (Acanthaceae) is endemic to Western Ghats, India, traditionally used by native people for the control of various ailments including intestinal worms, to relieve constipation and also used to eliminate phlegm in women during postpartum. Objective: To investigate the chemical compounds in root, stem and leaves of A. producta and their antioxidant properties. Method: The phytochemical contents were determined using spectrophotometric methods and chemical profiling of root, stem and leaf extracts was carried out using GC-MS. Further, extracts were investigated for their antioxidant capacities using in vitro DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP assay. Results: The total phenolics (163.61 mg GAE/g), flavonoids (35.11 {\textpm} 0.53 mg QE/g) and tannins (84.52 {\textpm} 0.07 mg TAE/g) were highest in stem compared to leaf and root. Stem was exerted superior antioxidant capacities in both DPPH (EC50 3.58 mg/ml) and FRAP assays (1.742 {\textpm} 0.02 OD at 1mg/ml) and were comparable to standards. GC-MS analysis revealed total 89 chemical compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids and organic acids. 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (0.70 \%), 2,4-ditert- butylphenol (9.74 \%), phytol (10.32 \%), 5-hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (11.42 \%), gammasitosterol (8.32 \%), salvigenin (12.09 \%), solanesol, (2.92 \%), and alpha-terpinene (4.58 \%) were important bioactive compounds found in significant amount. Conclusion: The present investigations indicate that various parts of A. producta can be explored as good source of antioxidants due to the presence of phenolics and flavonoids. The meticulous assessment of bioactive compounds from A. producta would be great contribution in field of medicine.

}, keywords = {2, 4-Di-tert-butylphenol, Andrographis, Antioxidants, GC-MS, Methanol extract, Salvigenin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.60}, author = {Dayanand Dalawai and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy} } @article {1634, title = {Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles of Mango Ginger (Curcuma mangga) Extract: Phytochemical Screening, Formulation, Characterization, and Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1065-1071}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1065}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mango ginger (Curcuma mangga) is one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s medicinal plants widely used in most communities as a lust booster and for detoxifying purposes. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to synthesize chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles from mango ginger extract, determine their chemical contents, the nano chitosan characteristics, and its antioxidant activity. Methods: In this study, we macerated mango ginger using 70\% ethanol solvent, then performed phytochemical test and formulation of chitosan nanoparticles of mango ginger extract. The group of secondary metabolites that showed positive results with the reagent test was further identified through TLC. Results: The results showed that the extract contained flavonoids and triterpenoids. Also, characterization of chitosan nanoparticles from the extract was conducted with FTIR test, PSA, XRD, and SEM. Based on the results, the nano chitosan particle size was 993 nm and examination with FTIR showed the presence of N-H and P=O groups, indicating ammonium ion interaction from chitosan with the polyanion from TPP and Mango ginger. Additionally, the XRD results showed that the crystals formed were in an amorphous form, which was supported by particle morphology images from SEM. Furthermore, the nanoparticles showed very strong antioxidant activity based on the reaction with DPPH. Conclusion: Based on these results, the phytochemical identification of mango ginger extract showed positive results in flavonoid and triterpenoid compounds. In addition, based on the characterization of the nanoparticles, the mango ginger extract showed positive results, illustrating that the nano chitosan synthesis was successful. Furthermore, the nano chitosan has a very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 18.08 μg/mL.

}, keywords = {Chemical identification, Chitosan, Mango ginger, Nanoparticles, TPP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.138}, author = {Bayyinatul Muchtaromah and Didik Wahyudi and Mujahidin Ahmad and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Rahmi Annisa and Lil Hanifah} } @article {1622, title = {Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Calcium Hydroxide, Azadirachta Indica (Neem), Ocimum Tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica Granatum (Pomegranate) Gels as Intracanal Medicaments Against Enterococcus Faecalis: An in-vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {988-994}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {988}, abstract = {

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Calcium hydroxide, Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum tenuiflorum (Tulsi) and Punica granatum (Pomegranate) gels as intracanal medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis. Methodology: Crude extracts of Pomegranate peel, Neem leaves and Tulsi leaves were used to determine MIC following which gels of 5\% neem, 10\% tulsi and 10\% pomegranate were prepared. Forty-eight single rooted human premolars were procured and inoculated with E.faecalis for 7 days. Specimens were then randomly distributed into 4 groups.

Group I- Calcium hydroxide

Group II- 5\% A. indica (Neem) gel

Group III- 10\% O. tenuiflorum (Tulsi) gel

Group IV-10\%

P. granatum (Pomegranate) gel The experimental gels were then introduced into the samples and were sealed at both ends. The antimicrobial activity of medicaments was assessed by measuring CFU/ml at the end of 1, 3 and 5 days. Results: Calcium hydroxide showed the maximum antibacterial activity (5.3X104 CFU/ml) followed by Pomegranate gel (5.4 X104 CFU/ml) with no statistically significant difference between them. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was observed between the mean CFU/ml values of the neem (10.2 X104 CFU/ml) and tulsi gel (10.2 X104 CFU/ml). However, pomegranate gel showed statistically significant antibacterial activity when compared to Neem and Tulsi. (Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, table 4) (Figure 1). Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide showed the best antibacterial activity against E.faecalis. Among herbal gels, pomegranate showed the maximum antibacterial activity, however, further in-vivo research is required for it to be used as a sole intracanal medicament clinically.

}, keywords = {Calcium hydroxide, Enterococcus faecalis, Herbal, Intracanal medicaments, Microbial sensitivity tests, Root canal therapy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.127}, author = {Akanksha Mittal and Sunil Tejaswi and Mruthunjaya K and Suneeth Shetty and Ambikathanaya UK} } @article {1692, title = {Compound Analysis and Genetic Study of Selected Plectranthus scutellarioides Varieties from Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1516-1526}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1516}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus scutellarioides is one of medicinal plants in Indonesia, which has several hundred varieties but only one is known by local people as medicine. Objective: Six varieties of Plectranthus scutellarioides were analyzed for their total flavonoid content, chemical compound, and moleculer genetic. Methods: TFCs were analyzed using AlCl3 colorimetric method, chemical compounds were identified using TLC-scanning densitometer, GC-MS, and FTIR, moleculer genetic were observed using DNA barcoding rbcL gene. Results: The TFCs of trailing psycholeus, and flamingo varieties were higher than the other varieties. TLC-scanner densitometer showed that color blaze dark star, trailing psycholeus, and trailing queen had similar profiles, as did beale street, trailing rose, and flamingo. The GCMS results showed notable difference in trailing psycholeus and trailing queen which have 2-oleoylglycerol and 9(E),11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid in larger amounts than others, respectively. Multivariate analysis of the FTIR spectra showed the closeness of all varieties, except for beale street which had the lowest similarity with the others. Despite that, genetic studies using the rbcL gene and comparing the results with the P. scutellarioides gene in the database (MW538954.1) showed beale street was the most similar (99.52\%). The phylogenetic analysis showed that beale street and trailing psycholeus have the highest similarity among others. Conclusions: There is a slight difference in chemical composition between varieties as well as the genetic. Therefore, quality control or standardisation is needed in the use of this plant as a traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Coleus scutellarioides, Densitometer, Flavonoid, FTIR, GC-MS, RbcL.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.193}, author = {Ayun Dwi Astuti and Awaluddin Iwan Perdana and Rosdiana Natzir and Muhammad Nasrum Massi and Subehan and Gemini Alam} } @article {1353, title = {Consumer Behavior Model Based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {212-216}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {212}, abstract = {

The growing number of food poisoning cases that occurred in Padang City in 2017-2018 shows that various regulations that have been made by the government have not been able to stop producers and traders from using hazardous substances in food. Therefore, research is needed that aims to form a model of consumer behavior that focuses on consumer awareness of the choice of food consumed through the integration of health awareness and food safety. This study is a Research and Development study using the ADDIE approach. Based on the results of the analysis conducted at the Padang city market, it shows that the behavior of vegetable consumers in the city of Padang tends not to care about the dangers of chemical residues in pesticides and fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Based on the existing need to support the formation of an integrated consumer behavior model for food safety and health awareness, it is by providing guidance in choosing healthy vegetables and by distributing leaflets on the benefits of vegetables. And to encourage consumer awareness, motivation is given to a healthy lifestyle so that families avoid the dangers of food poisoning through social media. This study produces a Conceptual Design of Consumer Behavior Model based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City. From the results of the model test, the F significance value of 0.000 (p \<0.05) can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning that food selection variables, health awareness and food safety have a significant effect on consumer behavior together.

}, keywords = {Consumer Behavior, Food Safety, Pasar Raya Padang, Vegetable Consumers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.30}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Arief Muttaqiin and Rehani Ramadhani} } @article {1411, title = {Culture of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Natural Environments Based on Dates}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {675-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {675}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria are used in the food industry and have restrictive criteria for probiotic potential. The most common growth media used for lactic acid bacteria is de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe culture medium (MRS). Methods: In this study, three culture media were developed (date powder DP, date core DC and date core associated with lentils CL) based on locally available plant materials with a low market value to obtain a less expensive culture medium compared to the reference medium MRS for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Four lactic strains were used (Lactobacillus acidophilus LbA-CECT4529, Lactobacillus plantarum LbP-CECT 748, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Bb12 and Bifidobacterium bifidum Bb 443). The growth and acidification kinetics of the tested strains were evaluated. The content sugar was determinate with HPLC. Results: All lactic bacteria were able to grow on all culture media, but the best results were obtained with MRS and DP media. No significant difference (p \<0.05) was observed between DP and MRS medium. The consumption of sugars and proteins in the DP medium was good with all tested bacteria (70.87 to 81.96\% and 71.42 to 80.90\%, respectively). After the analysis of sugar content of DP medium before and after fermentation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), fructose was the only sugar detected (45.28μg/ml {\textpm} 0.24). After fermentation, 83\% of fructose was consumed by Bb12. Conclusion: The present data allow us to conclude that date medium promotes the growth of lactic bacteria and can be considered as MRS standard medium substitute.

}, keywords = {Dates, Fermentation, Lactic acid bacteria, Medium, MRS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.86}, author = {Soumia KEDDARI and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Meriem MOKHTAR and Djahira HAMED} } @article {1626, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Root Extract Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1014-1018}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1014}, abstract = {

Background: Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) or Tongkat Ali is a tree that grows in southeast Asia, the roots of which contain bioactive components that exhibit cytotoxic properties against various cancer cell lines. However, no study has been conducted to relate the cytotoxic properties against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a type of cancer that shows poor prognosis for metastatic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the E. longifolia root extract exerts cytotoxic activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell lines. Materials and Method: E. longifolia root extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction method and by using two different solvents; ethanol and dicholoromethane. MTS assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the root extracts against ORL-115 cell line for three different incubation time which were 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour. Results: Ethanol extract was significantly more potent compared to DCM extract. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The IC50 of ethanol extract were 232.1 μg/ml, 66.86 μg/ml and 42.6 μg/ml. Meanwhile the IC50 of DCM extract were 678.87 μg/ml, 136.71 μg/ml, 73.72 μg/ml for 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour incubation period respectively. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts increased as the incubation time prolonged. The cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract at each incubation time was significantly different from DCM extract except at 72 hours. Conclusion: E. longifolia root extracts exerted cytotoxic activity against the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell line. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts were dose dependent and time dependent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, E. longifolia, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.131}, author = {Nur Haseena Kajahmohideen and Siti NurSyafiqah Razi and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Abdelkader Elbadawy Ashour and Anisa Kusumawardani and Essam A. Makky and OE Ibrahim} } @article {1658, title = {Determination of Urinary Methyl Hippuric Acid Using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Among Petroleum Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1277-1281}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1277}, abstract = {

Xylene is a significant part of petroleum and a broadly considered as a natural impure material. About 98\% of Xylene is extracted from the petrochemical and petrol refining factories. It is one of the major genotoxicant part in petroleum, which may initiate various diseases but malignancy is questionable. Taking into consideration, we intend to identify the urinary methyl hippuric acid level which is metabolic product of xylene among petroleum station employees as well as in healthy persons. Aims and Objectives: To identify the occupational exposure of xylene in petrol station employees by assessing urinary methyl hippuric acid level. To determine and compare the level of urinary methyl hippuric acid among healthy individuals and petrol station employees. Materials and Methods: Urine samples were collected from 30 healthy individual (control) and 30 petroleum employees (case) working in petroleum station who are above 18 years of age. The urinary methyl hippuric acid (MHA) level was analysed by using Shimadzu UV-Visible Spectrophotometer method. Results: The urinary Methyl hippuric acid level was significantly higher in petroleum station employees than in healthy individuals (p\<0.001). Conclusion: The urinary MHA level is a helpful tool to identify the occupational exposure of people who work in petrol and petroleum product. Subsequently, our investigation accentuates that proper precautionary measure and efficiently bio-observing should be taken among petrol station employees which will assist with reducing their likely degrees of risk related with the occupation. It might start the cancer-causing disease through the cellular DNA changes and induce genotoxic effects.

}, keywords = {Occupational Exposure, Urine Methyl Hippuric Acid Level, UV Spectrophotometry, Xylene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.161}, author = {Vidya Gowdappa Doddawad and B.M. Gurupadayya and Shivananda S and Vidya CS and Azhar Mohammed and Bhuyan L} } @article {1344, title = {The Effect of Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg Extract Supplementation on Kidney Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Rat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {150-154}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a kidney disease resulting in high morbidity and mortality levels in humans. One of the disorders classified as AKI is ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), characterized by two phases. The first phase is Ischemia in the kidneys due to obstruction of the renal arteries or veins, followed by the second phase, which is the occurrence of reperfusion with blood flowing back in the renal arteries veins. The aim of this current research is to analyze the efficacy of Artocarpus altilis on Kidney ischemiareperfusion model rats. Methods: To this end, first, we established Ischaemia-reperfusion kidney injury rat. We then evaluated the Artocarpus altilis extract on IRI model rats. A total of 36 rats have grouped into six groups. Group I is the Sham group, Group II is the negative control group, Group III is the positive control group (vitamin C 100 mg/kg BW), Group IV is Dose I of Artocarpus altilis extract 50 mg/kg BW), Group V is Dose II Artocarpus altilis extract 100 mg/kg BW), Group VI is Dose III Artocarpus altilis extract 200 mg/kg BW). The vitamin C and Artocarpus altilis extract administered 14 days before and after Ischemia-reperfusion treatment. At day 0, Ischemia was made by bilateral renal pedicle clamping method for 30 minutes, sacrificed 14 days after reperfusion. The blood and histology samples were collected on day 0, a day after reperfusion, at 24 hrs after reperfusion, at 48 hrs after reperfusion, and 14 days after treatment. Results: The clamping duration of 30 minutes leads to achieving the most representative clinical IRI conditions. It shows the most significant recovery of injury conditions within the 14-day reperfusion period in IRI animal models, making it ideal for IRI operations for the preliminary test. The administration of 100 mg/kg BW of Artocarpus altilis extract could reduce the malondialdehyde plasma compared with the sham group. The SOD and Catalase activity showed improvement after reperfusion. Conclusion: Artocarpus altilis extracts showed antioxidant activity to prevent the kidney from ischemia-reperfusion injury by modulated SOD and Catalase.

}, keywords = {Acute kidney disease, Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, Free Radicals, Reperfusion injury, Sukun}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.21}, author = {Anton Bahtiar and Aulia Jihan Miranda and Ade Arsianti} } @article {1426, title = {The Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali) Root Extract on salivary S. Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans Isolated from High-Risk Caries Adult Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {787-791}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {787}, abstract = {

Introduction: The roots of E. longifolia jack (E.L.) or Tongkat Ali have been used in traditional medicine as well as supplements and food additives. Many chemical compounds have been detected in extracts of its roots which are believed to be responsible for its medicinal properties. In this study, our objectives were to study the effects of EL root extracts on the growth of Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans isolated from saliva of adult patients with high caries risk. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of the root of this plant was tested against saliva isolated Streptococcus Mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida Albicans via disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 200mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration was carried out by the standard broth microdilution method. Cell viability of test microorganisms against different concentration of the extract and inhibition zones were calculated. Results: Disk diffusion assay showed positive zones of inhibition for all test microorganisms with S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans exhibiting zones of inhibition of 8.3 {\textpm} 0.7mm, 12.4 {\textpm} 2.4mm and 21.4 {\textpm} 2.7mm respectively. For minimum inhibitory concentration, the test microorganisms were tested at concentration of 250mg/ mL, 125mg/mL, 62.5mg/mL, 31.3mg/mL and 0mg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration showed that MIC of S. mutans was at 62.5mg/mL, Lactobacillus at 125mg/mL and C. albicans at 31.3mg/mL. Lastly, the cell viability results supported the MIC determined prior. Conclusion: Ethanol-based E. longifolia Jack root extract has an antimicrobial effect on the following microorganisms isolated from the saliva of high-risk caries adult patients: S. mutans, Lactobacillus and C. albicans.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial effect, Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Inhibition, Salivary isolate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.100}, author = {Muhamad Iyad bin Ramzi and Muhammad Hazzim bin Kosnin and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi and Anisa Kusumawardani and ASM Sabere and Essam A Makky and OE Ibrahim and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Mohd Hafiz Arzmi and Anisa Kusumawardani and ASM Sabere and Essam A Makky and OE Ibrahim} } @article {1612, title = {Effect of Glycyrrhizin and Sappan Wood Extract on Chemically- Induced Oral Mucosal Ulcer: An in vivo Animal Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {909-915}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {909}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stomatitis is the most common oral mucosal lesions characterized by round ulcers with yellow-white color and usually heals up to 14 days. Many recent studies have demonstrated that glycyrrhizin (GL) and C. sappan extract (CSE) exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antioxidant action but no study has demonstrated the effect on the oral mucosal ulcer. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of GL and CSE in experimentally chemically induced oral mucosal ulcers using rats. Methods: Male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly distributed into seven groups: the control group, the comparison group of 0.1\% triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), a single treatment group of 3\% GL and 3\% CSE, combination groups of 3\% GL + CSE (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). The oral ulcer model was induced by 15 μL of 50\% acetic acid. The clinical healing was evaluated by measuring the ulcer size and body weight from day 0{\textendash}14 and evaluate the leukocyte number on days 0, 4, 9 and 14. Histological examination was conducted at the end of the treatment. Results: The group of 0.1\% TCA and GL:CSE (2:1) showed greater ulcer closure (\>80\%) and decreased leukocyte number since day 4 (p\<0.05). Body weight loss was observed after ulcer initiation and started to increase after day 4 of treatment. While the histological examination showed similar tissue regeneration profile only from the GL:CSE (2:1) group with the healthy oral mucosa. Conclusion: Combination treatment of GL:CSE (2:1) enhanced the closure of oral mucosal ulcer and demonstrate complete tissue regeneration.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia sappan, Licorice, Stomatitis, Triamcinolone Acetonide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.117}, author = {Ariiq Azmi Rofiqi Sulkhan and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Sutriyo} } @article {1413, title = {Effect of Soybean on Bone Health and Some Metabolic Parameters in Postmenopausal Egyptian Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {688-697}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {688}, abstract = {

Introduction: Great concern has been raised recently concerning the therapeutic impact of soybean. The present study aims to investigate the effects of soybean on bone health and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this clinical study, 72 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 45-65 years were given soybean bioactive fraction 2 capsules (500mg each) daily for 24 weeks. Each capsule contained 31.25 mg proteins, 3.2 mg carbohydrates and 4.84 mg isoflavones. Blood pressure, bone mineral density, plasma osteocalcin (OCN), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), fasting insulin and blood glucose, lipid profile, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and TSH were assessed prior and after the period of the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostatic model assessment-IR formula (HOMA-IR). Results: Soy ingestion resulted in a significant increase in T score of the hip and OCN; recording -1.97{\textpm}0.13/-1.76{\textpm}0.12 and 22.44{\textpm}0.60ng/ml/30.93{\textpm}0.57ng/ml before/after treatment, respectively. A marked decrease was also detected in CTX from 2.22{\textpm}0.10ng/ml to 1.48{\textpm}0.08ng/ml. With regard to metabolic parameters, there was a significant decrease in fasting insulin (5.40{\textpm}0.62uU/ml vs 4.15{\textpm}0.45uU/ ml), however, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR showed no significant alterations. Lipid profile displayed remarkable decline in total cholesterol (188.86{\textpm}7.23mg/dl vs 159.60{\textpm}4.72mg/dl, triglycerides (97.09{\textpm}5.23mg/dl vs 83.56{\textpm}4.27mg/dl), LDL-c (75.60{\textpm}3.06mg/dl vs 63.95{\textpm}1.86mg/ dl) accompanied with a significant elevation in HDL-c (53.09{\textpm}0.88 vs 65.81mg/dl{\textpm}0.80mg/ dl). A significant decrease in both TSH (1.97{\textpm}0.13 uIU/ml vs 1.40{\textpm}0.08 uIU/ml) and serum creatinine (0.82{\textpm}0.02mg/dl vs0.77{\textpm}0.02mg/dl) was also noticed. Conclusion: Consumption of soy improves bone health, reduces cardiovascular risk with no adverse effects on kidney, liver or thyroid functions.

}, keywords = {Bone health, Bone mineral density, Hypocholesterolemic effect, Insulin resistance, Metabolic parameters, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.88}, author = {Mouchira Abdel Salam and Hala M. Raslan and Doha A. Mohamed and Aliaa Elgendy and Rehab A. Hussein and Omneya Moguib and Maha Abdelhadi and Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna and Karem Fouda and Safenaz Y. El Sherity and Emad N. Zikri and Nagwa M. Ammar} } @article {1391, title = {Effects of Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) Fruits Extract on Immunoglobulin G Levels and Hematological Profiles in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {535-541}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {535}, abstract = {

Background: Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) fruits contain potential immunomodulatory agents such as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. However, previous research was limited only to the effect of Jamaican cherry fruits on non-specific immune response namely the phagocytic index. Objective: This study aims to determine the immunomodulatory activity of Jamaican cherry fruits against specific immune response by measuring the antibody formation named immunoglobulin G (IgG). In addition, the hematological profile of the animals induced by hepatitis B vaccine was also evaluated. Materials and methods: forty male mice were grouped into 8 groups consist of control, treatment, and standard groups. Control group was given CMC-Na 0.5\%, six treatment groups were each given either the methanol extract of Jamaican cherry fruits (MEJF), or ethyl acetate fraction of Jamaican cherry fruits (EAJFJ) with the doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BW (each dose for one group), and levamisole was given to the standard group. Levamisole and extract of Jamaican cherry fruits were prepared as a suspension in CMCNa 0.5\% and administered orally for 15 days. Mice were induced with hepatitis B vaccine intraperitoneally twice. The levels of IgG, hematological profiles, and organ index were measured on the 16th day. Results: The administration of MEJF and EAFJF stimulated IgG production significantly compared to the control group (p\<0.05). Meanwhile, the MEJF and EAFJF did not influence the hematological profile. An increase of the spleen index was found in the EAFJF group compared to the control. Both MEJF and EAFJF were shown to have flavonoids, phenolics, and triterpenoids contents. Conclusion: MEJF and EAFJF possessed immunostimulant properties by increasing the specific (humoral) immune response (IgG) after induction with the hepatitis B vaccine.

}, keywords = {Hematological profile, Hepatitis B vaccine, Immunoglobulin G, Jamaican cherry (Muntingia calabura L.)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.67}, author = {Tanti Azizah Sujono and Ika Trisharyanti Dian Kusumowati and Rima Munawaroh} } @article {1377, title = {Ergosterol Isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill N-Hexane Extracts as Potential Anticancer MCF-7 Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {418-426}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Extracts and some of the Agaricus blazrei Murill isolates have potential anticancer. Ergosterol isolate from Amaouroderma rude can also inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells through apoptotic pathways by increasing FOXO3 expression, while its potency against MCF-7 cells has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to isolate, determine the structure, determine the anticancer activity of MCF-7 cells, and the isolate mechanism by apoptosis from one of isolates the n-hexane A.blazei Murill extracts. This research method includes the isolation of compounds from A.blazei Murill extract by chromatography method guided using Bioactivity Guided Isolation. The structure elucidation of structure isolates used UV, NMR and MS spectroscopy. Anticancer activity test using the MTT cytotoxic test. Eludation of UV, NMR and MS structures showed a ergostrerol. The anticancer activity test showed IC50 values of 43.10 μg/ mL with the strong cytotoxic category. The mechanism of action is to increase apoptosis induction through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase. The conclusion of the isolated compound was ergosterol with an IC50 value of 43.10 μg / mL with an increased apoptosis induction mechanism through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase.

}, keywords = {Agaricus blazei, Apoptosis, Egosterol, MCF-7 cells, Murill extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.53}, author = {Misgiati Misgiati and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Sentot Joko Raharjo and Sukardiman Sukardiman} } @article {1328, title = {Ethnomedicinal Knowledge Verification for the Antidiarrheal and Antioxidant Effects of Rhus chinensis Mill. Fruits with Identification of Thirty Constituents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {37-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Background: Ethnobotanical survey in the rural villages in Nepal revealed that the fruits of Rhus chinensis Mill. have been using for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Objective: To evaluate antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, and identification of chemical constituents in the fruits of R. chinensis. Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was performed on the hexane and 70\% methanolic extracts of the sample followed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total phenolic content (TPC) was estimated using Folin-Ciocalteu method. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Antibacterial effect was estabilished by the Agar well diffusion assay. Results: A total of 30 compounds belonging to phenolics, anhydrides, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons were identified in the extracts. The TPC value of 123.52{\textpm}1.29 mg GAE/g dry extract was estimated. IC50 value of 135.54{\textpm}0.82 μg/mL was calculated in DPPH free radical scavenging assay. Scavenging of 42.69{\textpm}0.1\% DPPH free radical and 63.20{\textpm}1.48\% hydrogen peroxide at 100 μg/mL concentration of 70\% methanolic extract were estimated. The maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) observed was 23.00{\textpm}0.57 mm against Escherichia coli at loading dose of 5 mg of the extract. Conclusion: All together 30 compounds were identified in the fruits. The extracts efficiently inhibited the growth of E. coli and Shigella dysenteriae verifying the rural knowledge. At the same time, the extracts displayed efficient antioxidant activity. The phytochemicals identified were responsible for these activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial susceptibility assay, DPPH radical scavenging assay, GC-MS, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.6}, author = {Chandra Mohini Nemkul and Gan B Bajracharya and Hayato Maeda and Ila Shrestha} } @article {1603, title = {Evaluating the Antioxidant and Heavy Metal Content of Pleurotus ostreatus Mushrooms Cultivated using Sugar Cane Agro-Waste}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {844-852}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {844}, abstract = {

Background: Pleurotus ostreatus, is one of the most cultivated mushrooms with great economic and medicinal value that can be easily grown on various bio-waste substrates. However, biosafety evaluations on these mushrooms are rarely conducted. Thus, we sought to evaluate the concentration or presence of Heavy metals in P. ostreatus mushrooms cultivated on agro-bio-waste products. Furthermore, the effect of adding agro wastes on wheat bran (WB) cultivated mushrooms was evaluated. Methods: Mushrooms grown in sugar cane tops and bagasse were supplemented with varying levels of WB. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was applied to evaluate the concentration of heavy metals in the substrates and within mushrooms. Furthermore, DPPH free radical scavenging activity was used to determine antioxidant activity of mushroom extracts. Results: The transfer factor analysis (TF) showed that mushrooms have an affinity to absorb Zn, Cd, Cu and Cr from all tested substrates during cultivation (TF\>1). The addition of WB supplement into substrates resulted into significant increase in mushroom yield. However, the increased addition of WB, inversely affected the DPPH scavenging activity of the P.ostreatus methanolic extracts. Conclusion: The bioabsorption of heavy metals by P. ostreatus is depended on the metal type. Based on these findings, mushrooms grown on these agro-waste appear to be safe and potent scavenging ability against free radicals.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Heavy metals, Mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.108}, author = {Senzosenkosi Surprise Mkhize and Mthokozisi Blessing Cedric Simelane and Nothando Lovedale Gasa and Ofentse Jacob Pooe} } @article {1374, title = {Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial and Acute Toxicity Potentials of Chloroform Crude Extract of Boswellia dalzielii Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {393-400}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants contain bioactive compounds that have the potentials to cure many human ailments without unnecessary side effects like most of the chemotherapeutic drugs used today. Therefore, the need for phytochemicals in medicinal plants for potentials application in the treatments of these human ailments as alternatives. Drug resistance parasite has rendered most of the drugs used in treating many human diseases ineffective. There is an urgent need and continuous search for new drugs from natural sources because most of the drugs used are either derived from plant or end-product of the natural source. Antibacterial and antiplasmodial activities of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark chloroform extract against some pathogens and P. bergei was investigated using the serial dilution method. Phytochemical studies (GC-MS RT profiling) revealed the presence of some secondary metabolites. The extract was tested against thirteen bacterial strains (Styphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Enterococcus faecalis, Styplococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative strains Klebsiella aerugninosa, Proteus vulgaris, K. pneumonia, Klebsiella oxytoca,Entrobacter cloacae, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis). Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract showed activities against Mycobacterium smegmatis,Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella aerugninosa and Proteus vulgaris. The extract demonstrated high safety with LD50 value greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight. The extract shows a high potent of antiplasmodial activities with P. bargie inhibition of 66.95\%. The results demonstrated that Boswelliadalzielii stem bark extract can be used as a source of cheaper, less toxic novel antibiotic and antimalarial substances for drug development.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antibacterial, Antiplasmodial, Boswellia dalzielii, GC-MS RT, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.50}, author = {MI Bunu and M I Ikhile and AN Matheri and MT Charlotte and MCD Fotsing and DT Ndinteh} } @article {1646, title = {Evaluation of the Anticonvulsant, Anxiolytic, Sedative, and Neuroprotective Activities of Polysaccharides from Mycelium of Two Ganoderma Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1161-1173}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1161}, abstract = {

Background: Ganoderma lucidum has been used as a medicinal mushroom since centuries in East Asia. Recent reports have shown that metabolites isolated from Ganoderma species have shown effects on central nervous system. Objective:\ To determine the neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative effects of Ganoderma sp. and Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides. Methods: Polysaccharides (Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2) were isolated from two Ganoderma mycelia submerged cultures. Acute toxicity effects of Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 on mice were treated orally with doses of 50 - 2000 mg/kg. Anticonvulsant activity was determined using three chemoconvulsants: kainic acid (KA), strychnine, or pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Anxiolytic-like effects were determined using the elevated plus maze test on mice. GABA release evoked by GC-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 content was determined by HPLC. Neuroprotective effects of Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 were determined by glial activation, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 showed neuroprotective activity by diminishing neuronal death, reducing glial activation and Neu-N expression levels. Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 inhibited convulsions in the KA model. An anxiolytic-like, but not a sedative effect was reported in mice treated with Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2. Polysaccharides Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 evoked endogenous GABA release and increased its concentration within the incubation medium. Pretreatment with Gsp-PS2 or Gc-PS2 showed a reduction of the LPSinduced NO production. Gc-PS2 or Gsp-PS2 did not produce toxic effects. Conclusion:\ Ganoderma sp. or Ganoderma curtisii polysaccharides showed neuroprotective and anticonvulsant activities in animal models. The anticonvulsant activity may involve the GABAergic neurotransmision.

}, keywords = {a- and b-glucan, Anticonvulsant, GABA, Ganoderma curtissi, Ganoderma sp, Neuroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.149}, author = {Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Victoria Campos-Pena and Maribel Herrera-Ruiz and Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Guti{\'e}rrez and Vera Petricevich and Mar{\'\i}a Ang{\'e}lica Santana and Martha Navarro and Ang{\'e}lica Berenice Aguilar-Guadarrama and Gabriel Navarrete-V{\'a}zquez and Irene Perea-Arango and Ismael Leon-Rivera} } @article {1432, title = {Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.) and its Effectiveness: A Well-Known Indonesian Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {835-838}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {835}, abstract = {

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., a shrubby stove plant, has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. This review summarizes the up-to-date data about its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties and provides a perspective and direction for future research. The phytochemical analysis of G. pictum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycoside, tannins, saponin, chlorophyll, nontoxic alkaloid, and anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the pharmacological analysis revealed that this plant possessed various activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-analgetic, woundhealing, anti-hemorrhoid, anti-diabetic, and estrogenic effects. However, most of its pharmacological activities were based on the crude extracts and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. A further detailed investigation in phytochemistry to identify the bioactive compounds and to investigate the mechanism action of its bioactivities is required. Moreover, a toxicology study is also needed to develop a standardized formulation of G. pictum preparation and to fulfill the requirements of modern phytomedicine.

}, keywords = {Activities, G pictum, Indonesia, Pharmacological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.106}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Rika Revina and Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1364, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Cordia lutea Lam Flower Extracts Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {309-316}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {309}, abstract = {

Background: Paracetamol or acetaminophen overdose leads to hepatotoxicity. This study evaluates the effect of Cordia lutea extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Three different doses of dry fluid extract of C. lutea (200, 400 and 600 mg / Kg) were evaluated and compared with Silymarin 200 mg / Kg. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were evaluated, and histopathological changes in the liver were studied and evaluated. Results: C. lutea reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increases proteins significantly, although the reduction of bilirubin was not significant, the extract at 400 mg / Kg reduced the levels better than the extract at 600 mg / Kg. The histopathological evaluation suggested that C. lutea extract reduced paracetamol-induced liver necrosis. Conclusions: The extract of C. lutea has a marked hepatoprotective effect, significantly reducing the levels of ALT, AST and ALP, in addition to increasing the levels of albumin, globulin and total proteins, in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. C. lutea extract is an excellent candidate for use in paracetamol-induced liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Acetaminophen, Biochemical parameters, Cordia lutea, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology, Paracetamol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.40}, author = {Ruiz-Reyes SG and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz William Antonio and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Venegas Casanova Edmundo A and Miranda-Leyva Manuel and Valdiviezo Campos Juan Ernesto and Cuellar-Cuellar Armando} } @article {1614, title = {Hypoglycemic and Antianemia Effects of Chlorophyll from Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr Leaves in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {924-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {924}, abstract = {

Background: Beneficial effect of katuk (Sauropus androgynus L Merr) leaves (CSA) as one of medicinal plant in Indonesian jamu may potential to cure diabetes mellitus (DM) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) as well as its well-known effect to increase breast milk production. Objectives: This study was aiming to explore the hypoglycemic effects of CSA in streptozotocininduced DM rats (STZ) and antianemia effects in IDA rats (FeD). Material and Methods: STZ male Wistar rats were treated with CSA, commercial chlorophyll (Chln) and glibencamide. Blood glucose levels and histological changes of liver, kidney and pancreas were analyzed after 14 days treatment. At separate experiment, FeD female Wistar rats were treated with CSA and Chln. The treatment was performed orally at the 1st - 20th day of pregnancy. Levels of Hb, Fe and ferritin blood serum, number and body weight of the offspring were analyzed on 21st day (post-partum). Results: Treatment of CSA for 14 days to diabetic animals demonstrated the hypoglycemic effect, however the histological analysis suggested that the scores of liver, kidney and pancreas were higher than that in the normal group. Moreover, CSA exerted a significant restorative effect by returning the levels of hemoglobin, serum iron, and serum ferritin. A fetus analysis suggested that the fetus body weight of in the CSA and Chln groups was similar to that in the normal group. Conclusion: CSA treatment are potential as a new herbal supplement to cure DM and IDA. However, the safety dose should be considered to prevent the toxicity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Chlorophyll, Diabetes mellitus (DM), Iron deficiency anemia (IDA), Sauropus androgynus (L) Merr}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.119}, author = {Suparmi Suparmi and Minidian Fasitasari and Martanto Martosupono and Jubhar Christian Mangimbulude} } @article {1650, title = {Impact of Solvent Selection on Phytochemical Content, Recovery of Tannin and Antioxidant Activity of Quercus Infectoria Galls}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1195-1204}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1195}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quercus infectoria (QI) is medicinal plant well known to exhibit enormous therapeutic values. The main medicinal part of QI plant exists in its edible nutritious gall. This study aimed to determine the effects of extraction solvents on the overall phytochemical content, recovery of tannin and antioxidant activity of the QI galls. Methods: Two solvents of different polarity namely water and methanol, were used to extract bioactive compounds from the QI galls using soxhlet extraction technique. Phytochemical, TLC and HPLC assays were performed to detect and quantify the extracted compounds. DPPH assay was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extracted compounds. Results: After 6 hours of extraction at respective solvent boiling points, methanol solvent successfully generated 1.8-fold higher crude yield (34.0\%) compared to water solvent (18.9\%). Phytochemical analysis revealed that both solvent extracts contained different secondary metabolites. The methanol extract was found richer in flavonoid, while the aqueous extract was found richer in phenol, tannin, gallotannin, triterpene and cardiac glycosides. Interestingly, we found that the major type of tannin presence in QI galls was gallotannin (hydrolysable tannin) instead of phlobatannin (non-hydrolysable tannin). The quantification results demonstrated that QI aqueous extract contained significantly higher gallotannin (75.0 μg/mL) compared to QI methanol extract (46.8 μg/mL). Furthermore, the aqueous extract also exhibited significant higher antioxidant activity compared to the methanol extract at concentration of 2 μg/mL. Conclusions: This study strongly support the utilization of water solvent for optimum gallotannin extraction from QI galls.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Gallotannin, Phytochemical analysis, Quercus infectoria (QI) galls, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.153}, author = {Nur Alisa Kamarudin and Norhazilah Muhamad and Nik Nur Hakimah Nik Salleh and Suat Cheng Tan} } @article {1712, title = {In silico Study on the Promising Active Components of Terpenoid and Fucoidon from Sargassum sp. in Inhibiting CGRP and TNF-α}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1715-1719}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1715}, abstract = {

Introduction: The new discovery of the active substance in Sargassum sp marks the new era for drug industry as it is very effective as the new migraine medication compared to analgesics which have already been popular previously in treating migraine. By using the in silico methods, this study intended to identify the preventive effect of the active substance in Sargassum sp within the stage of pain and inflammation development in migraine. In migraine pathophysiology, the clinical findings would build and verify the role of CGRP and TNF-α. Methods: This research applied a one-shot experimental study and by employing the potential test through PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), the result of this study proved that tannins, terpenoids and fucoidone were contained in the active substance of Sargassum sp leading to the possession of potential as the drug to treat migraine. Results: Terpenoids and tannin binding affinity value is higher than other substances. Terpenoids and fucoidon had similar amino acid residues with controls. Seaweed metabolites have great potential as inhibitors of CGRP and TNF-α because the binding affinity score is close to control. Conclusion: The active substance in Sargassum sp has an inhibitory effect on the occurrence of CGRP and TNF-α in migraine based on in silico studies.

}, keywords = {CGRP, Fucoidone, in silico, Sargassum sp., Terpenoid, TNF-α.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.221}, author = {Olivia Mahardani Adam and Jusak Nugraha and Mohammad Hasan Machfoed and Agus Turchan} } @article {1403, title = {In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of the Whole Plant Extracts of Crotalaria Biflora (L)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {620-625}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Background: Several species of Crotalaria are cultivated and consumed across the world by the rural population for a variety of purposes that include medicine, food, green manure, fodder etc. Objective: The present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora by in vitro and in vivo methods. Materials and Methods: The powdered material of the whole plant Crotalaria biflora was extracted by soxhelation with different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol. Stabilization of human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane is the method employed for the in vitro evaluation. The extracts selected based on the results of in vitro evaluation was further subjected to in vivo evaluation by carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema method. In both in vitro and in vivo evaluations, Indomethacin was used as the standard control. Results: Among the four tested extracts in six different concentrations subjected to the in vitro evaluation, the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts (1000μg/ml) showed significant activity which was selected for the in vivo evaluation. Among the two doses of extracts (200mg.kg-1 and 400mg.kg-1) selected for the in vivo evaluation, the methanol extract (400mg.kg-1) showed significant activity followed by the ethyl acetate extract in the same dose. Conclusion: Further studies on the phytochemicals present in these extracts may give more significant results

}, keywords = {Crotalaria biflora extracts, In vitro anti-inflammatory evaluation, In vivo antiinflammatory evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.78}, author = {K. I. Anoob Kumar and M. Swamivel Manickam and M. Sreejith and V. Sebastin} } @article {1375, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Quercus infectoria Extracts in HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {401-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Background: Quercus infectoria galls (QI) extracts were previously reported to have cytotoxicity effects towards human cervical cancer cells, HeLa. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the extracts have been poorly determined. Objective: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ethyl acetate extracts of QI (EAQI) on cell cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells. Materials and Method: The in vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and the OD values were read at 570 nm. Meanwhile the induction of apoptosis was measured by using acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle distribution. Results: MTT assay showed that EAQI exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cells with IC50 of 11.50 {\textpm} 0.50 μg/ml. HeLa cells underwent apoptosis in response to EAQI treatment, demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cell stained with AOPI from 1.00\% to 10.33\% compared to untreated cell population (p\<0.05) at 72 hours of treatment. The evidence of early apoptosis in treated cells were also observed in annexin V/PI staining. Furthermore, an increase of cell population in sub G0/G1 phase revealed that apoptosis as the mode of cell death in HeLa cells treated with EAQI. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EAQI significantly inhibits HeLa cell growth through induction of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of cell death by expression of apoptotic cascade in HeLa cells treated with EAQI.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, Quercus infectoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.51}, author = {Illyana Ismail and Rapeah Suppian and Habsah Mohamad and Siti Aisha Mohd Radzi and Hasmah Abdullah} } @article {1410, title = {Isolation, Characterization of Neoandrographolide from Andrographis macrobotrys Nees and Evaluation of its effect on LPS induced TNF-α Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {669-674}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {669}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographis macrobotrys Nees is an important species of genus Andrographis with applications in traditional medicine. Neoandrographolide is one of the constituents in this plant. But there are no previous reports of isolation of neoandrographolide from A. macrobotrys. Current work is undertaken to concentrate on isolation, characterization, and evaluation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibition activity of neoandrographolide from A. macrobotrys. Materials and Methods: For the isolation process techniques like column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and preparative TLC were used. Characterization was done by ultra visible (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiaxo-2yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was done for the preliminary cytotoxicity test to standardize the sample concentration for the TNF-α inhibition study. The flowcytometric method was used to determine TNF-α inhibiting ability in a human monocytes cell line (THP-1). Results:\ Neoandrographolide was isolated from methanolic extract of A. macrobotrys which had a melting point of 174-175{\textordmasculine}C. FTIR results had shown stretching for {\textendash}OH, 3427.58 cm-1,sp3-CH, lactone, and α, β unsaturated ester. NMR data confirmed 26 carbon structures. Cytotoxicity of isolated neoandrographolide was 22.59 μg/ml. Further lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced TNF-α inhibition was highest in the case of isolated neoandrographolide in comparison with the crude extract of A. macrobotrys.\ Conclusion: A. macrobotrys can be used as a new source of neoandrographolide with anti-inflammatory abilities by inhibiting the TNF-α release in THP-1 cells.

}, keywords = {Andrographis, Anti-inflammation, Terpenoids, THP-1 cells, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.85}, author = {Medha A. Bhat and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy} } @article {1409, title = {Isolation of Andrographolide from Andrographis lineata Wall. ex Nees var. lawii C.B. Clarke and its Anticancer Activity against Human Ovarian Teratocarcinoma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {660-668}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographolide is a well-known anticancer phytochemical often isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees. (Acanthaceae). Though Andrographis lineata Wall. ex Nees var. lawii C.B. Clarke (ALw) which also belongs to the same family has an adequate amount of andrographolide; remained untouched for isolation of andrographolide and anticancer studies. Therefore, this study was targeted to isolate the andrographolide from the leaves of ALw and to assess its role inthe induction of apoptosis against the human ovarian teratocarcinoma (PA-1) cell line. Methods: Column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), preparative TLC were used for the isolation and purification while melting point, ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), carbon-13 (C13) nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) analysis were carried out for characterization of the compound. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiaxo-2yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was carried out for cytotoxicity test and further Annexin-V staining, caspase 3 activity, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) activity, cell cycle analysis, and DNA damage study by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were carried out for apoptosis study. Results: Andrographolide was isolated from the methanolic extract of leaves of ALw which had a melting point of 230 {\textordmasculine}C, λmax at 223 nm. FTIR results proved the presence of hydroxyl group, alkanes, carbon-carbon double bond, and a characteristic gamma lactone carbonyl. NMR data confirmed the 20 carbon structure. In the MTT assay cytotoxicity against PA-1 was at 3.7 μg/ml with other apoptotic assays supporting the induction of apoptosis by the compound at that concentration. Conclusion: ALw is proved to be an alternate source of andrographolide with potential abilities to induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells.

}, keywords = {Andrographis, Andrographolide, Anticancer activity, Apoptosis, Ovarian teratocarcinoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.84}, author = {Medha A. Bhat and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy} } @article {1323, title = {A New Ursane-Type Triterpene from the Fermented Shallot Allium Ascalonicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {01-07}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

3,24-acetonideclethric acid (1), a new ursane-type triterpene, and four known compounds including ursolic acid (2), randiasaponin IV (3), ilekudinoside W (4) and (25S)-1β,3β,24β- trihydroxyspirost-5-en 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (5), and were isolated from the fermented shallot Allium ascalonicum. Their structures were determined by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral data, as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. All of the saponins (3-5) exhibited antimicrobial activity against three strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with IC50 values in the range from 89.49 {\textpm} 2.24 to 95.71 {\textpm} 3.86 μM.

}, keywords = {24-Acetonideclethric acid, 3, Allium ascalonicum, Antimicrobial activity, Saponin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.1}, author = {Nguyen Van Chuyen and Nguyen Hong Son and Pham Van Hien and Dang Truong Giang and Ho Ba Ngoc Minh and Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai and Chu Van Men and Ho Anh Son and Vu Binh Duong} } @article {1623, title = {Number of research papers about Agricultural production, Meat, and Egg During COVID-19 Pandemic: Does it Changed than Before?}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {995-998}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {995}, abstract = {

COVID-19 pandemic limits many physical activities of the society in public areas. The agricultural production sector is one of the important sectors in supporting the country{\textquoteright}s nutrition demand. Research is a way to maintain the productivity of the agricultural sector. This study has a purpose to analyze if pandemic COVID-19 has an impact on the number of papers about agriculture recorded by Scopus. This study uses a quantitative with secondary data analysis approach in collecting data. The samples are paper on the Scopus website contains keywords {\textquotedblleft}agriculture\& meat{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}agriculture\&egg{\textquotedblright}. the period of samples are during 2019-2020. The data are analyzed using Vosviewer software to show the institution with the most related topic paper. The result shows that some papers are decreasing while others are increase based on the document type. For paper related to {\textquotedblleft}agriculture{\textquotedblright} meat{\textquotedblright}, article as full type research paper increases along with review type paper. For a paper about {\textquotedblleft}agriculture \& egg{\textquotedblright}, conference type paper and review increase, while other decreases. It can be concluded that the type of paper along with the topic affects the institutions{\textquoteright} productivity in publishing papers

}, keywords = {Agricultural production, COVID-19, Egg, Meat, Research papers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.128}, author = {Maslichah Mafruchati and Jonathan Makuwira} } @article {1726, title = {Online Survey: Prevalence and Attitude of Jordanians Towards Using Herbal Remedies in the Pandemic COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1632-1638}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1632}, abstract = {

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new virus caused by SARS-CoV-2, a coronavirus from the coronavirus family, that can provoke severe respiratory syndrome. The disease became a pandemic in December 2019. Impaired immune modulation is one of the processes implicated in its pathogenesis, which contributes to poor COVID-19 outcomes. Many investigations have been conducted using medication to control coronaviral infections as antiviral agents or immunomodulators. The results of these tests, however, demonstrated that these medications were useless in fighting the disease. Some people believe that using herbal immunomodulators can aid in the prevention or even curing of COVID-19. Based on prior research, in the management of COVID-19, several botanicals may be useful. We go over the patient attitude and benefits of using such herbal remedies in the regimen of treating COVID-19 in Jordan.

}, keywords = {Botanicals., Coronavirus, COVID-19, Herbal immunomodulators, Herbal remedies, Pandemic, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.210}, author = {Noha Abd Alkareem Younis Younis and Rania Mohammad Hamam and Amal Mayyas} } @article {1365, title = {Pharamacognostic Profile and Comparative in vitro Anti- Inflammatory Activity Study of Ethanomedicinal Plants of North East India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {317-324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {317}, abstract = {

Background: In ethno-medicinal practices, the leaves of Alocasia macrrorhizos, Canavalia ensiformis, Amaranthus cruentus, Averrhoea carambola, Bauhina tenifloara\ and Capsicum Chinese have different pharmacological activities. The problem encountered with the proper utilization of herbal drugs is lack of documentation and standard parameter, which create problem in acceptance and importance of these plants. Objective: The objectives of our study are to establish scientifically evaluated pharmacognostic profile and in vitro antiinflammatory screening of six plants. Methods: Leaf sample from each plant was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters (As per WHO recommended methods of standardization). The anti-inflammatory activity screening of methanolic extracts was carried out against inhibition of protein denaturation method taking diclofenac sodium as a benchmark. Results: The macroscopic characteristic and microscopical evaluation reveals the type of stomata within the leaves and presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, upper epidemis, lower epidermis, vascular bundle, palisade cells and trichomes in the transverse section of leaves. Physicochemical parameter reveals the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble, methanol soluble extractives and moisture content. The IC50 value of MEAM, MECE, MEAC, MEAC1, MECC\ and MEBT against inhibiton of protein denaturation was found to be 72.88, 841.78, 735.12, 303.75, 188, and 354.1855 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The present study contributes useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs. Methanolic extract of Alocasia macrorrhizos could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent from the natural sources.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Diclofenac sodium, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Northeast India, Pharmacognostic study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.41}, author = {SM Abdul Aziz Barbhuiya and SH Victoria Devi and Ajay Kakati and Rejwan Ahmed Choudhury and Muslek Uddin Mazumder} } @article {1357, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on the Leaves of Annona muricata Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

Introduction: Annona muricata Linn. (Family: Annonaceae) is a well-known traditional and natural medicine over the world; in Malaysia it serves as a treatment for many kinds of diseases. Studies have been reported that A. muricata can be used to treat diseases due to its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anthelmintic, analgesic, hypotensive, antiinflammatory, and has immune enhancing properties. Despite having several medicinal functions and properties, however there is no standardization parameters have been reported in the literature for the leaves of A. muricata. Methods: Therefore, through this research study, the macroscopical and microscopical characteristics, physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves were investigated. Results: Based on the observation of the transverse section of the leaves, the presence of upper cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade cells, vascular bundle, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibers, lignified vessels, xylem vessels, collenchyma, lower epidermis, lower cuticle and parenchyma served as important key differentiating features for the studied plant. The powder microscopy revealed the presence of pieces of trichrome, collapsed uniseriate multicellular covering trichrome, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibres, xylem vessels, paracytic stomata and fragment of epidermis showing cell and palisade cell. Calcium oxalate crystals were also observed even though the captured image was slightly unclear. The phytochemical screening of the leaves was carried out using four different extracts which showed the presence of steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins carbohydrates and proteins, respectively. Conclusion: Based on this research finding, the pharmacognostic standardization of the plant can be established thus, providing ease in identifying and determining the purity and quality of the investigated plant.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, Preliminary physiochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.34}, author = {Gouri Kumar Dash and Mohd Haziq Bin Hashim and Abdul Karim Russ Hassan and Ravindran Muthukumarasamy} } @article {1615, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Cotinus coggygria Scop. from Armenian Flora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {933-941}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

Armenian flora is stood out by the variety of its medicinal and edible plants. Here small plants as well as trees and shrubs are met. Cotinus coggygria of Armenian flora is used in folk medicine. The aim of this investigation was to determine the chemical composition of Armenian flora{\textquoteright}s smoke trees leaves{\textquoteright} essential oil and antiradical activity of ethanol extract of leaves and branches of smoke tree. Methods: The aerial parts were extracted by hydrodistillation method, and the composition was analyzed by gas chromatograph interfaced to a mass spectrometer. Antiradical activity of essential oil from leaves and branches was determined by using appropriate methods. Results: The total amount of flavonoids has been determined in the leaves of the smoke tree by miricetin. This analysis revealed that the flavonoid amount in ethanol extract of C. coggygria, growing in Armenia, was 0,94\%. In volatile oil of Smoke tree leaves 22 compounds were determined. The results demonstrated that in the essential oil of leaves of Cotinus from Armenian flora predominated Germacrene D, Linalool, formate, ά {\textendash}Terpineol sesquiterpenes and diterpene alcohol Thunbergol. Ethanol extracts of leaves and branches of Smoke tree showed antioxidant activity. Conclusion: From the results, it is evident that C. coggygria from Armenia flora contains various bioactive compounds and the extracts of leaves pronounced higher antioxidant activity and recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

}, keywords = {Antiradical activity, Cotinus coggygria Scop., DPPH, Essential oil, Ethanol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.120}, author = {NK Shaboyan and AV Moghrovyan and KH Dumanyan and NH Ghukasyan and AA Altunyan and NI Arshakyan and AM Ghazaryan and GR Ulikhanyan and AL Ginosyan and AS Dadayan and NB Chichoyan} } @article {1385, title = {Phytochemical Profiling and Chemical Marker Compounds Identification in Helichrysum caespititium: A Chemometrics and 2D Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {486-494}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {486}, abstract = {

Introduction: Helichrysum caespititium is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. Hitherto, only 2 compounds- caespititin and 2-methyl-4-[2{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}-trihydroxy-3{\textquoteright}-(2-methylpropanoyl)-phenyl] but-2-enyl acetate have been reported from this species. Phytochemical profiling of the plant and identification of chemical markers are limited. Objectives: Determining phytochemical profile of H. caespititium and identifying the major marker compounds in its extracts. Methods: A two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) was used to analyze H. caespititium extracts (acetone, methanol, and dichloromethane). The marker compounds from the generated phytochemical fingerprints were identified using Column plots and chemometrics orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Polar acetone, methanol, and non-polar dichloromethane extracts were analyzed separately. Results and Discussions: A total of 135 (12 from acetone, 13 from methanol, and 110 from dichloromethane extracts) compounds were identified in H. caespititium. An OPLSDA score plot with R2 = 0.81 grouped the polar compounds into 2 clusters as phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, while a contribution plot from the score plot then nominated benzene[(methoxymethoxy)]methyl, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)penet- 1-ene, isoeugenol, and 3 4-dihydroxymandelic acid as marker compounds in the polar extracts. In a second plot with R2 = 0.67, the corresponding contribution plot accentuated 2-methyl-5- (fur-3-yl) pent-3-en-2-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dihexyl-1-(4- methylphenyl)-5(2-dimethyl aminothenyl)-1H-tetrazole, and 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone as the marker compounds in the dichloromethane extract. Conclusion: This study recommends the use of the marker compounds as quality standard of raw materials and commercial products containing extracts or other forms of the South African H. caespititium.

}, keywords = {Chemical markers, Chemometrics, GCxGC-TOF-MS, Helichrysum caespititium, Phytochemical profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.61}, author = {Kokoette Bassey and Patience Mamabolo and Mmamosheledi Mothibe and Freddy Muganza} } @article {1653, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Organic Extracts from Cleoserrata serrata (Jacq.) Iltis.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1225-1241}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1225}, abstract = {

Cleoserrata serrata is used in Mexican-south traditional medicine to treat chicleros ulcer. The phytochemical profile and the anti-inflammatory effect from four extracts obtained by maceration proccess and of the primary fractions from two extracts are described. In addition, the antioxidant, leishmanicidal and antimycobaterial activities and LD50 from active extracts are reported. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in TPA and carrageenan assays. Ethyl palmitate and γ-sitosterol were detected in Hexanic and CH2Cl2 extracts. Same compounds and stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one, palmitic acid, phytol acetate and phytol were detected in primary fractions from CH2Cl2:EtOH extract. In this and in MeOH extracts a polyphenolmixture was obtained. The MeOH extract was subjected to acid hydrolysis, and kaempferol, quercetin and scopoletin were detected in organic-phase. Polyphenol-mixture and organic-phase (IC50=3730 and 2338 μg/mL) showed moderate antioxidant activity; meanwhile MeOH extract exhibited scarce activity. In carrageenan model, Hexanic extract and polyphenol-mixture showed ED50=131.46 and 64.89 mg/ kg, respectively. Three extracts were active but not-dose-dependent. In TPA-model, CH2Cl2 extract and polyphenol-mixture showed ED50 \<0.79 mg/ear, and three extracts were active, however the effect was not-dose-dependent. CH2Cl2:EtOH showed antimycobacterial and leishmanicidal activities. The LD50 was \>2 g/kg for all extracts.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Antimycobacterial activity, antioxidant activity, Cleoserrata serrata, DL50, Leishmanicidal activity, Organic extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.156}, author = {Mar{\'\i}a del Carmen Ju{\'a}rez-V{\'a}zquez and Alejandro Zamilpa A and Rosalba Le{\'o}n-D{\'\i}az and Mariano Mart{\'\i}nez-V{\'a}zquez and Adolfo L{\'o}pez-Torres and Julieta Luna-Herrera and Lilian Y{\'e}pez-Mulia and Francisco Alarc{\'o}n-Aguilar and Mar{\'\i}a Adelina Jim{\'e}nez-Arellanes} } @article {1705, title = {Phytochemistry and Biological Evaluation of Daphne gnidium L. Butanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1688-1693}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1688}, abstract = {

Background: Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae) has been used in the Mediterranean basin to treat skin diseases, rheumatism and toothache.\ Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of butanol extract from the D. gnidium leaves. Methods: A quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was performed. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by using three different assays: 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), deoxyribose degradation assay and Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) assay. The butanol extract was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. In addition, its effect on the production of NO and lysosomal activity in vivo was assessed. Results: The HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of daphnetin. The butanol extract had a remarkable antioxidant activity in the different systems tested. Furthermore, it has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the xyleneinduced ear edema and reduced the number of abdominal constrictions in mice indicating analgesic effect. It also was found to inhibit (NO) production and lysosomal activity in vivo. Conclusion: These findings support the daphne use in traditional medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations to elucidate its mechanism of action are required.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Daphne gnidium, Lysosmal activity, Nitric oxide production.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.217}, author = {Amira Horchani and Fadwa Chaabane and Mahassen Barboura and Imen Mokdad-Bzeouich and Aimen Abbassi and Amine Trabelsi and Leila Chekir-Ghedira} } @article {1380, title = {Potential Inhibition by Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract on Ki-67 Expression in Distal Colon Mouse}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) has been an important aspect of an incurable chronic inflammatory disease over the last few decades. To find useful therapies for UC, one of which is herbal therapy, many researches have been conducted. Due to its anti-inflammatory effects, Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian indigenous herb, is considered to be the alternative therapy for UC. Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is then used in this research to determine its effect on UC by using Ki-67 as a marker of proliferation. PMLEE was created from dry PM content undergoing maceration. The animals were classified into six categories: normal, positive control, negative control and PMLEE group (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected for 7 consecutive days into BALB/c mice that were caused by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS). DSS is used for modeling UC in the colon tissue of mice. All mice were terminated and then stained with anti-Ki-67 after their colons were extracted. Subsequently, the stained parts were analyzed with ImageJ based on the color intensity produced by the results of H-score. Based on H-score, PMLEE 300mg and 200mg has significantly decreased the expression of Ki-67 compare to the negative control (p=0.001 and p=0.01). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference from PMLEE 300mg and 100mg (p=0.002). It then concludes that PMLEE is related to Ki-67 expression in cells, as it was inversely proportional in this analysis.

}, keywords = {Dextran sodium sulphate, Inflamation, Ki- 67, Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.56}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo and Alfred Pakpahan} } @article {1326, title = {Potential of Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract to Upregulate the Expression of Caspase-3 in Mouse Distal Colon after Dextran Sodium Sulphate Induction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {23-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {23}, abstract = {

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a part of incurable chronic inflammatory disease that has gained importance over the past few decades. A lot of research has been done to find effective treatments for UC, one of which is herbal medicine. Phaleria macrocarpa (PM), an Indonesian native plant, is thought to be an alternative therapy for UC because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this research, Phaleria macrocarpa Leaves Ethanol Extract (PMLEE) is used to assess its effect on UC by using Caspase-3 as apoptosis marker. PMLEE was made from dried material of PM that undergo maceration. Animals were separated into six groups: normal, negative control, positive control, and PMLEE groups (100, 200, 300 mg/kgBW). PMLEE was then injected to BALB/c mice that have been induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) for 7 consecutive days. DSS is used to model UC in mice colon tissue. All animals were sacrificed and their colons were collected then stained with anti-Caspase-3. The stained sections were subsequently examined with ImageJ based on color intensity which generated H-Score as the results. Based on H-Score of each group, PMLEE 300mg has significantly upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 compare to the negative control (p=0.015). PMLEE also has a tendency to be dose dependent based on the significant difference between PMLEE doses. Therefore, it concludes that PMLEE is able to upregulate the expression of Caspase-3 in colon cells as in this study it was directly proportional. Key words: Mahkota Dewa, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Ulcerative colitis.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Inflammation, Mahkota Dewa, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.4}, author = {Kusmardi Kusmardi and Elvan Wiyarta and Ari Estuningtyas and Nurhuda Sahar and Yurnadi Hanafi Midoen and Aryo Tedjo} } @article {1335, title = {Preclinical Trial of Propolis Extract in Prevention of High Salt Diet- Induced Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: Propolis has been widely reported as having various biological activities. However, Indonesian propolis seems to be less explored. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the antihypertensive activity of Indonesian propolis in rats. Materials and Methods: Hypertension was induced by high-NaCl (8\%) diet for 3 weeks. A total of 36 rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group (SD), high-NaCl diet group (NaD), high-NaCl diet group + captopril (25 mg/ kg) (PD), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago (NaDP1), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung (NaDP2) and high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi (NaDP3). Propolis was daily administered at dose of 200 mg/ kg on hypertensive rats for 1 week. Blood pressure and body weight were weekly measured. Moreover, routine urine analysis, haematological parameters and lipid profiles at week 4 were determined. Results: The results showed that high-NaCl diet successfully induced hypertension in rats after 3 weeks of intervention. However, the diet did not cause weight gain (p\>0.05). All Indonesian propolis samples significantly reversed either systolic or diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive rats. From urine analysis, propolis from Riau Archipelago and Lampung showed diuretic effect. The haematological analysis mainly showed no significant difference compared standard diet group. Furthermore, LDL and HDL concentrations were significantly improved by propolis from Lampung and South Sulawesi, respectively (p\<0.05). In addition, we only found significant decrease in relative weight of liver in all groups administered with high-NaCl diet (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that all Indonesian propolis possessed antihypertensive activity.

}, keywords = {antihypertension, Blood pressure, High-NaCl diet, Stingless bee propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.13}, author = {Ade Heri Mulyati and Ahmad Sulaeman and Sri Anna Marliyati and Mohamad Rafi and Al Mukhlas Fikri} } @article {1680, title = {Prognostic Factors in Predicting Primary Brainstem Hemorrhage Patients: An Experience in Indonesia{\textquoteright}s Rural Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1445-1449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1445}, abstract = {

Background: Primary brainstem hemorrhage is a rare type of hemorrhagic stroke with a very high reported mortality rate in Indonesia. Aim: This study aims to demonstrate the mortality rate of cases in one of Indonesia{\textquoteright}s rural hospitals. To help reduce the mortality rate, the prognostic factors of several cases were studied. These steps are needed to be able to predict the prognosis of primary brainstem hemorrhage patients and to give a better explanation to the family of the patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken with collecting medical and radiological records from January 2018 to August 2020. A total sampling technique was done, and 340 patients were diagnosed with hemorrhagic stroke during that period. Only ten patients met the inclusion criteria and were included as the study samples. Statistical analysis using SPSS 22 and the Spearman correlation test adjusted for each variable. Results: Low prevalence of primary brainstem hemorrhage (7\%). There were correlation between GCS score, brainstem hemorrhage location, and length of stay with the patient{\textquoteright}s prognosis. Conclusion: Understanding these prognostic factors would reduce the prevalence of this primary brainstem hemorrhage and to ease the process of explaining the patients{\textquoteright} condition to the family.

}, keywords = {Brainstem, Factor, Intracerebral hemorrhage, Primary, Prognosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.183}, author = {Namira Khairunnisa and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Tashya Anggraeni Sinaga and Rahmah Hida Nurrizka} } @article {1677, title = {Protective effect of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrininduced reprotoxicity in male Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1413-1421}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1413}, abstract = {

Background: Medicinal plants are a reservoir of biologically active compounds with therapeutic properties that, over time, have been used for the treatment of various diseases. This study aims to evaluate the protective effect of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Salvia officinalis against cypermethrin-induced toxicity. Methods: 30 male rats weighing approximately 240 g were divided into equal six groups; the control group received tap water, the positive control received the aqueous extract of sage leaves (SLE) at a dose of (0.5g/kg bw), the groups treated with cypermethrin (Cyp1) at 8.33 mg/kg bw and (Cyp2) at 25 mg/kg bw, and the groups treated by cypermethrin combined with aqueous extract of sage SLE+Cyp1 (0.5g/kg bw+8.33 mg/kg bw) and SLE+Cyp2 (0.5g/kg bw+25 mg/kg bw) for four days/week. After 4 weeks of oral administration, epididymal seminal fluid was analyzed via the CASA system, in addition to the histological study testis and epididymis. Results: The obtained results showed a decrease in the absolute weight of the reproductive organs, with a significant decrease in sperm concentration, motility and speed in the cypermethrin-treated group compared to the control. Histological study of the testes and epididymis indicates an alteration in the stages of spermatogenesis in groups Cyp1 and Cyp2 compared to the control. However, the above-mentioned parameters were maintained almost normal in the groups that received the aqueous extract of sage with both doses of cypermethrin. Conclusion: it can be demonstrated that SLE has been shown to protect rats from cypermethrin-induced reprotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Cypermethrin, Histology, Rats, Salvia officinalis, Spermatozoa, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.179}, author = {Amel CHOUABIA and Samir DJEMLI and Cherif ABDENNOUR and Leila MALLEM and Labiba KAHALERRAS and Fatma Zohra ARKOUB and Narimene BOUABDALLAH and Abdelkrim TAHRAOUI} } @article {1681, title = {Quantification of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Myricetin in Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, and Brazilin in Caesalpinia sappan L. by HPLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1437-1444}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1437}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin are bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini, and Caesalpinia sappan plants that have potential as medicinal ingredients. Objectives: To determine the levels of andrographolide in A. paniculata herb extract (APE), myricetin in S. cumini leaf extract (SCE), and brazilin in C. sappan wood extract (CSE) as marker compounds for extract quality control using the HPLC method. Methods: The separation was carried out on a reverse-phase C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm). The isocratic was prepared from methanol - water (50:50 v/v); 0.1\% orthophosphoric acid - methanol (60:40 v/v); and 0,3\% acetic acid - acetonitrile (85.5: 14.5 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL/min for andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin determination, respectively and detection using UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm, 369 nm, and 280 nm, respectively. Results: The linear regression for andrographolide was y = 14113x + 5948.8 (r2= 0.9994); myricetin was y = 87766x {\textendash} 138895 (r2=0.9996); and brazilin was y = 18520x {\textendash} 42668 (r2=0.9992). The andrographolide content in APE was found to be 14.4686 \%. The myricetin content in SCE was found to be 0.3190 \%. The brazilin content in CSE was found to be 2.1280 \%. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for the analysis of the APE, SCE, and CSE. This method can be used for the identification and quantification of andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin in herbal raw materials or herbal products containing these three extracts.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, HPLC, Marker compounds, Quality control, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.182}, author = {Eem Masaenah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Zahra Fadhilah and Varda Arianti} } @article {1339, title = {Repurposing of FDA Approved Alkaloids as COVID 19 Inhibitors; in silico Studies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {110-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Background: Alkaloid drugs were permitted for using as a treatment of numerous diseases. Colchicine, codeine, piperine, papaverine, ergometrine, theophylline, theobromine and caffeine are recognized safe alkaloids and used for many human disfunctions. The chemical structures of alkaloids have flexible chemical moieties with various electronic and chemical characters. COVID-19 is a horrible disease as result from that the discovering of potent drugs from previously FDA approved drugs is the main objective of this study. Methods: docking studies were used for discovering the interactions of alkaloids with protease proteins. The nature of selected alkaloids structures was utilized for advance insights studies to predict new medical applications. Results: Docking studies for alkaloids were completed and the obtained outcomes, displayed that all tried alkaloids have great attraction with the five protease proteins, the energy docking score ranged from -2.9516 (for colchicine with 5R82) to -24.7449 (for ergotamine with 5R80) kcal/mol with 1-5 variable interactions bond. Conclusion: Among the tested drugs, papaverine and ergometrine revealed high docking scores for all five proteins (score ranged from, -14.1058 to 23.1619 for papaverine and, -4.7900 to 24.7449 for ergometrine) and number of interactions with all tested proteins are two to three for papaverine but for ergometrine are two to five.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, COVID-19, Docking study, FDA, Natural drugs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.16}, author = {Ehab M Mostafa and Mohammed Gamal and Mohammed M Ghoneim and Shaimaa Hussein and Ahmed H El-Ghorab and Mohamed A Abdelgawad and Arafa Musa} } @article {1631, title = {A Review on Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities of Nephelium Lappaceum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1053-1057}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1053}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs in the majority of people worldwide. The number of cases in many countries has been increasing year by year. In Malaysia, the statistics show that the number of diabetic case in 2019 was 3.6 million and expected to increase in 2025 by 7 million. This disease can develop as a result of oxidative stress production in the body. Nephelium lappaceum was claimed traditionally being used to treat diabetes mellitus. This research is conducted to review the available literature regarding the antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of Nephelium lappaceum extracts and constituent that contributes to this activity. Methods: The studies included in this review have been selected using several databases including Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, Science Direct and Pubmed. The keywords used in database search were {\textquotedblleft}Nephelium lappaceum{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antioxidant{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}antidiabetic{\textquotedblright} and covered the period from 2007 onwards. Results: This review revealed that Nephelium lappaceum extracts have good antioxidant and antidiabetic activities when tested using various methods. These activities are due to the presence of several phytoconstituents in the extract. Conclusions: In conclusion, Nephelium lappaceum possess antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. It has the potential to be developed as an antidiabetic and antioxidant agent which can be used to treat various oxidative stress-related diseases, including diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Diabetes mellitus, Nephelium lappaceum L., Phytoconstituents, Rambutan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.136}, author = {Wan Nor Iffah Husna Wan Mustaffa and Wan Hafizah W. Jusof} } @article {1333, title = {Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Bulbs and Total Flavonoid Content from Three Locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {73-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) is a typical plant of Kalimantan which is traditionally used by the Dayak community as a medicinal plant. Dayak onion bulbs have been proven had many pharmacology activities. Objective: This study aims to determine the nonspesific and specific parameters of 70\% ethanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Total flavonoids was also quantified Methods:. Eleutherine bulbosa Urb was extracted with maseration method used etanol 70 \% as solvent. Determination of non-spesific includes by determined specific gravity, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, residual sovents, heavy metanol contamination, microbial contamination, mold and yeast contamination. Determination of specific parameters included extract identity, organoleptic extract, water/ethanol soluble content, chromatography profile. Total flavonoid content were quantified with colorimetric method. Results: there were no significance difference between nonspesific and specific parameters Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three different locations. Measurement of total phenol content and total flavonoid content respectively form South Borneo were ; 6,499 {\textpm} 0,5248 mg QE/g extract, from central borneo were 7,585 {\textpm} 0,0437 mgQE/g extract, and from east borneo were 5,035 mg {\textpm} 0,3887 mgQE/g extract. Conclusion: it can be concluded that bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three locations have characters to similar between each other and bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb form central borneo had the highest total flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {Eleutherine bulbosa Urb., Flavonoids, Non-specific parameters, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.11}, author = {Rahmi Muthia and Helmina Wati and Wahyudin Bin Jamaludin and Kartini and Finna Setiawan and Muhammad Fikri and Abdul Wahhab} } @article {1617, title = {Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Bitter Melon PULP (Momordica Charantia L.) on Liver Function and Histopathological Changes in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {949-957}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {949}, abstract = {

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is a plant that used as herbal medicine. It contains bioactive components which have hypoglycemic activity, immunomodulators, cancer chemoprevention, antiviral, antimicrobial, and inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of liver damage by macroscopic and microscopic examination. The sample consisted of 40 rats divided into 4 groups, Group 1, control group, was only given aquadest and pellets. Group 2-4 were treated with ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw during 28 days. On the 29th day, the termination was carried out, aspartate and alanin aminotransferase (AST/ALT) being measured, the liver being observed for the macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Kruskal-Wallis test showed there was no significant difference in relative organ weight (p = 0.177), liver macroscopy morphology (p = 0.207). Microscopic observation for liver fibrosis using Metavir scoring system showed highest mean liver fibrosis score in dose 1000 mg/kgbw. Kruskal-Wallis test for microscopic changes showed significantly difference in male rats (p = 0.001) and female rats (p = 0.002). Based on these study, we conclude that ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp at a dose of 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw affect liver function significantly. But there{\textquoteright}s no subchronic toxicity effect on relative organ weight and macroscopic changes in liver morphology. Otherwise there was subchronic toxicity effect on changes in the microscopic structure of the liver characterized by the formation of fibrosis in the liver portal triad of experimental animals.

}, keywords = {Histopathological changes, Liver function, Momordica charantia L., Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.122}, author = {Welly Ratwita and Maman Djamaludin and Hindun Sa{\textquoteright}adah and Salsabilla Maharani} } @article {1688, title = {Verbascum Thapsus (Mullein) Versatile Polarity Extracts: GC-MS Analysis, Phytochemical Profiling, Anti-bacterial Potential and Anti-oxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1488-1497}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1488}, abstract = {

Verbascum thapsus is naturally grown in the Himalayas and widely used in herbal teas and traditional herbal medicine for its anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was designed to majority of leaf extracts from Verbascum thapsus. All extracts were analysed for phytochemical properties, antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Biochemical investigations and GC-MS analysis was used for identifying phytochemicals. DPPH assay, Kirby{\textquoteright}s Disc Diffusion method (KDM), 96 well test, and Resazurin test were performed for antioxidant and antimicrobial investigation. Results indicate that verbascum thapsus grown in Pakistan is rich in alkaloids and phenols. Noteworthy antibacterial activity was observed against S. sonnei, L. lactis, B. subtilis, C. freundii, K. oxytoca, L. monocytogenes, and S. enterica. GCMS analyses of V. thapsus extracts revealed the presence of medically important bio compounds including Hexadecanoic acid, methyl es and Stigmasterol (antibacterial activity), 2(5H)-Furanone (appetite suppressant), 3-Hydroxy-.beta.-damascone (anti-inflammatory properties), Squalene (antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anti-acne, eczema), Vitamin E and 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (antioxidants). Antioxidant radical scavenging activity was determined from acetone extract of V. thapsus. This study concludes remarkable antibacterial and antioxidant potential in Verbascum Thapsus leaf extracts

}, keywords = {Microbiology, Verbascum Thapsus; GC/GC-MS; plant biotechnology}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.189}, author = {Ali Nadeem and Bashir Ahmed and Hira Shahzad and Lyle E. Craker and Tudor Muntean} } @article {1182, title = {Analysis of GABRB3 Protein Level After Administration of Valerian Extract (Valeriana officinalis) in BALB/c mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {821-827}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {821}, abstract = {

Background: Valeriana officinalis is most commonly used as traditional medicine. Valerenic acid is the primary component of Valerian officinalis which inhibits the catabolism of enzyme induced breakdown of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in sedation. The aim of this study is to determine the level of GABRB3 protein, as part of major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, after administration of Valerian extracts in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study using animal model with post test-only controlled group design. Twenty healthy adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, negative control group (Aquadest), positive control group (Diazepam 0.025 mg/10 g), first treatment group (Valerian extract 2.5 mg/10 g) and second treatment group (Valerian extract 5 mg/10 g). The drugs were administered via gastric gavage for seven consecutive days. The blood was drawn from each mice on the first day (before treatment) and on the seventh day of experiment (2 hours after treatment). The blood sample was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the GABRB3 protein level. Results: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice after administration of Valerian extract was increased significantly in both treatment group (p \<0.0001). The highest increment in protein levels was found in the first treatment group with an increase of 2.988 μmol/L, compared with the second treatment group with an increase of 2.146 μmol/L. Conclusion: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice were increased after administration of Valerian extract. Administration of higher dose does not yield in higher GABRB3 protein level nor sedative effect.

}, keywords = {BALB/c mice, Diazepam, GABRB3 protein, Valerian extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.118}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Muhammad Ramli Ahmad and Andi Asadul Islam and Muh Nasrum Massi and Mochammad Hatta and Syafri Kamsul Arif} } @article {1141, title = {An Analytical and in-vivo Study to Evaluate the Effect of Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma (Triticum aestivum grains soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya) on its Glycemic Index compared to Raw Godhuma (Raw Triticum aestivum grains)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {526-534}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {526}, abstract = {

Diabetes is generally referred to as a Metabolic Disorder or a Lifestyle Disorder, that is mainly characterized by the symptom of Hyperglycemia caused by the defective insulin secretion, congenital or acquired. Diabetes requires management of diet and lifestyle with or without medications to keep the blood sugar under control. Foods with medium Glycemic Index (GI) is best preferred for Diabetics, because high GI foods will rapidly increase the blood sugar level, and low GI will cause grave health issues. In practice, wheat is the highly recommended diet for diabetics as the GI is medium in comparison to rice that belongs to a high GI group. But wheat causes digestive problems, and flatulence in addition to the Gluten allergy that many people suffer from. However in Ayurveda, the Classical Text Aṣṭ{\={a}}ṅga Hṛdaya (AH) mentions in Prameha Cikitsa Adhy{\={a}}ya (Chapter on Treatment of Diabetes) that Godhuma (grains of Wheat - Triticum aestivum L) has to be kept soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya (Decoction prepared with the fruits of Terminalia chebula, T. bellerica and Phyllanthus emblica) and then dried and powdered before being used as a diet for a diabetic. The grains of Godhuma were kept soaked in Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya and then dried and powdered. A comparative analytical study was done for the two samples- treated wheat grains (Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma) and untreated/raw wheat grains. An In vivo study was also done to assess the GI value of both the samples of wheat. The analytical and In vivo study results prove that while the GI is still maintained within medium range, the allergen gluten is completely eliminated, total fat and total protein have reduced while still maintaining the nutritive value, in the treated sample when compared to the raw sample. Based on the results obtained from the analytical and in-vivo study, it can be concluded that Triphala Kaṣ{\={a}}ya V{\={a}}sita Godhuma becomes even more compatible and healthy for a diabetic, in gluten allergy and discomforts caused by wheat consumption, in comparison to the untreated wheat grains.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Diabetes, Gluten, Glycemic index, Godhuma, Prameha, Triphala kaṣ{\={a}}ya}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.80 }, author = {Sujithra M and Vimala KS and Sabitha M and Priya S} } @article {1226, title = {Antifungal Activity of Neolignan Derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri Against Pathogenic Fungus Microsporum gypseum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {993-999}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) known as iron wood. It was known as wood source which fungi and insect resistant. These effects were interconnected with secondary metabolites contained within. Methods: Eusideroxylon zwageri wood powder was macerated with methanol and fractinated with n-Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate. Eusiderin I and Compound B were isolated from n-hexane fraction, while Compound C were isolated from dichloromethane fraction. Eusiderin I, compound A and Compound B were characterized using melting point, UV spectroscopy and compared with previous data. Antifungal activity test was conducted with Microsporum gypseum using paper disc method. Results: A research on antifungal activity of Neolignan derivatives from Eusideroxylon zwageri against pathogenic fungus Microsporum gypseum had been carried out. Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C were isolated from wood of Eusideroxylon zwageri. All three compounds are white crystals with melting point in such 99-100 oC, 110-112 oC, 98-99 oC, respectively and UV spectrum data is similar to reference. The antifungal activity test of Eusiderin I, Compound B and Compound C from Bulian wood (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to phatogen fungus of Microsporum gypseum showed that with five different concentrations (5, 25, 50, 100 and 200 ppm), Eusiderin I was a potent antifungal because it had a strong activity in inhibiting the Microsporum gypseum growth. The 5 days incubation test result showed that 50 ppm Eusiderin I could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth. The 100 ppm Eusiderin I gave the most effective inhibition precentage because it could inhibit the Microsporum gypseum colony growth (= 93.9\%). Conclusion: Based on this data, Eusiderin I can be indicated an antifungal candidate.

}, keywords = {Antifungal, Eusiderin, Eusideroxylon zwageri, Microsporum gypseum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.140}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Syamsurizal Syamsurizal and Harizon Harizon and Tiana Milanda and Imam Adi Wicaksono} } @article {1220, title = {Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Punica granatum peels Ethyl Acetate Extract on Fludrocortisones Induced Hypertension in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1135-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1135}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) has several medicinal properties. Pomegranate juice has been reported to be an effective source of high amounts of phyto-constituents with many health and nutritional benefits. This work assessed the possible effect on blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate of P. granatum peel ethyl acetate extract (PGE) at a dosage of 400 mg / kg / day on hypertension-induced fludrocortisone Wistar rats. PGE therapy substantially lowered the B.P of hypertensive rats treated with salt fludrocortisones, but the mean blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive rats were not altered. In isolated aortic strip, the contractile reactions to noradrenalin of PGE-treated hypertensive rats have been substantially reduced. The active fraction was purified by successive chromatographic techniques resulted in isolation of quercetin and ursolic acid, this bioactive mixture induced a significant decrease in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats as compared to hypertensive control rats at a concentration of 10 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Hypertension, Punica granatum, Quercetin, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.160}, author = {Rafik Monir and Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Alsayed Ahmed Zaki and Samah Shabana} } @article {1183, title = {Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Major Compounds of the Mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) Formula}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {828-834}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: The mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) formula is a Thai traditional medicine, which consists of 4 medicinal plants, including Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. (D) Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Z), Suregada multiflora Baill. (S) and Siphonodon celastrineus (S). The DZSS formula has been used in an oral dosage form for the treatment of muscle pain. However, the phytochemical profiles and the pharmacological activities of the combined DZSS formula have not been clearly investigated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profiles and the anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of the formula (50\% and 95\% ethanolic extracts) were prepared by using soxhlet extraction and which were analyzed by using HPLC. The anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula was tested for its inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells macrophage.The cytotoxic effect of the formula was determined by using the MTT assay. Results: The 95\% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula exhibited a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity with the IC50 of 40.08 {\textpm} 2.78 μg/mL. The 95\% ethanolic extract possessed a more potent anti-inflammatory activity than that of the 50\% ethanolic extract and with no cytotoxicity. HPLC analysis indicated that the 95\% ethanolic extract also had a higher yield of genistein and compound D, which are obtained the amount of 0.71 {\textpm} 0.00 and 18.89 {\textpm} 0.24 mg/g extract, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the 95\% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula possessed a significant anti-inflammatory activity but which is still required to investigate about biological activity in vivo and clinical study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Compound D, Derris scandens, genistein, HPLC, Nitric Oxide (NO)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.119}, author = {Orapan Ayameang and Ruchilak Rattarom and Catheleeya Mekjaruskul and Wanida Caichompoo} } @article {1191, title = {Biological Activity of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 Extracts, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Medicinal Herb, Ocimum sanctum Against Foodborne Diarrhea-Caused Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {897-904}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {897}, abstract = {

Introduction: Foodborne disease is a serious public health problem worldwide and most of the disease is related to food spoilage by bacteria. Thus, there is a need for the discovery of a natural antibiotic to inhibit these foodborne bacteria. Materials and Methods: Disk diffusion and broth microdilution assays were performed to access the antibacterial activity of the fungal extracts against test bacteria. Meanwhile, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was employed to study the structural degeneration of bacterial cells exposed to the extracts. Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 demonstrated favorable antibacterial activity towards all test bacteria with inhibition zone ranged from 15.0 mm to 26.0 mm. All test bacteria were resistant to hexane and butanolic extracts. Minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values of the ethyl acetate extract between 62.5 μg/mL to 500 μg/mL whereas minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was in the range of 125 μg/mL to 2000 μg/mL. The SEM micrographs exhibited major abnormalities that occurred on the bacterial cells after exposure to the extract with alteration in their morphology and cell death beyond repair. Conclusion: The extracts of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 may be an effective antibacterial agent to treat foodborne bacteria.

}, keywords = {Foodborne disease, Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Minimum bactericidal concentration, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Scanning electron microscope}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.127}, author = {Taufiq MMJ and Darah I} } @article {1256, title = {Black Horehound (Ballota nigra Linn) Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells (PC-3) Through Intrinsic Signalling Cascade}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1377-1382}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1377}, abstract = {

Background: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. The disease varies widely in its clinical aggressiveness. Ballota nigra Linn (Black horehound) is a three-foot, perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae and it has been shown to have various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, neuro-sedative, antibacterial, insecticidal and anticholinesterase activities. However, the elucidation of B.nigra for its anticancer activity in prostate cancer has not been studied so far. Methodology: Prostate cancer PC3 cells were treated with different concentrations of B.nigra (50, 100, 200 \& 400μg/ml) for the analysis of Bcl-2, Phosphorylation of Bcl2 (p-Bcl2) and tumor suppressor protein p53, Case pase-3 and caspase-9 in PC3 cells. Results: The B.nigra ethanolic leaf extract reduced the levels of anti apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, p-Bcl2) and increased the level of tumor suppressor protein p53, caspase-3 and 9 significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Results of the study show that B.nigra has potential anticancer activity by modulating intrinsic activity of apoptotic signaling in PC-3 cells. Thus, B.nigra may have a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Ballota nigra, Intrinsic pathway, PC3, Prostate cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.190}, author = {Selvaraj Jayaraman and Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal and Vishnupriya Veeraraghavan and Poonguzhali Sivagnanam and Divya Ravikumar and Sumetha Suga Deiva Suga and Kavin Mozhi James and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1193, title = {Capsaicin Bioactive in Cabai (Capsicum Annum L.) as Anticancer Through Inhibition of over Ekspresi Protein Target RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT1) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) on Hepatocyt Cell Mice (mus musculus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {911-915}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {911}, abstract = {

Capsaicin is a secondary metabolite of the Chilean plant. In the pharmaceutical field in addition to relieving pain or pain, capsaicin is also known to have anticancer activity because it inhibits certain oncogenic proteins. Screening of components in Capsicum Annum L. against the target proteins AKT1 and MAPK1 is needed as an initial stage of drug discovery. Further screening of Capsaicin compounds for oncogenic proteins produced in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) pathogenesis signaling. In silico data that have been obtained, Capsaicin in chili (Capsicum Annum L.) has a high affinity for MAPK1 and AKT1 receptor/protein targets with energy and potential activity score (Pa) 0.690 for preneoplastic treatment, 0.590 for apoptotic agonists, and 0.366 for antineoplastic activity. Statistical data using Kruskal Wallis obtained information that Capsaicin can inhibit the expression of AKT 1 and MAPK 1 on mice hepatocyte cells induced by AFB1 in vivo administration, therefore it can be a candidate for anticancer drugs.

}, keywords = {AKT1, Anticancer, Capsaicin, Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), MAPK1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.129}, author = {Mohammad Sukmanadi and Sri Agus Sudjarwo and Mustofa Helmi Effendi and Pudji Srianto and Aulanni{\textquoteright}am and Rr Sri Pantja Madyawati and Mirni Lamid and Hani Plumeriastuti} } @article {1232, title = {Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Elettaria cardamomum Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1058-1063}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1058}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cardamom, also known as Elettaria cardamomum, a venerated perennial herb like the "Queen of Spices" belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. She holds various pharmacological activities due to its phytochemicals it contains such as; phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols. Methods: The study included the determination of the chemical composition of Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract (EEC) by HPLC/UV and evaluated their antimicrobial potential against ten pathogenic reference strains using two complementary techniques: the method of diffusion from solid discs and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Results: The results obtained from chemical identification of the EEC showed the presence of polyphenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, etc.) and many flavonoids (kaempferol, chrysin, galangin, pinocembrine, quercetin, etc.). The results of the antimicrobial effect showed that the extract reacted positively on almost all the microbial strains tested. The EEC extract significantly inhibited the growth of microbial strains, with a broader antimicrobial spectrum with extensive action with inhibitory zones between 8 and 33 mm in diameter. Thus, this extract revealed a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity on these microbial strains used. However, the inhibitory potential of the cardamom extract was variable compared to their MIC ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 mg of dry extract/mL. Therefore, the strains least susceptible to EEC are Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Conclusion: This activity is due to the phenolic compounds produced by the EEC extract. This extract can be used for the development of plant medicines against microbial infections and fungal infestations.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Chemical composition, Elettaria cardamomum, Pathogenic strains}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.149}, author = {Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Soumia KEDDARI and Abdelkader HOMRANI} } @article {1213, title = {Chemical Composition and Some Biological Activities of the Methanolic Encephalartos ferox Fruit Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1190-1197}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1190}, abstract = {

Background: Although literature reports the therapeutic properties of Encephalartos ferox, there are limited pharmacological studies of its fruit. Objective: This study sought to evaluate the antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-quorum sensing and in vitro cytotoxic activities of the methanolic E. ferox fruit extract. Methods: The chemical constituent of the methanolic fruit extract was analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antibacterial activity of the extract was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using the broth dilution method. The standard 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2.2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to evaluate the scavenging activities of the extract. Anti-quorum sensing activity was assessed against biosensor strain- Chromobacterium violaceum (ATCC 12472). Cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was investigated using the tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay. Results: The extract revealed eight volatile compounds with cis-Vaccenic acid (87.06\%) and 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (5.21\%) as the major components. Antibacterial activity against all tested strains with minimum inhibitory concentration range of 1.56 - 12.5 mg/mL was observed. The DPPH and ABTS assays demonstrated scavenging activities with the median inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.09 mg/mL and 0.003 mg/mL, respectively. The extract also displayed strong anti-quorum sensing activity with 93\% inhibition of violacein production at 25 mg/mL. A half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 5370 μg/mL was computed in HepG2 cells. Conclusion: The extract has potential to be used as a source of therapeutic compounds in pharmaceutical applications.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing, Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.167}, author = {Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo and Sidney Tsolanku Maliehe and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu and Rene Khan} } @article {1124, title = {Chemical Constituents, Antibacterial Activity and Mode of Action of Elephant Ginger (Zingiber officinale var. officinale) and Emprit Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale var. amarum) Essential Oils}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {404-409}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {404}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) is a spice plant, which is extensively used worldwide, and morphologically classified into three types, including the red, {\textquotedblleft}gajah{\textquotedblright} or {\textquotedblleft}elephant{\textquotedblright}, and {\textquotedblleft}emprit{\textquotedblright} ginger (common name in Indonesia). In addition, the extract and essential oils possess antibacterial pharmacological activities, due to the inherent constituents. The aim of this research, therefore, was to analyze the chemical constituents, test antibacterial activities, and observe the mode of action of elephant and emprit ginger rhizome essential oils. Methods: Essential oils isolation was conducted using water and steam distillation method, while microdilution method was adopted in the testing for antibacterial activities against Gram positive and negative bacteria. Furthermore, the mode of action was evaluated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: The antibacterial activity demonstrated antibacterial activities in the essential oils of elephant and emprit ginger rhizome, with minimal inhibition concentrations (MIC) value of 250-1000 μg.mL-1 and minimal bacterial concentrations (MBC) value of 500-1000 μg.mL-1, while chemical evaluation showed the presence of 45 and 38 constituents, respectively. Conclusion: Both essential oils possess antibacterial activities against Gram positive and negative bacteria, with different strengths, which are based on chemical composition. Conversely, SEM micrographs demonstrated the ability for elephant and emprit ginger rhizome essential oils to change the morphology of bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Chemical constituents, Elephant ginger, Emprit ginger}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.62}, author = {Diki Prayugo Wibowo and Ria Mariani and Siti Uswatun Hasanah and Diah Lia Aulifa} } @article {1173, title = {Chemical Profile and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethyl Acetate Extracts of Euphorbia paralias and Euphorbia geniculata (Euphorbiaceae) from Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {762-770}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {762}, abstract = {

Background: Plants belonging to the genus Euphorbia were used traditionally to treat several health disorders and diseases. Objective: the aim of this study is evaluation of secondary metabolites and hepatoprotective activity of the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of Euphorbia paralias (Ep) and Euphorbia geniculata (Eg). Materials and Methods: UPLC-ESI-MS/ MS technique was used for identification of the secondary metabolites. The hepatoprotective potential of the two plants was evaluated for the first time in male rats with thioacetamide induced liver injury. Results: A total of 32 secondary metabolites were identified in the ethyl acetate fractions of the aerial parts of both species. Ellagitannins such as tetragalloyl hexoside, ellagic acid, gallic acid, and flavonoids such as kaempferol-3-O-β-(6{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}-galloyl-Oglucopyranoside), quercetin glycosides (glucoside and arabinoside) were found to be the major components in Ep whereas flavonoid glycosides including quercetin rutinoside, quercetin glycosides (glucoside, arabinoside and rhamnoside) and kaempeferol glycoside derivatives were highly abundant in Eg. Administration of thioacetamide resulted in marked elevation in liver enzymes, elevation of lipid profile and alteration in oxidative stress parameters. While pretreatment of rats with Ep and Eg ethyl acetate fractions significantly attenuated the hepatic toxicity through reduction of liver biomarkers, improving the redox status of the tissue and so brought down the serum biochemical parameters and lipid profile nearly toward the normal levels. Conclusion: The studied fractions show hepatoprotective potential with promising value as hepatoprotective drugs of natural origin in comparison with silymarin as the standard hepatoprotective drug.

}, keywords = {Euphorbia, Hepatoprotective, Polyphenolics, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.109}, author = {Afaf E Abdel Ghani and Sayed AA El-Toumy and Wagdi IA El-Dougdoug and Ahmed M Mansour and Wafaa HB Hassan and Hanaa M Hassan} } @article {1257, title = {Chemopreventive Action of Garcinia Mangostana Linn. on Hepatic Carcinoma by Modulating Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1383-1388}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1383}, abstract = {

Ornithine decarboxylase and alpha -L- fucosidase over-expression is associated with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The objective of this study was to elucidate the action of Garcinia Mangostana fruit extract (GME) on these overexpressed enzymes and apoptotic proteins in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats. The cancer was induced using DEN to the experimental rats and treated with GME (400 mg/ kg) to find its anticancer property. The lysosomal enzymes such as alpha-L-fucosidase, beta- D-glucosidase, ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xl and H3 thymidine incorporation assay were done to prove GME{\textquoteright}s chemo preventive property. DEN induction caused significant increase in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase; lysosomal enzymes and increased cell proliferation with decreased apoptosis were observed. In contrast, the groups with GME treated rat{\textquoteright}s elicited significant (P \< 0.001) reduction in ornithine decarboxylase, lysosomal enzymes and decreased cell proliferation with increased apoptosis. GME has effective chemo preventive property and can serve as an anticarcinogenic therapeutic drug against hepatocellular carcinoma.

}, keywords = {Diethyl nitrosamine, G. Mangostana extract, Hepatocellularcarcinoma, Ornithine decarboxylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.191}, author = {Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Sardar Hussain and Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna and Gayathri Rengasamy and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1075, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Costus speciosus (Koen) J.E. Sm. Germplasm Collected from Eastern Ghats of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {150-156}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Costus speciosus is an erect perennial herb belonging to family Costaceae, an important medicinal plant widely used in several indigenous medicinal formulations. Objective: A comparative evaluation of Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological potential of Costus speciosus for the validation of traditional claims and quality parameters for industry. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical studies were performed as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and quantification of diosgenin was done through HPTLC. In vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase inhibition assay based on starch iodine method and in vitro anti-inflammatory were done by using inhibition of protein denaturation assay. Results: The pharmacognostical standards were also laid down for each sample. Morpho-anatomical characters had no distinct variation in all the collected samples of Eastern Ghats. The quantification of diosgenin (without hydrolysis of samples) in the collected germplasm varies significantly from 0.002 to 0.076 \% on dry weight basis. The maximum content was recorded in NBCS-06 from Patiya, Bhubaneswar and was identified as distinct chemotype with high metabolite content. IC50 value of Costus speciosus extract in starch-iodine assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 6 (87.54 μg/ml) and inhibition of protein denaturation assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 11 (73.91 μg/ml), respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that the Costus speciosus germplasm possess potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity and comparative pharmacognostical parameters will be useful in collection of location specific potential samples for industrial usage along with quality control of raw materials.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Costus speciosus, Diosgenin, HPTLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.22}, author = {Manish Kumar and Ankita Misra and Akanksha Srivastava and Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and L M Tewari and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {1253, title = {Computational Evaluation of ADMET Properties and Bioactive Score of Compounds from Encephalartos ferox}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1357-1362}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1357}, abstract = {

Background: Plant based products are recognised as sources of drugs for treatment of diseases. Objective: The study aimed at predicting the physicochemical, pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness and toxicity of the compounds identified from the methanolic Encephalartos ferox fruit extract. Methods: The physicochemical, pharmacokinetics properties and bioactive scores of the compounds were predicted using SwissADME and Molinspiration computational tools. Drug-likeness of the compounds was evaluated based on the Lipinski rule of five (Ro5). In silico mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and inhibition of human ether-a-go-go-related (hERG) gene were also investigated using PreADMET web tool. Results: The physicochemical properties showed the compounds, except 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester to adhere to Ro5. The evaluation of their inhibitory effects profile in several cytochrome P450 isoforms indicate that all the compounds are not the inhibitors of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 whereas some inhibited CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. The drug-likeness evaluation employed Ro5 as a filter and all compounds complied with it except for 9-Octadecenoic acid, 1, 2, 3-propanetriyl ester. About 50\% of the tested compound were found to be safe as they did not exhibit antimutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, the risk of inhibition of hERG gene revealed to be low to medium risk depending on the compound. Conclusion: The calculated physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties suggest that most of the compounds are safe and have promising oral bioavailability.

}, keywords = {Bioactive score, Compounds, Pharmacokinetic; Drug-likeness, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.187}, author = {Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Phakamani Hopewell Tsilo and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1107, title = {Condensed Tannins Content and their Influence on the Antioxidant Activity of Bark Hydroethanol Extract of Piliostigma reticulatum (Dc) Hochst and its Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {361-368}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Consumption of natural products from plants is implicated in the reduction of the occurrence of diseases related to oxidative stress. Piliostigma reticulatum is a plant well known to traditional practitioners in Senegal where leaves and bark are often used against many diseases, such as ulcers, boils, syphilitic cancer, toothache, gingivitis and diarrhea. Aim: This study compared hydroethanol extract from the plant bark and its fractions by assessing their total phenol contents, antioxidant activity and the influence of condensed tannins on their activity. Method: barks were extracted by a moderate decoction with ethanol-water followed by a silica column fractionation with successively ethyl acetate, methanol and water. For this study, assays were carried out before and after precipitation of tannins by BSA and PVPP tests. Total phenol and condensed tannins of hydroethanolic extract and its fractions were performed by Folin Ciocalteu and hydrolysis methods. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH and CUPRAC tests. Results: Tannins precipitation leads a light decrease of total phenol and condensed tannins contents of samples. Total phenol content of hydroethanolic extract was 51.2 mg GAE/g vs 3.2 after BSA test and 1.7 after PVPP test whereas condensed tannins content obtained 72.2\% vs 4.2\% and 2.3\% after precipitation. Antiradical activity was lost following the elimination of tannins with IC50: 5.33 {\textpm} 0.04 mg/l vs 78.86 {\textpm} 0.92 after BSA and \> 500 after PVPP. Conclusion: This results showed the condensed tannins would be in charge of antiradical and reducing activities of plant barks and PVPP precipitated much better the tannins from those extracts than BSA.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bark, Piliostigma reticulatum, Precipitation, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.57}, author = {Serigne Ibra Mback{\'e} DIENG and C{\'e}line Mathieu and Abdou SARR and Kady Diatta-Badji and Alioune Dior FALL} } @article {1112, title = {Correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo Antihyperglycemic Effect of Ocimum Sanctum, Trigonella Foenum Graecum and Curcuma Longa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {369-376}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {369}, abstract = {

This study is carried out to investigate the correlation between the in-vitro and in-vivo studies which demonstrates the antihyperglycemic effect of Trigonella foenum graecum, Ocimum sanctum and Curcuma longa extracts. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum, methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum, ethyl acetate rhizomes extract of Curcumina longa are prepared and supplied by Sami labs, Bangalore, India on request. in-vitro studies such as alpha glucosidase inhibitory and DPP-IV inhibitory activity were done for all the three extracts as per previous studies. After Institutional animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 5 groups. Each group consists of randomly assigned 6 albino rats. The placebo (Normal saline) control group, Standard (Vildagliptin) group and 3 above mentioned extract groups. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were collected for blood sugar estimation at -30 (before extract),0, 15, 45 minutes and blood sugar levels were done by enzymatic assay. Results: The maximum alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity at 100 μg/ml by Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 68\% with IC50 value of 57.25, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract was 65\% with IC50 value of 59.55, Curcuma longa was 72\% with IC50 value of 56.79 when compared to the Acarbose (STD) of 94\% with IC50 values of 42.78. The maximum \% of DPP IV inhibition at 320 μg/ml of Trigonella foenum graecum extract was 77.84\% with IC50 value of 52.26, Ocimum sanctum extract was 86.98\% with IC50 value of 46.08 and Curcuma longa was 76.47\% with IC50 value of 55.06 when compared to the Vildagliptin (STD) was 80.15\% with IC50 value of 22.98. The OGTT results of Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) shows reduction in blood glucose (p=\<0.05) at 15 minutes and significant reduction (p=\<0.001) at 45 minutes and Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p=\<0.001) at 15 minutes when compared to control. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: Ocimum sanctum leaf extract, Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract shows significant alpha-glucosidase and DPPIV inhibitory activity which correlates with the antihyperglycemic effects by in-vivo oral glucose tolerance test. Further clinical studies are necessary to establish the therapeutic potential of these extracts in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Curcuma longa, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Ocimum sanctum, Trigonella foenum graecum, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.58}, author = {Inbaraj SD and Muniappan M} } @article {1265, title = {A Critical Review on Ethnobotanical and Pharmacological Aspects of Euryale Ferox Salisb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1444-1454}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1444}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the relished dry fruits known by the names of Makhana, Phool Makhana, Gorgon Nut and Fox Nut in the Indian continent, Euryale ferox Salisb. (Nymphaeaceae) is the only plant that belongs to Euryale genus. It is found in abundance in Mithila, Darbhanga and Madhubani region of Bihar state. Since ages, in Ayurveda and Chinese practices, it has been used for the treatment of the renal disorder, chronic diarrhoea, excessive leucorrhea and hepatic dysfunctioning. Its bio-active compounds act as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiischaemic, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, anti-melanogenic, anti-cytotoxic. Methods: The information has been collected from various scientific journals, reviews, books, reports and patent databases. Results: This review summarizes the isolated bioactive compounds in different extracts, patented compounds/formulations with pharmacological activities, present in different parts of Euryale ferox Salisb. Hence, it has been used as a remedy for numerous ailments since long and also proves itself as a panacea for humanity.

}, keywords = {Anti-aging, Anti-cytotoxic, Anti-diabetic, Cerebrosides, Ethnobotanical, Euryale ferox}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.199}, author = {Roopal Mittal and Shailesh Sharma and Amit Mittal} } @article {1163, title = {Cytotoxicity of Selenium-Enriched Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) Seedlings Against Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {674-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Background: The Selenium-enriched Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L.) seedlings (Se-KS) have been known for its antioxidant activities, however its cytotoxic effects on various cancer cells are yet to be reported. Objective: The objective of this work was to study the cytotoxic effects of Se-KS on Caco-2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Materials and Methods: Freeze-dried seedlings were ground and incubated in 0.1 M citrate phosphate buffer pH 7.0 for 1 h at 37{\textdegree}C and extracted with dichloromethane to obtain total isothiocyanate (ITC) content which was quantified using the 1,2-benzenedithiole (BDT)-based cyclocondensation assay. The extracts from fresh seedlings were used to determine the cytotoxic effect on Caco- 2, MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells. Results: Se-KS was found to contain total ITC content at 1.02 mmol/100 g dry weight (DW) which was significantly lower than that of 7-day old broccoli microgreens (1.60 mmol/100 g DW) as reference Cruciferous vegetables. In addition, Se-KS extract exhibited cytotoxic effects in a dose- and time-dependent manners. The lowest IC50 value of 82.83 μg/mL at 72 h was derived from HepG2 cells and the highest IC50 value of 164.00 μg/mL at 72 h was from MCF-7 cells suggesting that the Se-KS extract was most effective against HepG2 cells. Cancer cells showed signs of apoptotic bodies over 72 h and DNA fragmentations at 24 h indicating that the Se-KS extract was able to induce apoptosis in cancer cells in addition to cytotoxic effect. Conclusion: Thus, Se-KS could be a novel source of organo selenium with chemopreventive benefits for functional food development.

}, keywords = {Caco-2, HepG2, Isothiocyanate, Kale, MCF-7, Selenium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.99}, author = {Vijitra Luang-In and Worachot Saengha and Benjaporn Buranrat and Anut Chantiratikul and Nyuk Ling Ma} } @article {1284, title = {Determination of Polyphenolic content and Antioxidant Activity from Various Extracts of Boerhaavia diffusa Linn Root: An in vitro Approach for Selection of Appropriate Extracting Solvent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1578-1585}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1578}, abstract = {

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate extraction capacity of different solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, water, 60\% aqueous methanol, 60\% aqueous ethanol and 60\% aqueous acetone) and its effect on total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant assay. Methods: Extraction was performed from dried root powder of Boerhavia diffusa using various solvents at 25oC on magnetic sirr (300 rpm). Extraction yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content of the extracts were determined spectrophotometrically using gallic acid, quercetin as standards. Antioxidant potential determines by using various in vitro methodologies such as DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assay. Result: The 60\% aqueous methanol showed the highest extracting yield, in contrast, toluene and hexane showed the lowest yield. Highest total phenolic content (239.8{\textpm}0.25 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (131.1{\textpm}4.20 mg QCE/g), were found from methanolic extract. While, acetone extract showed highest tannin content. The Methanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Conclusions: The highest correlation was found between phenolic content and the antioxidant assay. It seems that phenolic contents are responsible for free radicle scavenging activity. From the observation, it concluded that methanolic extract rich with polyphenolic content and acetone extract showed the highest amount of tannin content.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Boerhavia diffusa, crude extract, DPPH, Free radicles, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.216}, author = {Monika Bhalodiya and Jayant Chavda and Nilesh Patel and Ravi Manek and Ajay Patel and Sheetal Faldu} } @article {1187, title = {Determination of the Chemical Composition of Lady{\textquoteright}s Bedstraw (Galium verum L.) Herb Extract by GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {857-863}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {857}, abstract = {

Background: The research is devoted to the study of the Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw (Galium verum L.) herb ethanol extract composition using the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Materials and Methods: Air-dried G. verum L. herb was used for ethanol extract preparation. Hewlett Packard 6890, 5973A GC/MSD System equipped with an HP-5MS quartz capillary column with geometric dimensions of 30 m{\texttimes}0.25 mm{\texttimes}0.25 μm was used for GC-MS analysis. Results: It was established that the Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw ethanol extract is rich in biologically active substances that determine its wide spectrum of pharmacological action. 15 compounds were identified by comparing with library mass spectra. Conclusions: G. verum L. is a promising source of crude herbal drugs. In the future, after additional pharmacognostic studies, G. verum L. herb can be recommended for implementation in the State Pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, Galium verum L., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.123}, author = {Zaichikova SG and Bokov DO and Kiselevskii MV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Prostodusheva TV and Shchepochkina OYu and Gegechkori VI} } @article {1287, title = {Effect of Afghan Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Aqueous Extract on Withdrawal Signs in Morphine-Dependent Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1727-1731}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1727}, abstract = {

Introduction: Opioid dependency, as a global problem is accompanied with serious personal, economic, social and hygienic disorders. Synthetic drugs beside their efficacies, have numerous adverse effects. As the medicinal plants have low costs and adverse effects, and they are also affective on different stages of dependency treatment, they attracted the attention of the researchers in the field of medicine. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of the aqueous extract of Afghan saffron on the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats. Methods: Rats divided into 5 groups (1 Normal Saline, 1 Morphine, and 3 Extract groups). The rats that received morphine and extract became morphine-dependent by subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of morphine hydrochloride for 7 days (2.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg doses twice daily on 1st to 6th days respectively, and a single dose of 50 mg/kg on 7th day). The extract groups received 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg doses of the saffron aqueous extract by intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration simultaneously with morphine. Two hours after the administration of the last dose of morphine, Naloxone (3 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected and withdrawal signs were noted for 30 minutes. Results: The results showed that the administration of the saffron aqueous extract (100, 150 and 200 mg/kg) significantly decreased most of the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats (P\<0.05). Conclusion: Afghan saffron aqueous extract can alleviate the withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent rats.

}, keywords = {Aqueous extract, Crocus, Morphine dependence, Withdrawal signs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.234}, author = {Elham Akbari and Kawsar Alami and Dawood Hossaini and Mohammad Latif Nazari and Mohammad Hossein Salehi and Meysam Sajjadi and Sayed Yousof Mousavi} } @article {1237, title = {Effect of Afghan Senjed (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Leaves Aqueous alcoholic Extract on Blood Glucose Level of Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1218-1222}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1218}, abstract = {

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, which affects many people throughout the world. The inefficacy and multiple side effects of most synthetic anti-diabetic drugs are reported by various studies. Thus, many researchers are focused on the use of medicinal plants as safe and potent anti-hyperglycemic drugs. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the effect of Afghan senjed (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) leaves aqueous alcoholic extract on blood glucose level of diabetic rats. Methods: Rats were divided into 6 groups: normal, diabetic, metformin and Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves extract (EALE) groups, which received 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg doses of extract for 15 days. Diabetes was induced by single dose intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (STZ). During treatment, the effect of single and repeated oral administration of EALE on blood glucose level of diabetic rats was evaluated. On last day, the effect of EALE on oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also assessed. Results: All doses of EALE showed significant reduction in blood glucose level, an improvement of glucose tolerance and enhancement in body weight. Conclusion: EALE possessed an antihyperglycemic property in diabetic rats.

}, keywords = {Blood glucose level, Diabetic rats, Elaeagnus Angustifolia leaves, Glucose tolerance, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.170}, author = {Hamida Sadat and Kawsar Alami and Sayed Yousof Mousavi} } @article {1171, title = {Effect of Solvent on the Phytochemical Extraction and GC-MS Analysis of Gymnema sylvestre}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {749-761}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {749}, abstract = {

The medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre found in the Indian subcontinent and Srilanka is known for its anti-diabetic, diuretic, anti-obesity, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory properties. The current study is focused on the phyto compound extraction efficiency of different solvents like ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, benzene and chloroform by gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry analysis of Gymenma sylvestre. From the results, it is concluded that G. sylvestre leaves extracts contains more than 38 phyto compounds with natural antioxidants potential. Further analysis of the extract will help in identifying the effective compounds which can be of potent use in the pharmacological field.

}, keywords = {Chromatography, Cold maceration, Gymnema sylvestre, Medicinal plants, plant constituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.108}, author = {Sundarapandian Subramanian and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Sathish Kumar Karuppannan and Saravanan M and Kantha Devi Arunachalam} } @article {1097, title = {Effects of Beta-Carboline Alkaloids of Peganum Harmala on Induced Rat Ileum Contractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {260-265}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae popularly known as Wild Syrian rue, a well-known plant in folk medicine for many pharmacological uses including antispasmodic activity. Chemical composition of the plant showed that the most important constituents of this plant are betacarboline alkaloids such as harmalol, harmaline, and harmine. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effects of these three major harmala alkaloids on induced rat ileum contractions, induced by acetylcholine, BaCl2 and KCl. Of these three harmala alkaloids, harmalol and harmaline produced a concentration-dependent spasmolytic activity, which was found to be reversible (i.e. disappeared after tissue wash-up. Both alkaloids inhibited acetylcholine and KCl-induced ileum contractions but BaCl2 -induced contractions were only inhibited by harmalol but not harmaline. Harmine did not show any inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Harmaline, Harmalol, Harmine, Ileum, Peganum Hermala L, Rat, Spasmolytic, β-Carbolines alkaloids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.40}, author = {Amjad T Shatarat and Sawsan Abuhamdah and Eman Alefishat and Mohamed K Al-Essa and Rima Altaweel R and Faisal Mohammed and Darwish Badran and Hanan Jafar} } @article {1092, title = {Efficacy of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga and Acorus calamus Extract Combination on Rat Fertility}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {197-203}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {197}, abstract = {

Objective: to evaluate the efficacy of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga, and Acorus calamus extract combination on female rat fertility. Methods: Thirty-six female rats were randomized divided into 9 groups (n=4): C- (no treatment); C+ (clomiphene citrate); composition 1 (A. sativum 36\%: C. mangga 36\%: A. calamus 28\%) with 3 doses i.e T1, T2 \& T3 of 50, 75 \& 100 mg/kg BW; composition 2 (A. sativum 35\%: C. mangga 40\%: A. calamus 25\%) with 3 doses i.e T4, T5 \& T6 of 50, 75 \& 100 mg/kg BW and T7 (Subur Kandungan herb{\texttrademark}). Treatment was given every day for 15 days. Results: The results revealed that all treatments affected reproductive hormone and uterine histology profile. However, T1 produced the highest estrogen and progesterone levels, and T2 produced the highest endometrial and myometrium thickness, as well as the number of endometrial glands. Furthermore, the hormonal profile in T1 and histological profile of uterus in T2 were not significantly different from those of T7 group. Conclusions: Combined A. sativum, C. mangga, and A. calamus extracts could be used to increase fertility in female rat. The most effective treatment in this study was dose of 50-75 mg/BW in both compositions.

}, keywords = {Acorus calamus, Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga, Fertility, Rat}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.30}, author = {Bayyinatul Muchtaromah and Roihatul Muti{\textquoteright}ah and Desy Rahma Yusmalasari and Putri Mardyana and Tanjina Sharmin} } @article {1113, title = {Establishment of Simple Cell-based Screening Assay and the Identification of Potent Antiviral Activity of a Plant Extract against HSV-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {251-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {251}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: Drug screening is a time-consuming and costly process confronted with low productivity and challenges in using animals, which limits the discovery of new drugs. The cellbased assay allows the minimization of using the animal models and can provide more relevant in vivo biological information than biochemical assay. Objective: We aimed to establish a simple cell-based screening assay for the discovery of lead extract against HSV-1. Materials and Methods: Assay setting up was performed by optimization of the cell, incubation time, virus titer, and determination of Z value. Results: We have successfully established reproducible methods, by setting up assay plate including determination: 1) Vero cells as a model for HSV-1 infection, 2) Incubation for 5 days as sufficient time for CPE endpoint at monolayer cells, 3) 100 TCID50/well HSV-1 as infection titer which caused high percentage of cell detachment, 4) determination of Z value of 100 TCID50/well infection \> 0.5. In addition, the established system was tested using ACV as the most common anti-HSV drug. Furthermore, we demonstrated the current system to screen extracts from Acacia nilotica, Uncaria gambir and Aspalathus linearis against HSV-1. It was observed that the alkaline extract of Uncaria gambir exhibited the highest SI (12.5) compared to other extracts. Conclusion: We demonstrated current cellbased screening system was reproducible and able to identify lead extracts against HSV-1 infection.

}, keywords = {HSV-1, Natural product activity, Simple cell-based screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.39}, author = {Ratika Rahmasari and Takahiro Haruyama and Muhareva Raekiansyah and Farhana Mossadeque and Marina Ika Irianti and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Nobuyuki Kobayashi} } @article {1285, title = {Extraction of Quercetin from Nothopanax scutellarium Leaves via Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-assisted Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1512-1517}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1512}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nothopanax scutellarium leaves have been used in Indonesian traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Previous studies used conventional extraction methods with large volumes of organic solvents, long extraction times, and low levels of quercetin content. This study was aimed to identify the optimal solvent among different ionic liquids that has the highest quercetin content. Methods: Ionic liquids including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, for extracting quercetin from N. scutellarium leaves using microwave-assisted extraction under the following conditions: ratio, 1:10; operation time, 10 min; and power, 10 W. Then, quercetin was fractionated using ethyl acetate and separated using 0.01 mol/L sodium bocarbonate, dipotassium phosphate or sodium cloride. The total flavonoid content was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and quercetin content was determined using HPLC. Results: Extraction with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride using NaCl as the separation salt was associated with the highest total flavonoid (360.57 mg/g) content among the ILs, whereas 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate combined with sodium chloride generated the highest quercetin content (26.13 mg/g). Conclusion: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate is the optimal solvent for extracting quercetin from N. scutellarium leaves.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Green extraction, Green technology, Ionic liquid, Mangkokan Leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.207}, author = {Ika Aulia Rahmi and Mahdi Jufri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1114, title = {Formulation and Evaluation of Safety and Antifungal Efficacy of Syzigium Aromaticum-Base Cream on Guinea Pigs Infected with Trichophyton Mentagrophytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {342-350}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {342}, abstract = {

Background: The increasing incidence of dermatophytoses in the world and the side effects of the current therapies encouraged the search of alternative drugs. Hence the objective of this work was to determine antidermatophytes activity of Syzigium aromaticum formulate antidermatophytic cream. Materials and Methods: The extracts were prepared by maceration of plant materials into methanol. Three formulations of creams were made, and the best was chosen according to its physicochemical stability and appearance. The acute dermal toxicity and antidermatophytic efficacy of the cream was performed on guinea-pig. Results: The methanolic extract of S. aromaticum was incorporated in the final cream formulation. The formulation containing shea-butter 58.5\%, acetylic alcohol 2.5\%, stearic acid 1.5\%, bee-wax 10\%, borax 1.5\%, polysorbate 60 2.5\%, 2 drops of lactic acid and water was chosen because of its good appearance and stability. The cream with methanolic extract of S. aromaticum did not reveal any dermal toxic effect. The cream efficacy was dose-dependent. The treatment with cream at 5\% methanolic extracts of S. aromaticum revealed the best potency after 14 days of treatment. Conclusion: These results show that the cream at 5\% methanolic extract of S. aromaticum seed is promising in the treatment of dermatophytoses and could be used as an alternative in the development of a new therapy.

}, keywords = {Antidermatophytes activity, Cream, Dermatophytes, Formulation, S. aromaticum, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.54}, author = {Roger Ducos Youmsi Fokouo and Patrick Valere Tsouh Fokou and Cedric Derick Jiatsa Mbouna and Elisabeth Zeuko{\textquoteright}o Menkem and Fabrice Fekam Boyom} } @article {1195, title = {Formulation of Creams Containing Active Fraction of Cassia fistula L. Barks and its Antibacterial Activity against Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {920-928}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {920}, abstract = {

Background: Cassia fistula L. has been traditionally used to cure skin diseases. That disease can be caused by various bacteria, such as Propionibacterium acnes and Pseudomonas aerugniosa. Objective: the objective of this research was to formulate cream containing active fraction of Cassia fistula bark and to study the antibacterial activity as well as physical stability of the active substance after formulation. Materials and Methods: The cream base were oilin- water (O/W) and water in oil (W/O) type. Antibacterial activity test had been performed by using agar diffusion method. Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were conducted by microdilution method. The active fraction was formulated into creams with concentration of 4 -6x MIC. Physical evaluation of creams including organoleptic, pH, viscosity, TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) profiling and antibacterial activity against both tested bacteria were evaluated during 28 days of storage. Results: The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, having MIC and MBC values of 175 and 350 ppm respectively against P. acnes, while those against P. aeruginosa were 400 and 800 ppm. Optimation on creams using different type of cream bases showed that either O/W or W/O creams remained stable during 28 days of storage in terms of organoleptic and pH. The viscosity increased in O/W and decreased in W/O type. Qualitative analysis by TLC profiling showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of Cassia fistula as chemical compounds in creams was relatively stable as the profile remained the same after 28th day of storage. Result of antibacterial activity test on cream with O/W base was unchange after 28 day, while that with W/O revealed no activity which may due to poor diffusion within the cream base as media. Conclusion: active fraction of Cassia fistula can be formulated into cream with O/W cream base system.

}, keywords = {Antibacteria, Cassia fistula, Cream, Propionibacterium Acnes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.131}, author = {Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yasmiwar Susilawati and Tiana Milanda} } @article {1153, title = {Fumaria indica (L), a Famous Medicinal Herb of Tribal Regions of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh: Broad Spectrum Antibacterial and Phytochemical Profilng Against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {619-623}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {619}, abstract = {

This work describes the broad spectrum antibacterial properties of methanolic and chloroform extracts of Fumaria indica herb in different concentrations (50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml and 150 mg/ ml) against Bacillus subtilis(MTCC 10110), Staphylococcus aureus(MTCC96), Escherichia coli (MTCC 77), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC1688) and Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC4032) using agar well diffusion method compared to standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin. Results have shown significant activities against the tested microorganisms viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa than other strains. Minimum inhibitory as well as minimum bactericidal concentrations against Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia were evaluated. The study indicates the possible potentiality of F. indicato act as an active antibacterial agent in the modern drug formulations. As the target plant species serves for the tribal medicinal purpose in several tribal regions of Madhya Pradesh, hence, the aim of the present study is to link comparatively the possible traditional use of this herb with the modern antibiotic usage.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Fumaria indica, Phytochemicals, Tribes, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.92 }, author = {Shoket Ali and Shikha Bansal and Ravi Prakash Mishra} } @article {1302, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Anti-Enterobacterial Dichloromethane Fraction of Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.) {\textendash} A plant from Ayurveda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1494-1503}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1494}, abstract = {

Background: Mandukaparni (Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.) is a well known medicinal herb used as folklore medcine in many chronic and infectious gastric and other diseases by the people of Estern Himalayan regions. However, the therapeutic active principles of this plant remained unknown. Objective: The main objective of the study was to characterize antienterobacterial dichloromethane fraction of the volatile oils of it by GC-MS. Materials and Methods: In the present study, dichloromethane (DCM) fraction (MP-DCMf) of Mandukaparni was collected by phase separation of the methanol extract and tested for anti-enterobacterial potentiality against human pathogenic gastrointestinal and food poisoning bacteria by agar well diffusion assay, viability assay and LDH assay and SEM studies. Characterization of the active MP-DCMf fraction was performed by TLC and GC-MS analysis. Results: The MP-DCMf possessed bio-active compounds that have antibacterial potentiality against both the Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. The MIC and MBC values were in the range from 1.56 mg/ml to 0.78 mg/ml and 6.25 to 1.56 mg/ml, respectively. The time kill assay showed that at a dose of 3.12 mg/ml of MP-DCMf was lethal to the E. coli MTCC 723 at the 18th hr of treatment. LDH release had moderate positive correlation with the activity index and time of treatment whereas strong negative correlation with CFU count. It caused highest cell disruption in S. mutans. The principal compounds were D-carvon (30.949\%);1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione; 2-(2-chlorophenyl) (28.483\%);Cyclohexanone; 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethen) trans (10.04\%); D-Limnone (9.256\%);2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- acetate (6.684\%); p-Cresol (0.551\%), and Thymol (0.118\%). Pub-chem database search also supports that these compounds have very strong bactericidal activity by membrane damage as evidenced by LDH and SEM studies. Conclusions: MP-DCMf contains many potential antibacterial compounds that can be used to combat the gastrointestinal and food poising bacterial pathogens.

}, keywords = {Anti-enterobacterial, Chemical profiling, Mandukaparni, Time kill assay, Volatile oils}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.205}, author = {Manab Mandal and Debabrata Misra and Narendra Nath Ghosh and Sukhendu Mandal and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {1252, title = {Healing Capacity of Leaves Stalks Extract of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) on Incised Wounds of Mice Skin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1351-1356}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1351}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pasak bumi is a medicinal plant commonly used as herbal medicine by Indonesian people. This study aims to examine the healing capacity of mice skin incised wounds by using pasak bumi leaves stalks ethanol extract ointment. Materials and Methods: This study used twenty-five male mice Balb/ c strains, grouped into five groups, divided into three treatment groups (ointment with 20\% extract concentration, ointment with 35\% extract concentration, and ointment with 50\% extract concentration), a positive control group using Betadine{\textregistered}, and the negative the negative control group using an ointment base. The back of the mouse was slashed 1.0 cm long with a depth of 0.2 cm. Then, the wound was smeared twice a day for 21 consecutive days. Results: The application of 20\%, 35\%, and 50\% of ointment extract had the effect of healing the incised wounds after 21 days just as Betadine{\textregistered}. From the description score of the wound on the twenty-first day, it can be seen that the applied ointment with 35\% of extract concentration shows the same healing capacity as Betadine{\textregistered} (p\> 0.05), unlike the administration of ointment base (p \<0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that pasak bumi leaves stalks has the potential effect to heal incised wounds.

}, keywords = {Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Incised wound, Ointment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.186}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Astrid Maulidya and Anita Restu Puji Raharjeng and Shovon Chakma} } @article {1145, title = {Hypoglycemic Effect of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {557-561}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {557}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers (Crasulaceae) is a succulent ornamental plant. In Costa Rica, the leaves are used as a coadjuvant treatment for Diabetes Mellitus based on traditional knowledge of natural remedies. Moreover, there are some studies mentioning its use for Diabetes Mellitus as medicinal plant in several countries. This research aimed to demonstrate the antidiabetic properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of K. pinnata leaves through phytochemical screening, alpha amylase inhibition and rodent models. Methods: Crude extracts of K. pinnata leaves were prepared by infusion and decoction using water:ethanol (70:30) as a solvent. The extracts prepared by decoction (LAED, lyophilized-water:ethanoldecoction) and by infusion (LAEI, lyophilized-water:ethanol-infusion) were analyzed by FolinCiocalteu, HPLC and capacity of inhibition of α-amylase activity. To determine hypoglycemic activity in rats, extracts were administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg and blood sugar levels were monitored over a four hours period using a glucometer. Results: A significant reduction (p \< 0.05) in blood glucose was observed after one hour in rats treated with 500 mg/Kg of LAED extract. Treatment with 750 mg/Kg LAEI induced a statistically significant reduction in blood sugar at 90, 180 and 240 min, showing that the glucose-lowering effect of this extract was greater at a higher concentration. Conclusions: This study confirmed the hypoglycemic effect of K. pinnata extracts in the acute phase in rats and supports the use of this Crassulaceae as a home remedy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Diabetic, Extract, Kalanchoe pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.84}, author = {Ana L Ag{\"u}ero-Hern{\'a}ndez and Catalina Rosales-L{\'o}pez and Cristina Herrera and Andr{\'e}s Vargas-Picado and Rodrigo Mu{\~n}oz and Ana Abdelnour-Esquivel} } @article {1301, title = {Immunosuppressive Activity of Goat Kefir in a Rat Model with Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1594-1599}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1594}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory capacity of goat kefir on pulmonary fibrosis rat model. Material and Methods: Twenty-five male rats were randomly divided into five groups: one group only received induction with bleomycin (0.3 mg/rat) to induce pulmonary fibrosis; three groups were treated with different doses (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mL/200 g BW) of goat kefir, following the induction with bleomycin, for 30 days; and one group served as negative control, did not receive bleomycin induction as well as kefir. On day 30, all the animals were sacrificed. Plasma levels of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y were measured using the ELISA method, and the expression of α-SMA in myofibroblast cells was examined with the help of immunohistochemistry assay. Results: Induction with bleomycin significantly elevated the expressions of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y in comparison to the control group. Following the administration of kefir (3.5 and 4.5 mL/200 g BW), the concentration of TGF-β was significantly decreased (p\<0.05); whereas, the concentration of IFN-y increased slightly (p\<0.05) only in the group that received the 4.5 mL/200 g BW dose of kefir. In contrast, IL-4 exhibited increasing levels with higher doses of kefir (p\<0.05). The expression of α-SMA in myofibroblasts showed a tendency to decline following the administration of kefir, although this decline was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Goat kefir caused a reduction in the TGF-β levels in fibrosis conditions; however, the kefir elicited an immunosuppressive effect during the progression of the pulmonary fibrosis.

}, keywords = {Bleomycin, Cytokine, Immunomodulator, Kefir, Pulmonary fibrosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.218}, author = {Tias Pramesti Griana and Tri Yudani Mardining Raras and Karyono Mintaroem and Iin Noor Chozin and Catur Saptaning Wilujeng} } @article {1296, title = {In silico Anticancer Activity and in vitro Antioxidant of Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1573-1577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1573}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng is a plant that has a high flavonoid content. The leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng contain many flavonoids Chrysoeriol, Cirsimaritin, Eriodictyol, Luteolin, Rutin, Salvigenin, Thymoquinone, Quercetin, Apigenin, and 5-O-Methyl-Luteolin. Objectives: To determine the antioxidant activity and anticancer activity of flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. Methods: Anticancer activity testing was carried out by in silico against several cancer receptors and antioxidant activity testing was carried out by in vitro using the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. The results showed that the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng have similar anticancer activity to the reference molecule at the P-Glycoprotein-1, Cyclin Dependent Kinase-2, and Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase receptors, as well as better anticancer activity than the reference molecule for the Cyclooxygenase-2 and Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase receptors. Results: The antioxidant activity of the extract gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value of 9.77 μg/mL, the flavonoid compounds contained in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng gave an Inhibitory Concentration 50\% value that lower than the extract, which ranged from 6.92 μg/mL to 8.50 μg/mL. Flavonoids in Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng anticancer activity by in silico molecular docking and antioxidant activity by in vitro 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picryhydrazil method. Conclusions: All the flavonoid compounds contained in the ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves exhibit very strong anti-cancer and antioxidant activity, which results in ethanolic extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng leaves have very strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, in silico, in vitro}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.215}, author = {Kesaktian Manurung and Delmi Sulastri and Nasrul Zubir and Syafruddin Ilyas} } @article {1215, title = {In vitro Antibacterial and In silico Toxicity Properties of Phytocompounds from Ricinus communis Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {977-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {977}, abstract = {

Background: The rapid occurrence of multiple drug resistance and adverse side effects of aliphatic medicine threatens human health. Medicinal plants are known to possess phytocompounds with antibacterial activity and less toxic effects. Objective: This study aimed at determining the chemical composition of the methanolic Ricinus communis{\textquoteleft} leaf extract and evaluate their antibacterial and toxic effects. Methods: R. communis leaves were extracted by acetone, chloroform, ethanol and methanol. The extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10102), Escherichia coli (25922), Staphylococcus aureus (25923) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) using agar-well diffusion and microwell dilution methods. The extracts were screened for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids. The chemical constituents of the methanolic extract were analysed by gas chromatography {\textendash} mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). In silico toxicity of the phytocompounds were investigated using PreADMET tool. Results: The methanol extract showed the antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains, with the MIC values of 1.56 mg/mL against B. cereus, 3.13 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL against P. aeruginosa and E. coli. The extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, steroids, tannins, terpenoids and saponins. The GC-MS showed phytocompounds namely hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (0.62\%), tridecanoic acid (0.76\%), pentafluoropropionic acid, nonyl ester (0.85\%), 10-octadecanoic acid, methyl ester (2.93\%) and cis-vaccenic acid (94.84\%). Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester was predicted not to have mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Moreover, all compounds exhibited low inhibitory risks against hERG gene. Conclusion: R. communis leaf extract has potential to be used as a safe source of therapeutic compounds.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Chemical compounds, Ricinus communis, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.138}, author = {Sandile Nduduzo Mboyazi and Mduduzi Innocent Nqotheni and Tsolanku Sidney Maliehe and Jabulani Siyabonga Shandu} } @article {1300, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Crude Extracts from the Seed Coat and Fruit Pulp of Strychnos madagascariensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1504-1511}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1504}, abstract = {

Diabetes mellitus remains a global health issue despite the advance in orthodox medicine. This study investigated the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of crude extracts from the seed coat and pulp of Strychnos madagascariensis. The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocols. Different extracts were prepared from the fruit parts by maceration using methanol, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water for antioxidant and antidiabetic assays, and their percentage yield was calculated. The antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined using 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2{\textquoteright}2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antidiabetic activities of the extracts were investigated using α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase assays. Terpenoids, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were present in both the fruit parts. However, saponin present in the fruit pulp was absent in the seed coat (testa). The percentage yields are as follows; water \> ethyl acetate \> hexane \> methanol (seed coat) and methanol \> water \> ethyl acetate \> hexane (fruit pulp), respectively. The crude extracts scavenged ABTS and DPPH radicals in different degrees. The aqueous extract of the pulp and seed coat (testa) showed significant (P \< 0.05) higher scavenging activity against ABTS (IC50; 0.012 and 0.006 mg/ml) and DPPH (IC50; 0.06 mg/ml and 0.064 mg/ml) radicals than other extracts. The crude extracts inhibited α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase. The aqueous and methanol extracts of the fruit parts showed better amylase inhibitory activity than other extracts. The aqueous extract of the seed coat (IC50; 0.0785 mg/ml) showed the highest glucosidase inhibitory activity. In addition, methanol extract of the seed coat (IC50; 0.069 mg/ml) exhibited the highest inhibitory activity on pancreatic lipase compared to the extracts in other solvents. Hence, the aqueous and methanol crude extracts of Strychnos madagascariensis seed coat and fruit pulp could be used in the preparation of nutraceutical products for managing diabetic mellitus.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Diabetes, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidaemia, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.206}, author = {Michael Osawemi Oboh and Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zharare and Rebamang Anthony Mosa and Michael Chukwuka Ojo and Andrew Rowland Opoku} } @article {1095, title = {Indigenous Knowledge of Medicinal Plants by Dayak Community in Mandomai Village, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {386-390}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {386}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dayak community has a long history of using medicinal plants as traditional medicine. But this knowledge is conveyed verbally without any written documentation. Therefore, this study aim is to preserve Dayak{\textquoteleft}s knowledge about medicinal plants in Mandomai village. Methods: To collect the information, a survey was conducted in January 2019. Snowball sampling method was utilized to select 11 informants. Data were collected using structured interviews to gather information about local names, part of plants, the benefit of plants and how the plants are used. Results: The result showed that 55 species of medicinal plants used by the Dayak community in Mandomai as traditional medicine. However, only 48 species were identified, while 7 others were still in the process of being identified. The most widely used part of the plants is the leaves. Before being used as traditional medicine, medicinal plants are processed first. Some plants are ground and used immediately, while some are boiled or soaked in warm water. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of medicinal plants used by Dayak community for the education of future indigenous knowledge

}, keywords = {Central Kalimantan, Dayak community, Indigenous knowledge, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.60}, author = {Nurul Qamariah and Dewi Sari Mulia and Denny Fakhrizal} } @article {1158, title = {Lathraea squamaria L. (Orobanchaceae): A Review of its Botany, Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {667-673 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {667}, abstract = {

This paper presents the results of the review pharmacognostic study of common toothwort, a perennial plant, parasitizing on the roots of trees. Currently, in Russian traditional medicine, there is considerable experience in the use of сommon toothwort (Lathraea squamaria L.) herb and roots as antitumoral, biligenic, infertility-treatment and diuretic drugs. The chemical composition of L. squamaria has not been quite well determined. Phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, isoacteoside), iridoid glycosides (aucubin, and aucuboside ester, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl-aucubin, melampyroside, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl melampyroside), simple sugars, fatty acids, organic acids, β-sitosterol were identified. Further study of L. squamaria raw materials is a very promising field including implementation in official medicine.

}, keywords = {Aucubin, Chemical compounds, Common toothwort, Iridoids, Lathraea squamaria, Orobanchaceae, Parasitic plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.98}, author = {Bokov DO and Barkalova VE and Suslikova MA and Sokhin DM and Kakhramanova SD and Rendyuk TD and Strelyaeva AV and Antsyshkina AM and Balobanova NP and Prostodusheva TV and Grikh VV and Krasnyuk II1 (junior) and Marakhova AI and Moiseev DV} } @article {1098, title = {Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seeds: A New Potential Source of Sulfhydryl Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {298-302}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {298}, abstract = {

Background: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds are considered the most widely consumed legumes by ruminants. The seeds contain around 1.5 mmol of thiol/sulfhydryl compounds per 100 g of dried seeds. The contents of the sulfhydryl compounds can act like glutathione. On the other hand, the intake of a high amount of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds is limited by mimosine because it can induce toxicity and death in ruminants. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine sulfhydryl compound levels in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds after the mimosine removal process. Materials and methods: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds were soaked in aquadest for 24 hours and then dried at 40{\textdegree}C for 86 hours. The dried seeds were macerated at room temperature using 30\%, 50\%, 70\%, and 96\% (v/v) of ethanol as the solvent with a 1:10 solvent-to-solid ratio. Levels of dried extract yield were determined for sulfhydryl compounds and mimosine using a spectrophotometer. Results: The 30\% ethanol extract without soaking produced the highest levels of extract yield, but 70\% ethanol was the most effective solvent for extracting the maximum sulfhydryl and minimum mimosine levels. Conclusion: Ethanol solvent (70\%) can be used to extract maximum levels of sulfhydryl compound and minimum levels of mimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit soaked seeds.

}, keywords = {Ethanol, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Mimosine, Sulfhydryl compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.47}, author = {Sri Wardatun and Yahdiana Harahap and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Noorwati Sutandyo} } @article {1168, title = {Microencapsulation of Macaranga gigantea Leaf Extracts: Production and Characterization}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {716-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to formulate the microcapsules of Macaranga gigantea leaves extract with solvent evaporation method using Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100 as matrix. Methods: M. gigantea leaves were extracted using ethanol 96\%. This extract was dried by rotary evaporator. The microencapsulation process of M. gigantea leaves extract was conducted by solvent evaporation method (O/W: oil in water). The formula of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules were designed into six formulas (Eudragit E100: FA1, FA2, FA3 and Ethocel 10 cP: FB1, FB2, FB3). Microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract were characterized for particle size, in terms of surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and encapsulation efficiency. Antioxidant activity of the formulation have been evaluated by DPPH method. Physical characterization on microparticles were performed by conducting entrapment efficiency and SEM picture. Results: In this research, the micoparticles containing M. gigantea extract has been developed by using ethyl cellulose (Ethocel 10 cP ) and eudragit (Eudragit E100) as polymer matrix. The results showed that high concentration of polymer (Ethocel 10 cP and Eudragit E100) used in microencapsulation resulted in better M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsules in terms of physical characteristics. Particle size of microcapsules containing M. gigantea leaves extract were in the range of 3.564 to 5.887 μm. Encapsulation efficiency (\% EE) was categorized as good because the value were >= 80\% to which 85.978\% (FA3) and 88.992\% (FB3). SEM picture of FA3 (Eudragit E100) revealed that the surface of microcapsule were rough and porous. When Ethocel 10 cP used as polymer, a smoother surface and less visible pores of microcapsule were obtained. The antioxidant ability of M. gigantea leaves extract microcapsule showed that IC50 values was 64.51 ppm. Conclusion: It can be concluded that microcapsules of M. gigantea leaves extract can be prepared by solvent evaporation method by using Eudragit E100 and Ethocel 10 cP as polymer matrix. M. gigantea leaves has potent antioxidant activity either as extract or after formulated into microcapsules.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethocel 10 cP, Eudragit E100, Macaranga gigantea, Microencapsulation, Solvent evaporation method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.104}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa} } @article {1197, title = {Molecules of Interest {\textendash} Karanjin {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {938-945}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {938}, abstract = {

Background: At the present time, several plants are largely contributing to the medical field due to its valuable use. Scientific evidence generated with their special inherent compounds gave more confidence to the scientific community. Pongamia pinnata (Linn.) is an Indian native plant and well exploited in Ayurvedic medicinal system. Concurrently, a few pieces of scientific research have been done to prove the therapeutic activity of this medicinal plant. The medicinal properties of this plant are most likely due to its principal active compound, karanjin. As a molecule of interest, karanjin is an antioxidant and also exerts other biological benefits. Karanjin has also been recognized to be used in agricultural and environmental management other than medicinal purposes. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information on the chemical and biological properties of karanjin along with its traditional uses. It is also discusses the scientific evidences available for its various biological properties. Materials and Methods: Various databases such as Google, Google Scholar Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and the data was obtained. Results: The chemistry and reported biological properties of karanjin were highlighted. Karanjin revealed antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anti-Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s activities, and thus has several possible applications in clinical research. Conclusion: Therefore, further research may help in exploiting its properties and emergent phytopharmaceuticals based on it.

}, keywords = {Chemistry, Flavonoid, Karanja, Karanjin, Pharmacology, Pongam oil tree, Pongamia pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.133}, author = {Aina Akmal Mohd Noor and Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Shankar Mani and Mohd Farooq Shaikh and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1233, title = {Nanoparticle Characterization of Allium sativum, Curcuma mangga and Acorus calamus as a Basic of Nanotechnology on Jamu Subur Kandungan Madura}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1152-1159}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1152}, abstract = {

Introduction: The increasing of researcher attraction on the herbal drug after so long ignored due to difficulties in processing has opened a new door for the development of a novel of "jamu Subur Kandungan". However, the constraints that then faced in consuming "jamu Subur Kandungan", an herbal reproductive drug, are the solubility and poor absorption in the intestine. Therefore, this study aims to characterize nanoparticle of the combination of garlic (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) encapsulated by chitosan. Material and Methods: the simplicial of garlic (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) was purchased from Materia Medica Batu Malang Indonesia. Nanoparticle of combination of garlic, temu mangga and jeringau was produced by ionic gelation method. Nanoparticle characterization was assessed by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Spectrophotometer Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Particle Size analyzer (PSA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Result: The ionic gelation method succeeded to make nanoparticle. The produced nanoparticle was around 438-1159 nm. The length of sonication has proven to make the particle size smaller. The particle size distribution of chitosan at the time of 90 min sonication and 150 min was classified as uneven because of the particle size clustered in the range 500-1000 nm and 3000-5000 nm. The hydroxyl (OH) group appeared at wave number 3429-2466 cm-1, while the amide functional group appeared at wave numbers (1648-1652 cm-1. Phosphate groups (P = O) also appeared, which is a TPP residue, at a wavenumber 1384 cm-1. Conclusion: Chitosan-garlic nanoparticles (Allium sativum), temu mangga (Curcuma mangga) and jeringau (Acorus calamus) were successfully produced with ionic gelation method.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Garlic, Ionic gelation, Jeringau, Nanoparticle, Temu mangga}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.162}, author = {Bayyinatul Muchtaromah and Didik Wahyudi and Mujahidin Ahmad and Rahmi Annisa} } @article {1207, title = {Paronychia argentea: A Critical Comprehensive Review on its Diverse Medicinal Potential and Future as Therapeutics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1172-1179}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1172}, abstract = {

Background: Paronychia argentea has been used since long as a traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes, kidney stones, anti-microbial and many other human diseases. However, the plant has not been explored much. In the present scenario of drug resistance and toxicity associated with available drugs, there is a need for elaborated studies of plants like Paronychia argeneta which had been used as folk medicines. Aim and Objectives: The present article is focused on reviewing the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, traditional usage, biological activities, of Paronychia argentea which has been used in traditional medicinal system for ages. The aim of the study was to assess the ethnopharmacological usage of this plant and to explore therapeutic potentials and future opportunities for research. Materials and Methods: Information on the traditional usage and studies of the Paronychia argentea was gathered from from various journals, MSc dissertation, conference abstract, local books. Various search engines including Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Elsevier, ACS, Pubmed, Web of Science, CNKI and EMBASE were used to collect the information along with libraries. Results: Paronychia argentea has played an important role in traditional medicines in Algeria, Portugal, Israel and Jordan. The aerial parts of this plant are used as diuretics in Algerian traditional medicines and are used as antiurolithiasis. Leaf decoction of this plant is also used as diuretic. Paronychia argentea has been used as analgesic, treatment of stomach ulcer, anorexia, and flatulence in Portugal. Scientific studies on extracts of Paronychia revealed a wide range of pharmacological activities including anti-microbial activity, anti-oxidant, nephroprotective activity. Moreover, few reports have given contradictory data for usage of Paronychia when compared with its traditional usage. As in the case of alpha-amylase inhibitory efficacy of PA, it was observed that PA inhibits alpha-amylase activity but later on it was proven that PA does not have a hypoglycemic effect. Main bioactive metabolites present in this plant include alkaloids, flavonoids, volatile oils, etc. Conclusions: Based on this review, there are evidences from various studies regarding pharmacological effects of this plant as nephroprotective, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial activity. Some indications from in vitro studies have confirmed the inhibitory activity of this plant extract against alpha amylase enzyme. The available literature showed that most of the activities of the Paronychia can be accredited to the flavonoids present in them. Data regarding mechanisms of action of this plant along with pharmacokinetics, toxicology studies is still limited, which indicate the need of such studies for the clinical usage of this plant.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial, Anti-oxidant, Bioactivity, Herbal medicine, Nephroprotective, Oxidative stress, Paronychia argentea, Therapeutic value, Ulcerative colitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.165}, author = {Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Sardar Hussain and Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1080, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Cyclamen coum Mill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {204-212}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Background: This review focuses on characterization of Cyclamen coum Mill. (Myrsinaceae), composition and content of biologically active substances presented in the above-ground and underground parts, reporting use of this plant in traditional medicine, predicting possible pharmacotherapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: Various electronic search engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature, electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: Cyclamen L. is classified in the Myrsinaceae family now. It is a typical element of the Mediterranean flora. C. coum. is a species characteristic of the Caucasus and Crimea with rounded leaves and rounded corolla lobes, bright and pink-purple flowers. Chemical composition of biologically active substances of C. coum was described in sufficient detail. C. coum contains saponins (coumoside A, coumoside B, cyclaminorin, deglucocyclamin, cyclacoumin, and mirabilin lactone), sterols (stigmasterol and other related compounds), piperidine alkaloid (2-β-D-glycopyranosyl-2-undecil-3,5-dihydroxy-6-carboxypiperidine), flavonoids, phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities are established for different C. coum extracts. Conclusion: C. coum can be used for the production of potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal drugs. It should be noted that more pharmacognostic, pharmacological studies are needed for providing further information to use this medicinal plant in the official medicine. Also, standardization procedures for a crude herbal drug should be developed.

}, keywords = {Coumoside A, Coumoside B, Cyclacumin, Cyclamen coum, Cyclaminorin, Deglucocyclamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.31}, author = {Bokov DO and Krasikova MK and Sergunova EV and Bobkova NV and Kovaleva TYu and Bondar AA and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Krasnyuk II and Moiseev DV} } @article {1317, title = {Pharmacological Screening of Anti Lice and Antidandruff Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Leaves of Datura metel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1653-1657}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1653}, abstract = {

It should be noticed that there is no drugs is available to treat lice and dandruff both are very great public health concern. So it is necessary to screen a drug especially of herbal origin to treat the both head lice and dandruff without affecting eyes. In the present study, Datura metel leaf extracts was evaluated for their insecticidal properties using head lice as an insect model. The study was conducted from November 2019 to March 2020. Plant sample (leaf) of Datura metel was collected from anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India in November 2019. The various concentration of ethanolic extract of leaves of Datura metel was prepared by using distilled water. 20\%, 40\%, 60\% were used. A colony of P.humanus capitis was collected by combing the hair of 20-25 infected children at the age group of 10-15. Head lice were reared in the glass vessels covered with nylon mesh containing tufts of hairs. The hair tufts was impregnated with appropriate doses for the screening. Pure culture of M.furfur (MTCC: 1374) was obtained from institute of Microbial type of culture collection, Chandigarh, India. The culture was maintained in SDA medium. The current study afford scientific basis for the ethnomedical use of this plant as antilice application. It is concluded that it can be optimistic that the present work proved Datura metel of dual therapeutic advantage to be a potential phytochemical target in the design of a drug for the treatment of both lice and dandruff.

}, keywords = {Anti dandruff, Anti lice, Datura metel, Ethnomedical use, Pharmacological screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.225}, author = {Sreedhar V and J Mastanaiah and B Chakrapani and D Venkata Narayana and B Nagendra Babu and M Sushma and C Usha Sree and N Krishna Sree} } @article {1262, title = {Phytochemical and Antioxidant Evaluation of the Flavonoids and Tannins from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1421-1428}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1421}, abstract = {

Background: The methanol extract (MeE) of the aerial parts from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae) has more Polyphenols and used to treat several diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is isolation, purification and identification of Polyphenols that showed good antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: In the present study, purification of the MeOH-H2O extract (70:30) from the air-dried aerial parts of S. grantii resulted by different chromatographic tools. The antioxidant activities were evaluated for the examined compounds by several methods using DPPH, Reducing power, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: A total of 14 compounds were isolated from this plant species for the first time. The results obtained showed that all the examined compounds possess remarkable antioxidant activity through all assays especially compounds 2 and 4 where they showed the highest antioxidant activity among the other compounds and very close to the results of the standard compound BHA. Conclusion: The compounds examined have exhibited antioxidant activity with promising value as natural source antioxidant drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ephorbiaceae, Flavonoids, Synadenium grantii, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.196}, author = {Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Sahar Abdelaziz and Hany Gouda Attia and Hanan AA Taie and Rafik Monir} } @article {1261, title = {Phytochemical Screening and in vivo Immunosuppressive, Antioxidant and Anti-hemolytic Activities of Zea mays Silk Aqueous Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1412-1420}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1412}, abstract = {

Introduction: The use of plants in traditional medicine goes back to antiquity and still represents an essential part of the Moroccan health care system due to their effectiveness. Although Zea mays (ZM) silks are considered as waste products, they are consumed for their medicinal properties. They are rich in bioactive components, giving them a wide range of uses as remedies. The aim of this study was to evaluate after a phytochemical screening, the effect of ZM silk aqueous extract on humoral immune response, on Neutrophil bactericidal, antioxidants and hemolytic activities. Methods: The antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH. Hemagglutination titer assay was used to evaluate the effect on humoral immunity. Hemolytic effect of ZM was evaluated by quantifying hemoglobin rates. The effect on Neutrophil bactericidal activity was assessed using MTT colorimetric assay. Results: The extract exhibited high quantity of saponins and flavones; a high antioxidant activity (IC50: 247,15 vs. control 0,152 mg/ml), a significant (p\<0, 05) immunosuppressive effect in vivo on titer values of antibodies (80 times) as well as an antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis. A significant suppression of Neutrophil bactericidal activity of cells treated with 0, 5 and 1g/ml of ZM extract was observed. It also exhibited a significant dose-dependent anti-hemolytic activity with the lowest hemolytic activity was found with the lowest concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: Our results indicate that aqueous extract of ZM silk possess antioxidant, anti-hemolytic activity as well as an immunosuppressive activity by decreasing humoral immune and Neutrophil bactericidal responses.

}, keywords = {Anti-hemolytic, Antioxidant, Inhibition of antibody production, Neutrophil bactericidal activity, Zea mays silk}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.195}, author = {Bendiar Salma and El Faqer Othman and Chennaoui Sanaa and Benjelloun Naima and Mtairag El Mostafa and Oudghiri Mounia} } @article {1311, title = {Prevalence of Traditional Herbs and Supplements Use Among Hypertensive Patients in Om Elamad Health Center}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1612-1622}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1612}, abstract = {

Background: In recent years, hypertension has developed into a global health concern as the number of deaths from it has been on the increase across the world. Health provision in Jordan like other developing nations is poor compared to countries like the United Kingdom (UK) and US. However, concurrent use of conventional medication and the supplements and traditional herbs can impact on the treatment of hypertension. In this regards, it was significant to conduct this study to find out the prevalence of supplements and traditional herbs usage among hypertensive patients in Jordan so as to understand the associated factors and create awareness on the magnitude so that appropriate advice can be given to patients and thus improve health of populations. Material and Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional study design in undertaking the research. A total of 208 hypertension patients aged 16 years and above were used as the sample. Purposive and convenient sampling was applied in the selection of the Om elamad health centre in Jordan because it has a population of the catchment Centre. Data analysis was carried out using various techniques SPSS version21and excel. Results: The key findings of the study were as follows: Hypertension was prevalent among the elderly, herbs had no effect on the blood pressure, conventional drugs were more potent in comparison to herbs and/or supplements. Combining antihypertensive drugs and herbs was found to be potent than taking antihypertensive drugs only(P-value=0.0050) in SBP, and (P-value=0.0001) in DPB. Influences on herbs use came from the patients{\textquoteright} families/relatives as they were found to be the most knowledgeable sources of medicinal herbs. Conclusion: From the study, it was deduced that the use of herbal medicines and supplements as well as antihypertensive drugs was prevalent among hypertensive patients in Jordan. Over half of the patients involved in this study were taking herbs to treat their blood pressure diseases (51. 4 \%). It was also deduced that a combined usage of herbal medicine and supplements with antihypertensive drugs was far more potent than using antihypertensive drugs only.

}, keywords = {Hypertensive, Om Elamad Health Center, Supplements, Traditional Herbs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.221}, author = {Dua Al-Hadid and Raad Jaber Musa and Ahmad Al-Talhuni and Jamal Alyoussef Alkrad} } @article {1211, title = {Protective Effect of Natural Products against Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1180-1189}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is one of the diseases with high mortality rate recorded each year across the world. Its mainstay treatment is chemotherapy although they are largely toxic, causing severe adverse reactions including cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and genotoxicity. Cardiotoxicity is unique to certain chemotherapeutic agents and occur via several mechanisms. It has been hypothesized that co-administration of natural products which may be cardioprotectant, together with chemotherapy can alleviate cardiotoxicity-induced by chemotherapy. Objectives: This review aimed to provide a brief information about the protective effect of natural products against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were searched from several scientific databases including Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and Pubmed. Results: In this paper, we have reviewed ten natural products (curcumin, mangiferin, naringenin, quercetin, 6-gingerol, lycopene, resveratrol, apigenin, proanthocyanidins and indole-3-carbinol), which have major influences in attenuating chemotherapy-drug induced cardiotoxicity. Apart from the cardioprotective effects, they tend to confer some synergistic effects with chemotherapeutic agents and therefore have the potential to be used as an adjunct. Conclusion: Though a panel of natural products demonstrate protective effects against cardiotoxicity in cells and animal models, their therapeutic potentials for clinical needs further investigation.

}, keywords = {Anticancer drugs, Cardioprotective, Cardiotoxicity, Chemotherapy, Natural products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.166}, author = {Siti Nurul Najiha Othman and Pei Teng Lum and Siew Hua Gan and Shankar Mani and Mahendran Sekar} } @article {1076, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Assay of Hydroxycinnamates of Prunus spinosa L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {157-161}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Blackthorn (Prunus spinosa L.) is a plant commonly found in the Russian Federation on the roadsides, forest margins, and meadows. Despite lack of recognition by the official medicine, blackthorn fruits possess antioxidant properties and are used in homeopathic preparations. They may also demonstrate antibacterial and anticancer potential due to hydroxycinnamic acids. The aim of present study was to identify and assay hydroxycinnamates in fruits of P. spinosa cultivated in Moscow Region. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried fruits of P. spinosa, gathered from plants cultivated in Moscow Region in the harvest maturity stage, were used in the study. Qualitative composition of hydroxycinnamic acids was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography, using reversed phase C18 column. Total hydroxycinnamic acids (THA) content was assessed spectrophotometrically. Results: Similar chromatographic profiles were obtained for both fresh and dried blackthorn fruits, the two most abundant compounds being epicatechin (2.91\%) and chicoric acid (2.90\%). Fruits gathered in Chekhovsky District had lower content of hydroxycinnamates (0.798 {\textpm} 0.89) than those coming from Klinsky District (0.886 {\textpm} 0.92). However, the THA content in dried fruits grown in both districts was found to be similar (0.540 {\textpm} 0.71 and 0.557 {\textpm} 0.74, respectively). Conclusions: It can be concluded that blackthorn fruits can be considered as a source of hydroxycinnamic acids, as both fresh and dried fruits contain at least eleven hydroxycinnamates. It was found that the dried fruits have similar content of hydroxycinnamic acids, independently of their origin. Future research should be aimed at drying method optimization.

}, keywords = {Blackthorn, Herbal raw material, HPLC, Hydroxycinnamic acids, Prunus Spinosa L., Spectrophotometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.23}, author = {Sergey Kondrashev and Nadezhda Nesterova and Alexey Luzin and Vitaliy Kochanov and Anna Luzina and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {1320, title = {Representatives of the Genus Goryanka (Epimedium L) {\textendash} a Promising Source of Raw Materials for the Creation of Medicines for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction in Men}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1710-1715}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1710}, abstract = {

Erectile dysfunction and multiple mechanisms of its development are one of the most pressing problems of modern medicine. In the twenty-first century, millions of men around the world suffer from sexual disorders, and the number of such patients is only growing from year to year. The flavonoid icariin, contained in plants of the genus Epimedium L., is a promising pharmacologically active substance used for erectile dysfunction, due to its ability to affect type 5 phosphodiesterase, inhibiting its activity. To date, domestic and foreign pharmaceutical companies produce biologically active food additives and herbal preparations, which include Goryanka extract. But the range of standardized herbal medicines is very small.

}, keywords = {Drug, Epimedium Estrellita, Icariin, Impotence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.231}, author = {Bukinich Darya Dmitrievna and Salova VG and Odintsova EB and Rastopchina OV and Solovyovа NL and Kozlova AM and Krasniuk II (jun) and Krasniuk II and Kozlova Zh M} } @article {1305, title = {The Role of Recombinant Parathormone derivative in Bone healing. Making the Unfavorable, Favorable - A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1753-1768}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1753}, abstract = {

Background: Teriparatide is a recombinant parathormone derivative encompassing the first 1-34 amino acids off PTH, which is said to contain potent anabolic capability. It is said to induce osteoblastogenesis thereby placing an essential role in bone healing. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the best available evidence from randomized controlled trials analyzing the effectiveness of teriparatide on bone regeneration and healing in osteoporotic patients and patients with fractures. Aim: This systematic review aims to assess whether Teriparatide enhances bone regeneration and healing in terms of improving clinical, radiographic, histologic parameters and Biomarkers of Bone formation and resorption. Materials and Methodology: A comprehensive search was done in databases such as {\textquoteleft}PubMed{\textquoteright}, {\textquoteleft}Google Scholar and {\textquoteleft}Cochrane{\textquoteright} databases based on pre-determined eligibility criteria. Randomized control trials assessing the effectiveness of Teriparatide in Bone healing in fractures as well as osteoporosis were selected after thorough screening. Results: The selected 13 studies compared teriparatide to either placebo or another anti-resorptive drug. Out of the 13, 8 studies were done to evaluate the improvement and healing of bone in Osteoporotic patients whereas 5 studies were done on improvement in fracture healing. The studies evaluated outcome parameters such as Clinical and Radiological improvement, Biomarkers of Bone resorption and formation and Safety.6 studies assessed clinical parameters, 12 studies assessed radiological parameters, 7 studies assessed biomarkers, 11 studies assessed safety parameters by means of occurrence of any adverse effects. All the 8 studies done on osteoporotic patients showed a good improvement. Of the 5 studies on fracture healing, only 2 studies showed beneficial effects while the other 3 did not show any benefits. Conclusion: Teriparatide could have beneficial effects in bone healing in osteoporotic patients and is well tolerated. However, the results are inconclusive whether they have beneficial effects in treating fractures. More Homogenous Randomized control trials are required to ascertain whether teriparatide could improve bone healing.

}, keywords = {Bone healing, Fracture, Parathormone, Recombinant derivative, Teriparatide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.238}, author = {S Swarna Meenakshi and Sheeja S Varghese} } @article {1147, title = {Screening Data Reveals that Spirogyra triplicata, a Fresh Water Algae Induces Robust Anti-Proliferative Activity Against A549 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {569-577}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {569}, abstract = {

Introduction: Algae comprise a promising source of novel components with potent therapeutic agents. In particular, algae have been considered as a potential source of new bioactive compounds. The antioxidant data of our previous study with six different algal methanolic extract reveals the presence of high antioxidant, total phenol content and total flavonoid content in Spirogyra triplicata. Thus, we further focused on screening the anti-proliferative activity of six different green algae on five different cancer cell lines like MCF7, A549, HEPG2, REH, MOLT4. Methods: To fulfill our aim we performed MTT assay for testing anti-proliferative activity and DAPI staining for observing nuclear morphology. We also looked into the metabolomic profiling of Spirogyra triplicata by GC-MS chemometric study. Results: The result indicates that after 24 hours of treatment with methanolic extract of Spirogyra triplicata A549 was the most sensitive cell line with IC50 value of 24.07 {\textpm} 1.09 μg/ml. Followed by Rhizoclonium fontinale and Hydrodictyon reticulatum with IC50 value of 25.97 {\textpm} 1.94 μg/ml and 32.50 {\textpm} 1.97 μg/ml respectively. The HEPG2 cell line was the second most sensitive cell line against S. triplicata with IC50 value of 30.20 {\textpm} 1.45 μg/ml. The MOLT4 cell line was detected as most resistant cell line against the green algal extract in this study. Though the methanolic extracts of six green algae showed maximum to moderate anti-proliferative activity on different cancer cell line but no significantly affect on normal PBMC was observed. Nuclear fragmentation was observed in a dose dependent fashion by DAPI staining on A549 cells treated with methanolic extract of Spirogyra triplicata. We further looked into the chemo profiling of Spirogyra triplicata by GCMS analysis. The result of GC-MS clearly indicates presence of nineteen major components and twenty-three minor components which have more or less bioactivity and would help in therapeutics in future. Conclusions: In brief this study indicates for the first time that green algae Spirogyra triplicata induces anti-proliferative activity specifically against A549 cell but not in normal PBMC. It can be concluded that Spirogyra triplicata holds a great promise as a good repository of anti cancer compounds which may be used in future drug discovery.

}, keywords = {A549, Anti-proliferative, GCMS, Spirogyra triplicata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.86 }, author = {Ankita Mridha and Priya K Gopal and Santanu Paul} } @article {1313, title = {Screening of Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Bioactive of Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1525-1533}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1525}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants have the capability to synthesize various forms of phytochemical compounds as secondary metabolites. Method: In the present investigation phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, proteins, saponins, flavanoids, phenols, terpenoids and phytosterols were detected in polyherbal formulation A. marmelos, G. glabra and R. centrifolia. Results: The Total flavonoid, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic content was observed from fruit, root and pettles1.40mg QE/g DE, 12.14mg BE/g DE, 14.40mg AE/g DE and 99.33mg GAE/g DE. FTIR spectrum of the polyherbal sample revealed 5 major peaks at 2919.40 cm-1, 2357.62 cm-1, 1150.56 cm-1, 1076.22 cm-1 and 1015.64 cm-1. The antibacterial activity was maximum zone of inhibition (19 mm) was recorded in S. aureus strain and minimum zone of inhibition (5mm) was observed in S.mutans strain. The antioxidant study maximum and minimum scavenging DPPH, NOR, H2O2 and SOD activities (\%) of 62.28, 53.68, 39.67 \& 43.98 at 5 mg/ml and 39.88, 36.49, 5.9 and 34.94 at 1mg/ml was recorded. The polyherbal sample exhibited significant albumin denaturation, proteinase inhibitory, membrane stabilization and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities as the maximum inhibition of 46.53\%, 36.7\%, 51.9\% and 64.71\% was observed at 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: Hence the present studies indicate good antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from the medicinal plants, A. marmelos, G. glabra and R. centrefolia proves the possibility of its utilization as an additional potent source medicinal uses.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, FTIR, HR-LCMS, Phyto chemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.209}, author = {Vasanth MP and KG Purushotham} } @article {1127, title = {Standardization of Indonesian Traditional Antihypertensive Medicines (Jamu) through the ACE Inhibitor Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {422-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {422}, abstract = {

Introduction: Herbal medicine (jamu) is a traditional Indonesian drug that has been used by the community in efforts to overcome health problems. One of the herbs that are frequently used by the public is antihypertensive jamu. This study aimed to determine the standardization parameters of 8 antihypertensive jamu in the form of specific and nonspecific parameters, antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) activity. Materials and methods: Jamu were extracted using ethanol. Nonspecific parameters that are water content, ash content, ash insoluble acid content, level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water, Coliform microbial contamination, and mold/yeast numbers. Determination of specific parameters including determining organoleptic (color and texture), chemical content, identification of infrared spectrum, in-vitro antioxidant activity, and ACE inhibitor activity. Results: nonspecific parameter such is the average water content of 5.92-8.1 v / w; total ash content of 5.85-7.2 w / w, levels of ash insoluble acid content were 0.45-0.55 w/w and the level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water were 24.22-54.21 and 24.22-54,21, respectively. The eight extracts were uncontaminated with coliform, mold, and yeast microbes. Antioxidant and ACE inhibitor activity test showed that all eight extracts had antioxidant activity in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 9.31 - 157.9 ppm and ACE inhibitor activity with the IC50 value is in the range of 18.37-740.8 ppm. Conclusion: The eight antihypertensive jamu met the standard of extract parameters both the specific and nonspecific and have potential in-vitro activities as ACE inhibitors.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitor, Antihypertensive, Antioxidant, Herbal medicine (jamu)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.65}, author = {Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff and Sri Teguh Rahayu and Putu Gita Mahayasih and Muhammad Unggul Januarko} } @article {1283, title = {A Study on Phyllanthus amarus; Pharmacognostic, Mycobactericidal and Mutagenic Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1732-1739}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1732}, abstract = {

Background: Phyllanthus amarus is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments which include gonorrhoea, jaundice, diabetes, kidney diseases, bladder and intestinal infections, influenza, measles, viral infections, and tuberculosis. Tuberculosis treatment is faced with many challenges, resulting in a prolonged treatment regimen and potential treatment failure. There is a need to search for more favourable treatment options. Objective: This study aimed at investigating the pharmacognostic and mycobactericidal properties of P. amarus. Since toxicity could also be an issue, the mutagenic activity of this plant was also assessed. Materials and Methods: The macroscopic, microscopic, and physicochemical characteristics were assessed with reference to the Quality Control Methods for Herbal Material WHO (2011). The mycobactericidal activity was determined by the agar diffusion and broth dilution methods, while mutagenicity was investigated by the Ames test. Results: P. amarus contained tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and steroids. The 50\% ethanol extract exhibited activity against M. smegmatis at 100 mg/mL with an inhibitory zone of 2.0 cm. P. amarus had a minimum inhibitory concentration of 50 mg/mL while that of rifampin was 0.1 μg/mL. P. amarus showed weak mutagenicity at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Conclusion: The documented pharmacognostic characteristics can be used for quality control of the crude plant material. The mycobactericidal activity also affirmed its folkloric use in the treatment of tuberculosis. The mycobactericidal activity can be further exploited for drug development.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence, Mutagenic activity, P. amarus, Pharmacognostic, Tuberculosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.235}, author = {Emelia Oppong Bekoe and Cindy Kitcher and Philip Debrah and Patrick Amoateng and Paul Owusu Donkor and Sarfoa Martinson} } @article {1297, title = {Supplementation of Lactobacillus Probiotic Strains Supports Gut- Brain-Axis and Defends Autistic Deficits Occurred by Valproic Acid-Induced Prenatal Model of Autism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1658-1669}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1658}, abstract = {

Background: Gut microbiota can interact with the brain by bidirectional communication through Gut-Brain-Axis. Gut microbiota colonization is essential for the establishment of symbiotic relation between gut and brain. A healthy gut can properly directs the brain for its functions. Autistic people are deficient in gut microbiota, a condition known as Dysbiosis. Gastro-Intestinal symptoms are comorbid conditions in autism. Re-colonization with daily supplementation of microbiota is needed in autism. Methods: Autism induced by Valproic acid (VPA) at a dose of 400 mg/kg, i.p. on an embryonic day (ED) 12 to the pregnant rats. Born rats exhibited many autistic features, for the treatment we selected specific Lactobacilli strains such as L. Plantarum, L. Casei, L. Acidophilus, L. Bulgaricus, with a dosage of not less than (NLT) 1 Billion Colony-forming units (CFU) /ml given orally every day for 42 days. Results: The results showed that Lactobacillus strains significant ameliorated the behavioral anomalies such as T-Maze, Memory, Social interaction studies as compared to the autistic group. Furthermore, Lactobacillus supplementation helped to shift the hypersertonomia (27.33{\textpm}2.33 vs 8.167{\textpm}0.72), increasesd BDNF (59.00{\textpm}2.08 vs 48.17{\textpm}0.60) increased IL-6 (46.00{\textpm}1.52 vs 32.00{\textpm}1.73) and TNF- α levels (145.0{\textpm}3.21 vs 98.67 {\textpm} 2.028) to baseline. Histopathology examination of the cerebellum revealed that apoptosis and degeneration were reversed with lactobacillus treatment. Conclusion: This study proved, daily supplementation of Lactobacillus strains has reversed autistic deficits and improved immune functions might because of gut and brain symbiotic relationship.

}, keywords = {Autism, Dysbiosis, Gut-Brain-Axis, Lactobacillus strains, VPA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.226}, author = {K Sunand and G Krishna Mohan and Vasudha Bakshi} } @article {1259, title = {Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid and Phytochemical Screening by FTIR Spectroscopic of Standardized Extract of Mikania micrantha Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1395-1401}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1395}, abstract = {

Background: Mikania micrantha is a great plant that has been used as raw material for traditional medicines. Objective: This paper aims to evaluate total phenols, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening by FTIR spectroscopy of standardized extract of Mikania micrantha leaf to confirm its medicinal values. Materials and Methods: The leaves were extracted by maceration method using ethanol 96\% and evaporated by rotary evaporator. The determination of total phenolic and total flavonoid were performed by spectroscopic method. The phytochemical constituent was screened through the bioactive group of the chemical by FTIR analysis. Results: The total phenolic of extract of Mikania micrantha leaf ranged from 13.19{\textpm}0.74 to 34.24{\textpm}1.24 mg gallic acid equivalent/g and total flavonoid ranged from 1.11{\textpm}0.11 to 20.63{\textpm}0.16 mg quercetin/g. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of O-H, aliphatic CH, and C=O functional group. Conclusion: the result of this study confirm that Mikania micrantha possesses the potential of bioactive compounds which are responsible for the biological activities that are useful for raw material of traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Mikania micrantha, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.193}, author = {Imam Bagus Sumantri and Henny Sri Wahyuni and Lolyta Fiti Mustanti} } @article {1060, title = {Toxicity Assessment of Vachellia karro (Hayne) Banfi and Galasso Pods using Brine Shrimp Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {1-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background and Objective: Vachellia karroo is widely used in folk medicine in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa, however, the pods are usually discarded as waste. This study evaluated the toxicity of acetone, hexane, aqueous and methanol extracts of Vachellia karroo pods using brine shrimp model. Materials and Methods: Different concentrations (0.0625-1 mg/mL) of the extracts were used to incubate the cysts and nauplii of brine shrimp (Artemia salina) to evaluate their effects on the hatching of the cyst and mortality of the nauplii respectively. The percentage of hatched cysts and Lethal Concentration (LC50) needed to kill 50\% of the nauplii were recorded. Results: Successful hatching of the cysts was in order: Aqueous extract\> methanol extract\> hexane extract\> acetone extract. The hatching of nauplii was in a concentration dependent fashion, with hatching success decreasing with increase in concentration of extracts. Conclusion: Lethality of extracts determined based on Meyers{\textquoteright} index of toxicity, revealed that acetone and hexane extracts of V. karroo were moderately toxic.

}, keywords = {Brine shrimp, Cyst, Lethality, Nauplii, Toxicity, Vachellia karroo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.1}, author = {S Maposa and AJ Afolayan and GA Otunola} } @article {972, title = {Antidepressant-Like Effects of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Mouse Models of Immobility Tests}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {976-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts of {\textquotedblleft}toronjil azul{\textquotedblright}(Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Methodology: The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed on CD-1 mice to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extracts were administered orally at an 80 and 100 mg/kg. The animals were dosed 1, 6 and 24 h before initiating the FST assay and 40 minutes before for the TST assay. Imipramine and fluoxetine were dosed at 15 mg/kg, while the flavonoid quercetin was given an a lower concentration of 10 mg/kg as a positive controls. Results: The extracts of Dracocephalum moldavica L. and significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST and TST assays when compared with the negative control and reported similar values than those obtained with the positive controls. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that extract of Dracocephalum moldavica L. have antidepressant effect similar to those obtained by.

}, keywords = {Depression, Dracochepalum moldavica L., Forced swim test, Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.154}, author = {Marcos Ignacio Jimenez Zuniga and Alejandro Jonathan Hurtado Mariles and Jose Luis Castrejon Flores and Jose Antonio Mondragon Herrera and Maria Guadalupe Ramirez Sotelo and Genaro Ivan Ceron Montes and Yolanda de las Mercedes Gomez y Gomez} } @article {927, title = {Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Murraya koenigii Leaves Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts on Serum Lipid Profile of High Fat-Fructose Fed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {836-841}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {836}, abstract = {

Background: Dyslipidemia has been considered as one of coronary risk factors contributing to the cardiovascular diseases. The beneficial effects of Murraya koenigii leaf on HFFD induced hyperlipidemia in rats has been very less reported in the recent review of literature. Aim and Objectives: To study the hypolipidemic activity of Murraya koenigii leaves on the serum lipid profile in HFFD rat model. Material and Methods: Thirty-six rats of either sex were randomly divided into six groups of six animals each. HFFD was fed p.o to all rats from Groups I, II, IV, V and VI except Group III throughout the period of 14 weeks. Group III rats received normal diet and water ad libitum only. Group I, II, IV and V were treated respectively with AEMK (200 mg/kg/day, p. o), MEMK (200 mg/kg/day, p. o), MET (50 mg/kg/day, p. o) and ATO (10 mg/kg/day, p. o). On the last day of experimental study, blood was collected by retro-orbital puncture method. BSL and lipid profile were assessed. Results: Elevated levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, VLDL-C and diminished level of HDL-C were observed in group VI. Murraya koenigii leaves extract exhibited significant hypolipidemic effect on serum TC and LDL-C in rats owing to its hypocholesterolemic properties. AIP was highly significant in both of AEMK and MEMK extracts. Conclusion: Results of the present study have suggested that the antihyperlipidemic activity of Murraya koenigii leaves leading to decrease in serum lipid parameters mainly TC, LDL-C along with atherogenic risk might be due to its presence of bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Atherogenic index, High fat-fructose diet, Hyperlipidemia, lipid profile, Murraya Koenigii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.134}, author = {Rohan S. Phatak and Chitra C. Khanwelkar and Somnath M. Matule and Kailas D. Datkhile and Anup S. Hendre} } @article {782, title = {Anti-Inflammatory and Neurobehavioral Effects of the Leaves from Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pavon) Briquet in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {75-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {75}, abstract = {

Context: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) has long been employed in Peru as a traditional alternative therapy for several diseases, including cancer, arthritis and diarrhea. Recent studies show that several species of Maytenus have effects on nociceptive and inflammatory signaling, as well as toxic effects on behavioral neuronal pathways. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects and neurobehavioral side manifestations of the leaf of Maytenus macrocarpa (Ruiz and Pav{\'o}n) Briquet. Methods and Materials: Experimental study, double blind. 60 male albino mice strain Balb/c were divided in ten groups and each group, was orally feed with different doses of ethanolic extracts of Maytenus macrocarpa (500, 750, 1000, 1250 and 1500 mg/kg), others group received distilled water, caffeine 32 mg/kg, diazepam 32 mg/kg, diclofenac 15 mg/kg and the last group without substance. Neurobehavioral effects were assessed by the Irwin test. The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the Carrageenan paw oedema test. Statistical analysis was performed with ANOVA test and Fisher exact test. Results: Anti-inflammatory effects of M. macrocarpa were observed in a non-significant trend of dose dependent form. M. macrocarpa displayed an anti-inflammatory effect at 1250 mg/kg and these effects were higher in comparison with diclofenac (74.14\% vs 58.62\%, one way ANOVA, p\<0.05). Neurobehavioral side effects secondary to M. macrocarpa therapy were also identified, these included excitation, abnormal gait, abdominal cramps, piloerection, stereotypes and scratching (Fisher exact, p\<0.05, CI 95\%). Conclusion: M. macrocarpa leaves presented anti-inflammatory activity and concomitants neurobehavioral side effects.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammation, Diclofenac, Leaves, Maytenus, Mice, Neurobehavioral manifestations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.14}, author = {Luj{\'a}n-Carpio Elmer and Medina-Salazar Henry and Mayor-Vega Alexander and Medrano-Canchari Karola and Mazuelos-Rivas Mar{\'\i}a and Lizarraga-Casta{\~n}eda Zaida and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {959, title = {Antimicrobial and Antidiarrheal Activities of Methanolic Fruit Peel Extract of Pouteria caimito}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {944-950}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {944}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pouteria caimito is a native Amazonian fruit specie, popularly known as "abiu", that belongs to the Sapotaceae family. It has a wide popular use to relieve diarrhea, cough, fever and inflammation, among other purposes. However, few reports in the scientific literature deal with its phytochemical composition and biological activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activity of Pouteria caimito fruit peel extract. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in mice, using modulation models of normal defecation, cathartic agent-induced diarrhea and stimulated intestinal transit. Antimicrobial activity was, in turn, analyzed against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonie, E. faecalis and Salmonella tiphy) through the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the microdilution in broth method. Results: This study showed that there was no antidiarrheal activity in the experimental models analyzed and that the methanolic extract of P. caimito (MEPC) can positively modulate normal defecation. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the crude extract and the ethyl acetate fraction presented a satisfactory action against most of the strains evaluated except for Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella tiphy. Conclusions: The MEPC did not present any measurable antidiarrheal activity, but more possibly a laxative effect. The extract and acetate fraction showed antimicrobial activity against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The activity of the crude extract was more potent than the results obtained by the use of acetate fractions; the fractions with lower polarity did not present any relevant antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Abiu, Antidiarrheal activity, Antimicrobial activity, Sapotaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.150}, author = {Abreu MM and Nobrega P De A and Sales PF and Oliveira FRDe and Nascimento AA} } @article {1004, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Macaranga Gigantea Leaf and Its Major Constituent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1181-1188}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1181}, abstract = {

Introduction: This research main goal is to study the antiplasmodial activity of Macaranga gigantea leaf ethanolic extract and its major components on malaria parasites using ex vivo model. Methods: This study was conducted by extraction of M. gigantea leaves using ethanol and isolation of its major constituent. The extract and isolate were tested ex vivo on Balb-C mice{\textquoteright}s blood after i.p. administration of Plasmodium berghei strain ANKA. Antiplasmodial activity was observed from mice blood treated by various concentration of either extract or isolate and the parasitaemia percentage were determined by calculating infected blood cell after 24 h of the treatment. It is expressed as decreased of parasitaemia levels and percent of inhibition. Qualitative analysis of active fraction were tested by HPLC method. Chemical structure of isolate were characterized by using UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and MS spectrophotometry. Results: Ex vivo antiplasmodial study gave the percent inhibition as much as 92.1; 85.7; 64.1; 41.5 and 21.7\% at extract concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/ mL respectively. The IC50 values of the extract was 27.1 μg/ml. With respect to the percent of inhibition, at the same concentration, the isolate showed activity as much as 70.2; 62.5; 39.1; 21.7 and 10.8\%. The IC50 value of the isolate was 60.2 μg/ml. At the same concentration with extract and Isolate, Pyrimethamine as positive control gave percent inhibition of 94; 87.5; 44.8; 15.; and 12\%, with IC50 of 31.4 μg/ml. The results showed that major constituent of M. gigantea leaves is flavonoid. HPLC analysis using a photo diode-array detector showed that the active fraction have same retention time with that of apigenin as standard. Based on instrumental analysis data and compared with literature, a flavonoid derivate known as apigenin can be said has been isolated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that either M. gigantea leaves extract or isolated active constituent known as apigenin have potent antiplasmodial property.

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Ex vivo, Flavonoid, Macaranga gigantea, Plasmodium berghei}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.183}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Yusnaidar Yusnaidar and Wilda Syahri and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Andita Utami and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {956, title = {Antiplasmodial Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Mangrove Plants against Plasmodium berghei}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {929-935}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Introduction: A mosquito-borne disease infected by Plasmodium is named as Malaria. Some drugs subjected to be active againts protozoans has developed resistance. It is very urgent to find alternative sources of new antimalarial agent. The main aim of this research was to study the activity of methanolic extracts of the leaf from mangrove plants on Plasmodium berghei by using ex vivo model. Method: Screening of antiplasmodial activity from methanolic leaf extracts of Sonneratia alba, Acanthus ilicifolius and Sonneratia caseolaris against Plasmodium berghei was carried out in this study. Antiplasmodial study was subjected ex vivo against P. berghei strain ANKA infected into Balb-C mice. Calculation of the percentage of parasitemia after 24 h observed in the model and a decrease in parasitemia level and inhibitory propagation were defined as the results. Results: Potential antiplasmodial activity shown by a decrease in parasitemia level and high inhibitory percentage was revealed by S. alba leaf methanolic extract at concentrations of 300, 100, 30, 10 and 3 μg/mL which provide the inhibition percentage of 95.5; 92,9; 78.7; 42.7 and 18.8\%, respectively. Antiplasmodial activity can also be identified by the life cycle inhibition of plasmodium. Methanolic leaf extract of S. alba showed inhibition activity in the development of ring stage at minimum extract concentration of 300 μg/mL. At lower concentrations, trophozoites and schizones persisted with defects in morphological conditions. Moreover, Antiplasmodial activity of methanolic extracts of S. alba leaf was better than methanol extracts of A. Ilicifolius and S. caseolaris leaf. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that among the mangrove plants have been studied, S. alba mangrove exhibited the highest antisplasmodial activity which moreover assumed as a potential source for natural antimalarial drug candidate.

}, keywords = {Antimalaria, Ex vivo, Mangrove, Plasmodium berghei, Sonneratia alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.148}, author = {Muhaimin Muhaimin and Madyawati Latief and Riski Dwimalida Putri and Anis Yohana Chaerunisaa and Andreas Yoga Aditama and Normalita Eka Pravitasari and Josephine Elizabeth Siregar} } @article {799, title = {Antitumor and Antioxidant Effects of Flavonoid Fraction of Citrus sinensis peel Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {57-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {57}, abstract = {

Background: Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and globally the numbers of cases of cancer are increasing gradually. However, surgeries, chemotherapies have become safer, but these treatments have debilitating side effects. Flavonoids present in the human diet comprise many polyphenolic secondary metabolites with broad-spectrum pharmacological activities including their potential role as anti-cancer agents. Objective: The objective of the present study was to extract, orange peel flavonoids (Orange Peel Extract) and to screen anticancer potential of OPF. Methods: In the present study tryphan blue dye exclusion, clonogenic assay and nuclear damage studies by ethidium bromide staining were performed to estimate in vitro antitumor properties of Orange Peel Extract and subsequently in vivo studies also performed using the Dalton lymphoma ascites (DLA) tumor model in Swiss albino mice. Results: In vitro studies revealed the moderate toxicity, high regenerative capacity of Orange Peel Extract and also showed changes in nuclear morphology similar to that of apoptotic cells which is one of the important aspect of an anticancer drug. In vivo studies confirmed the anticancer activity of Orange Peel Extract and has increased the average life span of treated animals and restored the antioxidant enzyme levels and hematological parameters to normal which was comparable to that of standard methotrexate. Conclusion: Overall, these findings have proved that out of the two doses (50mg/kg bw and 200mg/kg bw) employed for the study lower dose (50mg/kg) was found to be more effective than higher dose (200mg/ kg). Hence flavonoid fraction of orange peels can be the better alternative to treat cancer.

}, keywords = {Dalton lymphoma ascites, Ethidium bromide, Methotrexate, Orange peel flavonoids, Tryphan blue}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.11}, author = {Godishala Shirisha and Kiranmai Mandava and Uma Rajeswari Batchu and Kesava Rao Thammana and Vijaya Laxmi Turpu} } @article {854, title = {Assessment of Phyto-Constituents by GC-MS and Anti-Tumour Activity of Garlic Grown in Different Altitude: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {350-354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Background: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is most important spice containing highest sources of total phenolic compounds. It has been used as a component of traditional and modern medicine. Pharmacological properties of garlic is mainly depend on its phyto-constituents content, which varies between geographical regions. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the phyto-constituents content of garlic sample collected from high ranges of Idukki (Kanthallur) with that of Tamil Nadu (Mettupalayam market) garlic sample. Materials and Methods: garlic clove sample were collected from high ranges of kanthallur region (GSK) and Mettupalayam region (GSM). The garlic oil was extracted from the collected garlic sample by solvent extraction method. The phytochemical study of extracted garlic oil were conducted using standard methods of analysis and subjected GC-MS analysis. Further, the extracted oil samples were studied for their anti-tumour activity against Dalton Lymphoma Cell Lines (DLA) in an in vitro model. Results: The obtained results revealed that garlic oil of GSK showed highest percentage of yield of oil (1.1\%) than garlic oil of GSM (0.6\%). The phytochemical screening of GSK indicated the presence of alkaloids and flavonoid, whereas GSM showed presence of alkaloids only. GC-MS analysis of garlic oil study indicated that garlic oil of GSK was found to have eugenol as a novel source compared with garlic oil of GSM. Garlic oil of GSK showed significant anti-tumour activity against DLA cells, compared with garlic oil of GSM. Conclusion: Garlic oil of GSK exhibited potential anti-tumour activity against DLA cells due to presence of eugenol compound as novel source.

}, keywords = {Anti-tumour, Garlic oil, GC-MS, MTT, Phyto-constituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.52}, author = {Susha Antony and Kunnambath Krishna Kumar and Jalaja Sudhi Menon} } @article {1048, title = {Betel Leaf Extract Amends Dehydroepiandrosterone Induced PCOS Related Hormonal Abnormality and Histopathological Alterations in Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1442-1448}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1442}, abstract = {

Introduction: PCOS is a hormonal disorder with missed or irregular periods at the reproductive ages of women, which was mainly due to increased androgen levels. Objective: To evaluate the antiandrogen activity of EEBL (ethanolic extract of betel leaf) in DHEA induced PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) and improving ovulation rate, consequently its effects on hormonal and biochemical profile of the blood serum and Histopathology of the ovary. Methods: Divide the 30 immature (4-week-old) female Sprague Dawley rats into 5 groups. Four groups except the control group were injected each morning with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (6 mg/100 g body weight/0.2 ml sesame oil) for 20days. The control group was injected with 0.2ml sesame oil for 20days. Pretreatment completed after 21st day then animals are subjected to posttreatment with EEBL (LD-100, HD-200mg/kg, p.o) and CC (100 μg/kg, p.o) from 21 to 41 days. After the treatment animals are subjected to biochemical, hormonal and histopathological examinations. Results: In negative control group SOD, Catalase were decreased. Total protein, SGOT, SGPT, TG, LDL and cholesterol levels were increased than the control group. Hormones LH and Testosterone levels increased. FSH, estradiol, and progesterone levels were decreased when compared with the control group. Histopathology has revealed that the presence of cysts in the negative control group and recovery of cysts seen in treatment groups. Conclusion: Treatment with EEBL is effectively attenuated to the DHEA induced PCOS and it is significant in comparison results with clomiphene citrate attributing its therapeutic potential towards the treatment of PCOS.

}, keywords = {Anti-androgenic activity, Betel Leaf, Clomiphene citrate, DHEA, PCOS, Rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.223}, author = {K Sunand and Mahipal Yellow and P Naveen and Yasho Deepika and G Krishna Mohan and Vasudha Bakshi} } @article {946, title = {Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of the Essential Oil Isolated from the Leaves of Achillea fragrantissima Growing Wild in Yemen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1077-1081}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1077}, abstract = {

Background: Yemen is diverse in its geography and rich in its natural flora. Achillea fragrantissima grown wild in Yemen is widely used in folkloric medicine. Objectives: To investigate the chemical composition, cytotoxicity, xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the essential oil isolated form the leaves of Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk.) Sch. Bip. growing wild in Yemen. Materials and Methods: The oil was collected after hydrodistillation for 3 h, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS and assayed for biological activities. Results: Artemisia ketone (49.53\%), camphor (14.73\%), α-bisabolol (11.20\%), α-bisabolol oxide B (2.62\%) were the main components of the oil. The MTT assay of the oil on two human colorectal cancer cell lines (SW480 and HCT-116) showed IC50 values of 110.1 and 134.6 μg ml$^{-}${\textonesuperior}, respectively. Xanthine oxidase inhibitory and tyrosinase inhibitory activity assays were performed but exhibited only marginal activities. Conclusion: the components of the essential oil could be excellent anticancer drugs for treatment of colon cancer.

}, keywords = {Achillea fragrantissima, Artemisia ketone, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, GC-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.168}, author = {Iman Mansi and Nasser A. Awadh Ali and Nizar M. Mhaidat and Khaled Hussain and Ali G. Al-kaf and Sirajudheen Anwar and William N. Setzer} } @article {1035, title = {Chemical Constituents and Antifungal Activity of Leaf Essential Oil from Oreopanax ecuadorensis Seem. (Pumamaki), Endemic Plant of Ecuador}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1544-1548}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1544}, abstract = {

Background: Oreopanax ecuadorensis Seem. is a plant from Ecuador, that is found in the Andean region of the country. The plant is commonly used in protective rituals, and as an antiflu, analgesic and disinfectant medicine. Aim: The research aims to extract and analyze the chemical composition and evaluation of its antifungal potential of the essential oil extracted from its leaves. Methods: steam distillation was used for the extraction of essential oil, the evaluation of its components was performed by GC/MS, and the antifungal evaluation by the disc diffusion method. Results: The essential oil was obtained with a yield of 0.05\%. 33 compounds were detected of which 30 were identified, corresponding to 99.28\%; the most abundant molecules were: thujene \<α-\> (36.63\%), followed by bicyclogermacrene with (8.76\%), pinene \<β-\> with (8.32\%) and limonene with 5.15\%. Three of the four strains evaluated were affected by the oil at concentrations of 1.25\%, inhibiting its growth. The strains were: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis. Conclusion: The essential oil shows good antifungal activity, which could be less than 1.25\%. In this way, this medicinal plant is valued by verifying ancestral knowledge in the use of medicinal plants by the Andean people of Ecuador.

}, keywords = {Antifungal activity, GC/MS, Oreopanax ecuadorensis, Puma Maki}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.236}, author = {Paco Noriega and Bryan Vergara and Carlos Carillo and Tatiana Mosquera} } @article {1003, title = {Chemical Constituents and Anti-Ulcer Activity of Ethylacetate Extract of the Leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1172-1180}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1172}, abstract = {

Study have two objectives. First objective is about the identification of the five components. The second objective is about the antiulcer activity of the ethylacetate extract. Five compounds (1{\textendash}5) were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. collected in Nam Dinh province by chromatographic methods. These compounds were identified as: Quercetin (1), Scopoletin (2), Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4),3{\textquoteright}-Omethyl- 3,4-methylenedioxy ellagic acid (5).Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Compounds 3, 4, 5 were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. for the first time. Evaluation the effect of gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer on cyteamine induced gastric ulcer models indicates at this ethylacetate extract has the effect to improve the extent of ulcer lesions treatment (54,17 \%); obviously reduced the average of number pocket of ulcers (1,85 {\textpm} 0,80) and ulcer index (5,61 {\textpm} 2,69), however, it does not change the area of the ulcer.

}, keywords = {Anti-ulcer activity, Quercetin, Sanchezia nobilis, Scopoletin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.182}, author = {Loi Vu Duc and Xuan Bui Thi and Ngoc Tran Minh} } @article {973, title = {Chemical Standardization of Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam-An Antidiabetic Siddha Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1106-1113}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Belief of general public on herbal drugs led to the stable growth of herbal drug industry thereby necessitated the standardization of herbal drugs and pharmacopoeial standards for their quality control. Aims: Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam (TVKC) is a Siddha polyherbal formulation used for type II diabetes. Aim of the present study is to standardize the drug chemically. Methods and Material: Drug was prepared as per the literature, stored in air tight container and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, physico-chemical, thin layer chromatographic photo documentation, high performance thin layer chromatographic finger printing along with chemical markers such as emodin, chrysophanol and gallic acid, quantitative assay of marker compounds, heavy metal analysis, pesticide residue, aflatoxin and microbial load analysis. Results: The results revealed that the drug contains emodin in minor quantity and gallic acid in considerable quantity. The drug is free from microbial, heavy metal contaminations, aflatoxin and pesticide residues. Conclusion: The derived results could serve as a ready reference for quality control assessment of the drug.

}, keywords = {Anthraquinone, Katukkai, Thetranvithai, Vilam Pisin Alkaloid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.173}, author = {Elankani P and Murugammal S and Shakila R and Pitchiahkumar M and N.Kabilan} } @article {1018, title = {Comparative Antioxidant Activities of Selected Apiaceous Plants Using EPR Technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1359-1364}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1359}, abstract = {

Introduction: Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a unique technique able to identify and quantify free radicals in the complex biological matrices. In this study, free radical scavenging activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of fruits, shoots and roots of dill and parsley was examined using EPR technique, in addition to the determination of their contents of total polyphenols (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC). Method: The hydroxyl anion scavenging activity (HASA) of the tested extracts was determined using EPR spin trapping technique and hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase system generating (O{\textbullet}-2). The TPC and TFC were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric assays. Results: Both aqueous shoot of dill (ADSh) and methanol root of parsley (MPR) demonstrated the strongest inhibition of HASA. On the contrary, the aqueous extract of dill fruit at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml was found to be pro-oxidant (49.43 \%), but at 10 mg/ml demonstrated potent inhibition of HASA (98.12 \%). TPC was found to be the highest in the methanol extract of parsley fruit (MPF, 88.62 {\textpm} 0.6 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in MPR (4.34 {\textpm} 0.050 mg GAE/g). On the other hand, TFC was the highest in MPF (584.29 {\textpm} 2.10 mg GAE/g) and the lowest in the methanol extract of dill fruit (MDF, 1.28 {\textpm} 0.02 mg rutin/g). Conclusion: In this study, EPR provided a direct insight that all tested apiaceous plants extracts showed effective HASA except two extracts that proved to be pro-oxidant at 0.5 mg/mL This study confirmed that there is no correlation between antioxidant potential and TPC and TFC.

}, keywords = {Anethum graveolans, Free Radicals, Petroselinum crispum, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.210}, author = {Ayat M Emad and Sherifa F Ali and Meselhy R Meselhy and Essam A Sattar} } @article {974, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf, Bark and Flower of Tecoma stans with Ibuprofen- An In vitro Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1088-1092}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1088}, abstract = {

Background: Endodontics has always been indebted to pharmaceutical sciences to provide it with necessary analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. More specifically, there has always been a need for anti-inflammatory phytotherapeutic agents as the commercially available synthetic anti inflammatory drugs have their own limitations due to undesirable side effects. Hence, novel potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs without considerable side effects from the natural sources are under evaluation. Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) is an ornamental plant found throughout India. It has been shown to have variety of medicinal properties. In the present study, we have shown that potential anti inflammatory activity of different parts of Tecoma stans (T.stants) and compared with standard drug. Aim: To evaluate the in vitro anti inflammatory potential of different parts of T.stans ethanolic extract and to compare the anti inflammatory activity with standard drug ibuprofen. Methodology: The ethanolic extraction of T.stans{\textquoteright}s bark, leaves and floweres was done as per the standard method. Different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/ml) of the extracts were used for anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: All the three parts of the plant extract have shown to have anti inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the leaf and flower extracts of T.stans were found to have 100 percent anti-inflammatory pontential than standard drug ibuprofen. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present findings that T.stants possess anti-inflammatory properties which could be due to presence of active constitutents presen in the plant extracts. Hence, T.stans may serve as one of the anti inflammatory herbal durgs for Endontic infection-induced inflammation and related to dental diseases. Further studies on the identification of the active principles present in the leaf and flower extract are warranted to assertatin its potentials.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Bark, Flower, Leaf, Tecoma stans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.170}, author = {Swarna SK and Nivedhitha MS and Vishnu Priya V and Gayathri R and Selvaraj J and Madhan K and Shyamala Devi B} } @article {793, title = {Comparative Studies Between Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata belong to the family Arecaceae and are widely found in Brazil. Aim: In this work were evaluated: the phytochemical profile of the secretion popularly known as M. flexuosa wine, antioxidant activity of leaf, root and petiole hydroethanolic extracts of the two species, as well as the quantification of flavonoids and the chromatographic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Material and Methods: The chromatographic profile was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, quantification of flavonoids and antioxidant activity, were performed by spectrophotometric method. Results: Antioxidant activity and presence of flavonoids were observed in the extracts of all the analyzed structures of the two species. The phytochemical profile of the wine evidenced the presence of secondary metabolites reported in other structures of M. flexuosa. In the chromatographic analysis, it was observed that the extracts evaluated have between three and nine compounds. Conclusion: Further studies should be performed to identify the active compounds in the two species.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Arecaceae, Flavonoids, Phytochemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.6}, author = {Vanessa de Andrade Royo and Juliana Almeida Rocha and Kamylla Teixeira Santos and Jeane Ferreira Leal Freitas and Clarice Avelar Almeida and Bianca Ribeiro and Elytania Veiga Menezes and Dario Alves de Oliveira and Murilo Malveira Brand{\~a}o and Afranio Farias de Melo J{\'u}nior} } @article {816, title = {Comparative Study for the Volatile Oil Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. Growing in Qassim, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {195-199}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Background: Rhanterium epapposum is an herbaceous plant widely distributed in the Gulf region and used by Bedouins as antiseptic for wounds, skin infections and in gastrointestinal disturbances. Aim: The study aimed to compare the results obtained from volatile oil analysis of R. epapposum growing in Buraydah, Qassim with reported data of the same plant growing in Riyadh {\textquotedblleft}Al-Majmaah{\textquotedblright} and Northern border region of Saudi Arabia. Both cold and hot extracts of the R. epapposum were used to find the best extraction method to be adopted as an antimicrobial agent. Methods: Volatile oils were distillated using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. The plant powder was extracted by cold maceration and hot contentious extraction methods. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was conducted using the agar diffusion method. Results: The hydro-distillation of R. epapposum growing in Qassim region yielded 0.5 \% w/w of the total volatile oils. Moreover, forty-three compounds of 97.68\% of the volatile oil components were identified while modephene, caryophyllene, linalyl acetate and epizonarene were the major components of volatile oils. Nevertheless, the volatile oils diversity and concentrations were found to be different in R. epapposum growing in Buraydah, as compared with the plant growing in Riyadh and the northern border region of Saudi Arabia which almost due to the differences in the environmental condition. Among all extracts, ethyl acetate hot extract showed the best inhibition to bacterial strains while fugal strain Candida albicans growth was better inhibited by hot n-hexane extract. Conclusion: Volatile oils were active against all microbial strains. Hot extracts were more active against bacterial strains while the opposite effects were found against Candida albicans which was generally inhibited by the cold extracts.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Comparative study, Essential oils, Hot extraction. Cold extraction, Rhanterium epapposum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.32}, author = {Hamdoon Abdelhamid Mohammed and Mohsen Saleh Al-Omer and Adel Mohammed Ahmed and Nadia Elbialy Hashish and Hasan Meshal Alsaedi and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Ahmed Abdelfattah Hafez Abdellatif} } @article {1009, title = {Comparative Study of the Effects of Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus Extracts on Biochemical Indices of Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2018}, pages = {1365-1370}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1365}, abstract = {

Introduction: Annona muricata and Tapinanthus globiferus (mistletoe) are medicinal plants used in traditional medicine to combat an array of human diseases. However, there is dearth of scientific prove for the activity of these plants in the management of non-infectious human diseases such as cancer, insomnia, hypertension, ulcers and diabetes. Method: The present study was designed to assess comparatively the effects of methanol extracts of Annona muricata (AME) and Tapinanthus globiferus (TGE) on biochemical indices of alloxan induced diabetic rats. The animals were allocated to eight (8) groups, group I were normal non-diabetic rats, group II (diabetic untreated group), group III treated with metformin alone, groups IV \& V were diabetic rats treated with AME at dose of concentration 200 mg/kg BW \& 400 mg/kg BW respectively, groups VI \& VII were diabetic rats treated with 200 mg/kg BW \& 400 mg/kg BW of TGE respectively. Group VIII were diabetic rats treated with AME + TGE at concentration of 200 mg/kg BW each. Concentrations of serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG) of alloxan diabetic rats, creatinine and urea were assayed after 21 days of the respective treatments. Results: Diabetic untreated rats had significant increase p\<0.05 in TC, TG, urea and creatinine compared to normal control group as opposed to the significant decrease observed for HDL in diabetic rats. However, treatment of diabetic rats with AME and TGE significantly suppressed (p\<0.05) the concentrations of TC, TG and creatinine when compared with the diabetic untreated rats. A similar trend was observed for the calculated atherogenic index of treated rats when compared with diabetic untreated rats. Interestingly, co-administration of AME + TGE improved the biochemical indices of diabetic rats better than using each plant separately. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that AME and TGE could offer some benefits in the management of diabetic complications especially with regard to cardiac and renal health.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Annona muricata, Diabetes, Mistletoe, Tapinanthus globiferus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.211}, author = {Atanu FO and Avwioroko OJ and Ilesanmi OB and Oguche M} } @article {815, title = {Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiling and RBC Membrane Stabilization Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia) Seed Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {200}, type = {Corrigendum}, chapter = {200}, keywords = {Nil}, author = {Suchita Dubey and M.V. Ramana and Anuradha Mishra} } @article {934, title = {Difference of Acidic Adding Effect in Ethanol Extraction of White Mulberry Stem Bark (Morus alba) and DPP-4 Inhibiting Activity Screening for Identifying its Antidiabetic Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {790-795}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {790}, abstract = {

Objective: Murberry (Morus alba) is one of the plants that can be used to treat diabetes and bioactive compounds that play a role are apigenin. Apigenin compounds have been reported to have an antidiabetic effect and are found in the form of glycosides. To separate apigenin from its glycosides, it takes the process of hydrolysis using acid. This study aims to look at the differences between ethanol extracts without hydrolysis with acids and ethanol extracts which are hydrolyzed by acid and determine their activity as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in vitro. Methods: Morus alba stem bark dry powder was extracted MAE using 96\% ethanol with acid hydrolysis using HCl 2 N and extracted without acid hydrolysis then apigenin levels can be measured by each extraction process using HPLC. DPP-4 activity was evaluated using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate then the inhibitory effect of extracts was determined based on the number of free AMCs by measuring fluorescence at excitation wavelengths of 350-360 nm and emission wavelengths of 450-465 nm using micro-plate readers. Sitagliptin is used as a positive control of DPP-4 inhibition in this test. Results: The ethanol extraction method with acid hydrolysis can attract more apigenin compounds than the ethanol extraction method without acid hydrolysis. The level of apigenin in the sample of ethanol extract with acid hydrolysis was 0.16\%, and in the ethanol extract without acid hydrolysis was 0.04\%. The amount of inhibitory activity of DPP-4 Morus alba stem bark extract was 23\%, which is 0.33 times the inhibition of sitagliptin activity. Conclusion: Extraction methods with acid hydrolysis are more effective in attracting apigenin compounds than without acid hydrolysis. Morus alba stem bark extract has an anti-diabetic effect through the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors can be used as a reference for therapy of diabetes mellitus from natural ingredients.

}, keywords = {Apigenin, DPP IV, Morus alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.126}, author = {Muhajri Agusfina and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Aditya Sindu Sakti and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1058, title = {Effect of Aqueous Extract of Liquorice (G. Glabra L) in Treatment of Stress Induced Gastric Ulcer in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1526-1531}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1526}, abstract = {

Background: Peptic ulcer is a disease affecting a large number of people, caused due to various reasons including infection with H pylori, consumption of alcohol, NSAIDs and stress. Although not a life-threatening disease, it causes undue distress and discomfort and accounts for increased time off from work thereby leading to manpower and economic losses. In this condition, histamine receptor blockers provide relief. Objectives: Natural remedies for peptic ulcer have not been effectively utilized in clinical set up. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of water extract of Glycyrrhiza Glabra L, commonly known as Liquorice on stressinduced gastric inflammation. Materials and Methods: Liquorice extract was prepared. Male Wistar rats (n=5 in each group) were procured from the central animal house and divided into four groups namely Group 1(control); Group 2 (low dose treatment); Group 3 (high dose treatment) and group 4 (prophylactic). They were housed individually and subjected to restraint stress in PVC pipes for 2 hours daily and their stomach was examined for ulcer in Licorice (oral) fed groups and control. Results: Control group showed the inflammatory changes, ulcer index showed a significant lesion, whereas the animals treated with low dose and high dose showed proportionate decrease in the severity of inflammation as evidenced by the histological features. Fourth group of rats which was treated prophylactically before they were subjected to stress, showed no sign of stress-induced inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa. Conclusion: The results of this study strongly suggested that the G Glabra extract reduces the inflammation and relieves the ulcers and also it can be used as a prophylactic agent to prevent the peptic ulcer in vulnerable subjects.

}, keywords = {Glycyrrhiza glabra, Immobilization stress, Peptic ulcer, Prophylactic use}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.233}, author = {Saksham Mathur and Cheryl Sarah Philipose and Ganaraja B} } @article {810, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Some Pharmacological Properties and Microbial Activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon Linn.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {177-182}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {177}, abstract = {

Background: Ionizing radiation, such as gamma irradiation, serves as a useful approach to inhibit spore germination and to control pathogens in postharvest seeds. Recently, its application on phytochemical sources and its influence on antioxidant activity of various phytochemical compounds has become an interesting topic to be explored. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of gamma irradiation as sterilization method on the resveratrol content and its antioxidant, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seeds. Methods: In this research, melinjo seeds were irradiated by 0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0 kGy with gamma irradiation and then extracted with ethanol. The extracts were tested for resveratrol content with HPLC, antioxidant activities by DPPH assay, HMG-CoA inhibitory activity using HMG-CoA reductase assay kit and DPP-4 inhibitory activity using DPP-4 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit. Gamma irradiation has effect on resveratrol content, antioxidant activity, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Results: From the research, the highest value of resveratrol content is 0.18{\textpm}0.004 mg/g seeds powder found in 5.0 kGy gamma irradiation treatment with IC50 94.64{\textpm}0.236 μg/mL, while the highest HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is shown in 2.5 kGy irradiation dose. Melinjo seeds irradiated by 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation also shown a significant increase of DPP-4 inhibition activity. Conclusion: This study suggests that 2.5-5 kGy radiation is the effective gamma irradiation dose to improve the quality of melinjo seeds.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4, Gamma irradiation, Gnetum gnemon, HMG-CoA reductase, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.29}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Aditya Sindu Sakti and Agung Kristiyanto and Riky Redmawati and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {986, title = {Effect of Ocimum sanctum Leaf Extract on Entero-Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1138-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1138}, abstract = {

This research study evaluates the effect of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. After obtaining Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 4 groups. 6 albino rats were randomly assigned to Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg) group, Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP-1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP at 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Ocimum sanctum (200 mg/kg) showed significant (p <= 0.05) reduction in blood glucose at 45 minutes when compared to control. Ocimum sanctum (100 mg/kg \& 200 mg/kg) showed significant (p <= 0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT. Ocimum sanctum leaf extract showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects. Further indepth animal and clinical studies are necessary to demonstrate the therapeutic potential of this extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Entero-Insular axis, Glucagon, Insulin, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.177}, author = {Inbaraj SD and Muniappan M} } @article {1045, title = {Effect of Perillyl Alcohol (POH) A Monoterpene on Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Status in High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Experimental Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1434-1441}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1434}, abstract = {

Aim: The plan of this study was to assess the protective activity of Perillyl alcohol (POH) on the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) by-products and antioxidant defense systems in the plasma and other tissues of normal and High Fat Diet-Low Dose Streptozotocin (STZ) induced type 2 diabetes in wistar rats. Materials and Methods: The experimental diabetes was induced in animals by High Fat Diet-Low Dose STZ (35 mg/kg i.p.) injection, and treatment with Perillyl alcohol at the dose of (50mg/kg b.w and 100mg/kg b.w) was continued for 30 days. At the end of treatment period, oxidative stress parameters like lipid peroxidation by-products; enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and non-enzymic antioxidants including reduced glutathione, Vitamin C and Vitamin E were measured in the plasma and tissues of experimental rats. Results: In untreated diabetic rats an increase was seen in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and significant decrease was seen in antioxidant enzymes. Oral administration of Perillyl alcohol a monocyclic monoterpene to diabetic rats for 30 days caused a significant reduction in the levels of lipid peroxidation by-products and an increase in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, when the same were compared with the untreated diabetic group. Conclusion: The result of this study indicates that Perillyl alcohol has anti lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status potential in experimental diabetes.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, High Fat Diet, Lipid peroxidation, Perillyl alcohol, Streptozotocin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.222}, author = {Towseef Hassan and Elanchezhiyan C and Insha Naseer and S Marimuthu} } @article {1007, title = {Effect of Trigonella Foenum Graecum Seed Extract on Entero- Insular Axis by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1371-1375}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1371}, abstract = {

The research study evaluates the effect of Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract on the entero-insular axis and the hyperglycemia due to oral glucose tolerance test in albino rats. Methanolic seed extract of Trigonella foenum graecum was prepared by Sami labs, Bangalore and used for the study. Institutional Animal ethical committee clearance obtained. Male albino rats (155{\textendash}215 g) were divided into 4 groups each having 6 albino rats were randomly assigned Control (Normal saline) group, Standard (Vildagliptin 50 mg/kg group), Trigonella foenum graecum seed extract (100 mg/kg) and (200 mg/kg) groups. After overnight fasting the baseline biochemical evaluation in the fasting state blood glucose, Insulin level, Glucagon level, GLP- 1 (Glucagon like peptide-1), GIP (Glucose dependent Insulinotropic peptide) level were measured at -30 minutes for all the above groups. Control, Vildagliptin (STD) and the extracts were orally administered by using rat oral feeding tube. 30 minutes later oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done. Blood samples were evaluated for blood sugar, Insulin, Glucagon, GLP- 1and GIP at -30, 0, 15 and 45 minutes after oral glucose load. Trigonella foenum graecum (2 gm/kg) showed significant reduction in blood glucose (p= \<0.001) at 45 minutes when compared to control. Trigonella foenum graecum (1 gm/kg and 2 gm/kg) showed significant (p=\<0.001) increase in GIP levels at 45 minutes of OGTT and (1 gm/kg) showed reduction in glucagon levels (p=\< 0.001) at 15 minutes and at 45 minutes (p=\<0.05). Trigonella foenum graecum extracts showed significant antihyperglycemic and incretin enhancing effects through entero-insular axis. Further in-depth animal and clinical studies are necessary to bring out the therapeutic potential of this seed extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic, Entero-Insular axis, GIP, GLP-1, Glucagon, Insulin, Trigonella foenum graecum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.212}, author = {SD Inbaraj and M Muniappan} } @article {1031, title = {The Effect of Ultraviolet-B Radiation Exposure on Hibiscus cannabinus Linn with its Phytochemical and Pharmacological Responses}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1540-1543}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1540}, abstract = {

Aim: Exposure of UV-B Radiation on\ Hibiscus cannabinus Linn and to evaluate both Phytochemical and Pharmacological responses. Objective: UV-B can increase the nutrients contents from plants, plants become tastier and increases the yield and UV-will make plants resistant to fungal infections and stimulate the production of phytomarkers. Material and Methods: Hibiscus cannabinus Linn seeds were soaked with 50\% H2O2 for 12 hours and then inoculated with the Azospirillum. UV-B radiation cabinet was provided by UV lamps which are above 15 cm from control maintained. Normal daylight exposed control group Seedlings irradiated for 2 hour per day (12.30 pm to 2.30 pm) for 20 days. Results and Discussion: 20 days treatment increases total phenolic contents and sugars content were decreased in uncovered leaf tissue. Protein content was at first diminished but expanded on the 20 day of UV-B treatment. Also, perform pharmacological studies no toxic elements are observed 20 days treatment and pharmacological activity by using anticancer activity by using human colon HT-29 cancer cell line. UV light exposed plants shows good anticancer activity when compared with non UV exposed Plant.

}, keywords = {Cancer cells line HT-29, Hibiscus cannabinus Linn, Total Phenolic Contents, UV-B radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.235}, author = {T Sundarrajan and V Velmurugan and MK Kathiravan and K Manikandan and KS Lakshmi and MR Ganesh} } @article {872, title = {Effectiveness of Methanol Solvent Extraction for Red Macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera Antitumoric Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {450-454}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {450}, abstract = {

Introduction: Red macroalgae Acanthophora spicifera is commonly found in most parts of Indonesia coastal areas. However, information regarding their potential pharmaceutical uses remains largely unexplored. This study evaluates the antiproliferative activity of Acanthophora spicifera collected from Indonesian extracted with different solvents of ethanol and methanol. Methods: Cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity of A. spicifera crude ethanol extract (AS-EtOH) and A. spicifera crude methanol extract (AM-MetOH) were evaluated with Lactate dehidrogenase (LDH) and Trypan blue exclusion assay in Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells for 72h. Concentration of extracts treated in HeLa cells were 6.25 to 200 μg/mL. Viability staining with fluorescence stain Hoechst33342/PI was conducted to investigate apoptotic activity. Potential apoptotic activity of treatments was confirmed by DNA fragmentation assay. Results: AS-MetOH demonstrated high cytotoxicity in HeLa cells with IC50 of 127.3 {\textpm} 33.13 μg/mL. However, AS-EtOH IC50 values could not be determined in this study. Antiproliferative activity was highly significant in AS-MetOH treated cells as cell density was suppressed to 20 x 104 cells/mL compared to AS-EtOH (73 x 104 cells/mL) and untreated cells (83 x 104 cells/mL). Finally, apoptotic activity could be determined in AS-MetOH treated cells with increase PI fluorescence emitting cells and DNA fragmentation. On the other hand, apoptotic activity was not observable in AS-EtOH treated cells based on fluorescence viability staining and DNA fragmentation assay. Conclusion: Current results show methanol solvent as an effective solvent to promote potential pharmaceutical properties of macroalgae A. spicifera. Further advanced studies in a compound level from A. spicifera methanol fraction would be reasonable for development of macroalgae based anticancer agent.

}, keywords = {Acanthophora, Antiproliferative, Cytotoxicity, Indonesia, Macroalgae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.70}, author = {Eka Sunarwidhi Prasedya and Ni Wayan Riyani Martyasari and Candra Dwipayana Hamdin and Masao Miyake and Daisuke Kobayashi and Sri Widyastuti and Akihiro Hazama and Haji Sunarpi} } @article {938, title = {Ethnobotanicals used for the Treatment of Skin Diseases with Special Emphasis on Carbuncle Disease from Purulia District of West Bengal in India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {745-753}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {745}, abstract = {

Background: From time immemorial ethnic people of Purulia district of West Bengal are well acquainted with different plant resources for the treatment of various skin diseases including {\textquoteright}carbuncle{\textquoteright} and others skin diseases. Carbuncle, caused by the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is of major concern in this part of India, mostly dominated by tribes like Majhi, Munda, Santal, Birhor, Ho and Rajwar etc. Hot climate, overcrowded households, improper sanitation, very poor economic background and frequent burn accidents are of major issues for spreading of these bacterial infections. Objective: Present authors are trying to summarize these ethno-medicinal knowledge of the local, conservative traditional healers by using structured questionnaires given to them and are trying to analyze these information from scientific perspective. Materials and Methods: Plant samples were collected from March 2014 to May 2016, mostly during their flowering stage and a total of 62 people, both male (84\%) and female (16\%) were interviewed. Informant consensus factor, fidelity level and use value were calculated. Results: Fifty-nine herbal plants belongs to 35 families were recorded for the cure of various skin diseases, among which 10 plants are used individually during medication whereas 9 polyherbal formulations were used in various combinations during treatment. Five species of the families Moraceae and Asteraceae was found to be the most common medicinal plants, among which 44.89\% are herbaceous in habit. Leaves (55.55\%) are the most common plant part for their use. Conclusion: Therefore, the present paper has been written to document this rapidly vanishing huge knowledge of folklore which should be digitally conserved for futuristic approach on medicinal plants in India.

}, keywords = {Carbuncle, Ethnobotany, Fidelity level, Informant consensus factor, Purulia, Use value}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.118}, author = {Ghanashyam Mahato and Bangamoti Hansda and Nilanjana Banerjee} } @article {858, title = {Evaluation of Anthelmintic Potential of Leaves and Fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {475-478}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {475}, abstract = {

Background: Zanthoxylum rhetsa of family Rutaceae is traditionally employed for treatment of intestinal worms, urinary tract infection, tooth ache, asthma, bronchitis and rheumatism. Thus, the objective of the study was to screen in vitro anthelmintic activity of leaves and fruits of Zanthoxylum rhetsa on Eisenia fetida and Tubifex tubifex. Material and Methods: Total methanol extract and solvent fractions of methanol extract were prepared by maceration and solvent solvent extraction process respectively. The chromatographic fingerprints of total methanol extracts of leaves and fruits were developed using HPTLC. Results: The leaf and fruit extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, coumarins, essential oils and saponins. The extracts exhibited significant anthelmintic activity as evidenced by decrease in paralysis death time in the treatment groups when compared to standard. Conclusion: The results suggest that fruits and leaves of Z rhetsa have promising anthelmintic activity and further studies are required to identify the phytochemicals responsible for anthelmintic activity.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Fruit, HPTLC, Leaf, Phytochemicals, Zanthoxylum rhetsa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.75}, author = {Rashmi Mallya and Fehmina Malim and Akanksha Naik and Milind Bhitre} } @article {984, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass Oil Against Oral Clinical Isolates {\textendash} An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1023-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1023}, abstract = {

Background: There are 1,200 oral species out of which 400 are potentially important and 20 organisms are periopathic. Periodontal flora plays the important role in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. There are various conservative and surgical procedures to treat and prevent periodontal diseases. Local drug delivery agents reduce microbial burden, blocks collagenase activity and inhibits bone loss; out of which tetracycline is common in use. Unwanted side effects and resistance of microorganisms towards antibiotics due to their widespread use have modified the general prescription about their efficacy. Various researches elucidate that herbal extracts exhibit wide range of antibacterial activity. In recent years, Lemongrass essential oil gains scientific interest as it targets even the periodontal pathogens. The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with that of tetracycline. Aim and objective: To comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with tetracycline against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus and to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of lemongrass essential oil. Study design: In vitro. Materials and Methods: It is an in vitro study done to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass against the oral microbes. Based on their involvement in various clinical conditions Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus were selected for the study. These organisms were inoculated to a solid media and incubated overnight aerobically at 37{\textdegree}C to obtain a pure culture. The culture was made as a suspension in sterile saline with the turbidity matching 0.5 Macfarland standard. This is used to make a lawn culture on the Mueller Hinton Agar. Antimicrobial effect of tetracycline was tested using standard disc of doxycycline 30 mcg (Himedia, SD012) and sterile disc was used to prepare lemongrass essential oil which contained 10 μl, 15 μl and 20μl. In each category 5 discs were tested to get a mean zone of inhibition. After 24 hours of incubation the zone of inhibition was measure in mm using a scale. The measured zone size was tabulated and compared among the groups. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentration of lemon grass essential oil was estimated to be 10μl. Statistically significant zone of inhibition and antibacterial zone was greater in lemongrass essential oil than tetracycline for Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermis. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil showed higher antibacterial activity than tetracycline. Hence, it can be used as a good alternative to tetracycline or adjunctive in the treatment of periodontitis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Lemongrass essential oil, Minimal inhibitory Concentration, Tetracycline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.161}, author = {Paavai Ilango and Vasugi Suresh and Ayswarya V Vummidi1 and Vanessa Ravel and Veejai Chandran and Arulpari Mahalingam and Vineela Katam Reddy} } @article {941, title = {Evaluation of Anti-diarrheal and Anti-nociceptive Activity of Methanolic Unripe Fruit Peels Extract of Masua ferrea Linn. on Mice Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {828-835}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Though traditionally the plant Masua ferrea has been used by south east Asian people in inflammation and septic conditions, the present study was designed to investigate the anti-diarrheal and anti-nociceptive activities of unripe fruit peel of Mesua ferrea on animal models. Methods: Various methods were employed for investigating these activities such as castor-oil induced diarrhea, castor-oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test, acetic acid induced writhing test, tail immersion and hot plate methods. Results: From the experimental data it was found that the diarrheal episode was inhibited by 39.68\% and 49.21\% for methanol extract at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. The extract significantly lessened the intestinal volume for methanolic extract at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.54 {\textpm} 0.01 ml (p \< 0.05) and at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.47 {\textpm} 0.02 ml (p \< 0.01) compared to control 0.65 {\textpm} 0.03 ml in castor-oil induced enteropooling and also decreased intestinal transit 29.07 {\textendash} 48.54\% for methanolic extract comparable with standard (loperamide 5 mg/kg). Mesua ferrea peels significantly (P \< 0.05, P \< 0.01 and P \< 0.001) reduced the number of writhing, increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method respectively. Besides, no delayed toxicity was observed in given doses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract exhibited highly significant anti-diarrheal and antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner, which supports its use in traditional herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Anti-diarrheal, Anti-nociceptive, Castor oil, Intestinal transit, Mesua ferrea, Tail immersion method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.133}, author = {Kishor Mazumder and Ziku Chandra Dey and Suparna Dey and Md. Fazlul Kabir and Minhazur Rahman and Sadiur Rahman Sajon} } @article {857, title = {Evaluation of Anti-psoriatic Potential of the Fruit Rind of Punica granatum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {466-468}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {466}, abstract = {

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is universally known for its therapeutic properties due to its potential bioactive compounds. However, there is no established scientific study on antipsoriatic activity of pomegranate fruit rind. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-psoriatic activity of the isolated compounds and the extract from the fruit rind of P. granatum. In our previous study, the isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant potential. In continuation to the previous investigation, the present study is taken up to evaluate the extract and compounds for in vitro anti-psoriatic activity. Methods: Chromatographic techniques were employed to isolate the compounds from the aqueous acetone extract and in vitro anti-psoriatic activity was determined by thymidine phosphorylase inhibition assay. Results: From previous phytochemical investigation, three compounds were identified as Punicalagin, 2,3(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose and Punicalin. In the present study, the extract and the compounds were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. The results reveal that the isolated three compounds showed inhibitory activity of 89\% to 95\% against thymidine phosphorylase. Aqueous acetone extract also exhibited 87\% inhibition. Conclusion: Punica granatum is an ideal plant for further investigation to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-psoriatic activity, Punica granatum, Thymidine phosphorylase inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.73}, author = {Janani Jacob and Gopalan R and Lakshmanaperumalsamy P and Ramanaiah Illuri and Damaji Bhosle and Gopala Krishna Sangli and Deepak Mundkinajeddu} } @article {899, title = {The Evaluation of Dietary Black Soybean and Purple Sweet Potato on Insulin Sensitivity in Streptozotocin - Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {639-646}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {639}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyperglycemia mediates the production of excess free radicals and reduces endogenous antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Black soybean (BSB) is rich in antioxidant mainly from isoflavones, whereas the antioxidant of purple sweet potato (PSP) comes from high anthocyanin. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BSB, PSP, and its combination on malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, insulin and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) expression in T2DM rats. Methods: T2DM induced by high-calorie diet for five weeks and then injected with a low dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally. The DM rats then treated with black soybean (DM + BSB), purple sweet potato (DM + PSP) and the combination of BSB and PSP 1:3, 2:2, 3:1 respectively (DM + C1- 3). Treatments were given for thirty days. The effect of BSB, PSP and its combination evaluated by measuring SOD and MDA, necrosis in pancreas evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and insulin and IRS-1 expression in pancreas through immunohistochemistry-fluorescence (IHC-F). Results: Our result indicated that there were no significant differences of BSB and the combination in decreasing MDA concentrations. The ratio of BSB and PSP combination of 2:2 increase SOD towards near normal, decrease necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1. Conclusion: The combination of BSB and PSP had the potential to improve insulin sensitivity through the increase of SOD, reduce necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1 expression.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Malondialdehyde, Necrosis, Superoxide dismutase, T2DM}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.102}, author = {Abdul Gofur and Agung Witjoro and Erni Widya Ningtiyas and Evi Setyowati and Siti Aminatul Mukharromah and Mochammad Fitri Atho{\textquoteright}illah and Sri Rahayu Lestari} } @article {823, title = {An Eye-Catching Review of Aegle marmelos L. (Golden Apple)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {207-224}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {207}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants and their products are a major source for food and medicine that are highly beneficial for various animals and humans. This article focuses on complete profile of Aegle marmelos L. which belongs to the family Rutaceae, is commonly known as bael, widely available in several places in India. Ethnobotany: Traditional use of A. marmelos for various diseases includes abdominal disorders, ulcer, cholera, diarrhea, nerve disorders, gonorrhea, heart disorders, dog bite, jaundice, snake bite and many more. A number of biologically active compounds isolated from various parts of A. marmelos which belongs to various chemical groups. Phytochemistry: The isolated components belong to Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Vitamins, Coumarins, Tannins, Carbohydrates, Flavonoids, Fatty Acids, Essential Oils and some other miscellaneous compounds. Pharmacological Activities: The plant also possess various pharmacological activities such as Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antidiarrheal, Antidiabetic, Antiproliferative, Cytoprotective, Hepatoprotective, Antifertility, Analgesic, Antiarthritis, Contractile, Antihyperlipidemic, Cardioprotective, Radioprotective, Anticancer, Antiviral, Antiulcer, Immunomodulatory and Wound Healing properties. Conclusion: Hence this review can be a good reference for researchers who are willing to undertake further investigation about A. marmelos.

}, keywords = {Aegle marmelos, Ethnobotany, Pharmacological activities, Phytochemistry, Traditional use}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.34}, author = {Kausik Bhar and Sumanta Mondal and Padilam Suresh} } @article {990, title = {Flavonoids in Passiflora incarnata L. Dry Extract of Russian Origin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1143-1147}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids are one of the main classes of biologically active substances providing the pharmacotherapeutic effect of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.) preparations. In this article studies on the standardization of Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract (PDE) by flavonoids are presented. The aim of this work was to study the composition and content of flavonoids in PDE with the help of precise modern physicochemical methods. Materials and Methods: PDE was prepared from crude herbal drug {\textendash} P. incarnata herb of Russian origin. Reverse phase HPLC-UV analysis was performed with Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic column was Atlantis C18 (250 mm {\texttimes} 4.6 mm {\texttimes} 5 μm); analytical wavelength {\textendash} 350 nm; mobile phase {\textendash} 0.01\% formic acid solution and methanol: acetonitrile (25:75); column temperature {\textendash} 35{\textdegree}C; analysis time {\textendash} 90 min; flow rate of the mobile phase {\textendash} 0.8 ml/min in gradient elution mode. Commercially available samples of flavonoids were used for identification and quantitative determination. Results: 20 compounds of flavonoid structure are presented in the PDE. 9 flavonoid compounds have been identified, they are: isovitexin, vitexin, rutoside, hyperoside, luteolin, kaempferol, kaempferitrin, orientin, and isoorientin. The content of vitexin is 0,867 {\textpm} 0,011\%, the total flavonoids content in terms of vitexin is 3,762 {\textpm} 0,049\%. Conclusion: The obtained data will be used to create regulatory documentation for drugs based on PDE.

}, keywords = {Dry extract, Flavonoids, Passiflora incarnata, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.178}, author = {Guseinov MD and Bobkova NV and Svistunov AA and Tarasov VV and Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu} } @article {792, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Bio-active Compounds in Ethanol Extract of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Fruit Peel}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {146-149}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {146}, abstract = {

Introduction: Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. has long been used in folkloric medicine for treating arthralgia, fever, hemorrhoids, muscle pain and rheumatism. But no reports were found regarding phytochemical constituents in P. roxburghii fruit peel. Therefore, this study was designed to analyze extract of P. roxburghii fruit peel (PRFP). Methods: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the ethanol extract of PRFP was carried out by using a GC-MS equipment. Results: The GC-MS analysis has revealed the existence of different phytochemical compounds in the ethanolic extract of PRFP. The major compounds in PRFP extract are Cyclohexanol, 5-methyl-2-(1-methylethenyl)- (4.56\%), 6-Octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl- (41.07\%), Geraniol (2.45\%), (1R,2S,5R)-2-(2-Hydroxy-2-propanyl)-5-methylcyclohexanol (14.09\%), 2,6-Octadiene, 2,6-dimethyl- (7.04\%), p-Menthane-3,8-diol, cis-1,3,trans-1,4- (3.39\%), 2,6-Octadien- 1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate (6.69\%) and 13-Docosenamide, (Z)- (2.83\%). A total of 25 compounds identified representing 99.98\% of total ethanolic extract. Conclusion: Overall finding suggests that PRFP contain various phytocomponents and is recommended as an important source of pharmaceutical ingredients.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, Fruit peel, GC-MS, Pharmaceutical ingredients, Putranjiva roxburghii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.24}, author = {Md. Mahmudul Hasan and Md. Rezuan Al Mahmud and Md. Gaziul Islam} } @article {1001, title = {HerbalDB 2.0: Optimization of Construction of Three-Dimensional Chemical Compound Structures to Update Indonesian Medicinal Plant Database}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1189-1194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1189}, abstract = {

Objective: Development of novel drugs is an important challenge in the pharmaceutical world and industry. In-silico methods are often considered in refinement / correction processes of drug design because they may lower the costs. The in-silico drug discovery process requires a three- Dimensional Structure (3DS) of the chemical compounds as input. Computational 3DSs often exhibit structural mismatches thus affecting the validity of the in-silico drug design process. In a previous study, a 3DS database with 1405 of Indonesian herbal compounds was developed, named HerbalDB. In this database, various structural mismatches were identified in some of the 3DSs. Our study aimed to identify and correct the structural mismatches in the herbalDB and to determine the best method in creating correct 3DS of chemical compounds. Methods: Structural mismatches in the herbal database were identified by molecular visualization. Results: The identification process yielded 170 compounds with structural mismatches that were corrected with 10 different parameters using the MarvinSketch and VegaZZ software, evaluated by molecular visualization. Conclusions: based on 3DS of chemical compound visualization, *.mol and *.sdf file format created using Dreiding force fields of MarvinSketch are the best method to construct the proper structure of Indonesian medicinal plant{\textquoteright}s chemical compound database compared with MMFF94, AMBER and CHARMM forcefields.

}, keywords = {Herbal database, MarvinSketch, Three-dimensional structure, VegaZZ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.184}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Jasmine Tiara Iqbal and Abdul Munim and Arry Yanuar} } @article {829, title = {HPLC Quantification of Hydroxycinnamic and Organic Acids of Canadian Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: Canadian goldenrod (Solidago canadensis L.) is a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine across the world for several hundred years. According to literature data, S. canadensis contains various groups of biologically active substances, including tannins, flavonoids, etc. The aim of the study was to identify and quantify hydroxycinnamic and organic acids in aerial parts of Canadian goldenrod, as these groups of substances demonstrate a broad spectrum of therapeutic activities. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extracts of S. canadensis, gathered in Central Russia, were analyzed using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCA) determination was carried out by HPLC method with UV detection at 330 nm using HCA reference standards (RS). Organic acids (OA) determination was performed in the same manner, utilizing UV detection at 210 nm and corresponding OA RS. Results: It was established that S. canadensis HCA composition is represented by cichoric, caffeic, chlorogenic, quinic and ferulic acids. The total HCA content in was 1.16 g {\textpm} 10.7 mg / 100 g. Main OA, found in S. canadensis, are ascorbic, citric, tartaric, succinic, gallic, malic, oxalic and fumaric acids, with the total OA content of 426.5 mg {\textpm} 6.4 mg / 100 g. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for analysis of S. canadensis aerial parts ethanolic extracts. The method can be utilized for HCA and OA identification and quantification in both herbal raw material and herbal medicinal products containing Canadian goldenrod.

}, keywords = {Canadian goldenrod, HPLC, Hydroxycinnamic acids, Organic acids, Solidago canadensis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.62}, author = {Fidan Suleymanova and Olga Nesterova and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {1050, title = {Influence of Extraction on the Yield, Phytochemical and LCMS Profile from Standardized Kemuning Leaf (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1455-1462}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1455}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mahanimbine alkaloid is carbazole alkaloids found in kemuning (Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack) potentially as antihyperlipidemia. Chemical compounds from plants can be obtained by extraction. The aim of this study was to determine influence of extraction solvents on the yield, phytochemistry and LCMS profiles from standardized kemuning to produce safe and quality medicinal raw materials. Materials and Methods: The study was used kinds of ethanol concentration with different polarity as a solvent for extraction. Solvent 40\%, 70\% and 96\% of ethanol were used for maceration of simplicia from Bogor, West Java. The extract obtained was evaluated for the content of alkaloid compounds for LCMS then extracts were selected to be proceed to standardized extract quality. Results: The LCMS results showed that all 40\%, 70\% and 96\% ethanol extracts contained Candidate Mass 354,19014 compounds which were thought to be e alkaloids based on the m/z value. Phytochemical screening in all extracts contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and steroids/triterpenoids. 96\% ethanolic extract contained non-specific parameter such as content of compounds soluble in water 22,73\%, soluble in ethanol 17,37\%, drying down 9,10\%, water content 18,36\%, total ash content 4,18\%, the yield of extracts was 33,45\%, microbial contamination \<3,0.104 (7,0.104) colony/g and mold yeast number 0 colony/g. The total gravimetric alkaloid level was 1,031\%. Conclusions: 96\% ethanolic extract of kemuning contains mahanimbine alkaloids and has met the standard quality requirements of extracts.

}, keywords = {Murraya paniculata, Non-specific parameters, Pharmacognosy, Specific parameters, Standardization of extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.225}, author = {Elly Wardani and Yahdiana Harahap and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {1019, title = {Influence of Milk on Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Power of Black Tea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1262-1268}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1262}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tea leaves are rich in several polyphenolics and flavonoidal compounds that could potentially have health-promoting properties. The objective of the present study was to analyze the antioxidant capacity of black tea and to study the effect of addition of fresh milk and packed milk on the phenolics concentrations and antioxidant efficacy. Methods: The black tea infusion (BT), black tea infusion with fresh milk (BTFM) \& black tea infusion with packed milk (BTPM) samples were comparatively analyzed for total phenolics, flavonoids and HPLC profiling of major phenolic content. All samples were investigated for their total antioxidant capacity and glutathione level in different organs (brain, liver, kidney and heart). Results: The results shown that BT(black tea infusion) had higher total phenolics and flavonoids followed by BTPM (black tea infusion with packed milk) and then the BTFM (black tea infusion with fresh milk). The analytical HPLC results obtained also indicated that BT contained higher amount of catechins and garlic acid derivatives than BTFM, and BTPM may be due to chelation of free phenolics with some fats and protein in the tested milk samples, which reduces the levels of free phenolics significantly. Concerning antioxidants capacity both tested milk samples reduced antioxidant capacity to more than 50\% in different tested tissues. Conclusion: We conclude that black tea is a valuable source of antioxidants and that the inhibitory effect of milk on the total antioxidant capacity may be related to complex formation of the fat \& protein content of the milk with major phenolics in the black tea.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Black tea, Glutathione, HPLC. Flavonoids, Milk, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.196}, author = {KM Meselhy and Ghada A Abdel-latif and Amany A sleem and Walaa Ayman and Maram K Imam and Kholoud A Kassab and Sherouk Eissa} } @article {819, title = {Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP IV) Activity by Some Indonesia Edible Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {231-236}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Some edible plants are promising to control blood sugar level. These plants contained phenolic substances that suggested to be able to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP IV). Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of several selected Indonesia plants on inhibiting of DPP IV activity and to determine the total phenolic content of the most active extract. Methods: Twelve Indonesia edible plants were macerated using 80\% ethanol at room temperature. DPP IV activity was evaluated by using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate and the inhibitory effect of extracts were determined based on the level of free AMC group by measuring its fluorescence on excitation wavelength 350-360 nm and an emission wavelength 450-465 nm using a microplate reader. Total phenolic contents of the active extracts were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Total anthocyanins from extract were determined using the pH differential method. Results: Among the tested samples, the extract of Ipomoea batatas roots at a concentration of 10 μg/mL showed the highest inhibition, followed by Cajanus cajan leaves and Gnetum gnemon rind, with percentage inhibition of 28.8, 24.9 and 24.1, respectively. I. batatas extract have an IC50 value of 65.53 μg/mL, while the IC50 value of the positive control Sitagliptin 9.37 μg/mL. Total phenolic content from the extracts of I. batatas, C. cajan and G. gnemon rind extract were 279.3; 152.8; and 141.3 mg GAE/gram, respectively. Total anthocyanin from I. batatas extract was 462.14 mg cyanidin- 3-glucoside/L. Conclusion: The extract of I. batatas showed the highest inhibition on DPP IV among other plants investigated and showed high content of phenolic compound and anthocyanin that correlated with activity as inhibitor DPP IV.

}, keywords = {Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4, Indonesian edible plant, Ipomoea batatas}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.36}, author = {Muhammad Saiful Amin and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {915, title = {Investigation of Secondary Metabolites and Cytotoxicity of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {718-723}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {718}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this study is to isolate and identify sterols and terpenes from the chloroform/methanol extract (3:1) of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and evaluation of cytotoxic activity of crude extract and phytol for the first time from this plant. Methods: Different chromatographic techniques for the aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha extract were used resulting in isolation of eight compounds. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1HNMR, 13CNMR, EI/MS spectrometry and by comparing their data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. The mode of action of the extract was predicted by using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit for Tubulin beta (TUBb). Results: Eight compounds for the first time from this plant were identified as Palmitic acid (1), Phytol (major) (2), Stigmast-4-en- 3-one (3), mixture of α-amyrin (4) and β{\textendash}amyrin (5), 1,6,10,14,18,22-Tetracosahexaen-3- ol,2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl (all-E) (6) and mixture of α{\textendash} amyrin acetate (7) and β-amyrin acetate (8). The extract showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell line as well as HCT-116 colon carcinoma cell line at different concentrations (100-6.25 ug/ml) with IC50 (21.8 {\textpm} 0.9) and (40.9 {\textpm} 1.3) respectively. Phytol showed potent cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cell line at different concentrations (100-12.5 ug/ml) with IC50 (60 {\textpm} 2.4), while it had no cytotoxic effect on HCT-116 cell line. The extract showed significant TUBb polymerization inhibition activity. Conclusion: The extract of aerial parts of Jacquemontia pentantha (Jacq.) and also phytol compound has cytotoxic activity due to the presence of phytochemicals such as sterols and terpenes.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Jacquemontia pentantha, MTT Assay, Sterols, Terpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.114}, author = {Dina M Eskander and Ezzel -Din A El-Khrisy and Mary H Grace and Marian Nabil and Mahmoud I Nassar and Marwa M Mounier} } @article {874, title = {In-vitro Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {455-460}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus has been identified as one of the global cause of disability and death. Objectives: The study aim to investigate the in-vitro antidibetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves. Materials and Methods: The plant was screened for its Phytochemical composition. The plant material was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extract was screened (in-vitro) for its antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays. The potential antidiabetic activity of the plant extract was evaluated against some carbohydrates (α- amylase and α-glucosidase) and lipid (pancreatic lipase) digestive enzymes. The inverted intestinal sac model was also used to investigate the effect of the extract on intestinal glucose absorption. The anti-protein glycation activity of the extract was determined using haemoglobin. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of most of the phytochemicals (Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids etc) that were screened for. The crude extract exhibited the antidiabetic potential as it significantly (P\< 0.05) inhibited α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in a dose dependent fashion. The extract also effectively reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The extract further showed antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 68.3 μg/ml and 308 μg/ml, respectively. The extract also inhibited haemoglobin glycation, thus displaying the anti-protein glycation potential. Conclusion: It is apparent that E. ferox extract could serve as scaffold for diabetic therapy. For future study, cytotoxicity profile and in vivo investigation of the antidiabetic activity of the crude extract are essential.

}, keywords = {Diabetic, Flavonoids, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidemia, Hypoglycaemic, Protein- glycation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.71}, author = {Michael Chukwuka Ojo and Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zaharare and Rebamang Anthony Mosa and Nkosinathi David Cele and Michael Osawemi Oboh and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {901, title = {Liquid Chromatography Single Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (LC/SQ MS) Analysis Reveals Presence of Novel Antineoplastic Metabolites in Ethanolic Extracts of Fruits and Leaves of Annona muricata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {660-668}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {660}, abstract = {

Background: Annona muricata, a tropical plant species belonging to family Annonaceae is one of the most used plants in folk medicine because of its many medicinal uses. Despite its wide usage, there is still need to continue scientifically evaluating its medicinal properties in order to avoid any adverse effects. Elucidating the detailed chemical composition of this plant is a significant step towards this evaluation. Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct LC MS analysis on the ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata for detection of novel metabolites. Materials and Methods: Leaves and fruits of Annona muricata were collected from Eastern Uganda during the month January 2018. Extraction was conducted using the tissue homogenization method and the extracts were analyzed on an LC/SQ MS detection system. The results were obtained by analyzing the MS spectra using the retentions time and fragmentation patterns on the NIST Library. Results: The study revealed that the fruits extracts contain 1,3-Dimethylthiourea and (4-chlorophenyl)-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-[(Z)-3-(dimethylamino) prop-1-enyl]quinolin-6-yl]-(3-methylimidazol-4-yl)methanol, which are reported antioxidant and antineoplastic agents. The leaves contained 2,4,6-Tribromoaniline another antioxidant and antineoplastic agent, while compound (dichlorozirconium(2+);dimethyl-bis(2-methyl-4- phenylinden-1-id-1-yl)silane was found in both extracts of fruits and leaves. Conclusion: The current study suggests that ethanolic extracts of fruits and leaves of Annona muricata contain compounds which are potent antioxidant, antineoplastic and therapeutic agents for various conditions and paves the way for the development of several treatment regimens from these plant parts. Finally, the compounds reported in this study have been identified for the first time as being found in Annona muricata.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Antineoplastic, Antioxidant, Ethanolic extracts, LC/SQ MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.104}, author = {Yahaya Gavamukulya and Esther N Maina and Amos M Meroka and Edwin S Madivoli and Hany A El-Shemy and Gabriel Magoma and Fred Wamunyokoli} } @article {807, title = {Microscopic Characters, Phytochemical Screening Focus on Alkaloid and Total Phenolic Content of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objective: Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. are medicinal plants widely grown in Indonesia. Genus Uncaria is well known for catechin content that has potent antioxidant activity. Uncaria also was reported containing alkaloid that has antihypertensive action. This study aims to provide microscopic characters and phytochemical profiles associated with the phenolic and alkaloid compounds contained in these two species of Uncaria. Methods: Microscopic characteristics were performed on fresh leaf samples using a microscope. Presence of alkaloids from ethanol and chloroform extract of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf were performed using Dragendorff reagents. Thin Layer Chromatography profile was developed in the mobile phase that consisted of acetone: chloroform (8:2). Total Phenolic Content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method using microplate reader spectroscopically at λ = 765 nm. Results: Microscopy of U. gambir leaf revealed the presence of vascular bundle fragment, oil fragments, parenchyma cells, midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis with paracytic stomata. Whereas in U. sclerophylla can be observed midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis unicellular with trichomes. Both U. gambir and U. sclerophylla positively contain alkaloids. Chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids while ethanolic extracts showed negative results. The TLC profile shows the presence of catechin compound in the ethanolic extract, whereas in the chloroform extract does not show the presence of catechin. The total phenolic content of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf ethanolic extract and chloroform extract was 7.309; 5.734 and 0.437; 0.161 mg of gallic acid equivalents each gram sample, respectively. Conclusion: Microscopic characteristics, TLC and phytochemicals obtained can be used for the authentication of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb leaf.

}, keywords = {Microscopic Characters, Phytocemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy, total phenolic content, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.20}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {827, title = {Molecular Docking Studies of Phytochemicals from Leucas aspera Targeting Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis Subcellular Proteins}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {278-285}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Objective: Bacterial subcellular proteins play a vital role in cell division, pilus assembly and virulence. In addition, such proteins were perceived as potential antimicrobial targets. Therefore, in this article we attempt to screen for potential phytochemicals that can target those subcellular proteins. Methods: A computational screening for phytochemicals from Leucas aspera with better bioavailability followed by molecular docking studies for better understanding of interaction between phytochemical and target proteins. Results: erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6- dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B from Leucas aspera possess great binding affinity (\> -100 kcal/mol) towards one or more bacterial subcellular protein targets and possess bioavailability. Conclusion: Based on the docking result we claim that erythro-2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) propan-1-ol and Leucasperone B could serve as an effective antimicrobial compounds to treat bacterial infections.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobials, Computational screening, Docking, Phytochemicals, Subcellular proteins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.43}, author = {Vivek Jagadeesan Sharavanan and Muthusaravanan Sivaramakrishnan and Ram Kothandan and Shanmugaprakash Muthusamy and Kumaravel Kandaswamy} } @article {1010, title = {Momordica Charantia L. Variety from Northeastern Brazil: Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1312-1324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Introduction: Momordica charanthia L., Curcubitaceae, is a pantropical food and medicinal plant. The plant is included in the Official List of Brazilian Medicinal Plants of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. The study aimed to perfom microbiological studies with extracts of Momordica charanthia L. including chemical characterization of the active extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the hydroalcoholic and acetone extracts of M. charantia leaves, fruits and seeds from northeastern Brazil using microdilution broth technique on the selected clinical bacterial and fungal strains. Extracts that presented antimicrobial were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Results: The in vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaves extracts presented good antibacterial effect against four Staphylococcus aureus strains, and a weak antifungal activity agaist Candida albicans. Fourteen compounds were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract, while 12 were found in the acetone extract. The most important compounds were kaempferol, quercertin and triterpenoids like cucurbitacins. Conclussion: The present study demonstrated the potential antibacterial activity of M. charantia L. from northeastern part of Brazil, in addition to important phytochemical metabolites known to possess antibacterial activities, particularly against microrganisms of clinical importance. The UPLC phytochemical profile of the Brazilian variety is reported here for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the LHE and FAE demonstrated the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of biological and pharmacological studies to support the medicinal uses of this important plant. The Brazilian variety of M. Charantia could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Ethnopharmacology, in vitro activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.203}, author = {William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Kirley Marques Canuto and Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro and Hilania Valeria Dodou and Karla Nascimento Magalhaes and KellenMiranda S{\'a} and Patr{\'\i}cia Georgina Garcia do Nascimento and Karine Lima Silva and Gleilton Weyne Passos Sales and Mirian Parente Monteiro and Nadia Accioly Pinto Nogueira and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeira} } @article {846, title = {Morpho-anatomical Observations on Homoeopathic Plant Drug Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {286-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

Background: Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine synonym Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson is used in the homoeopathic system of medicine belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic and for its health-promoting properties, this drug is most popularly used by homoeopathic practitioners for the treatment of urticaria, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, nausea etc. Complete morphological characterization of whole plant has not been reported so for. This study may provide complete information on the basis of morphological, anatomical and powdered studies. That will assist to differentiate between adulterants and authentic raw drug to maintain the quality of drugs. Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine the morpho-anatomical, powder and fluorescence analysis of whole plant i.e. root, stem, and leaf of the plant used in homoeopathy. Material and methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and powdered analysis of drug was performed. For morphological study simple observational methods applied while for anatomical and bio-statistical parameters microscopy including powder microscopy was performed by using different methods. Results: The drug was in form of dried pieces of leaves, small quadrangular pieces of stem with spines and roots. Microscopy showed few features like aerenchymatous cortex in the middle region of root; semi-quadrangular outline, four vascular bundles at each corner in young stem and developing fascicular vascular bundles between them, in mature stem 6 vascular bundles viz. 4 vascular bundles at corner and 2 vascular bundles present in between opposite to each other; broad cortical aerenchyma in mature stem, leaf amphistomatous, anomocytic stomata, crescent-shaped meristele in leaf. Conclusion: Present study can assist the diagnostic characters of Hygrophila spinosa may be taken as pharmacognostical standards for the identification of plant drug.

}, keywords = {Drug, Homoeopathy, Macroscopy, microscopy, Organoleptic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.44}, author = {Digvijay Verma and Shilpi Singh and Renu Arya and Soundararajan Rajan and Bhopal Singh Arya and Anil Khurana and Raj Kumar Manchanda} } @article {988, title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma curtisii Polysaccharides After Kainic Acid-Seizure Induced}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1046-1054}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1046}, abstract = {

Background: Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders affecting world population. Although, some Ganoderma species have shown neuroprotective activities, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma curtisii on epileptic seizures have not been reported. Objective: The aims of the present study were to determine whether treatment with a polysaccharide fraction (GCPS-2) from a Mexican Ganoderma curtisii strain can reduce seizures, and the increases in the levels of apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in kainic acid-induced seizure mouse model. Materials and Methods: Rats were separated in groups: Control group received 2.5\% Tween 20 solution; GCPS-2 groups were administered GCPS-2 (10, 40, or 80 mg/kg); KA group received KA 10 mg/kg; GCPS-2+KA received GCPS- 2 and 30 min later KA. Pathological changes in neuronal morphology, expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin1-β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the rat hippocampus and cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides (GCPS-2) inhibited convulsions in rats. Moreover, treatment with GCPS-2 reduced the increased levels of apoptotic signaling molecules (Bcl-2) and proinflammatory mediators (in the kainic acid-treated hippocampus and cortex). Conclusion: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides have a neuroprotective potential against epilepsy, partially through its ability to inhibit neurotoxic events in the in vivo hippocampus and cortex.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticonvulsant, Ganoderma curtisii, Neuroprotective, β-glucan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.164}, author = {Ismael Leon-Rivera and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Maria Yolanda Rios and Samuel Estrada-Soto and Angelica Berenice Aguilar and Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Jazmin Mendez-Miron and Victoria Campos-Pena and Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa and Eva Hernandez and Gerardo Hurtado} } @article {836, title = {A Novel Poly-herbal Formulation Hastens Diabetic Wound Healing with Potent Antioxidant Potential: A Comprehensive Pharmacological Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {324-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {324}, abstract = {

Objective: Currant investigation was aimed to evaluate the wound healing and antioxidant potentials of the novel Poly-herbal Formulation (PHF) in diabetic rat{\textquoteright}s models and in-vitro antioxidant assays respectively. Methods: The wound models viz., excision, incision and dead space by using wistar strain albino rats were adopted for this investigation. The free radical scavenging assays were employed for investigation of Antioxidant potential in poly herbal formulation. The constraints studied for assessment of wound repair were percentage closing percentage of wound, tensile strength of repaired tissue, breaking strength of granulation tissue and valuation of hydroxyproline content on dried tissue. The histopathological sections of granulation tissues obtained in dead space wound model were studied for the distribution of collagen and other histopathological changes. Four groups were used in this study with six animals each. Group I and Group II acts as normal control and diabetic control whereas Group III and Group IV was used as glibenclamide treated (1mg/kg b.w.) and PHF (500 mg/kg b.w.) treated group respectively. On the other hand the various antioxidant assays like DPPH, scavenging assays, hydrogen peroxide assay etc. were investigated. Results: The PHF has been significantly healing the wounds in diabetic rats within 18 days, while diabetic control rats healed the wound about 86.12\% in the same conditions and time. The wound breaking strength and histopathological studies of healed skin was signified the results. Significant (p\<0.01) increase in wound breaking strength as well as epithelialization and the level of hydroxyproline was observed in PHF treated animals comparison with diabetic control group. PHF has also shown significant antioxidant potential in in-vitro assays. Conclusion: All these investigation indicates the significant wound healing and antioxidant potential of PHF in the experimental animal groups in diabetic condition.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Diabetes, Poly herbal formulation, Streptozotocin, Wound model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.48}, author = {Pulak Majumder and M Paridhavi} } @article {957, title = {Optimization Method for Determination of Swelling Factor Linum usitatissimum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {936-943}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {936}, abstract = {

Aim: Aspire of the investigation is to amend the method for determination of swelling factor of seeds, so it can be determined to optimize the minimum errors which will be reproducible. Swelling factor is play key role if the phytoconsitituent rich in mucilage and polysaccharide which constitute a diverse class of biological macromolecules. Background: Sugar molecules play a broad range of physiochemical properties which are widely used for applications in Pharmacy and the present investigation work is related to determine the effect of parameters such as quantity of seed, volume and nature of solvent, time interval of agitation, time of measurement of result, Effect of quantity of seeds on swelling factor determination. Solvent Optimized technic gives superlative results over IP method. Methods: The swelling factor of Linum usitatissimum was evaluated by using different polar to non-polar solvents by using the standard procedure. During the determination, the role of physical parameter were calculated by comprising the swelling factor with agitation and temperature. Results: According to the observations, the lower concentration levels of swelling index used as an alternative binder to starch. keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant, it was observed that the swelling index of gives better results using the solvents plain distilled water, seeds moistened with alcohol. It was also observed that agitation at every three hours till the process of 24 hours is maintained would give better results, keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant.

}, keywords = {Formulation parameter, Seed, Swelling index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.149}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and C N Hemalatha and Sai Ramya Bharathi and C Dhivya and S Vanishree and V Rekha and V Vijayalakshmi and A Hari priya and Sai Monisha} } @article {1021, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and Artemisinin Content of Artemisia Annua L. Grown in Togo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1331-1335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1331}, abstract = {

Objective: Artemisia annua grown in Togo is used as an antimalaria drug. The present study shows a detailed analysis of pharmacognostic evaluation of leaf powder and root that will be used for the purpose of identification, authentication, and consequent standardization. Materials and Methods: Both the leaf and root were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. The physicochemical parameters of the leaf powder and its phytochemical screening were done based on its total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content. Artemisinin content was also performed using weigh method after extraction. Results: Physicochemical evaluation yielded water, alcohol, acetone, methanol, chloroform, and petroleum ether soluble extractive values which are 2.25\%, 1.25\%, 4.22\%, 8.12\% and 3.77\% (w/w), respectively. Fluorescence analysis imparted characteristic colors to the leaf powder when observed under visible, UV light 254 and 365 nm. Phytochemical screening of leaf powder showed the presence of alkalo{\"\i}ds, flavono{\"\i}d, and anthracene derivatives. Total phenols and flavono{\"\i}d content were 32.5 {\textpm} 0.67 mEq Gallic Acid/100 mg and 11.3 {\textpm} 1.52. mgEq Quercetin/100 mg, respectively. Artemisinin content value was 0.009\% (w/w). Conclusion: Various pharmacognostic parameters which were evaluated assisted in identification and standardization of A. annua leaf in powder and crude form.

}, keywords = {Artemisia, Artemisinin, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostic, Total Phenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.205}, author = {Messan Koffi Adjogbl{\'e} and Batomayena Bakoma and Kossi Metowogo and Kodjovi Dots{\`e} Amouzou and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu-gadegbeku and Kodjo A Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {826, title = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical Standardization and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Punica granatum Linn fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Introduction: Punica granatum Linn. fruit (Family: Punicacea), known as Pomegranate is ethno-medicinally prescribed in various part of world for treatment of different diseases it is used as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antiparasitic agent. Method: The present study was thus undertaken to find out the necessary pharmacognostical standards for evaluating the fruit of P. granatum. Different assessment such as macroscopical characters, microscopical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, moisture content by Karl Fischer titration, ash values, extractive values) and TLC/HPTLC finger print profiling were performed and the relevant quantitative and qualitative parameters were reported. Invitro antioxidant activity is also performed by HPLC-DPPH method. Results: Fruit of P. granatum are Reddish brown in color, Globular and Oval, smooth, 5.0 o 12.0 cm in diameter. Powdered fruit confirmed the presence of Stone cell, Endospermic cell, Group of stone cells, Nonlignified fiber, Starch grain and Lignified fibers and vessels. TLC of the extracts was also carried out in the current study. Physicochemical standards quantified include loss on drying (36.62 {\textpm} 4.17 \%), moisture content (32.15 {\textpm} 3.64 \%) total ash (8.58\% {\textpm} 1.06 \%), water soluble ash (7.15 {\textpm} 0.97 \%), acid insoluble ash (0.45 {\textpm} 0.03 \%). Safety profile of plant part was recognized by quantify microbial limit test, pesticide residue and heavy metals (Cd, As, Hg and Pb) evaluation. Here is no visible microbial growths were seen in sample. Pesticide residue and heavy metals were observed to be present within the acceptable limits. Conclusion: Scientific investigations do not yet exist to identify the exact plant part and to determine its quality and purity. These studies provided referential information for accurate identification and standardization of this herbal material. These analyses will also be useful to distinguish P. granatum from the closely associated to other species of Punica.

}, keywords = {DPPH, HPLC, Pharmacognostical, Punica granatum, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.42}, author = {Mohd Amir and Niyaz Ahmad and Md Sarfaroz and Wasim Ahmad and Sayeed Ahmad and Mohd Mujeeb} } @article {806, title = {A Pharmacognosy Approach to the Botanical Source of a Cinnamon Fruit Traded as N{\={a}}gake{\'s}ara and Sirunagappu in Raw Drug Markets}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {81-87}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Background: Adulteration and substitution of Nagakesara is a well-established fact in the medicinal plant literature though it is referred by the authors of important Ayurvedic texts to cure piles, dysentery, hiccup etc. The botanical identities of controversial sources of Nagakesara are flowers of Mesua ferrea L. and Ochrocarpus longifolius Benth. and Hook. f., Calophyllum inophyllum L., Dillenia pentagyna Roxb. and perchance their allied species. Though immature fruits of some Cinnamomum species are also reported to be sold as Nagakesara/Sirunagappu in the crude drug markets there are no pharmacognostic studies available for the identification and analysis of this crude drug. Materials and Methods: In this study, marketed Nagakesara/ Sirunagappu samples were procured from Chennai raw drug market and analyzed as per the standard methodologies for pharmacognostic studies. Results: Macro-microscopical characters and chemical identity of the samples of immature fruits were established to derive set of characters for the identification of this marketed material. The proposed results would help in identification of this crude drug while used as substitute drug for the official source. Conclusion: The botanical Nagakesara or Sirunagappu is neither stamen nor flower, but it is fruit of Cinnamomum species. As Western Ghats is habitat for several similar looking species of Cinnamomum, there is necessity to study the pharmacognostical characters of all species of Cinnamomum before concluding the botanical source of this ambiguous raw drug of Ayurveda and Siddha.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lauraceae, Market substitute, Quality standards, Siddha, ulteration}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.15}, author = {Chinnapillai Arunachalam and Balasundaram Maheshwari and Govindarajan Nartunai and Raju Ilavarasan and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {943, title = {Phenolic Profile and In Vivo Cytotoxic Activity of Rice Straw Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {849-857}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {849}, abstract = {

Background: Previous work of our team exhibited that rice straw (RS) has antitumor activity in vitro and inhibit proliferation of liver, lung, prostate, and breast cancer human cell lines. In this work, we extended our research to screen the antitumor activity of RS ethanol extract as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation against murine Ehrlich solid carcinoma (EAC) model. Objective: To evaluate the most common waste in Egypt RS to screen out its in vivo cytotoxic activity and as combined therapy with radiotherapy. Method: Tested sample RS was investigated for its content of phenolics by LC/MS/MS, in addition, ethanolic extracts of the tested sample were investigated as antitumor on female mice inoculated with EAC cells as a single treatment and in the presence of combined radiotherapy with a low dose of gamma radiation (LDR). Results: LC/MS/MS revealed that rice straw was rich in phenolic acids (vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acid) along with catechin and flavonoids aglycones (quercetin, apigenin, and kaempferol). Rice straw and/or exposure to a low dose of γ-radiation caused a marked suppression of tumor growth and induced significant reduction in VEGF level \& in IL-6 level with significant elevation in IL-10 serum level. Rice straw caused a significant down regulation in the gene transcription level of MCL1 and b-catenin, and a significant up-regulation of Caspase-3 and Bax gene expression. RS extract and LDR (EC + RS + R group) revealed that there was a mild form of necrosis with severe apoptosis in the tumor cells. Conclusion: From the aforementioned results, it can be concluded that RS/LDR effectively and synergistically work towards inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. These findings were well supported with histopathological studies suggesting that RS/low dose gamma radiation can serve as a good therapeutic agent against cancer but still need further clinical studies.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic, Histopathology, LC/MS/MS, Phenolics, Rice straw}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.137}, author = {Meselhy KM and Shams MM and Sherif NH and El-Sonbaty SM} } @article {1057, title = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Support for the Traditional Uses of Zingiberacea Species in Suriname - A Review of the Literature}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1511-1525}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1511}, abstract = {

The Zingiberacea or ginger family is a family of flowering plants comprising roughly 1,600 species of aromatic perennial herbs with creeping horizontal or tuberous rhizomes divided into about 50 genera. The Zingiberaceae are distributed throughout tropical Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Many members are economically important as spices, ornamentals, cosmetics, traditional medicines, and/or ingredients of religious rituals. One of the most prominent characteristics of this plant family is the presence of essential oils in particularly the rhizomes but in some cases also the leaves and other parts of the plant. The essential oils are in general made up of a variety of, among others, terpenoid and phenolic compounds with important biological activities. The Republic of Suriname (South America) is well-known for its ethnic and cultural diversity as well as its extensive ethnopharmacological knowledge and unique plant biodiversity. This paper first presents some general information on the Zingiberacea family, subsequently provides some background about Suriname and the Zingiberacea species in the country, then extensively addresses the traditional uses of one representative of the seven genera in the country and provides the phytochemical and pharmacological support for these uses, and concludes with a critical appraisal of the medicinal values of these plants.

}, keywords = {Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical composition, Rationale, Suriname, Traditional uses, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.232}, author = {Dennis RA Mans and Meryll Djotaroeno and Priscilla Friperson and Jennifer Pawirodihardjo} } @article {1036, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Crude Extracts from Acacia Senegal Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1409-1414}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1409}, abstract = {

Background: Acacia senegal (Fabaceae) Wild is a leguminous tree with economic values, but its leaves are under-utilised. Objective: To investigate the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potential of crude extracts from A. Senegal{\textquoteright}s leaves. Methods: Methanol and acetone crude extracts of leaves of A. senegal were prepared by maceration using organic solvents, methanol and acetone respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the crude extracts were evaluated using Association of Agricultural and Chemist (AOAC) protocols. Antioxidant activities of the crude extracts were determined using 2, 2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) respectively. Results: The crude extracts (acetone and methanol) showed vary quality of phytochemical constituent including flavonoid, alkaloids, carbohydrate, saponins, tannin, steroids, and terpenoids. Acetone crude possessed significant (P \< 0.05) higher total flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content in comparison with methanol extracts. Whereas, methanol crude extract possessed significant higher total phenol content compared with acetone crude extract. The crude extracts showed antioxidant activities as evidence in scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals. However, acetone crude with lower IC50 of 0.09 mg/mL possessed significant higher ABTS scavenging ability compared to methanol (0.07 mg/mL) and ascorbic acid (0.07 mg/mL). Conclusion: The crude extracts could serve as a promising natural antioxidant agent in management of oxidative stress diseases. For further studies, bioactive compounds need to be ascertained.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Acacia Senegal, Antioxidants, crude extract, DPPH, Free Radicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.218}, author = {Edwina O Uzunuigbe and Foluso O Osunsanmi and Priscilla Masamba and Rebamang A Mosa and Rebamang A Mosa and Andrew R Opoku and Abidemi P Kappo} } @article {912, title = {Phytochemical Identification and Anti-Oxidant Study of Essential Oil Constituents of Ocimum basilicum L. Growing in Iraq}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {724-729}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {724}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oil of Iraqi growing Ocimum basilicum (Thia basil) was studied for their chemical components investigation and antioxidant activity. Methods: Essential oils of leaves and stems of Ocimum basilicum were collected using hydrodistillation by Clevenger apparatus. Components of the collected essential oils were examined by the techniques such as Gas chromatography and Gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry. Results: The analysis showed that the major components of essential oils were linalool (48.69\%), 1,8-cineole (14.00\%), trans-α-bergamotene (8.23\%) and eugenol (6.64\%). The antioxidant investigation was achieved using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as a radical scavenger and bleaching of β-carotene/linoleic assay. The essential oil displayed strong inhibition with 110.8\% against autoxidation of linoleic acid, while the scavenging of DPPH radical gave a value of IC50 145.35 μg/mL. Conclusion: The results signify that essential oils of O. Basilicum could be used for pharmaceutical studies and preservative in the food industry. This is the first study of the essential components of new cultivate of Thai basil in Iraq.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Linalool, O. basilicum, Thai basil, β-carotene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.115}, author = {Abed S. Ahmed and Abo Khthr M. Fanokh and Mahood A. Mahdi} } @article {852, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {338-345}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the phytochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo safety profile of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetii (TP). Methods: TP leaves were obtained from the south part of India (Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh) and it was extracted with different solvents (benzene extract (BE), chloroform extract (CE) and methanolic extract (ME)). These TP extracts were analyzed for the in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH reducing power, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays followed by in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicities using Swiss mice and Wistar rats respectively. Results: The present study results revealed ME exhibited an effective and powerful antioxidant activity when compared to a standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). ME was found to be effective in DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays respectively. In vivo acute oral toxicity study revealed that mice treated with up to 5000 mg/kg of BE, CE and ME did not show any signs of toxicity. Furthermore, similarly, acute dermal toxicity study demonstrated that BE, CE and ME did not exhibit any signs of dermal toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg in rats. Conclusion: TP extracts possess an excellent antioxidant activity with a devoid of any signs of acute oral and dermal toxicities.

}, keywords = {Dermal toxicity, DPPH assay, Iron chelation, Oral toxicity, Tragia plukenetii., β-carotene-linoleic acid complex}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.50}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {926, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {848}, type = {Corrigendum}, chapter = {848}, abstract = {

In principle, this figure represents non-toxic effect of TP. As all the treatment groups are non-toxic, we have optimistically represented the figure. Due to the manual error while copying the figure 4, BE image was taken from different group instead of actual one. This has been rectified in the corrected image of figure 4. In ground reality, however, the present modifications in the figure do not alter the scientific meaning of the figure or the outcome of the study conclusions. Read more...

}, keywords = {Nil}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {791, title = {Phytochemical Study and Biological Activities of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of the Leaves of Bridelia ferruginea Benth and its Fractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {141-145}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Context and purpose: The roots of B. ferruginea are used in traditional Togo medicine in the treatment of diabetes. Studies have shown that leaves have a low antihyperglycemic effect. This study aims to improve the effect of leaves. Methods: The hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves underwent a fractionation (separation in cold alcohol) and an OGTT (Oral Glucose tolerance test) on healthy mice, a phytochemical screening and antioxidant tests (in vitro: DPPH and ex vivo: AAPH) were performed on the extract and its fractions. Results: Phytochemical screening of the extract showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins as well as the absence of condensed tannins, alkaloids, saponosides and anthracene derivatives. The extract also showed antioxidant activity. The supernatant fraction showed antihyperglycemic activity at 100 mg / kg in the 30th and 60th after glucose administration. Phytochemical screening of the supernatant revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins. The supernatant also showed more pronounced antioxidant activity than the total extract. Conclusion: In view of these results, the most active fraction obtained by the separation technique in cold alcohol is the supernatant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Bridelia ferruginea, Diabetes, Fractionation, OGTT}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.23}, author = {Batomayena Bakoma and Sabrina Sanvee and Kossi Metowogo and Yao Potchoo and Kwashie Eklu gadegbeku and Kodjo Aklikokou and Menssanvi Gbeassor} } @article {853, title = {Protective Effect of Terminalia catappa Leaves and Terminalia chebula Fruits on the Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Anti-oxidant Levels in the Doxorubicin Induced Toxicity Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {346-349}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes, cancer, liver disorder etc. The free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxides are causing the oxidative stress and it involves the cellular damage. Evidences recommended that the natural medicines from plant sources are treated to overcome the oxidative stress complications. Objective: The aim of the present is to find the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaves and Terminalia chebula fruits in the doxorubicin (DOX) induced toxicity rats. Methods: Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of doxorubicin and then the animals were treated with a dose of various concentration of ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits (200, 300 mg/kg/b.w) for 21 days. After the treatment, lipid peroxide (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathiones- transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase levels are determined. Propranolol 25mg/kg is used as standard drug. Results: In the present study, after the treatment of doxorubicin the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GPX, vitamin C, vitamin E levels are decreased and LPO level is increased. After the treatment of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits the levels were returned to the normal level. Conclusion: The results proved that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits may protects the cells from oxidative stress induced by the doxorubicin induced toxicity rats.

}, keywords = {Doxorubicin, Enzymatic antioxidant, Non-enzymatic antioxidant, Oxidative stress, Termianlia catappa, Terminalia chebulla.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.51}, author = {Panneerselvam Punniyakotti and Rengasamy Lakshminarayanan Rengarajan and Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu and Kalaiyarasan Vijayakumar and Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand} } @article {944, title = {Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Chuquiraga spinosa Less and Baccharis genistelloides on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {858-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {858}, abstract = {

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting middle-aged men, with oxidative stress postulated as an important factor in its development. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the association of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG) on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six male rats were randomized into groups: 1) Inductor Group: Testosterone enanthate (ET) 25 mg/Kg on days 8 and 14 intramuscularly. 2) Group P80: Polysorbate-80 3\% 10 mL / Kg. 3) Positive Group: ET + Dutasteride (DU) 0.5 mg / Kg, 4) ET + ChS 250, 5) ET + ChS 500, 6) ET + BaG250, 7) ET + BaG 500, 8) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 250, 9) ET + ChS 500 + BaG 500, 10) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 500, 11) ET + ChS 500 + BaG250. PSA, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), prostate dimensions by ultrasound and histopathological findings were quantified as main markers. Results: Lower levels of NO, MDA and PSA were observed in all groups treated with extract compared to the Inductor group (p \<0.01), with the reductive capacity of the mixture ChS 250 + BaG 500 and ChS 500 + BaG 250 compared with Dutasteride (p \<0.05). The volume of the prostate was lower in the Dutasteride, P80 and ChS250 + BaG500 groups compared to the inducer (p \<0.05). Regarding the histopathological study, it was observed that the association of variable doses (ChS250 + BaG500 and ChS500 + BaG250) had a better protective effect. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, the association of the extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa and Baccharis genistelloides has an effect in the protection of BPH induced with testosterone, which could be linked to its antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

}, keywords = {Baccharis genistelloides, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chuquiraga spinosa, Dutasteride, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.138}, author = {Robert Palomino-De-La-Gala and Hugo Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Rojas-Armas and Cristian Aguilar-Carranza and Jaime Mart{\'\i}nez-Heredia and Edwin Cieza-Macedo and Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-Bustamante and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez- Asmat and Lester Dominguez-Huarcaya} } @article {981, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Organic Acids in Crude Herbal Drugs and Medicinal Herbal Preparations for Quality Control in Russian Federation by Modern Physicochemical Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1132-1137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1132}, abstract = {

Background: Organic acids (malic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, acetic, formic, isovaleric, ascorbic acids) make up a large group of biologically active substances and play an important role in plant and human metabolism. They are found in large quantities in the fruits of Rosaceae family medicinal plants that included in State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. Standardization of crude herbal drugs containing organic acids by modern physicochemical methods is a high-priority task. Materials and Methods: The determination of total organic acids amount was carried out in aqueous extracts from different fruits of Rosaceae family plants by galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods. Galvanostatic coulometry was performed with the help of the {\textquotedblleft}Expert-006{\textquotedblright} coulometer with a current of 5 mA (integrated pH meter). Iodine as an electrogenerated titrant was used for ascorbic acid determination; electro generation of hydroxide ions was carried out for determination of total organic acids amount. A potentiometer {\textquotedblleft}Aquilon pH-410{\textquotedblright} with attached glass and silver chloride electrodes was used for potentiometric determination of total organic acids amount. Individual organic acids have been determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (RP-HPLCUV) method. The following conditions were established: Gilson HPLC system, Alltech OA- 1000 Organic Acids (6.5{\texttimes}300 mm, 9 μm) chromatography column, a gradient elution mode, component A of the mobile phase is 98\% (0.1\% phosphoric acid, 10 mM KH2PO4, solution in water) with 2\% acetonitrile, component B is acetonitrile, the eluent feed rate is 1 ml/min. Results: Modern physicochemical methods for the analysis of biologically active substances, organic acids, for quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, are developed and discussed. The optimal conditions for the qualitative and quantitative organic acid analysis are selected and described taking into account modern pharmacopoeial requirements. Conclusion: Galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods, as well as RP-HPLC-UV, can be successfully used in the quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, specifically fruits of Rosaceae family plants. Development and validation of analytical methods for monitoring the content of this BAS group is an important research area in the pharmacopoeial standardization of crude herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Coulometry, Crude herbal drugs, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Organic acids, Potentiometry, Redox titration, Titrimetric Methods}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.176}, author = {Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova and Alla Anatolyevna Sorokina and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov and Anna Igorevna Marakhova} } @article {1014, title = {Rationale for Manufacturing of Cut-Pressed Granules from Herbal Raw Material Rich in Essential Oil: An Example of Chamomile Flowers and Sweet Flag Rhizome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1285-1289}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1285}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, there are at least 43 different dosage forms present on the Russian Federation pharmaceutical market. A novel, unique dosage form {\textendash} cut-pressed granules (CPG) {\textendash} was developed in order to improve manufacturing characteristics and, therefore, quality of herbal drug products released in tea bags. However, treatment conditions may result in decreased levels of active substances in some of the plants, especially those containing essential oil, which is prone to degradation. The aim of this study was to assess feasibility of CPG manufacturing from herbal raw material rich in essential oil. Materials and Methods: Different morphological groups of raw material from two commonly used medicinal plants, chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) flowers and sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.) rhizome, were chosen as the objects of the study. Qualitative composition of lipophilic constituents in herbal raw materials and CPG was assessed using thin-layer chromatography. Essential oil content was determined by steam distillation. Results: The results confirmed equivalence of chromatographic profiles for the analyzed raw materials and CPG; thus, granulation didn{\textquoteright}t affect qualitative composition of lipophilic components in chamomile flowers and sweet flag rhizome. The study also showed that the granulation process, in fact, promoted stability of the dosage form: during long-term storage the content of essential oil in all of the assessed cut-pressed granules was equivalent or higher than in corresponding herbal raw material. Conclusions: It can be concluded that Matricaria recutita L. flowers and Acorus calamus L. rhizome can be used as herbal raw material for CPG manufacturing.

}, keywords = {Chamomile, Cut-pressed granules, Dosage form, Essential oil, Herbal drugs, Sweet flag}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.199}, author = {Olga Trifonova and Olga Evdokimova and Vera Prokofieva and Alexey Matyushin} } @article {896, title = {Screening and Evaluation of Lectin and Anti-Cancer Activity from the Phloem Exudate/Sap of the Indian Dietary Ethnomedicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {570-578}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {570}, abstract = {

Objective: Lectins are extremely significant biomolecules to study several biological progressions. In this present investigation, we are screening the crude phloem exudate/ sap sample from different ethnomedicinal plants were evaluated for lectin and anticancer activity. Methods: The lectin activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples were confirmed by haemgglutination assay and anticancer activity by using trypan blue, MTT and in-ovo CAM angiogenic assay. The tumor cell nuclei resulting in Giemsa stain, AO/EtBr stain, DNA Fragmentation and Caspase- 3 inhibitor assay. Results: Our experimental data show that the phloem exudate/sap sample S2 (Musa Acuminata), sample S4 (Euphorbia Geniculate) exerting the potent lectin activity, sample S5 exerting very low lectin activity against the trypsinized rabbit erythrocytes and decreases the cell viability in EAC cells in-vitro. Sample S2, S4 and S5 exerts significant cytotoxic effect against the various human cancer cell lines and regressed the neovasculature (development of new blood vessels) in the developing CAM embryos when compared to the other crude samples. The apoptotic inducing activity of crude phloem exudate/sap samples was revealed by DNA fragmentation assay, caspase-3 inhibitor assay and cellular morphology were studied by fluorescence staining methods. Conclusion: This study reports that some of the isolated crude phloem exudate/sap samples show potent lectin activity and anti-cancer activity in different human cancer cell lines. The further additional experiment needs to purify and characterize the bioactive lectin components from the potent sample which is responsible for pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic activity and mechanism involved.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Apoptosis, EAC, Haemagglutination, Lectin, VEGF}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.91}, author = {Balaji Kyathegowdanadoddi Srinivas and Madhu Chakkere Shivamadhu and Preethi Saligrama Devegowda and Gurukar Mathew and Theethagounder Tamizhmani and Senthilkumar Gnanavadevel Prabhakaran and Shankar Jayarama} } @article {918, title = {Screening of Tyrosinase Inhibitor, Antioxidant and Cytotoxicity of Dried Sea Cucumber from Tomini Bay, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {555-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {555}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia, as a tropical country, is one of the important producers of sea cucumbers (beche-de-mer). Sea cucumber is a marine invertebrate that contains attractive bioactive secondary metabolites and these metabolites can be used for health as well as cosmetics. Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the activity of tyrosinase inhibitors, antioxidants, and cytotoxicity of sea cucumber methanolic extract. Methods: Dried sea cucumber samples were taken from Boalemo waters, Tomini Bay, Indonesia. Tyrosinase inhibitor assay was carried out spectrophotometrically using tyrosinase enzymes and L-DOPA as a substrate and antioxidant tests were carried out by DPPH method. Cytotoxicity test against human breast cancer cell line (T47D) was conducted using the MTT assay. Results: The study showed that Bohadschia vitiensis had the best tyrosinase inhibitor activity with IC50 value of 0.28 mg/ml. The DPPH free radical scavenging testing showed that all sea cucumbers had weak antioxidant activity. On the other hand, cytotoxicity assay revealed that several sea cucumbers had good cytotoxicity against T47D cells, where Holothuria atra and Bohadschia marmorata showed strong cytotoxicities with IC50 values of 23.0 and 28.1 ug/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the study, it can be concluded that the dried sea cucumber from the Tomini bay region, Indonesia, has the potential to be developed as a source of tyrosinase inhibitors and cytotoxic agents.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Screening, Sea cucumber, Tyrosinase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.88}, author = {Muhammad Nursid and Endar Marraskuranto and Azizah Kuswardini and Tjahyo Winanto} } @article {825, title = {Simultaneously Extraction of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid from Coffea canephora Bean using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {267-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Background: NADES is an alternative solvent in the extraction of metabolites from plants which has many environmental benefits, such as low toxicity, biodegradability, can dissolve polar and non-polar compounds, low costs and simple preparation. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of natural deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (NADES-UAE) on enrichment of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in extract from green coffee beans (Coffea canephora). Methods: The powders were extracted using NADES-UAE method in several types of extraction condition, including the composition of NADES, water addition in NADES and extraction time. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid content were analyzed using HPLC, reverse phase system and C18 ODS-3 column. Results: The highest of caffeine and chlorogenic acid content was respectively, 7.89 mg/g and 28.62 mg/g (composition of NADES betaine: sorbitol [1:1.2] ratio and NADES-water addition [1:2] ratio for 30 min). Conclusion: This research showed that the composition of NADES, extraction time and water addition are important parameter in extracting caffeine and chlorogenic acid content in green coffee beans.

}, keywords = {Caffeine, Chlorogenic acid, Coffea canephora, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Ultrasonic assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.41}, author = {Adisya Miftah Syakfanaya and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {909, title = {Studies on an in-vitro Investigation of Anti Diabetic Property of a Hemiparasitic Taxa Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh (Loranthaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {699-704}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh, belong to the family Loranthaceae an unique hemiparasitic taxon, spreads almost all the entire forest in South West Bengal. It is generally stem hemi parasitic taxa and habitat mostly on aerial part of host plant having strong in spite of common root system. It is depend on the host plant for mainly water and to some extend carbon. It synthesizes its own food. The haustoria have penetrated to the vascular bundle mainly in the xylem tissue of the host plants. It has numerous medicinal values with a long history of its use in Chinese traditional medicines. Objectives: The present work deals with the anti-diabetic property medicinal aspect. Methods: The leaves extract mixed with the amylase enzyme then add the starch solution and allow the reaction for few minutes after that the reaction mixture interrupted with DNS. Results: The responsible enzyme i.e. Alpha-amylase breaks the large starch molecules which produces free glucose and simultaneously increases the blood sugar level and as a result hyperglycemia occurs. In this experiment increase the concentration of leaves extract which has decreased the activity of this potent enzyme. Conclusions: This study also reveals that, the plant{\textquoteright}s leaves extracts have inhibitory activity on this key enzyme viz. alpha amylase which is very crucial data for drug preparation and other research purposes.

}, keywords = {Alpha-amylase, Dendrophthoe falcata, Loranthaceae, Medicinal value}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.111}, author = {Ayan Kumar Naskar and Souradut Ray and Sanjukta Mondal Parui and Amal Kumar Mondal} } @article {919, title = {Tetrahydroxy Flavone from Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn Ex Benth. (Fabaceae) with Novel Kinase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {559-563}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Background: The decoctions of the bark of Acacia auriculiformis are used in folkloric medicine to relieve pain and inflammation and as remedy for cancer. Objective: The aim of this work is to screen the extract and fractions of Acacia auriculiformis for protein kinase inhibitory activity and also to isolate and characterize chemical entities from this plant and evaluate their protein kinase inhibitory activity. Materials and Methods: Kinase inhibitory activity were assayed in appropriate buffer, with either protein or peptide as substrate in the presence of 15μM (33-P) ATP (3,000Ci/mmol; 10mCi/ml) in a final volume of 30μL. Controls were performed with appropriate dilutions of dimethyl sulphoxide. A portion of the Chloroform extract, ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the stem bark of Acacia auriculiformis were screened against a panel of disease-related protein kinases and the active fractions was tested over a wide range of concentrations from 0.016 to 50μg/ml and the IC50 values were determined from the dose response curve. The most active fraction was subjected to chromatographic separation using Silica gel G column chromatography and sephadex LH-20 to give compound I. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated using NMR and LCMS. Results: The Primary screening of the extract and fractions showed that the chloroform extract was inactive against all the protein kinases investigated, while the ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions inhibited all the protein kinases tested. Compound I also inhibited all the kinases tested. The IC50 of the active fractions and compound were also evaluated. Ethylacetate fraction inhibited all the kinases tested with the highest activity against Haspine kinase with IC50 of 1.0 μg/ml, while n-butanol also gave the highest activity against Haspine kinase with 1C50 of 1.3 μg/ml. From the active ethylacetate fractions 3, 4{\textquoteright}, 7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated. The Compound exhibited the maximal activity against DYRK1A kinase with an IC50 of 2.05 μg/ml followed by CDK9 with an IC50 of 2.28 μg/ml. Conclusion: 3, 4{\textquoteright},7, 8- tetrahydroxy flavone was isolated was found to be a DYRK1A and CDK9 inhibitor which might justify the anticancer potential of this plant.

}, keywords = {CDK9, DYRK1A, Protein kinases, Tetrahydroxyflavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.89}, author = {Augustine A. Ahmadu and Bilqis A. Lawal and Anas Haruna and Lukman Mustapha} } @article {785, title = {Triterpenes and Sterols from Leaves of Hoya meliflua Merr}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {48-52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hoya plants are also called wax plants due to the waxy appearance of their leaves and flowers. Most species are cultivated as ornamental plants. In the Philippines, there are at least 109 species of Hoya; 88 of these are endemic to the country. One of the endemic species is Hoya meliflua often confused with H. diversifolia, which can also be found in other countries. This study is part of our research on the chemical constituents of Philippine native Hoyas. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Hoya meliflua afforded squalene and mixtures of β-amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b) and lupeol (1c) in about 1:1:0.25 ratio; oleanone (2a), ursenone (2b) and lupenone (2c) in about 1:1:0.3 ratio; β-amyrin cinnamate (3a), α-amyrin cinnamate (3b) and lupenyl cinnamate (3c) in about 0.5:0.3:1 ratio; and β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in about 5:1 ratio. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that Hoya meliflua shares similar chemical characteristics with other members of the genus Hoya. The triterpenes and sterols obtained from H. meliflua were also identified from other Hoya species. It is interesting to note that although most Hoya plants have no known biological activity and medicinal property, the compounds isolated from H. meliflua possess diverse bioactivities.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Hoya meliflua, Lupenone, Lupenyl Cinnamate, Lupeol, Oleanone, Squalene, Stigmasterol, Ursenone, α-amyrin, α-amyrin Cinnamate, β-amyrin, β-amyrin Cinnamate, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.9}, author = {Vincent Antonio S. Ng and Raymond S. Malabed and Fernando B. Aurigue and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {1030, title = {Two Triterpenoid Saponins with alpha-glucosidase Inhibitory Activity from Harpullia pendula Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1386-1390}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1386}, abstract = {

Background: Harpullia pendula Planch (family Sapindaceae) is a small to medium rainforest tree native to Australia. Objective: This study aims to isolate triterpenoid saponins from H. pendula and test them as α-glucosidase inhibitors. Materials and Methods: The saponin compounds were obtained using variable chromatographic techniques and characterized by spectral analysis. Results: Two new triterpenoid saponins were obtained as an inseparable mixture from H. pendula methanolic seed extract. Their structures were determined as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)]-βD-glucuronopyranosyl22-OangeloylA1- barrigenol and 3-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)-[α-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)]-β-Dglucuronopyranosyl 22-O-(2-methylbutyroyl)-A1 barrigenol, respectively. The triterpene part 22-O-(2-methyl butyroyl) A1-barrigenol has never been characterized before. The α- glucosidase inhibitory activity of the two saponin mixture was evaluated invitro and proved to exhibit strong activity with IC50 value equals to 13.3 {\textpm} 5.0 ppm and IC90 value equals to 21.5 {\textpm} 8.0 ppm. Conclusion: Two new saponins were characterized from their mixture and found to exhibit α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Harpullia pendula, Sapindaceae, Triterpenoid saponins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.214}, author = {Marian Nabil and Neveen S Ghaly and Iman AA Kassem and Mary H Grace and Farouk R Melek} } @article {951, title = {Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Bromelain in Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr) Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {901-906}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to validate HPLC method for analysis bromelain levels in pineapple water and application that method to determine the storage time of pineapple water. Methods: The reversed phase of HPLC method was tested and optimized before it is validated. The composition and the flow rate of the mobile phase is the optimized parameter. The analytical parameters validated were detection limits, linearity, accuracy and precision. Pineapple water was stored for 8 h at 10{\textordmasculine}C and bromelain was determined using the validated HPLC method. Result: The optimum mobile phase composition was methanolwater (70:30) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detector concentration-response was linear with coefficient of determination of 0.993. The accuracy of HPLC method at a recovery of 1 and 2\% bromelain was 106.37 {\textpm} 1.94\% and 98.12 {\textpm} 1.29\% (n = 5), respectively. The precision, expressed as the coefficients of variation (CV), at 1 and 2\% bromelain were 1.83 and 1.32\% (n = 5), respectively. Bromelain level at zero time was 81.53\%. After storage for 8 h at 10{\textordmasculine}C, bromelain levels in pineapple juice appeared to decrease not statistically significant (p \> 0.05), with to mean value of 78.46 {\textpm} 2.88\%. Conclusion: The HPLC method developed was valid to analyze accurately concentrations of bromelain in pineapple water and it can be used to study the shelf life of pineapple water based on bromelain content. The bromelain content in pineapple juice was not statistically significantly different after 8 h storage at 10{\textdegree}C.

}, keywords = {Bromelain, HPLC, Pineapple water, Storage}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.144}, author = {Novi Yantih and Alfadella Methananda and Yahdiana Harahap and Wahono Sumaryono and Lestari Rahayu} } @article {998, title = {Virtual Screening of Indonesian Herbal Database as alpha-Amino-3- Hydroxy-5-Methyl-4 Isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Antagonist}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1204-1210}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1204}, abstract = {

Objective: Ischemic stroke is one type of circulatory disturbance caused by blood clots that block blood flow to the brain. One of the impact of ischemia is nerve cell damage due to excitotoxicity. Inhibition of the ionotropic glutamate receptor such as the AMPA receptor, becomes an essential approach to the treatment of ischemia. This study aims to explore the possibility of an Indonesian herbal compound as an AMPA receptor antagonist. Methods: In this study, virtual screening of 2233 herbal compounds was performed by docking method using AutoDock to find the antagonist candidate of AMPA receptor from Indonesian herbal database. The virtual screening method was validated by an area under curve (AUC) of the ROC curve and enrichment factor (EF). Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was used to filter the screening result. Results: The validation of virtual screening result showed that AUC was 0.9385 and EF 1\% was 23.5550. The screening result of Indonesian herbal database showed top five compound sanggenol O, blazeispirol X, progesterone, nimolicinol and boeravinone F (-8.51; -8.39; -8.19; -8.17; -8.08 kcal/mol, respectively) and have interaction with TYR61 and THR91 residues of AMPA receptor. Conclusion: Five compounds of the Indonesia herbal database were shown as hits of AMPA receptor antagonist based on the docking method.

}, keywords = {AMPA receptor, AutoDock, Herbal plants, Neuroprotective, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.187}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Chindy Dwi Martinah and Arry Yanuar} } @article {616, title = {Acute and Sub-Acute Antihypertensive Effects of Syzygium polyanthum Leaf Extracts with Determination of Gallic Acid using HPLC Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {663-671}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {663}, abstract = {

Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial- preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance- liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/ kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until 3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 \± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 \± 10.30 ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP\’s effect was more prominent than ADSP

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Gallic acid, HPLC, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.109}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/647}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Nurul Syahida Ramli and Mahaneem Mohamed and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {638, title = {Acute Toxicity, Anti-ulcer and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Gladiolus segetum in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {758-762}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {758}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of the aerial parts of Gladiolus segetum. Methods: First methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum was subjected to the acute oral toxicity test according to the OECD, guideline no 423.The anti-ulcer activity of Gladiolus segetum was investigated by ethanol induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Methanol extract was administered by gavage one hour before ethanol to the different groups at a dose corresponding of 100,250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The control group received normal saline in comparable volume (10ml/kg body weight) by the same route. The anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extract was evaluated in adult wistar rats by the egg albumin induced paw edema method. Results: A significant reduction (p \<0.001) was observed in the results of the present study, revealed that methanol extract possessed gastroprotective activity and exerts a topical anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum may represent an important clinical alternative in anti-inflammatory and antiulcer genic therapeutics.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer genic, Gastric ulcer, Gladiolus segetum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.127}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/665}, author = {Salah Eddine Marref and Naima Benkiki and Mohamed Akram Melakhessou and Soumia Bouzidi} } @article {504, title = {Ameliorative Role of Vitamin D on Prenatal and Postnatal Exposure of Monosodium Glutamate Induced Steatohepatitis in Rat Pups}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {371-375}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {371}, abstract = {

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a widely used flavor enhancer has been linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome, including progressive liver disease. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common hepatic disorder with an etiology related to changes in diet and lifestyle. Prenatal and postnatal exposure to MSG been shown to affect developing tissues in growing animals. Increased Risk of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis has been associated with Vitamin D deficiency. The present study was aimed to investigate the ameliorative effect of vitamin D on MSG induced animal models of steatohepatitis in neonatal rats. Materials and Methods: Eighteen nulliparous female wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups (n=6/group). Group-I received a daily oral dose of 5g/kg body weight of MSG. Group-II received the same dose of MSG along with calcitriol (0.2\μg/kg BW). Group-III was treated with saline served as the control. The rats could mate, and treatment was given for the entire period of gestation and thirty days thereafter, during lactation. The histological changes in the liver was observed. Results: Pan-lobular microvesicular steatosis, lobular inflammation and ballooning of hepatocytes was observed in the MSG-treated group. These histotoxic changes were ameliorated in the vitamin D treated group. Conclusion: Vitamin D might be beneficial in the protection of the pre-and postnatal exposed MSG induced steatohepatitis. Further, induction of steatohepatitis in a shorter period could also make it an ideal study model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

}, keywords = {Gestation, Glutamate, MSG, Steatohepatisis, Vitamin D}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.62}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/493}, author = {Nandan Padmanabha and Nirupama Muralimunglimane and Nayanatara Arun Kumar and Bhagyalakshmi Kodavanji and Jyoti Ramnath Kini and Roopesh Poojary} } @article {581, title = {Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Potential of Quercetin Rich Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Prunus persica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {463-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {463}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is enfeebling threatening diseases with continuously increasing rates of incidence and mortality and it may rise tremendously by 2025. Objective: Quercetin rich ethyl acetate fraction (PP-EtOA) of leaves of Prunus persica was evaluated for antidiabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Material and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and normalglycemic rat models were investigated at the doseof 100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o. of PP-EtOA. Results: At 200 mg/kg, significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity(p\<0.05) was observed in all the rat models. In STZ induced diabetic rat model, improvement in body weight and lipid profile was also observed.DPPH (2,2\’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed dose dependent scavenging. Preadipocyte differentiation assay (3T3-L1) showed significant inhibition of differentiation. HPLC fingerprinting analysis of fraction was also performed. Conclusion: PP-EtOA possesses potent free radical scavenging property. Its antihyperglycemic and antiadipogenic activities may be due to quercetin (flavonoid) and may prove to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetes driven dyslipidemic conditions.

}, keywords = {Anti-adipogenic, Anti-diabetic, Anti-oxidant, Prunus persica, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.76}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/509}, author = {Gaurav Sharma and Sunil Kumar and Megha Sharma and Navneet Upadhyay and Sunil Kumar and Zabeer Ahmed and Neeraj Mahindroo} } @article {481, title = {Antiemetic Activity of Trigona spp. Propolis from Three Provinces of Indonesia with Two Methods of Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {120-122}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {120}, abstract = {

Introduction: Propolis is a resinous substance collected by bees to protect their hives. One of the least explored function of propolis is its antiemetic activity. The present study aimed to investigate the antiemetic activity of Trigona spp. propolis from three provinces of Indonesia. Methods: Ultrasound-assisted extraction using two kinds of solvent, water and ethanol was conducted to extract propolis from South Sulawesi, South Kalimantan and Banten. Antiemetic activity was observed on copper sulfate\–induced emesis in young chicks. Result: All propolis indicated antiemetic activity, in which water extract had higher activity than ethanol extract. Regardless the type of solvents, propolis from South Sulawesi showed higher antiemetic activity than others. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that propolis has antiemetic activity, in which propolis from South Sulawesi showed the highest activity and water extraction is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antiemetic, Propolis, Retching, Stingless bee, Trigona spp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.21}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/407}, author = {Al Mukhlas Fikri and Ahmad Sulaeman and Sri Anna Marliyati and Mokhamad Fahrudin} } @article {759, title = {Antimicrobial Screening of Medicinal Plants Popularly used in Mato Grosso for Treating Infections: Advances on the Evaluation of Conyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquist in vitro and in vivo Antibacterial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s152-s166}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s152}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of this study was to screen a group of medicinal plants\’ extracts used in the treatment of ailments related to infections in the Brazilian popular medicine. And to carry out in vivo toxicity and antibacterial studies on Conyza bonariensis (Asteraceae) leaves and roots methanolic extracts selected based on the screening. Methods: Eleven methanolic extracts obtained from nine plants, reportedly used in the treatments of infections from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were initially screened for their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities employing disc diffusion and broth micro dilution assays. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out. The most promising extract based on our results and previous literature reports was then evaluated in the in vivo antibacterial activities using mouse model of bacterial infection induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In addition, in vivo acute toxicity was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of the extracts. Results: All of the extracts tested were active against at least one of the bacterial and fungal strain tested with activities ranging from moderate to weak. Phytochemical analyses of MECbl and MECbr demonstrated the presence of free steroids and coumarins in MECbl and flavonoids, tanins, free steroids, reduced anthraquinones and coumarins in MECBr. Oral administration of MECbl and MECbr up to 5000 mg/kg did not provoked any toxicological events in the mice, thus suggesting that the LD50 is higher than 5000 mg/kg. In vivo antibacterial assay demonstrated superior prophylactic activity of MECbl compared to MECbr. Conclusion: MECbl and MECbr are safe when administered acute orally at doses up to 5000 mg/kg. Methanolic extracts of Conyza bonariensis possessed in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. Considerable in vivo antibacterial activities were observed in bacterial infection model for both MECbl and MECbr, effects comparable to that of meropenem, in some cases. Both extracts present in common free steroids and coumarins. The current in vivo antibacterial activity study further lend supports to the use of Conyza bonariensis in the treatment of infections in many traditional medicines.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antimicrobial, Conyza bonariensis, Mato Grosso, Medicinal plants, Preliminary phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.28}, author = {Cristiane Coimbra de Paula and Domingos Tabajara De Oliveira Martins and Karuppusamy Arunachalam and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Quessi Irias Borges and Marcelo Garcia Picone and Wander Miguel de Barros and Regilane Matos da Silva Prado} } @article {604, title = {Antioxidant Activities of Terpenoids from Thuidium tamariscellum (C. Muell.) Bosch. and Sande-Lac. a Moss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {645-649}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {645}, abstract = {

Introduction: Thuidium tamariscellum is a small creeping epiphytic moss growing on trunks and branches of trees as well as on moist shady rocky surface at high altitudes areas. Methods: The present study was undertaken to analyze the phytochemicals in the species and its antioxidant potentialities interms of DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, FRAP and metal chelating ability. Results: Total terpenoids level was remarkable. Interestingly, a concentration dependent free radical scavenging potential was noticed and was comparable with the synthetic antioxidant ascorbate. Further, the FTIR analysis of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract confirmed the presence of alcohols/phenols, primary, secondary amines, amides, alkanes, aldehydes, saturated aliphatic alkenes aromatics and aromatic amines, nitro compounds, carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, aliphatic amines, alkyl halides and carbonyls in the moss indicating the presence of medicinally important compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids in the various solvent extracts of the moss. Conclusion: The overall result of the present study showed that the moss is rich in important pharmaceutical compounds and was reflected as its antioxidant potential. Further studies are warranted to isolate, identify and purify the lead terpenoid present in the moss.

}, keywords = {Moss, Phenols, Terpenoids, Thuidium tamariscellum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.106}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/644}, author = {Greeshma Geetha Mohandas and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {763, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s135-s140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnobotanical studies report that Myrcia guianensis (Myrtaceae), belonging to a group of plants known as pedr\á-ume-ca\á or insulin plant, is used as a tea to treat various diseases, including diabetes, a metabolic disorder that leads to the constant production of free radicals. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the cytotoxicity of the AEMg. Methods: The content of phenolic compounds in AEMg was determined by colorimetric assays. In vitro tests of the antioxidant capacity of AEMg, in the sequestration of DPPH radicals, in \β-carotene bleaching, in the FRAP, as well as in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, were performed. The cytotoxic activity of AEMg was evaluated in assays with eukaryotic cells from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in PBMC. Results: The results showed that the AEMg is rich in phenolic compounds, presenting high antioxidant potential in all the tests carried out, including in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, besides not being toxic to eukaryotic cells. Conclusion: The AEMg, rich in antioxidant compounds and no toxicity, can be used as source of natural antioxidant in the treatment of metabolic diseases to combat free radicals.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Myrtaceae, Oxidative stress, Pedra-ume-ca{\'a}, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.25}, author = {Regiane Sablina Almeida Bernardes and Sandra Layse Ferreira Sarrazin and Flaviana Alves dos Santos and Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo R{\^e}go and Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta and Marina Ferraz Cordeiro and Patr{\'\i}cia Danielle Oliveira de Almeida and Ricardo Bezerra de Oliveira and Leoneide {\'E}rica Maduro Bouillet and Jos{\'e} Guilherme Soares Maia and Rosa Helena Veras Mour{\~a}o} } @article {542, title = {Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya\’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its neutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51\±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49\±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67\μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15\μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125\±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5\±25.77ppm) and (122.75\±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

Key words: Aqueous extract, Antioxidants, AAS, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidants, Aqueous extract, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Bisma Malik and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {761, title = {Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s83-s88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s83}, abstract = {

Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya\’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its nutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51\±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49\±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67\μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15\μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125\±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5\±25.77ppm) and (122.75\±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidants, Aqueous extract, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.16}, author = {Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Bisma Malik and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {575, title = {Bactericidal Kinetics and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Pimarane-Type Diterpenes from Viguiera arenaria Against Cariogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {429-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Background: Dental caries is an infectious disease related to biofilm formation. Among the microorganisms presents in the oral microbiota, Streptococcus mutans can form biofilm on the tooth surface in the presence of dietary carbohydrates. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal kinetics and antibiofilm efficacy of ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (compound 1) and ent-8(14),15-pimaradien-3\β-ol (compound 2) obtained from Viguiera arenaria against oral pathogens; this study also aimed to determine the effect of these compounds on the morphology and architecture of the S. mutans biofilm by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Materials and Methods: The bactericidal kinetics revealed different results depending on the tested bacteria. Compound 1 eliminated the viable bacteria within 24 hs of incubation. In the antibiofilm assay, compound 1 displayed promising results against S. mitis (ATCC 49456 and clinical isolate) and L. casei (clinical isolate), whereas compound 2 was not active at the evaluated concentrations. Conclusion: Compound 1 is an important metabolite in the search for new antibacterial agents against cariogenic bacteria both in the sessile and planktonic modes. The SEM image of Streptococcus mutans in the presence of compound 1 suggested that this metabolite acts by disrupting the bacterial membrane disrupting the bacterial membrane and/or cell wall and causing microrganism death.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Bactericidal kinetics, Scanning electron microscopy, Streptococcus mutans, Viguiera arenaria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.70}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/503}, author = {Juarez Henrique Ferreira and Rafael Martinez Garcia and Fariza Abr{\~a}o and Yadira Arnet Fernandez and Regina Helena Pires and S{\'e}rgio Ricardo Ambr{\'o}sio and Rodrigo Cassio Sola Veneziani and Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins} } @article {684, title = {Bio-activity in Flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.- An Endangered Medicinal Plant from Thar Desert of Rajasthan (India)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {871-874}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {871}, abstract = {

Background: Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae), an endangered medicinal plant distributed in various habitats in semi-arid region of Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Present study is focused on the extraction of bioactive compounds from the flowers of this plant by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using Methanol and chloroform as solvents. Methods: Flowers were collected from hilly and stony regions from xeric and harsh conditions of Indian Thar Desert of Rajasthan, during the month of July-September. The phytochemical compounds were investigated using Perkin-Elmer gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, while the mass spectra of the compounds found in the extract were matched with the National Institute of Standards and Technology library. Result: Maximum \% area is found for 24-Norursa-3, 12-diene is present in maximum amount (26.25\%) with retention time (RT) =39.441 min, followed by Tetracontane (20.68\%) with RT=30.275min in the methanolic extract. Lup-20(29)-en-3-ol, acetate, (3.beta.)- is present in maximum amount (35.70\%) with retention time (RT) =38.569 min, followed by Tetracontane (15.24\%) with RT=29.678 min in the chloroform extract of flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. Conclusion: Flowers of Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. shows important pinpoint pharmacological activity. These bio-active constituents can be used by pharmaceutical or other drug designing industry to find a novel drug and pharmacologically active constituents justifying the use of this plant to treat many ailments.

}, keywords = {Asclepiadeaceae, Chloroform, GC-MS, Hexatriacontane, Methanol, Phytochemicals, Retention time (RT), Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.146}, author = {Sunita Arora and Sonam Meena} } @article {501, title = {Bioassay Guided Fractionation and in vitro Anti-plasmodial Activity of Ficus deltoidea and Ficus benjamina}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {235-240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is infectious vector born disease affecting 212 million people belonging to 97 countries globally in the year 2016. Although this number has reduced progressively from last one decade but recent failure of currently available antimalarial drug therapy has accentuated the urgent need to explore different novel approaches in Anti-plasmodial drug discovery. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the Anti-plasmodial activity of traditional medicinal plants Ficus deltoidea and Ficus benjamina. Materials and Methods: Crude petroleum ether and hydro alcoholic extract of both the plant species were evaluated for Anti-plasmodial activity by schizont maturation inhibition assay using 3D7 plasmodium strains. Results: It was observed that petroleum ether extract of F. benjamina leaves showed most promising inhibitory effect on the growth of schizonts with IC50 14.5 \μg/ml. Bio-assay guided fractionation of petroleum ether extract of F. benjamina led to the hexane and chloroform fraction with high Anti-plasmodial activity (IC50 4.0 \μg/ml and IC50 7.8 \μg/ml respectively). Further, phytochemical investigation of F. benjamina indicated the presence of various valuable phytochemicals belonging to class of steroids, terpenoids and phytosterols. Conclusion: This study has revealed the Anti-plasmodial activity of F. deltoidea and F. benjamina for the first time. Significant Anti-plasmodial activity and preliminary phytochemical studies of F. benjamina indicates its rich chemical diversity which make this plant a good candidate for isolating new molecule that could serve as new lead in Anti-plasmodial drug discovery.\ 

}, keywords = {Antiplasmodial, Bioassay guided fractionation, Ficus deltoidea Ficus benjamina, Malaria, Schizont maturation inhibition assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.41}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/471}, author = {Hayat Mohammad Mukhtar and Amandeep Singh and Hardeep Kaur} } @article {750, title = {A Brief Review of Synonyms and Properties of Gudūcī (Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers) from Selected Nighantus (Ayurvedic Drug Lexicons)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s9-s13}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s9}, abstract = {

The use of Herbal medicines are continuously on the rise as they are known to be very efficient without causing much undesired effects. Herbs are the main source for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Persian and extensive literature and scientific research is being done in this aspect. Ethnobotanical studies are being conducted in specific areas to understand and analyse the relative priority, agreement percentage and the use value. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Tests are also carried out to substantiate the use.1 Plant toxins and plant poisoning have been reported in children.2 Unfortunately, though herbs are generally considered to be safe, it does contain chemical constituents that can be helpful or harmful when consumed individually or in combination with other herbs or drugs. For more and more scientific studies to come up, the basic literature review has to be done. Ayurveda is an Ancient System of Medicine practiced in India since centuries. The practice is based on Classical Ayurvedic Texts and the Nighantus that came in the later period. In this article, Guduci- Tinospora cordifolia (Tco) - a commonly used plant in Ayurveda that holds a great medicinal value.3 has been chosen and the review of the Synonyms and Properties of this plant mentioned in selected Nighantus has been done. The different properties of the plant like anti hyperglycemic action, antioxidant, hepato-protective activity, etc have already been researched and proven.4 Retrospectively, here a comparative analysis of synonyms and properties of Tco as mentioned in the Nighantu\’s from the Ayurvedic Point of view has been done.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Guduci, Nighantus, Properties, Synonyms, Tinopsora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.2}, author = {Sujithra Ram Manohar and Vimala and Priyalatha and Raiby Paul and Priya S} } @article {495, title = {Cell-free Supernatant from Exiguobacterium acetylicum Isolated from Water Cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) Roots Inhibits Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {198-201}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {198}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study was carried out to isolate and identify potential antibiotic-producing bacteria associated with water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) roots collected from Pampanga River, Pampanga, Philippines. Seven (7) bacterial colonies were randomly chosen at the 10-6 dilution factor. Antibiotic sensitivity test using agar well method revealed that only one isolate out of 7 selected colonies can inhibit the growth of the test organisms. Specifically, the isolate (namely T4) supernatant inhibited E. coli and B. subtilis but not S. aureus. T4\’s ability to inhibit E. coli was comparable with that of Tetracycline (positive control). Surprisingly, its inhibition of B. subtilis is significantly higher than that of Tetracycline. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis using NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool revealed 99\% similarity of the isolate (T4) with Exiguobacterium acetylicum, a gram-positive, antibiotic-producing bacterium previously isolated from an apple orchard rhizosphere.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Cell-free supernatant, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Pistia stratiotes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.34}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/420}, author = {Ashok Kumar Ranganathan and Renato A Dela Pe{\~n}a Jr and Marilyn T Malison and Oscar V Punzalan Jr and Christian R Pangilinan and Daniel E Gracilla} } @article {768, title = {Characterization of the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s100-s103}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s100}, abstract = {

Objective: To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koenigii for the anthelmintic property. Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity in vitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereas cyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.

}, keywords = {Anthelmintic, Egg hatch assay, Haemonchus contortus, Larval motility assay, Murraya Koenigii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.19}, author = {Sujith S and Priya MN and Deepa CK and Usha PTA} } @article {651, title = {Characterizationof the Anthelmintic Activity of Murraya koenigii (Linn.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Objective:To identify the most potent sub fractions(s) of the different extracts of the leaves of Murraya koeniggi for theanthelmintic property.Methods: The dried leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using methanol, fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done using standard techniques. The potent fractions were subjected to TLC and the appropriate solvent was selected for flash chromatographic separation of the extract. The sub fractions were tested for their anthelmintic activity invitro using egg hatch assay and larval motility assay on Haemonchus contortus eggs and the most potent fraction was found out. Results:Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic, tannins and saponins in all extracts and the effect of the extracts could be due to these components. On TLC, toluene: ethyl acetate in 9:1 ratio was found to be the best mobile phase for hexane and chloroform fractions whereascyclohexane: ethyl acetate at 6:4 was found suitable for butanol fraction. Of the sub fractions (SF), SF 3 and 11 of chloroform fraction showed better ovicidal activity whereas SF 2,6,7,32 and 37 showed best larvicidal activity. The larvae that were used for testing the larvicidal activity, were found to be sluggishly motile after half an hour incubation with the extract and were progressively dead on a dose dependent manner.Conclusions:The chloroform extract of Murraya koenigii and its sub fractions 2, 3,6, 7, 11, 32 and 37 possessed good anthelmintic activity and the isolation of active molecules is necessary for development of a novel anthelmintic.

Key words: Anthelmintic, Murraya koenigii, Haemonchus contortus, Egg hatch assay, Larval motility assay.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sujith S and Priya MN and Deepa CK and Usha PTA} } @article {774, title = {Chemicals and Bioactivity Discrimination of Syconia of Seven Varieties of Ficus deltoidea Jack via ATR-IR Spectroscopic-Based Metabolomics}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s147-s151}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s147}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ficus deltoidea is one of the common Malaysian medicinal plants and currently commercialized as raw ingredients in some local food products. However, those products do not discriminate the varieties of Ficus deltoidea used. Methods: FTIR-based metabolomics coupled with chemometric technique was applied to discriminate chemical components in ethanolic extracts of syconia of seven varieties of Ficus deltoidea namely; var. deltoidea, var. trengganuensis, var. kunstleri, var. angustifolia, var. bilobata, var. intermedia and var. motleyana. Unsupervised multivariate data analysis (MVDA) including principal component analysis (PCA) was used as to evaluate chemical variability among the seven varieties. For discrimination, orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied, while partial least square (PLS) was used to evaluate the relationship between the alpha-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant activity and Ficus deltoidea varieties. Results: As a result, OPLS-DA successfully discriminated the seven varieties. The FTIR fingerprints which were responsible for the discrimination includes 1729, 1705, 1448, 1095, 453, 443 cm-1. In addition, PPLS model demonstrated the correlation between var. kunstleri, var. deltoidea and var. intermedia respective chemicals fingerprints and their bioactivity (DPPH, FRAP and \α-glucosidase inhibition). Conclusion: The findings revealed that FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with MVDA, can be used for structural functional discrimination in relation to the sample bioactivity.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase Inhibition, antioxidant activity, Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy, Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis, Principal Component Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.27}, author = {Alkasim Kabiru Yunusa and Zalilawati Mat Rashid and Nashriyah Mat and Che Abdullah Abu Bakar and Abdul Manaf Ali} } @article {520, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activity of Various Extracts of Ficus Species}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {349-354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {349}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis and Ficus glomerata are plants from Ficus species used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments. This study aimed to investigate in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of three plants from Ficus species and effect of extracting solvents, total flavonoids and phenolics content on its in vitro activity. Methods: Dried leaf powder was extracted successively by using solvents with increasing order of polarity index (PI). In vitro antioxidant (RP: reducing power assay, DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay and HP: Hydrogen peroxide assay) and antidiabetic (\αA: \α-amylase assay and \αG: \α-glucosidase assay) activities as well as total flavonoid (TF) and total phenolic (TP) contents of extracts were evaluated. The correlation between in vitro activities and solvent polarity index, total flavonoid and phenolic content were established by using pearson\’s correlation coefficient (R). Results: Strong positive correlation was observed with PI of extracting solvents and TP content of Ficus religiosa (PI/ TP, R=0.8159) and Ficus glomerata (PI/ TP, R=0.9172). Comparatively benzene and water extracts of Ficus glomerata were found to have significantly (P\<0.05) highest in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant activity respectively. Strong positive correlation was observed between TF and \αG inhibitory (TF/ \αG, R=0.793) effects of Ficus benghalensis. In addition, strong positive correlation observed between TP and antioxidant activity (TP/DPPH, R=0.9744; TP/RP, R=0.9514 and TP/HP, R=0.8108) of Ficus glomerata. Conclusions: Finding of our research will help in selection of solvents for extracting antidiabetic and antioxidant rich phytoconstituents from Ficus species.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus glomerata, Ficus religiosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.59}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/489}, author = {Shaikh Abusufyan and Mohammed Ibrahim and Khan Mohib} } @article {653, title = {Comparative Micromorphological Investigations of Red Godji Berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and Black Godji Berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-77}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

The comparative morphological and anatomical research of the fruits and seeds of two species of the genre Lycium is conducted. An objective of this research was carrying out comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red Godjy berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black Godjy berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.) for establishment of authenticity of medicinal vegetable raw materials. This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and also introduced species. Because of the conducted comparative this research the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look are revealed. The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of these species.

Key Words: Lycium barbarum L, Lycium ruthenicum, Micro-diagnostic features, Fruits, Seeds, Testa, Chromoplastes..

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Serebryanaya FK and Sekinayeva MA and Denisenko ON} } @article {674, title = {Comparative Micromorphological Investigations of Red Godji Berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and Black Godji Berries (Lycium ruthenicum Murr.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {911-915}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {911}, abstract = {

The comparative morphological and anatomical research of the fruits and seeds of two species of the genre Lycium is conducted. An objective of this research was carrying out comparative studying of anatomical diagnostic signs of fruits of a red Godjy berries (Lycium barbarum L.) and black Godjy berries (Lycium ruthenicum murr.) for establishment of authenticity of medicinal vegetable raw materials. This work is a fragment of complex researches of plants of flora of the North Caucasus and also introduced species. Because of the conducted comparative this research the main signs allowing to carry out identification of medicinal vegetable raw materials both in integral and in the crushed look are revealed. The conducted researches can be used further for development of normative documentation on raw materials of these species.

}, keywords = {Chromoplastes, Fruits, Lycium barbarum L, Lycium ruthenicum, Micro-diagnostic features, Seeds, Testa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.153}, author = {Serebryanaya FK and Sekinayeva MA and Denisenko ON} } @article {538, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of two Achyranthes species}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {309-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {309}, abstract = {

Introduction: Achyranthes is a well-known herb used in folk lore and traditional systems of medicine for its therapeutic value. The two species Achyranthes aspera and Achyranthes bidentata are used interchangeably by people and by herbal industries due to their resemblance in appearance. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the comparative pharmacognostic and pharmacological properties of both species. Methods: Pharmacognostic characters were evaluated as per the guidelines of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. A quantitative HPTLC method was developed for quantification of linoleic acid and oleanolic acid using toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (6: 4: 0.5 v/v/v) as a mobile phase. Quantification was performed using linear regression analysis by plotting the peak area vs concentration curve with 2000-5000 ng/band (R2 = 0.998) for oleanolic acid and 2000-5000 ng/band (R2 = 0.994) for linoleic acid. The developed method was validated in terms of accuracy, recovery and inter and intraday study as per ICH guidelines. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts was estimated by five different models viz. DPPH free radical scavenging assay, total anti-oxidant capacity, reducing power assay, total flavonoid and phenol content. Anti-diabetic activity was analyzed by \α-amylase inhibition assay using 3, 5 di nitro salicylic acid and iodine starch model. Results: The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of oleanolic acid and linoleic acid were determined, respectively, as 0.426, 1.29 and 0.427, 1.29 \μg mL\−1. Inhibition of free radicals increases with concentration and IC50 of A. aspera and A. bidendata was obtained at 1.35 \± 0.173 mg/ml and 1.28 \± 0.169 mg/ml respectively. In in vitro antidiabetic activity, IC50 value shows that A. bidentata exhibit better activity than A. aspera. Conclusion: The present study generates data for the proper establishment of quality control standards of the crude drug.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes, Antioxidant, HPTLC, Linoleic acid, Oleanolic acid, α- amylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.54}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/484}, author = {Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and Ankita Misra and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {524, title = {A Comparative study on Internet Of Things (IoT) and its applications in Smart Agriculture}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {260-264}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Agriculture plays a vital role in country\’s economy and it has an extensive contribution towards human civilization. Due to the growing expansions in sensor devices, RFID and Internet protocols the architecture of Internet of Things (IoT) has been made to support agriculture by making a Smart agriculture. This paper describes the implementation of various IoT techniques and intelligent decision support systems used in agriculture. It provides a wide review on methods and technologies like ANFIS and PLSR Model predictions, experiences in various challenges as well as further work are discussed through the review article.

}, keywords = {ANFIS and PLSR, Internet of things, RFID-radio frequency Identification}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.46}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/476}, author = {A. Srilakshmi and Jeyasheela Rakkini and K. R. Sekar and R. Manikandan} } @article {478, title = {Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Hydro-Alcohol and Aqueous Extracts Obtained from the Lamiaceae Family}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {81-91}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {81}, abstract = {

Context: Plant from the Lamiaceae family are considered as dietary spices and medicinal herbs traditionally used in medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. Objective: Evaluation of the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of nine Moroccan plants from the Lamiaceae family against six bacterial strains regularly implicated in toxiinfection. Method: The antibacterial activities of hot (HAE), cold (CAE) aqueous extracts and ethanolic extracts (EE) were evaluated using agar-well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and IC50 against six foodborne bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed as well. Results: In the present study, the ethanol extracts were rich in polyphenols, with middling values of flavonoids, and relatively poor in condensed tannins. The presence of saponins, essential oils, irroides, alkaloids, anthocyanins, and aldehydes was recorded. The effect of the extracts was directly bactericidal for B. cereus and L. monocytogenes; for the other strains, the MBC value was twice higher than that of MIC. However, the ethanol extract (EE) of O. majorana and T. satureioides showed the highest antibacterial activity. With the principal component analysis, it was demonstrated that the nine Lamiaceae family plants possess a powerful antibacterial effect, correlated with their phenolic content. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance was performed by uni-varied ANOVA in the software SPSS 22 Fr. Conclusion: The active compounds were thermostable and soluble in ethanol and water. The antimicrobial activities of the plants extracts investigated may contribute to understand their involvement in traditional medicine against many microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Aqueous Extract., Flavonoic Content, Hydro-Alcohol Extract, Lamiaceae Family, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.16}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/402}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and El Malki Fatima and Eddarraji Kamal and Greche Hassane and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {467, title = {Effect of Dalechampia indica Wight Extract Fractions on Behavioral and Biochemical Abnormalities following Ischemia-Reperfusion Insult in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {39-44}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the cerebro protective effect of Dalechampia indica (DI) ethanolic (EDI) and chloroform (CDI) extract fractions against cerebral ischemia- reperfusion insult in rats. Method: The rats were treated with different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) of EDI and CDI orally once daily for 30 days. After completion of pre-treatment, ischemia was induced by blocking bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCAO) for 30 mins followed by reperfusion and ferric chloride induced thrombosis. The post treatment was continued for another week after surgery. The behavioral parameters were assessed and finally, rats were sacrificed to isolate the brains to estimate biochemical parameters.\ Results: Combination of global (BCCAO) and focal (Thrombosis) ischemic model along with reperfusion has induced prominent ischemic insult indicated by antioxidant enzymes depletion and elevation of lipid peroxidation. Pre-treatment with different doses of EDI and CDI significantly improved the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione enzymes (GPx, GSH, GST, GR), catalase (CAT) and decreased the lipid peroxidation. Conclusion: Results established Cerebro protective role of Ethanolic extract fraction of DI in cerebrovascular insufficiency states and cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury produced by bilateral common carotid artery ligation along with reperfusion and thrombosis which may attribute to presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, and phenolic compounds.

}, keywords = {BCCAO, Dalechampia indica, Ferric chloride, Reperfusion, Thrombosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.8}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/363}, author = {Sindhura Srinivasula and Chinna Eswaraiah Maram} } @article {720, title = {Effect of Lutein on Cytochrome P450 (Isoform CYP3A4) - An in vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1093-1095}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Background: Lutein is a carotenoids vitamin rich in many fruits and vegetables and also available in multivitamin products. It is consumed for its effect on eye disease, cancer, diabetes and other health conditions. Recently, herbal preparations are increasingly used in healthcare systems and concomitant administration of synthetic medications may cause pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions leading to very serious medical problems. Understanding the ability of herbal extracts and preparations to modulate the metabolizing enzymes can help the health system for proper treatment of patients and thereby can avoid many adverse effects associated with it. The aim of the study was to find the effect of lutein isolated from Tagetes erecta L on cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4. Materials and Methods: The different concentrations of lutein (5 \– 100\μg/ml), potassium phosphate buffer, CYP450 reagent and substrate 7-Benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (BFC) were added to a 96-well plate. The fluorescent intensities of the products were measured by Perkin Elmer Enspire fluorescence reader using an excitation and emission wavelength of 405 nm and 460 nm, respectively to examine the effect of lutein on Cytochrome P 450 isoform CYP3A4 and the IC50 was calculated by plotting concentrations of lutein against the corresponding percent inhibition. Results: All the tested concentrations of lutein showed potent inhibition against CYP3A4 in a dose \– dependent manner. The IC50 value was found to be 35.27\μg/ml. Conclusion: The inhibitory effect of lutein indicates the possibilities of herb-drug interaction if it is co \– administered with prescribed drugs that are normally metabolised by CYP3A4 enzyme.

}, keywords = {CYP3A4, Cytochrome P450, Inhibitory assay, Lutein, Marigold}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.185}, author = {Murthy Meenapriya and Roy Anitha and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {721, title = {Effects of Food Processing on Resveratrol and Total Phenolic Content in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1096-1100}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1096}, abstract = {

Objective: Trans-resveratrol is a phenolic compound in the stilbene group present in Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seeds. In Indonesia, these seeds are consumed by roasting, frying (i.e., emping), and boiling. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of food processing on trans-resveratrol and total phenolic compound levels in melinjo seeds. Methods: Melinjo seed was roasted at 145oC for 10 and 20 min, boiled at 100oC for 5, 15, and 30 min, and fried at 160-170oC for 2 and 4 min. Samples were refluxed with 96\% ethanol. The determination of trans-resveratrol levels was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and total phenolic content was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Results: Based on the results, it was found that trans-resveratrol and total phenolic content levels in Melinjo powder decreased from 36\% to 10\% (trans-resveratrol) and 15\% to 4\% (total phenolic) after 20 min of roasting, and in fried empings, it decreased 60\%, 68\%, and 92\% (trans-resveratrol) and 41\%, 45\%, 97\% (total phenolic) after 5, 15, and 30 min of boiling, respectively. Conclusion: There were significant changes in trans-resveratrol levels and total phenolic content in Melinjo seeds before and after various cooking processes (i.e., roasting, boiling, and frying).

}, keywords = {Food processing, Gnetum gnemon L., Melinjo seeds, Resveratrol levels, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.186}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Desta Andriyani and Christoper Gunawan and Nisrina Dhiah Fauziah and Sutriyo Sutriyo and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {749, title = {Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Pterocarpus marsupium: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s1-s8}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Pterocarpus marsupium is an important therapeutic and medicinal plant belonging to family Fabaceae and commonly named as Indian Kino tree, Bijasal, Venga or Vijayasara. It is a huge deciduous plant and widely distributed in the Central, Western and Southern regions of India. Role of P. marsupium is found in Ayurveda, Homeopathic and Unani systems of medicine. It is a decent source of tannins and flavonoids hence, used as influential astringent, anodyne, cooling, regenerating agent and also used for the treatments of leprosy, leucoderma, toothache, fractures, diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, and dysentery, bruises and diabetes. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetic anemia, indigestion, asthma, cough, discoloration of hair, bronchitis, ophthalmic complications, elephantiasis and erysipelas. Researchers have been stated the presence of several phytoconstituents in P. marsupium and also their pharmacological activities. The current review aimed to define the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of P. marsupium which will have been help in the researchers for further qualitative research.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Epicatechin, Indian Kino, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.1}, author = {Mohd Saidur Rahman and Md. Mujahid and Mohd Aftab Siddiqui and Md. Azizur Rahman, and Muhammad Arif and Shimaila Eram and Anayatullah Khan and Md Azeemuddin} } @article {747, title = {Experience of Introduction of Two Species of Eryngium in the North Caucasus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s59-s62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s59}, abstract = {

The article gives recommendations on the cultivation of Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. and Eryngium planum L. in the Caucasus. Introduction: In Russia, grows about 20 species of Eryngium, in the Caucasus - 8 species. Materials and Methods: The subjects of the study were two species: Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. and Eryngium planum L. The main methods of research: field, observation, mathematical. Results: The seedlings appear on the 14-16th day. In the first year of vegetation, a rosette of leaves is formed. In September, the rosettes of leaves have a diameter of 35-39 cm. Plants of the second year of vegetation pass through all phases of development: Eryngium caucasicum Trautv. - for 180 days, Eryngium planum L. - for 160 days. Conclusion: Seeds should be sown in late autumn (late October - early November) or early spring (late February - beginning of March). Seeds are sown to a depth of 1-2 cm, between rows - 50-60 cm. Care of plants requires weeding from weeds and watering. Collection of seeds and fruits is recommended in August - September.

}, keywords = {Eryngium, Eryngium caucasicum, Eryngium plan, Introduction, Recommendations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.11}, author = {Shcherbakova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna and Eliseeva Lyudmila Mikhailovna and Konovalov Dmitry Alexeevich} } @article {766, title = {HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitory Activity of Garcinia latissima Miq. Mesocarp Water Extract for Herbal Tea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s141-s146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s141}, abstract = {

Context: High cholesterol in the blood is a risk factor for atherosclerosis that causes various diseases. The main pharmacologic intervention to reduce cholesterol levels is inhibiting the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme. One of the genera of Garcinia, Garcinia dulcis, has potential as an anti-cholesterol. Based on chemotaxonomy, Garcinia latissima Miq. is also estimated to have a potency as anti-cholesterol. Aims: This study aims to test the inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase water extract activity of G. latissima fruit flesh with different duration of infusions. Materials and Methods: Garcinia latissima Miq. mesocarp was extracted using infusion method with different duration of infusions. Each of extracts was tested the inhibitory activity of HMG-CoA reductase as well as the determination of total flavonoid and total phenol content. In addition, the simplicia of the mesocarp of G.latissima Miq. will be made as a herbal tea and a hedonic test is performed to find out the degree of liking for the tea. Result: The test results showed the inhibitory activity of 100 ppm G. latissima Miq. mesocarp water extract with infusion for 5, 10 and 15 min respectively 11.32; 29.02; 13.03\%. The 10 min extract with the largest enzyme inhibition had total flavonoids content of 31.24 mg QE / gram extract and total phenol content of 4.64 mg GAE/ gram extract. The result of the hedonic test for the colour, aroma, flavour of herbal tea formula A respectively 30; 30; 20\% and formula B respectively for 40; 33.3; 50\%. Conclusion: The water extract of G.latissima Miq mesocarp has a low potency in HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activities.

}, keywords = {Anti Cholesterol, Garcinia Latissima, Herbal Tea, HMG-CoA reductase, Mesocarp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.26}, author = {Herra Williany Monalissa and Berna Elya and Nuraini Puspitasari} } @article {622, title = {Hydroalcoholic and Alkaloidal Extracts of Murraya koenigii(L.) Spreng Augments Glucose Uptake Potential against Insulin Resistance Condition in L6 Myotubes and Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3T3L1 Adipocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {633-639}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Background: Murraya koenigii, commonly known as \“curry leaves\” is native to India. The highly valued part of the plant is the leaves which possess various biological activities. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic effect of Murraya koenigii (MK) leaf extracts, of two different solvent ratios. Materials and methods: 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves were prepared by cold maceration method. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was carried out for both the extracts. In vitro anti diabetic activity was screened by inhibitory action on \α \– amylase, \α \– glucosidase enzymes. Further, the 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts were assessed for glucose uptake potential, anti - adipogenic property, as well as inhibitory activity on diabetes associated complications. HPTLC quantification of major phytoconstituent was carried out. Results: The study showed presence of various phytoconstituents such as, polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars etc. The 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves exhibited \>90\% inhibition against carbohydrate metabolising enzymes compared to aqueous and absolute alcohol extracts. Both the extracts showed enhanced glucose uptake in L6 myotubes attenuating the effect of Palmitate induced insulin resistance. Significant inhibition on adipogenesis was exerted by both 70\% hydroalcoholic and alkaloidal extracts of MK leaves. Besides, marked inhibition of advanced glycation end products was exhibited by the extracts. HPTLC quantification analysis of the aforementioned extracts showed the presence of major phytoconstituent, Mahanine, in it. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that MK possesses significant antidiabetic property and also exhibited considerable effect in preventing diabetes associated complications. The potent antidiabetic activity of MK could be attributed to the presence of Mahanine, the major active constituent, which is a carbazole alkaloid.

}, keywords = {complications, Diabetes, glucose uptake, L6 myotubes, Mahanine, α - amylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.104}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/642}, author = {Parameswari Royapuram Parthasarathy and Janani Murthy and Dinesh Murugan Girija and Srivani Telapolu and Chamundeeswari Duraipandian and Thyagarajan Sadras Panchatcharam} } @article {680, title = {Improved Bioactive Metabolite Production by Saccharopolyspora halotolerans VSM-2 Using Response Surface Methodology and Unstructured Kinetic Modelling}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {833-840}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

Background: This study targets to optimize and analyse the interactive effects of process variables for improved bioactive metabolite production using RSM and unstructured kinetic modelling by S. halotolerans VSM 2. Materials and Methods: RSM was applied to optimize the interactive effects of five variables, viz., time of incubation, pH, temperature, concentration of maltose and meat extract on bioactive metabolite production and its effect against the five responses viz., S. flexneri, S. marcescens, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Models of Logistic and Luedeking-Piret were used to simulate the cellular increase and bioactive metabolite production. Results: RSM optimal conditions for the bioactive metabolite production recorded were incubation time (12days), pH (8), and temperature (250C), concentrations of maltose and meat extract (1 \% w/v) (each). The effect of the bioactive metabolite produced (zone of inhibition) against the responses were found to be 17 mm for S. flexneri, 17 mm for S. marcescens, 16 mm for P. vulgaris, 17 mm for P. aeruginosa and 18 mm for E coli. The data obtained from experimental values are in close agreement with the predicted values of RSM. Model adequacy was evaluated using ANOVA variance where the quadratic effect of p\<0.0001 which imply the significance of the model. The unstructured-, mathematical- kinetic models provided a better approximation of profiles of S. halotolerans VSM 2 growth, optimized media utilization and bioactive metabolite production. Conclusion: Optimization of the independent variables for the production of the bioactive metabolite using RSM by S. halotolerans VSM 2 and its effect against the five responses were documented. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values. Unstructured models provided a better approximation of kinetic profiles for bioactive metabolite production by S. halotolerans VSM 2.

}, keywords = {Bioactive metabolites, Kinetic Modelling, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Saccharopolyspora halotolerans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.142}, author = {Ushakiranmayi Managamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Mani Deepa Indupalli and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {502, title = {Improvement of Immune System Analyzed through Various Cluster Techniques {\textendash} A Survey}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {256-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {256}, abstract = {

The world health organization report says the immunity deficiency is the biggest problem in the all over the world. Immune system can be improved through many fruits, especially grape is inevitable fruit that provides high neutrinos. The grape contains phytonutrients, Phenols and Poly phenols in rich amount. It is used for constipation, indigestion, fatigueless, kidney disorder, Macular degeneration and cataracts. The grape seed reduces swelling, Eye disease caused by diabetics and acting as antioxidants. In the research article, plenty number of classifiers were used to identify good type of grapes that provides the above said. The methodology applied in the work were Ada Boost and Machine learning Meta algorithm. The above areas were reviewed to the core.

}, keywords = {Ada boost classifier, Color components, Grape detection, Immune systems, Phytonutrients, Segmentation techniques}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.45}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/475}, author = {M Veronica Arokia Mary and K R Sekar and R Manikandan and K S Ravichandran} } @article {601, title = {In silico and in vitro Studies on Lyngbya majuscula using against Lung Cancer Cell Line (A549)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {421-428}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {421}, abstract = {

Objective: To predict an anticancer drug from the members of cyanobacteria, in silico molecular docking was carried out between the cyanobacterial bioactive compounds and lung cancer causing receptor. The highest docking score was produced by Lyngbyastatin (Lyngbya majuscula). In the present study anticancer potential of L. majuscula was evaluated on human lung cancer cell line (A549) using its methanolic extract. Methods: Molecular docking was carried out between the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase and cyanobacterial compounds. Based on the docking results, Lyngbyastatin was found to be the most effective compound. As this compound is present in the L. majuscula, the cytotoxicity of this organism was assessed by standard cell viability assays like MTT method. Algal methanolic extract treated with A 549 cell line morphology was studied by DAPI staining. DNA fragmentation assay was also conducted to study the presence of DNA laddering. Results: Totally 75 bioactive compounds were docked with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase . Of them, 12 compounds were selected based on the docking score. Among the 12 bioactive compounds, Lyngbyastatin found to be most effective compound. L. majuscula showed potential anticancer activity against A549 cell line with IC50 value of 14.82\± 0.62 \μg/ml in MTT method. Most of the treated cells lost their characteristic stretched appearance with shrinkage of nucleus. DNA profile revealed the presence of sheared DNA in treated ones but no fragmentation was observed. Conclusion: The results indicated potent anticancer of algal methanolic extract on A549 cell line, which may be good candidates for further investigation to isolate bioactive anticancer compounds.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic, Lyngbya majuscula, Lyngbyastatin, Molecular docking, MTT assay DAPI staining}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.69}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/502}, author = {Sangeetha Muniaraj and Vijayakumar Subramanian and Prabhu Srinivasan and Manogar Palani} } @article {642, title = {In vitro Antifungal Effects of Hesperetin and Silibinin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {789-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing resistance of microorganisms against available antimicrobial agents is of major concern among scientists and clinicians worldwide. To overcome the resistance and other drawbacks of the current antimicrobial drugs and to obtain more efficacious drugs, an antimicrobial drug having a novel mode of action should be developed. The flavonoid compounds have demonstrated for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agents previously. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant derived compounds such as hesperetin (HSP) and silibinin (SBN) compounds in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifungal effect of two plant derived flavonoid compounds i.e., SBN and HSP against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Malassezia furfur, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum. The disk diffusion test was performed to test the antifungal effect of HSP and SBN with three different concentrations i.e., 15, 20, 25 mg/ml of HSP and SBN. The antifungal efficacy was studied for 72 h. Results: Our results indicate that SBN has significant antifungal effect than that of HSP. The high sensitivity of these compounds was found against C. albicans, C. tropicalis. Conclusion: These drugs could be good candidate to combine with regular antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Candida albicans, Flavonoids, Fungal infection, Hesperetin, Silibinin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/671}, author = {Ramar Gowtham and Fysal Yousuf MA and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Shanmugam Sambantham and Balakrishnan Anandan} } @article {559, title = {In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Mangrove Fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {598-601}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mangrove fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L) from Sonneratiaceae family known with local name \“Pidada Merah\” has bioactive components. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this plant. Method: The sample was macerated using methanol, the antimicrobial activity assay was performed using agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli ATTC9637, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC6538, and Candida albicans ATTC10231. Results: Antimicrobial activity of Mangrove fruit methanol extract were obtained the optimum concentration of S. aureus of 80\%, E. coli of 15\%, and C. albicans of 30\%. Conclusion: based on the results, the sample has antimicrobial properties, and this is a preliminary data for further study.

Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris L, Mangrove fruit, Antimicrobial activity, Agar disc diffusion method.

}, keywords = {Agar disc diffusion method, Antimicrobial activity, Mangrove fruit, Sonneratia caseolaris L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.98}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/531}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Arif Lukman and Muhammad Amir Masruhim and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {706, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa for Cytotoxic Activity against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1007-1011}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1007}, abstract = {

Background: Seaweed macroalgae of Gracilaria verrucosa has been known to have a potent anticancer activity, however the cytotoxicity against cervical cancer has not been explored further. Objective: This study aims to utilize Indonesia\’s marine resource which is focused on seaweed macroalgae G. verrucosa as a future anti-cervical cancer agent. Materials and Method: Seaweed G. verrucosa originated from Labuan Aji beach, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, extracted, macerated, and fractionated into four organic solvents of different polarity, consisting of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol. Then, the macroalgae extracts are diluted into 8 different concentrations. Afterwards, in vitro anticancer activity evaluation of hexane, ethyl acetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts of G. verrucosa against cervical HeLa cells were conducted by MTT cell proliferation assay. Triplo mechanism is also applied in this study to increase the accuracy of the results. The anticancer activity is measured using IC50 value. Results: The four concentrated extracts G. verrucosa showed cytotoxicity against cervical HeLa cells. The greatest anticancer activity is depicted by hexane extract with an IC50 of 14.94 \μg/mL, followed by chloroform (IC50 15.74 \μg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50 16.18 \μg/mL), and ethanol (IC50 19.43 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Our results clearly indicate that hexane, ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of seaweed G. verrucosa can be further developed to be anti-cervical cancer agents, with hexane extract displaying the greatest cytotoxic effect.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Gracillaria verrucosa, HeLa cervical cancer cells, IC50 value, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.171}, author = {Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Ade Arsianti and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {773, title = {In vitro Hypoglycemic and Antioxidant Activities of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. fruits, Traditionally used to Cure Diabetes in Darjeeling Hills (India)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s119-s128}, type = {Orginal Article}, chapter = {s119}, abstract = {

Introduction: Fruits of Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. has been reported to be used traditionally in the treatment of diabetes in Darjeeling Himalayan region of India; though the hypoglycemic potential of the fruit has not been assessed till now, and the active constituents are yet to be discovered. Therefore, there is a necessity for the appraisal and characterization of the hypoglycemic properties of the fruits. Methods: Fresh fruits were collected and sequentially extracted with solvents of gradient polarity. In vitro antidiabetic activity was performed by α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assays. Free radical scavenging activity was performed by DPPH, ABTS, TPTZ (FRAP assay), NO and OH radical scavenging assays. To identify the bioactive components, GC-MS analysis was also performed. Result: Phytochemical screening of secondary metabolites in different solvent extracts showed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, saponins, and anthocyanins. Methanolic extract exhibited highest antidiabetic potential with IC50 values of 514.9 μg/ml and 1435.7 μg/ml in α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assay respectively followed by ethanol extract. Significant free radical scavenging activities were also found in the alcohol extracts. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of principle compounds like oleic acid, morin, apigenin etc. which might be responsible for hypoglycemic activity. Conclusion: Here we report the appraisal of traditional usage of L. cubeba (Lour.) Pers. fruits based on in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant assays along with GC-MS characterization of potent molecules. Our study confirms the traditional knowledge of the people of Darjeeling Hills regarding the use of the fruit of this plant in curing diabetes.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidative, GC-MS analysis, Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.23}, author = {Rakhi Chakraborty and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {558, title = {In vitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Hydro-Alcohol Morrocan Plants Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {519-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {519}, abstract = {

Context: Several aromatic and medicinal Morrocan plants have been used traditionally in pharmaceutical products and traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathologies. Objective: Evaluation of the protective power of nine Moroccan plants ethanol extracts against some strains of bacteria. Method: The antibacterial activities of ethanolic extracts (EE) were evaluated using agar-well diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and IC50 against nine foodborne bacteria [Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (PN15 and 25923), Escherichia coli (TF2 and ATCC 25929), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P116 and 195) and Salmonella enterica]. Screening of chemical constituents was carried out as well. Results: We noted the presence of leuco-anthocyanins, anthocyanins, essential oils, alkaloids, and aldehydes in the extracts. The strains of S. enterica followed by S. aureus and P. aeruginosa were the most resistants to the extracts effect. The principal component analysis (APC) demonstrated that the highest antibacterial activity was that of L. nobilis and O. europaea ethanol extract (EE), which was directly bactericidal on all the strains tested with the exception of P. aeruginosa. While, R. tinctorum, S. indicum and L. sativum were characterized by the lowest activity. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance was performed by uni-varied ANOVA in the software SPSS 22 Fr. Conclusion: The active compounds were soluble in ethanol. The antimicrobial activities of L. nobilis and O. europaea may contribute to understand their involvement in pharmaceutical products and traditional medicine against many microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Chemical composition, Hydro-Alcohol Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.85}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/518}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and E I Malki Fatima and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {686, title = {In vivo Antibacterial Activity of Green Algae Ulva reticulata against Staphylococcus aureus in Drosophila Model of Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {993-997}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Background: Expansion of multi-drug resistant bacteria in social communities and health facilities has been widely reported. To overcome this ever-growing problem, new antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are urgently required. Purpose: This research was carried out aiming to investigate the in vivo antibacterial effect of green algae Ulva reticulata against Staphylococcus aureus in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) model of infection. Methods: Sample was dried and extracted with ethanol using maceration method. Wild type and mutant fruit flies were infected with S. aureus and subjected to survival and bacterial load analysis in the presence or absence of tetracycline or Ulva reticulata extract at different concentrations. All data were statistically analyzed. Results: Infection of D. melanogaster with S. aureus was characterized by two notable trends: reduction of host survival and increasing level of bacterial growth in the host during the course of infection. Such events were further augmented in mutant flies lacking normal immune responses. Nonetheless, improved survival rates and reduction of bacterial load were observed in wild type and immunodeficient mutant flies challenged with S. aureus in the presence of either tetracycline or ethanolic extracts of green algae Ulva reticulata. Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that Ulva reticulata yielded antistaphylococcal activity in vivo thus would be a prospective source for harvesting wide spectrum antibacterial compounds.

}, keywords = {Antistaphylococcal, Drug discovery, Fruit flies, Infection model, Marine products}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.169}, author = {Firzan Nainu and Rangga Meidianto Asri and Aryadi Arsyad and Marianti Anggreni Manggau and Muhammad Nur Amir} } @article {716, title = {Isolation of Cellulolytic Fungi and Utilization of Its Cellulolytic Activity for Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1082-1088}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1082}, abstract = {

Introduction: Microcrystalline cellulose is a cellulase derivative which usually used as a pharmaceutical excipient in the manufacturing of direct compression tablet. High concentration of cellulose is found in water hyacinth (about 60\%) therefore it might be used in the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose. This study was aimed to obtain the best cellulolytic fungi, the best optimal conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis and comparing microcrystalline cellulose characteristics obtained from water hyacinth with microcrystalline cellulose standard, Avicel pH 101. Method: This study began with isolation of cellulolytic fungi, and then enzymatic hydrolysis of \α-cellulose was done with cellulase enzymes extracted from cellulolytic fungi with various pH, temperature, duration and enzyme concentration. Microcrystalline obtained was characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and then the result was compared with Avicel pH 101. Results: The results showed the best cellulolytic isolate was isolate 2 and its optimal hydrolysis conditions at pH 5, 30$^{0}$C, for 1 h with 5 mL (5\% v/v) enzyme. Based on the pattern of diffraction there was a similarity between microcrystalline cellulose of enzymatic hydrolysis result compared with Avicel pH 101.

}, keywords = {Cellulase, Cellulolytic fungi, Cellulose, Enzymatic hydrolysis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.183}, author = {Mitayani Wahyu Murti and Monica Angeline Sudarsono and Herman Suryadi} } @article {498, title = {Maltase Inhibitory Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Zingiber officinale Rosc. and Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {226-229}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {226}, abstract = {

Context: An important approach to diabetes treatment involves the regulation of postprandial hyperglycemia by delaying the release of glucose into the bloodstream using inhibitors for carbohydrate digesting enzymes such as maltase. Current synthetic antidiabetic drugs are associated with side effects that have restricted their usage. Antidiabetic plants such as Zingiber officinale and Trigonella foenum-graecum, commonly used as medicinal herbs in India, provide an attractive alternative as a source of maltase inhibitors. Aim: This study aimed to determine maltase inhibitory activity in antidiabetic plants in comparison with that of a synthetic drug, Acarbose, used as a positive control. Study Design: In vitro Enzyme Inhibition Assay. Materials and Methods: Aqueous plant extracts were prepared using rhizome of Z. officinale and leaves of T. foenum-graecum. Varying concentrations of the aqueous plant extract were tested for maltase inhibitory activity using crude yeast maltase enzyme. Statistical Analysis: Unpaired, two tailed t-test was used to detect the significant difference between the mean maltase enzyme activity of the control and that of the test. Results: The aqueous extract of T. foenum-graecum exhibited a higher potent maltase inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 1.05\% as compared to that of the aqueous extract of Z. officinale with IC50 value of 2.13\%. Acarbose showed the highest potency of maltase inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.014\%. Conclusion: Z. officinale and T. foenum-graecum have significant maltase inhibitory activity (p \<0.05). Thus, a contributing factor to the antidiabetic property of the two plants may be attributed to their maltase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Acarbose, Antidiabetic Plants, Maltase Inhibitory Activity, Trigonella foenum-graecum, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.39}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/469}, author = {Janhavi Jatin Damani and Radiya Pacha-Gupta and Nandita Mangalore} } @article {485, title = {Nephroprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Lantana camara and Squash (Cucurbita pepo) on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats and Identification of Certain Chemical Constituents of Lantana camara by HPLC-ESI- MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {136-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent; its clinical use is severely limited by serious side effects as nephrotoxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of defatted methanolic extract of two Egyptian plants: Lantana camara and Cucurbita pepo and certain fractions derived from the defatted methanolic extract of L. camara on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Also, identification of certain chemical constituents of L. camara by HPLC-ESI- MS. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by single dose of cisplatin. The effect of plants extract at doses 100-400 mg/kg.b.wt comparing with standard; ascorbic acid; was determined using serum urea, creatinine and some ions. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts on some renal antioxidant enzymes and histopathological examination of kidneys were examined. Results: The defatted methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of L. camara showed the highest improvement of renal parameters. Also, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of L. camara extracts exhibited bioactive phenolic compounds including phenyl ethanoid, flavonoids and phenolic acids. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents of L. camara are responsible for their nephroprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Ascorbic acid, Creatinine, Flavonoids, Histological studies, Phenyl etanoid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.24}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/410}, author = {Heba Abdel-Hady and Mortada Mohamed El-Sayed and Afaf Ahmed Abdel-Hady and Maher Mahmoud Hashash and Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Hady and Tarek Aboushousha and El-Sayed Saleh Abdel-Hameed and Ezzat El-Sayed Abdel- Lateef and Eman Abdalla Morsi} } @article {619, title = {Neuroprotective Activity of Sesbania grandifolara Seeds Extract Against Celecoxib Induced Amnesia in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {747-752}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {747}, abstract = {

Background: Sesbania grandiflora are characterized by their high anti-oxidant properties. The degeneration of neurons in Alzheimer disease mainly occurs because of high production of free radicals. However, the impact of Sesbania grandiflora on cholinergic system and oxidative stress parameter has not been investigated. Aim: The present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds in mice. Material and method: The seeds of Sesbania grandiflora were powdered and subjected to successive extraction in Soxhlet apparatus. The different doses of ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora seeds were evaluated for its neuroprotective activity against celecoxib induced amnesia in mice. Result and Conclusion: Phytochemical analysis of various extracts of Sesbania grandiflora revealed the presence of steroid, saponin, flavonoid, tannins and phenolic compounds. The ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora significantly improves the memory of mice and reestablishes the amnesia induced by celecoxib. In addition to improvement in memory the extract treatment also decreases the activity of AchE and MDA and restore the antioxidant anzyme SOD, GSH and catalase in experimental animals. The results of our study showed that ethanolic extract of Sesbania grandiflora improve the cognition dysfunction in celecoxib treated mice through the modification in cholinergic system or by the blockage of oxidative stress and inhibition of AchE enzyme.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Celecoxib, Free radical, Morris water maze, Sesbania grandiflora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.125}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/663}, author = {Bhupesh Chander Semwal and Madhuri Verma and Yogesh Murti and Harlokesh Narayan Yadav} } @article {469, title = {Oral Glucose Tolerance Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) Bulbs Extract Based on the Use of different Extraction Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbs of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Synonym: Eleutherine americana L. Merr) from family Iridaceae is widely found and grown in Kalimantan island. The local tribe \“Dayak\” commonly consume this plant and become a traded commodity in traditional markets. This plant is trusted to treat various diseases. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of blood glucose reduction from bulbs of Bawang Dayak based on the use of different extraction methods using oral glucose tolerance test. Method: Dried sample was extracted with methanol using maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet method, respectively. The measurement of blood glucose reduction was performed using oral glucose tolerance test in vivo method and was analyzed using statistical comparison (Two-Way-ANOVA). Results: Based on the each extraction results was obtained yields of as 8.636\% (reflux method), 11.87\% (maceration method), and 14.023\% (soxhlet method). While the results of blood glucose lowering effect on each extract were used, there were significant differences in statistical tests and organ index. Conclusion: This result is a preliminary stage and the information is invaluable for further research.

}, keywords = {Bawang Dayak, Bulbs of plant, Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr, Extraction method, Oral glucose tolerance test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.10}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/365}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Niken Indriyanti and Yurika Sastyarina and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {764, title = {Peels of Citrus Fruits: A Potential Source of Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s172-s178}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s172}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was contemplated to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic potentials in peels of some commercially grown Citrus fruits of South India viz, Lime (Citrus aurantifolia), Orange (Citrus reticulata), Sour Orange (Citrus aurantium), Pomello (Citrus grandis) and Citron (Citrus medica). Methods: The peel of the fruits were separated and subjected to cold extraction using 70\% alcohol. The extracts obtained were screened for the presence of phytoconstituents by qualitative phytochemical analysis; the anti-inflammatory activity of extracts at 250 and 500mg/Kg body weight concentrations were assessed by in vivo Carrageenan induced rat paw edema model and in vitro HRBC membrane stabilization assay whereas Tail immersion and Hot plate methods have been used to evaluate their analgesic property. Results: The results revealed that, all extracts treated animals have shown significant decrease in paw edema volume at 3rd and 4th hour of treatment and increase in reaction time in tail immersion and hot plate readings at 120 and 150 min and are comparable to the standards. From the results it was evident that Citron peel extract exhibited significant antiinflammatory and analgesic property in all models. Preliminary phytochemical investigation revealed that extracts were bestowed with presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, alkaloids, carotenoids and phenolic compounds which might be responsible for the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities. Conclusion: From the results it was evident that all citrus fruits have prominent activity in terms of parameters assessed in a dose dependent manner and are more effective in the later phase. The study thus documents that Citrus peels are good sources of anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive agents.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Citrus peel, Hot plate, HRBC, Phytochemicals, Tail immersion}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.30}, author = {Pallavi Malleshappa and Ramesh Chapeyil Kumaran and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Sameera Parveen} } @article {511, title = {Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Piperine on Gliclazide in Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {221-225}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Back Ground: The objective of the present study was to find out the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of piperine on gliclazide in rats and rabbits. Methods: Influence of piperine on the activity of gliclazide was determined by conducting single- and multipledose interaction studies in rats (normal and diabetic) and diabetic rabbits. Blood samples collected at predetermined time intervals from experimental animals were used for the estimation of glucose and insulin levels by using automated clinical chemistry analyzer and radioimmunoassay method, respectively. \β-cell function was determined by homeostasis model assessment. Additionally, serum gliclazide levels in rabbits were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography. Results: Gliclazide showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and rabbits. Similarly, piperine also showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in animals. Additionally, , samples analyzed from all time points in combination with piperine showed peak reduction in blood glucose in diabetic rats and rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of gliclazide was also altered by single- or multiple-dose piperine treatments in rabbits. Conclusion: The interaction of piperine with gliclazide upon single and multiple-dose treatment was pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic in nature, indicating the need for periodic monitoring of glucose levels and dose adjustment as necessary when this combination is prescribed to diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Drug interaction, Gliclazide, Piperine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.38}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/468}, author = {Umachandar Lagisetty and Habibuddin Mohammed and Sivakumar Ramaiah} } @article {605, title = {Pharmacognostic and Pharmacological Evaluation of Hyssopus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) Collected from Kashmir Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {690-693}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {690}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyssopus officinalis L. is a well-known herb for its culinary and medicinal significance. The purpose of this study was to perform the pharmacognostic evaluation. Methods: Physicochemical and phytochemical analysis, HPTLC quantification and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were done. Results: Preliminary screening revealed the presence of phytomolecules such as alkaloid (0.99\%), tannin (1.75\%), sugar (1.96\%) and starch (0.68\%). Total phenolic and flavonoid content were found to be 2.32\% and 1.16\% respectively. HPTLC quantification data showed that the content of ferulic acid (0.034\%) was higher than caffeic acid (0.0064\%) on dry weight basis The IC50 value for the in vitro DPPH radical scavenging assay was 0.50 \μg/ml and in vitro anti diabetic assay displayed IC50 value of 0.8366 mg/ml. Conclusion: The study suggests presence of considerable amount of phenolic acids and antioxidant activity in the plant which supports its use in the traditional systems of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, HPTLC, Hyssopus officinalis, Phenolic acids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.114}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/652}, author = {Akanksha Srivastava and Kuldeep Awasthi and Bhanu Kumar and Ankita Misra and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {593, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization of an Ethnomedicinal Aquatic Herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms for its Antibacterial Potentiality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {533-540}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {533}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate antibacterial potentiality, pharmacognostic characteristics and quality control parameters including heavy metals, like lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) accumulation in the aerial parts of an aquatic herb, Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms. Methods: Antibacterial assay was done by agar well diffusion method. Pharmacognostic studies like morpho-anatomical and physicochemical analyses were carried out for organoleptic, microscopic and macroscopic evaluations of living aerial parts, and powder microscopy, fluorescence, proximate and elemental analysis of the dried powder sample. Elements and heavy metals contents were determined by carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur / oxygen (CHNS/O) analyzer and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Results: M. hastata (L.) Solms aerial parts showed antibacterial activity against gastrointestinal and topical pathogens. It exhibited an amphistomatic and hydromorphic anatomical characters. The distinguishing features were the presence of stomata in upper and lower epidermis, broad air chambers, cuticle, collateral vascular bundles, sclereidal fibres, pitted tracheids, pitted vessels, calcium oxalate crystals and annular vessels in leaf. The powder sample contained very less amount of acid insoluble ash than water soluble ash and complete absence of foreign organic matter. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur (CHNS) ratio was 33:6:5:1 and lead content was lesser than the recommended upper limit though the arsenic content was higher than the permissible upper limit. Conclusions: Though the plant has traditionally been used as a potent Ethnomedicinal herb to cure boils, gastritis, hepatopathy and as laxative, but no such evaluation of pharmacognostic identity and quality parameters have been done so far. This is the first report on its pharmacognostic characters and quality control issues like heavy metal accumulation and physicochemical parameters for future use as powder drug.

}, keywords = {Fluorescence characteristics, Heavy metal accumulation, M hastata (L.) solms, Pharmacognostic standardization, Traditional medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.87}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/520}, author = {Debabrata Misra and Manab Mandal and Narendra Nath Ghosh and Vivekananda Mandal} } @article {608, title = {Pharmacognostical-physico-chemical Evaluation and Development of HPTLC Finger print for Cichorium intybus L. fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {694-699}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many herbal medicines are lacking pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data even though used widely for medicinal purposes. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) \– chicory is an ancient folklore medicine. Various parts of these plants are in use for a wide range of ailments including those affecting liver and kidney. The aim of the current study is to standardize the fruit of C. intybus for macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, TLC photo documentation along with development of HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Methods: Following standard pharmacopoeial procedures, detailed macro-microscopic characterization along with preliminary phytochemical features of the drug has been recorded from the current study. Results: Macro-microscopic study has revealed the authenticity of this medicinal achene type fruit. Physico-chemical and HPTLC studies revealed constants for identification and authentication of fruits of C. intybus. Conclusion: The current study will serve as a reference tool for quality maintenance, authentication as well as scientific validation of chicory fruits.

}, keywords = {Chicory fruits, Monograph, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.115 }, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/653}, author = {Achintya Kumar Mandal and Shakila Ramachandran and Kallingilkalathil Gopi Divya and Mattumal Rubeena and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {637, title = {Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Screening of some Plant Derived Medicine to Treat Dysmenorrheal Pain by the Rajbanshi Community}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {738-746}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a sort of painful menstrual disorder. Several plants like Allium sativum L., Areca catechu L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Crinum amoenum Ker Gawl. Ex Roxb, Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. Ex Andrews, Piper nigrum L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck were used in appropriate ratio to make herbal formulation to cure dysmenorrheal pain by the traditional healers of Rajbanshi community. Objective: By semi-structured questionnaires in the course of scheduled interviews with the local herbal practitioners, four herbal formulations (coded as DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4) were recorded. Pharmacognostic characterization was carried out for the authentication of the powder drugs which includes powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical evaluation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4 was determined by qualitative evaluation of phytochemicals of various successive solvent extracts based on their polarity. Thin layer chromatography was performed for screening various phyto-active compounds like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside, etc. Results: Powder microscopy revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colors were exhibited by these herbal drugs under UV after reacting with chemical reagents. Physical analyses values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of active phytoconstituents like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: The results support the use of plants as a traditional medicine for the prevention disorders like Dysmenorrhea. Further evaluation is required for determining the efficacy of those herbal drugs and the active phytoconstituents involved in Dysmenorrheal therapy.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dysmenorrhea, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography., Traditional healer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.124}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/662}, author = {Priyankar Roy and Palash Mandal and Subhasis Panda and Sonia Mitra Roy and Arunika Subba} } @article {522, title = {Physicochemical Analysis of Sumbul-al {\textendash}Teeb (Nardostachys jatamansi D.C.) Rhizome along with its HPLC Profile}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {278-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sumbul-al\–Teeb (Nardostachys jatamansi) is a well known traditional medicinal plant used for therapeutic effect in Unani and Ayurvedic System of Medicine. It has been reported to have many therapeutic activities like antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective properties. It is also useful in the management of insomnia and CNS disorders. The present study aims towards the evaluation of the parameters involved in the determination of the quality and purity of Nardostachys jatamansi rhizome and its standardization. Methods: Organoleptic characters, extractive values, ash values, phyto-chemical analysis, TLC, fluorescence analysis and HPLC profile etc. were the parameters used for the standardisation of the test drug. Result: Total ash values, water and alcohol soluble extractive values, moisture contents and volatile oil percentage was found to be 7.08\%, 3.54\%, 2.5\%, 8.6\% and 02\% respectively. TLC profile of N. jatamansi shows 04, 08 and 10 spots in UV short and long wavelength and exposure to iodine vapours respectively. The HPLC pattern shows 34 peaks and the peak no. 01 and 08 are major peaks having area concentration and retention time as 25.974\% at 2.8 min. and 29.967\% at 4.399 min. respectively. Conclusion: The study will provide referential information for the good quality, purity and identification for the future batches of Nardostachys jatamansi.

}, keywords = {Phyto-chemical analysis, Quality, standardization, Unani}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.49}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/478}, author = {Mohammad Rashid and Aziz ur Rahman and Qazi Zaid Ahmad and Tajuddin and Syed Shariq Mian} } @article {523, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Assay and Antimicrobial Activity in Leaf Extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {285-292}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the current study, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were screened for its antibacterial, antifungal, phytochemicals and antioxidant activities. Phytochemical constituents were investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively. Methods: The leaf extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn were prepared by drying and extracted using Soxhlet apparatus into methanol and aqueous media, which were subjected to phytochemical screening. Total phenols, tannins, flavanols, alkaloids and its antioxidant activity were determined using spectroscopic techniques. Antimicrobial activity were determined using well diffusion method. Results: Aqueous extract exhibits higher content of phenols, tannins, flavanols and alkaloids, whereas methanol extract exhibits higher content of anthocyanin and cardiac glycoside respectively. Aqueous extract exhibits higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value for DPPH (2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and H2O2 radical scavenging assay and reducing power (RP) assay. The methanol extracts exhibited higher inhibitory concentration (IC \%) value in SO and NO radical scavenging assay, exhibiting antioxidant properties in five antioxidant models that were investigated. The methanol extract showed some antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli with inhibitory zone ranging from 2 mm to 3 mm, whereas the aqueous extract showed no activity. High antifungal activity was found against Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans for methanol extract and moderate for aqueous extract with inhibitory zone ranging from 9mm to 26 mm. Conclusion: The finding of our study have suggested that the extracts of Cerbera odollam Gaertn, possesses a significant amount of phytochemicals and exhibits antioxidant and antifungal activities.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antioxidants, Cerbera odollam. G, Phytochemicals, Radical scavenging}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.50}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/480}, author = {Abinash Sahoo and Thankamani Marar} } @article {473, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Calendula suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa Vahl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {64-70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Aim: Calendula suffruticosa ssp. suffruticosa Vahl, Medicinal and Aromatic plant, spontaneous and widespread in the Mediterranean region and in the Northeast of Algeria, is widely used by the local population for its medicinal properties. Methods: The chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Calendula suffruticosa was established for the first time using GC / MS. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test, the FRAP assay and \β-carotene bleaching assay. Results: sixty-four compounds are identified by GC/MS analysis, six are predominant: \α-linoleic acid (24.20\%), linoleic acid (23.58\%), Stigmasterol (8.53\%), 2-Metyl-Z-4-tetradecene (6.62\%) And \α-Bisabolol (1.70\%). The free radical scavenging by DPPH method indicated that the ethanolic extract of C. suffruticosa showed a very high antioxydant activity with an IC50 = 0.017 \± 1.00 mg / ml. This extract also showed an ability to reduce very high iron with a maximum optical density of 1.157 at a concentration of 0.5 mg / ml and an antioxidant activity compared to the \β-carotene / linoleic acid test of order of 75 \± 1.02\%. Conclusion: These results show for the first time the richness of phytochemicals and the strong antioxidant activity of the species Calendula suffruticosa endemic to north-east of Algeria.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Calendula suffruticosa, DPPH, FRAP, GC / MS, Phytochemical composition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.13}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/368}, author = {Sofiane Ismahene and Seridi Ratiba and Cortes Martinez Diego Miguel and Cabedo Nuria} } @article {484, title = {Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Ethanolic Extract from Tetragonula Bee}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {128-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Objective: This research aimed to determine the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant properties in vitro of three types propolis collected from the region of South Sulawesi Province of Indonesia. Methods: Samples from three types of propolis: smooth, rough and mix were extracted with 96\% ethanol. The propolis ethanolic extracts (PEE) was dried and studied their antioxidant properties by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Total phenolic compounds were quantified by Folin-Ciocalteu, and total flavonoid contents were also quantitatively determined by the AlCl3 colorimetric method with a microplate reader. The chemical compounds were identified by an ultraperformance liquid chromatography TOF mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS) using the MS mode. Results: The sequence of potential antioxidant activity of PEE is smooth propolis \> mix propolis \> rough propolis. Which showed by EC50 value with DPPH assays are 25.54; 31.66; and 69.96 \μg/mL, respectively and also showed by EC50 value with FRAP assays consecutively were 26.41; 32.10; and 34.62 \μg/mL.Smooth propolis has the lowest EC50 value of all the types of propolis examined, contains total flavonoid content 791.06+13.06 mg QE/g extract and total phenolics content 426.91+61.08 mg GAE.g-1 extract. Chemical component identified by UPLC-TOF-MS using the MSE mode were (-)-Sesamin C20H18O6; Curcumin C21H20O6; 8-epi- Helenalin C15H18O4; and Kushenol F C25H28O6. Conclusion: Smooth propolis which taken from inside the nest was the most potent antioxidant among of all the types of examined propolis. The antioxidant activity was influenced by the phenolic content of Propolis.

}, keywords = {DPPH, FRAP, Microplate method, TFC, TPC, UPLC-TOF-MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.23}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/409}, author = {Diah Kartika Pratami and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Andini Sundowo and Muhamad Sahlan} } @article {707, title = {Phytochemical Test and Cytotoxic Activity of Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii against Cervical HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1012-1017}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1012}, abstract = {

Intoduction: Marine resource of macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii from East Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia, have potential as anti-cervical cancer agent. Objectives: Finding cytotoxic activity of Eucheuma cottonii hexane, ethylacetate, chloroform and ethanol extracts against cervical HeLa cells by MTT cell proliferation assay. Methods: The extracts was tested in phytochemical and cytotoxic activity test. Phytochemical test to identify composition of secondary metabolite such as flavonoid, alkaloid, saponins, tannin, triterpenoid, steroid and glycoside. The amount of substances contained in the extract sample was analyzed by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Cytotoxic activity using HeLa cells. Results: Phytochemical test of E. cottonii extracts showed the positive result for metabolite of flavonoid, whereas the TLC analysis revealed that the extracts containing five chemical compounds. Ethanol, n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of E. cottonii exhibited a strong cytotoxic activity against cervical HeLa cells with IC50 of 7.54 \μg/mL, 5.73 \μg /mL, 4.82 \μg /mL and 4.34 \μg / mL, respectively. Conclusion: The results suggest that macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii could be used as a new anti-cervical cancer\’s candidate.

}, keywords = {Anti-cervical cancer, Cytotoxicity, Eucheuma cottonii, HeLa cell lines, Phytochemical test, Seaweed}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.172}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Yully Astika Nugrahayning Aziza and Kartika Dwi Kurniasari and Baiq Kirana Dyahningrum Mandasari and Riathul Masita and Futihati Ruhama Zulfa and Micheylla Kusumaning Dewi and Cut Raisya Zahira Zagloel and Norma Nur Azizah and Rista Putrianingsih} } @article {598, title = {Purified Anthocyanin from in vitro Culture of Bridelia retusa (L.) Spreng. Capable of Inhibiting the Growth of Human Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {559-566}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

The present study aims in vitro cell suspension culture of Bridelia retusa, isolation of anthocyanin, purification, fractionation and its anti-metastatic potential against oral squamous carcinoma cells. Experimental results reveal that 2, 4-D either alone or in combination with kinetin supplemented in MS medium showed significant initiation of callus from leaf explants than stem. Growth hormones, pH, light, and carbon source influence anthocyanin synthesis. Maximum callus induction was noticed with 2.5 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA) + 2 mg/L 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (98.9\%). Fresh and dry weight of the calli were i.e., 1.9 \± 0.04 and 0.45 \± 0. 03 g respectively. Optimal response was seen with light on MS medium contain 4\% glucose + 2.5 mg/L BA and 2 mg/L 2, 4-D at pH 3.5 yielded 2.8 mg /g of anthocyanins. Suspension culture medium fortified with 2, 4-D (2.5 mg/L) + BA (2 mg/L) at pH 5.0 induced anthocyanin production at pH 4.4 \– 4.6. HCl-ethanol extraction for 90 min yielded the maximum anthocyanin content. Fractionation of anthocyanin using HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry revealed 07 fractions such as acylated cyanidins, two peonidins, cyanidin 3-p-coumaroyl and feruloyl diglucoside-5-glucosides. In the search of novel therapeutic drugs against cancer, cytotoxicity effect of B.retusa anthocyanin extracts on human oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC4, SCC9 and SCC25) cells using cell adhesion and cell viability assay was carried. The morphological alterations in SCCs cells after treatment with B.retusa anthocyanin includes nuclear condensation, fragmentation and apoptotic cells as revealed by Hoechst stain. Flow cytometry showed arresting of SCC25 cells mostly in the G0/G1 and S-G2/M stages with a concomitant up regulation of sub-G1 fraction, indicating cell death by apoptosis. Apoptosis was further substantiated by the activation of caspase-3 expression in the SCC25 cells treated with B.retusa anthocyanin. Thus, it is possible to suggest that B.retusa anthocyanin cause apoptosis of SCCs and warrant further investigation using animal models.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Anti-metastatic potential, Apoptosis, Bridelia retusa, Cell suspension, in vitro culture, Purification}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.91}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/524}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Bosco Lawarence and Manoj GS and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {561, title = {Purified Anthocyanin, its Elicitation from Cell Cultures of Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum {\textquoteleft}Baby Rainbow{\textquoteright}and it{\textquoteright}s In vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis by MTT Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {553-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {553}, abstract = {

Background: According to recent statistics, cancer accounts about marked percentage of total deaths in the world, although there are many therapeutic approaches. Unfortunately, the cytotoxicity properties of most chemotherapy drug are nonspecific and therefore do not distinguish between normal healthy cells and tumor cells, these events have led to inappropriate and toxic therapeutic agents with a wide range of side effects. However, several experimental and epidemiological studies have suggested that fruits and vegetables are associated with low risk of various types of cancer. Anthocyanins are natural pigments that provide intense purple to red color in plants. Anthocyanin possess the ability to inhibit oxidative stress and to induce apoptosis in malignant cells, thus may prevent carcinogenesis. Methods: Antiproliferative properties of purified anthocyanin extract from elicited cell suspension cultures of Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ was investigated in terms of MTT assay. Anthocyanin extracts were tested for their ability to inhibit the growth of HT29 (colon cancer cells), MG63 (Osteosarcoma), HeLa (Cervical cancer cells) and L929 (Mouse Fibroblast L929) cell lines. Results: Cell viability decreased in a dose dependent manner in all the considered cell lines treated with anthocyanin extracts. The extract of Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against all tumor cell lines than Begonia malabarica extract. Begonia malabarica and Begonia rex-cultorum \‘Baby rainbow\’ anthocyanin extract exhibited the highest cytotoxicity towards HT29 and HeLa cell lines respectively. But, MG63 resulted in comparatively higher percentage of viability of cell lines at the same concentrations. The anthocyanin extract produced significant morphological alterations on cell lines in culture. Meanwhile, the extracts showed poor cytotoxicity against the normal cell line. Conclusion: The morphological alteration of the treated cancer cells presented clear evidence of significant cytotoxicity of anthocyanin extracts of both Begonias in all the three cell lines. Thus, anthocyanin may act as chemopreventive agents for various cancer cell lines.

}, keywords = {Anthocyanin, Begonia, Cancer, Cell suspension., Cytotoxicity, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.90}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/523}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {609, title = {Renin and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition of Standardized Bioactive Fractions of Hyphaene thebaica L. Mart Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {622-627}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit is known in Egypt for its antihypertensive activity. However a standardized herbal extract/fraction was never prepared. Methods: A biologically guided fractionation was carried out in-vitro for the 50\% and 70\% ethanol extracts of Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit using the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and renin inhibition assays. A validated reversed phase HPLC method was developed for the standardization of the active fractions. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of the 70\% extract contained higher percentages of the three bioactive markers chlorogenic acid, quercetin and apigenin (1.940 \± 0.140\%, 2.994 \± 0.349\% and 0.612 \± 0.0354\%, respectively) relative to the ethyl acetate fraction of the 50\% extract (1.384 \± 0.157\%, 0.342 \± 0.0834\% and 0.070 \± 0.00225\%, respectively). The butanol fraction of the 70\% extract was found to possess the highest antihypertensive activity (93.69 \± 5.695 \% renin inhibition activity at 0.5 mg/mL and IC50 of 0.001436 +0.00044 mg/mL for ACE inhibition activity). A standard calibration curve for the three compounds was established at a concentration range of 0.1-50 \μg/Ml, they showed good linearity with a correlation coefficient (R2) of (1.00, 1.00 and 0.999; respectively). A high degree of precision (relative standard deviation values \<5\%) was achieved. The limits of detection for the three compounds were 0.428, 0.368 and 0.849; respectively, while the limits of quantitation were 1.29, 1.11 and 2.57, respectively. Conclusions: Current results showed that the butanol fraction of the 70\% extract revealed the highest antihypertensive activity through ACE and renin inhibition mechanisms. In addition, recorded observations concerning linearity of the used bioactive markers offer a support for the possible utility of the tested fractions as potent standardized antihypertensive drugs.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Doum, HPLC, Phenolics, standardization, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.102}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/640}, author = {Noha A Khalil and Amira Abdel Motaal and Khaled Meselhy and Soad M Abdel khalek} } @article {610, title = {Role of Catecholamine Pathways in Action of Orexin B Induced Open Field Activity by Nucleus Accumbens in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {628-632}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {628}, abstract = {

Aims: To elucidate whether exploratory behaviour changes following Orexin B infusion in NAc is mediated through catecholamines in male Wistar rats. Methods: Inbred male Wistar rats (n= 24) were divided into three groups. Control, Treated 1 (Orexin B) and Treated 2 (Orexin B antagonist) groups. Using stereotaxic method, guide cannula was set in place bilaterally to reach Nucleus Accumbens. Orexin B and its antagonist, TCS-OX2-29 were infused in separate groups of overnight fasted rats. Following open field activity, catecholamines (Dopamine, Adrenaline, and Noradrenaline) were estimated in brain tissue homogenate by ELISA. Data were expressed as mean\±SEM (ANOVA; Student-Newman Keuls test,).p\<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: Orexin B infusion significantly increased noradrenaline levels in Nucleus accumbens when compared to controls. TCS-OX2-29 significantly decreased noradrenaline in Nucleus accumbens during open field exploration activity. Adrenaline was not altered significantly during open field activity. Conclusion: These results suggest that Orexin B, which plays a role in the regulation of motor and exploratory behaviour when infused in NAc mediates these actions through noradrenergic neurotransmission in Nucleus Accumbens.

}, keywords = {Dopamine, Noradrenaline, Nucleus Accumbens, Orexin B, TCSOX2- 29}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.103}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/641}, author = {Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Ganaraja Bolumbu and Santosh Mayannavar} } @article {491, title = {Simultaneous Quantification of Bioactive Triterpene acids (Ursolic acid and Oleanolic acid) in Different Extracts of Eucalyptus globulus (L) by HPTLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {179-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {179}, abstract = {

Objective: To develop a novel analytical method for simultaneous determination of two triterpenic acids by high-performance thin layer chromatography in methanol and dichloromethane extracts of Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Ursolic acid was also isolated from Eucalyptus globulus leaf. Materials and Methods: Two triterpenic acids (ursolic and oleanolic acid) were extracted using methanol and dichloromethane as the extraction solvents. Study for total triterpenoids present in Eucalyptus globulus leaves was carried out which shows considerable amount of terpenoids present. Because of the similarity of chemical structure, the prechromatographic derivatization was necessary to separate these triterpenic acids. The samples were treated by 1\% iodine solution in chloroform directly on the chromatographic plate and developed with the mobile phase consisting of petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and acetone (7.8:2.2:0.1, v/v/v). After drying, the plates were sprayed with 10\% (v/v) ethanol solution of sulfuric acid and heated to 120 \°C for 3 min. Quantification was performed in absorbance/transmittance mode at a wavelength of 345 nm. The developed HPTLC method was validated for linearity, precision and accuracy. Results: Correlation coefficient (r2 \> 0.99), R.S.D. values, detection limits as well as recovery values were found to be satisfactory. Ursolic acid was isolated from E. globulus leaves. The identification of isolated ursolic acid was done on the basis of Rf value (0.26) for HPTLC and peak interpretation for FT-IR. Conclusion: The method has been successfully applied in the analysis of both triterpenic acids in medicinal herbs.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Iodine derivatization, Oleanolic acid, Triterpenes, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.30}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/416}, author = {Arti Gupta and Pooja Maheta and Renu Chauhan and Sonia Pandey and Jitendra Singh Yadav and Shailesh Shah} } @article {771, title = {Total Phenolic Content and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential of Extracts from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s109-s112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s109}, abstract = {

Background: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae) is a legume plant which used for human food and animal feed. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic content and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the root, stem and seed parts of C. cajan. Method: Crude extracts were prepared by reflux extraction using methanol, dichloromethane and water as solvents. Total phenolic contents of the obtained extracts were analyzed by Folin- Ciocalteu colorimetric method and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results revealed that dichloromethane seed extract had more total phenolic content than those of methanol and water seed extracts, respectively. Dichloromethane seed extract had the highest total phenolic content of 92.00 \± 1.24 mg GAE/ g extracts. However, the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in the root methanol extract with IC50 of 3.55 \± 0.35 mg/ml. Conclusion: Type of extraction solvent was an important factor on phenolic contents of C. cajan extracts. The extracts of C. cajan inhibit slightly tyrosinase inhibitory.

}, keywords = {Cajanus cajan, Dichloromethane seed extract, Root methanol extract, total phenolic content, Tyrosinase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.21}, author = {Prasob-on Rinthong and Suthira Maneechai} } @article {267, title = {ACE Inhibitory Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content of Pereskia saccharose Griseb. Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {285-287}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

Introduction: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are drugs that can control hypertension. Pereskia saccharose Griseb. leaves have been used traditionally as antihypertensive. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the antihypertensive activity through inhibition of ACE activity, the total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the ethanolic extract of Pereskia saccharose Griseb. leaves and its fractions. Methods: Extraction was done by maceration with 80\% ethanol and fractionation performed by liquid-liquid partition. Results: In vitro ACE inhibitory activity assay of the ethanolic extract using ACE Kit-WST Dojindo had IC50 value of 3.448 \μg/mL and ethyl acetate fraction had IC50 value of 1.714 x 10-3 \μg/mL. Ethyl acetate contained the highest amounts of both TPC (72.991 \± 0.932 mg GAE/g sample) and TFC (61.337 \± 1.612 mg QE/g sample). Conclusion: The results suggest that Pereskia saccharose Griseb. possess ACE inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitor, Flavonoid, Pereskia saccharose Griseb, phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.49}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/316}, author = {Sarlina Jihan Lusiyanti and Katrin and Rissyelly and Nuraini Puspitasari and Putu Gita Maya Widyaswari Mahayasih} } @article {337, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from the Bark of Cinnamomum mercadoi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {405-409}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cinnamomum mercadoi is a medicinal tree endemic to the Philippines. Cinnamomum species have been extensively studied for their endophytic fungi with pharmacological importance. This study aims to isolate and evaluate the antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi associated with the bark of C. mercadoi. Materials and Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface sterilized bark samples aseptically. The pure isolates were identified through their morphological characteristics. Agar plug diffusion assay was employed in the primary screening of their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Four active endophytes were fermented and extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc). The antibacterial activity of the EtOAc extracts was screened using the disk diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory activity (MIC) was evaluated using the microdilution method. Results: Twelve (12) endophytes were isolated from the bark of C. mercadoi. All endophytes exhibited antibacterial activity on at least one of the test pathogens. However, only two of the four endophytes subjected to the secondary screening showed wide-spectrum activity and inhibited the growth of all test bacteria. Fusarium sp. 2 was identified to have the most promising activity with MIC values ranging from 2.1 - 4.2 mg/mL. Conclusion: C. mercadoi harbors endophytes, particularly Fusarium sp. 2, which possess antibacterial activity and thus a potential source of antibacterial compounds.

}, keywords = {Cinnamon, Escherichia, Fusarium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.69}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.69}, author = {Jia P. Marcellano and Alyssa S. Collanto and Rolly G. Fuentes} } @article {321, title = {Antibacterial Activity Of Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito (Xinyiqingfeitang) And its Components Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {310-314}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

Objective: Shin\’iseihaito (xinyiqingfeitang in Chinese, SSHT), a formula in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and Chinese medicine comprising nine crude drugs, Gypsum, Ophiopogon Tuber, Scutellaria Root (SR, root of Scutellaria baicalensis), Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, Loquat Leaf, and Cimicifuga Rhizome (CR, rhizome of Cimicifuga heracleifolia), is commonly used to treat sinusitis associated with purulent nasal discharge and reddish nasal mucosa. We evaluated anti-bacterial activity of SSHT extract on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), one cause of bacterial sinusitis. Materials and Methods: Sterile paper disks impregnated with SSHT extract, the combination of crude drugs composing SSHT according to the traditional pharmacological theory, or each component were placed on Mueller-Hinton agar plates inoculated with several strains of MRSA isolated from the patients. The diameter of inhibitory zone was measured after 18\–24 h incubation. Results: SSHT extract showed antibacterial activity against 128/190 (66.8\%) MRSA clinical isolates. The effect of the extract of SSHT without heat-clearing drugs (SSHT\–HC) or without exterior-releasing drugs (SSHT\–ER) were significantly lower than that of SSHT extract. Each water extract of SR, Loquat Leaf, Magnolia Flower and CR showed significant anti-MRSA activity, and SR extract exhibited the largest inhibitory zone. Conclusions: SSHT has antibacterial activity against MRSA clinical isolates, and SR mainly contributes to the antibacterial activity of SSHT against MRSA clinical isolates.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Scutellaria baicalensis, Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito, Sinusitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.53}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.53}, author = {Toru Konishi and Masaaki Minami and Toshiaki Makino} } @article {236, title = {Anti-HIV Activity of Phytosterol Isolated from Aerva lanata Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {112-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {112}, abstract = {

Background: AIDS in humans, which is caused by the HIV remains among the leading causes of death worldwide. Objective: The study was undertaken to investigate the HIV-RT inhibitory activity of Phytotesrols extracted from roots of Aerva lanata. Methodology: Sequential maceration method was performed for preparation of extracts using hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol solvents. RetroSys HIV-1 RT (Innovagen, Sweden) kit was used to determine the HIV-RT inhibitory activity of all solvents extracts. Results \& Discussion:\ All extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Chloroform extracts shows highest inhibition of recombinant HIV-RT (89.0\%) at 2 and mg/ml concentration. Phytosterols isolated from chloroform extracts. These results were remarkable and can be used to develop a new drug for HIV treatment or other infectious diseases caused by the pathogenic micro-organisms, for which plant sterols may play a distinctive role. Conclusion: Further work is in progress to evaluate the advanced spectroscopic studies are required for the structural elucidation, identification and characterization of the active compound from this plant.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, Characterization, HIV-1, Phytosterols, Reverse transcriptase, Structural elucidation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.19}, author = {Rajendra Prasad Gujjeti and Estari Mamidala} } @article {367, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Isolation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {607-610}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {607}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L. have been known to demonstrate strong antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activities. The aim of this study was to isolate antioxidant and XOD inhibitor from the leaves of the plants. Methods: Isolation of antioxidant and XOD inhibitor were conducted using chromatography techniques. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Results: In this study, a flavonoid was isolated and characterized as methoxylated flavonoid based on the spectral data including UV, IR, GC-MS, and NMR. The compound demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 28.79 \μg/ml, and XOD inhibitory with IC50 of 0.67 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The isolated compound was determined as 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-((3S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5, 6-trihydroxy-2(hydroxymethoxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyrane-3-iloxy) phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-on or camarosids. The isolated compound demonstrated strong DPPH free radical scavenging and XOD inhibitory activity.\ 

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Flavonoid., Ruellia Tuberosa, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.96}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.96/index.html}, author = {Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad and Berna Elya and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {263, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Enzyme Inhibition Assay with Total Flavonoid Content from Garcinia hombroniana Pierre Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {267-272}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Objective: Garcinia hombroniana Pierre leaves extract have been known to contain flavonoid, but it has not been known yet for its antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. This study aims to determine antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity of G. hombroniana leaves extract. Method: Antioxidant activity tested by using FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity using baicalein as the positive control. Total flavonoid assay is also quantitatively done by AlCl3 colorimetric method on the most active extract using quercetin as the positive control. Results: The test result showed that the n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves have antioxidant activity which showed by EC50 value consecutively are 36.260; 2.969; and 7.416 \μg/mL, and also can inhibit lipoxygenase activity which showed by IC50 value consecutively are 2.052; 0.134; and 1.314 \μg/mL. Ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves has the most active antioxidant activity and inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. Total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of G. hombroniana Pierre leaves is 42.004 mg QE/g sample. Conclusion: Garcinia hombroniana Pierre leaves extract has antioxidant activity and can inhibit lipoxygenase activity.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammation, Antioxidant, Flavonoid, FRAP, Garcinia hombroniana Pierre, Lipoxygenase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.45}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/312}, author = {Shinta Marlin and Berna Elya and Katrin} } @article {256, title = {Application of Ionic Liquid based Microwave-Assisted Extraction of the Secondary Metabolite from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {227-234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Introduction: An ionic liquid (ILs) is a new alternative solvent (containing cations and anions) has the physical and specific solutions properties, and also had proven to be a promising substituent of conventional organic solvents are flammable, volatile and toxic in various processes. The ILS application in separating the secondary metabolites compound from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth herbaceous can be carried out using microwaveassisted extraction method (MAE). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction method for attracting the secondary metabolites compound from P. pellucida compared with a conventional solvent for the enrichment of secondary metabolites (especially polyphenols group) and their HPTLC fingerprinting profile. Methods: The herb dried powder extracted by microwave-assisted extraction using an ionic liquid such us 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([BMIM]Cl), 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide ([BMIM]Br). The obtained extract solution was partitioned using an organic solvent; the extract was evaporated to obtain a dry extract and determination the HPTLC fingerprinting profile. Results: Based on the research results was obtained from the various types of solvents there are differences in the extraction of secondary metabolite.

}, keywords = {HPTLC profile, Ionic liquid, Microwave-assisted extraction, Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth, Secondary metabolite.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.38}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/305}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Arry Yanuar and Kamarza Mulia and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {418, title = {Characterization and Distribution of Flavonoids from Flowers in Different Horticultural Types of Begonia.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {850-855}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {850}, abstract = {

Background: The begonias are ornamental plants known by the varied forms and colors of their flowers, as well as their decorative foliage. Objective: This study attempts to characterize the flavonoids isolated from flower extracts of different horticultural cultivars of the genus Begonia. Material and methods: The compounds of the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were separated by chromatographic methods and identified by UV spectra and chemical techniques. Results: The analysis allowed the characterization of flavonoids belonging to flavonol types in the free aglycones and glycoside forms of kaempferol and quercetin. On the other hand, fingerprinting analysis and quantification of major flavonoids of 184 cultivars were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among twenty five (25) components which were detected and separated: ten were corresponding to quercetin 3-Oglucosyl- rhamnoside (Rt=23.5), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Rt=25), kaempferol 3-O-glucosylrhamnoside and its acylated derivative (Rt=32), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (Rt=33), quercetin 3-O-p.coumaroyl-diglucoside (Rt=37), quercetin 3-O-P.coumaroyl-glucoside (Rt=40.5), quercetin (Rt=41.5), kaempferol and its acylated derivative (Rt=47). Only non-acylated glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol contributed to chemical variations among different cultivars based on the results of PCA. Conclusion: The genus Begonia is very heterogeneous and it is possible to distinguish several chemotypes whose differences rely on the complementarities between the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol.

}, keywords = {Begonia, Chemotype, Distribution, Flavonoids, HPLC.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/186}, author = {Saffidine Karima and Chirol Nadine and Benayache Fadila and Jay Maurice} } @article {429, title = {Chemo-profiling, Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Cichorium intybus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {917-928}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {917}, abstract = {

Background: Cichorium intybus commonly called as chicory or coffee weed was traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments associated with liver, kidney and heart. The aim of the present study was phytochemical screening, in-vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential, element analysis of wild and cultivated chicory and GC-MS analysis of methanolic leaf extract of wild chicory grown in Kashmir Himalaya. Method: To achieve this goal, the qualitative and quantitative analysis was done to determine the antioxidant potential. Element analysis was done using AAS and metabolite fingerprinting was done using GC-MS to ascertain the presence of active phytoconstituents in chicory leaves. Results: The qualitative screening of leaf extracts from wild and cultivated chicory indicates the presence of important bioactive constituents. The leaf extract of wild chicory constituted the higher amount of total phenol and flavonoid contents and also showed strong radical scavenging activities of DPPH, SOD and hydrogen peroxide radical as indicated by lower values of IC50 compared to cultivated chicory. Furthermore, both extracts of wild chicory showed the highest total antioxidant potential for the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ when compared with cultivated chicory. The results from the elemental analysis shows that leaf extract of wild chicory exhibits higher concentration of elements as compared to cultivated one, thus can be used as a potential bio-fortified crop. The GC-MS analysis determines the presence of 78 different compounds in the methanolic leaf extract of wild chicory. The major phytochemical constituents were phytol (7.96\%) and stigmat-5-en-3-ol (6.45\%). Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggested the therapeutic potential of chicory leaves; particularly wild chicory proves to be a potent source of natural antioxidant against free radical associated damages. Metabolite profiling study revealed important metabolites having potent pharmacological actions.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidant Activities, Cichorium Intybus, GC-MS., Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.144}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/197}, author = {Bisma Malik and Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {324, title = {Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiling and RBC Membrane Stabilization Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia) Seed Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {329-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Background: Seabuckthorn (SBT) is one of the most important plants of higher altitude in India and China. SBT seed oil is rich in Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) which is present in a peculiar ratio capable of combating inflammation. Objective: To compare the physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid profiling and Red Blood Cell (RBC) membrane stabilization activity between two species of SBT seed oil; Hippophae rhamnoides (HR) and Hippophae salicifolia (HS) collected from Ladakh and Sikkim, India, respectively. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis was performed and effect of SBT seed oil was evaluated against heat and hypotonicity induced haemolysis of RBC. Protein denaturation assay was also conducted to check its probable role in chronic inflammation. Results: GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of PUFA viz. Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and Linoleic acid (LA) in SBT seed oil. Both significantly (p\<0.05) inhibited heat and hypotonicity induced membrane destabilization in a concentration dependant manner. Maximum percentage inhibition of protein denaturation was observed at 3.6 \μg/ml after incubation period of 4 hours. Conclusion: HR and HS have been proved to inhibit membrane destabilization with almost equal efficacy. Their efficacy against heat induced protein denaturation indicates that they may be useful in prevention and/or treatment of chronic inflammation as well. These findings may be attributed to the presence of PUFA. This study has contributed in establishing some preliminary evidence about PUFAs being the mainstay of their anti-inflammatory efficacy. However, in vivo studies are required to further validate the results of this study.

}, keywords = {GC-MS, in vitro, Protein Denaturation, RBC Membrane Stabilization, Sea buckthorn Seed Oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.56}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.56}, author = {Suchita Dubey and M.V. Ramana and Anuradha Mishra} } @article {238, title = {A Complete Pharmacognostical Profile of Rungia repens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {123-127}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {123}, abstract = {

Background: Rungia repens is one of the plants cited as \‘Parpata\’ in Ayurvedic literature and indicated as febrifuge, antitussive and vermifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of kaempferol in R. repens. Materials and Methods: R. repens was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of kaempferol by HPTLC method. Results: It is a small, much branched, prostrate or sub-erect herb with lanceolate leaf and violet flowers. Microscopically root can be characterized by collenchymatous phloem associated with wide lignified xylem; stem by epidermis with simple and glandular trichomes and collenchymatous hypodermis; and leaf by epidermis embedded with cystoliths and bearing covering and glandular trichomes. Powdered drug can be typified by cystoliths, trichomes of aforementioned type, pollen grains and fragments of cork. Further studies revealed that brunt of heavy metal and microbial load in plant material was within permissible limits. Flavonoids and phenolics were found be major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of kaempferol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: ethyl acetate: dichloromethane: formic acid: methyl ethyl ketone (5: 1: 1.5: 0.5: 0.8) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 254 nm. Conclusion: The distinctive quality profile data and validated HPTLC method tailored for Rungia repens using kaempferol as a marker, would aid as expedient measures for its evaluation.

}, keywords = {Ghati pitpapada, HPTLC, Kaempferol, Pharmacognostic study, Rungia repens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.21}, url = {/fulltext/288}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {423, title = {Cytotoxicity and Oral Acute Toxicity Studies of Litsea glutinosa C. B (ROB) Stem Bark Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {880-886}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

Background: Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae) stem bark is widely used in folk medicine as a hepatoprotective, anti-diarrheal and anti-dysenteric drug but there is a lack of information about its toxicity. Objective: To evaluate cytotoxicity and acute toxicity of the stem bark ethanol extract (BEE). Materials and Methods: In vitro cytotoxicity of BEE was measured against breast adenocarcinoma, prostate, and colon carcinoma cell lines. In the acute toxicity tests, rats received oral doses of BEE as 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg/kg body weight. Mortality, signs of toxicity, body weight, food consumption, and gross findings were observed for 14 days. Blood samples were collected from anesthetized animals and used for hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological study was performed using liver and kidney samples. Results: The BEE does not show significant cytotoxic effect against the tested cell lines up to the range from 5 to 320 \μg/ml. In acute toxicity study, also lethality was not observed up to 3000 mg/kg b.w. No significant differences were noticed in body and organ weights and histopathology examinations between the control and treated groups. Conclusion: This study authenticates stem BEE may contain bioactive compounds of potential therapeutic significance which are relatively safe from toxic effects, and evidences the medicinal use of this plant in folk medicine.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Breast adenocarcinoma cell line, Haematology., Litsea glutinosa, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.138}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/191}, author = {Arunodaya Hosahalli Sumithregowda and Krishna Venkatarangaiah and Kumaraswamy Malleshappa Honnenahally and Vinaykumar Nagenahalli Manjunath} } @article {428, title = {Determination of Antipyretic and Antioxidant Activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn Methanolic Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {913-916}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {913}, abstract = {

Objective: To perform the pharmacognostical screening and determination of antipyretic and antioxidant activity of Cassia occidentalis L. Methanolic seed extract by different in-vitro models. Methods: The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard procedure. Finally, antipyretic (Brewer\’s Yeast Pyrexia model) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and Hydrogen Pyrode Method) was evaluated by adopting different methods. Results: The extracts showed a marked antipyretic effect (Figure 1) by causing a reduction in yeast-induced fever. Methanolic extract (400 mg/kg) showed the effect to the same degree as paracetamol (20 mg/kg, i.p.). The experimentally induced laboratory model was employed in evaluating the antipyretic activities of methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. The extract caused a better hypothermal activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Free radical scavenging activity of Cassia occidentalis L. was found because polyphenolic compounds present in plant contribute significantly to the total antioxidant capacity of the seed. Flavonoids play some important pharmacological roles against diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation and allergy. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the methanolic seed extract of Cassia occidentalis L. possesses strong antipyretic and antioxidant activity. This study described many pharmacognostical features and antioxidant activity of seeds of Cassia occidentalis L. which will give a new direction for the future scientific research.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Antipyretic, Cassia occidentalis L., Pharmacological, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.143}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/196}, author = {Vijay Vikram Singh and Jainendra Jain and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {237, title = {Differentiation of Five Commercially Available Triphala churnas of an Ayurvedic Formulation by Elemental Fingerprint}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {117-122.}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Introduction:Triphala churna (TPC) is one of the well known Ayurvedic powdered preparations of Indian System of Medicine and is used in the treatment of various diseases. Elemental pattern of TPC was developed in order to investigate the identity and quality of commercial TPC drugs. Method: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used for the quantitative determination of ten essential and trace elements in five marketed samples of Triphala churna. The concentration patterns of these elements were deciphered by multivariate statistical analysis such as hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), fuzzy c-means (FCM) and k-means (KM) cluster analysis. Results: The elemental concentrations ranged from 1.3 mg/kg (Cr, TPC3) to 14220 mg/kg (K, TPC4). The elemental fingerprint of Triphala churna was established based on three churnas viz. TPC1, TPC3 and TPC5, which were found in one cluster with a very high degree of similarity by KM, FCM and HCA techniques. Conclusion: Based on the results, the graphical pattern of elements detected in these samples can be considered as elemental fingerprint of Triphala churna and can be used for authentication and/or to determine the quality of commercial TPC drugs.\ 

}, keywords = {Ayurvedic Drugs, Elemental Fingerprint, Fuzzy c-Means, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, k-Means, Triphala churna}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.20}, author = {Venkata Siva Satyanarayana Kantamreddi and V. Thirumala Veni and Murali Krishna Malasani and Boddana Simhachalam} } @article {259, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Compound and Total Flavonoid of Peperomia pellucida Herbs Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {244-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {244}, abstract = {

Introduction: Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth has been reported to have some biological activities such as antihypertensive and antioxidants. Herbal materials susceptible to contamination during processing and storage which can shortens their shelf life. Gamma-irradiation has been used as a method for preservation. Methods: This research aimed to analyze the effect of gamma-irradiation on inhibition activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), antioxidant activity, total phenol content, total flavonoid, and thin layer chromatography profiles of P. pellucida L. Herbs extract. The extract was irradiated with 60Co gamma rays at 2.5; 5; 7.5; dan 10 kGy. Results: Irradiation up to 10 kGy did not change ACE inhibitory activity and TLC profile. No significant differences were noted in the inhibition activity of ACE and the type of chromatogram profiles between non-irradiated extract and irradiated extracts up to a dose of 10 kGy while total flavonoids showed a significant decrease. In addition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity showed a significant increase of extracts were irradiated up to 5 kGy and decrease at dose 7,5 kGy and 10 kGy. Gamma-irradiation up to 10 kGy didn\’t affect the activity of ACEinhibitor in-vitro while significant difference (P \<0.05) of antioxidant activity, total flavonoids and phenolic content of the extract P. Pellucida. Conclusion: In conclusion, gamma - irradiation can be used as a preservation method for ethanol extract P. Pellucida L. Kunth herbs.

}, keywords = {ACE, Antioxidant, Extract, Gamma-irradiation, Peperomia pellucida, Total flavonoids, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.41}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/308}, author = {Anies Monica Adhitia and Alisa Nur Octaviani and Rissyelly and Katrin Basah and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {258, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Suruhan (Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth) Herb Powder}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {239-243}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {239}, abstract = {

Introduction: Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth is known as a raw material for herbal medicine; Preservation of herbs powder by gamma irradiation is reported to be able to keep products free from contamination. Methods: This study aims to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation (0; 2.5; 5; 7.5; and 10 kGy) on the ACE inhibitory activity (ACE Kit \– WST test kit method), antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging method), total phenolic content (colorimetric method using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent), total flavonoid content (colorimetric method using AlCl3 and sodium acetate), and TLC profiling (silica gel F254 as the stationary phase and dichlormethane:methanol [92:8] as the mobile phase) of suruhan herb powder. Results: Results showed that the 2.5 kGy irradiation dose gave the smallest alteration in ACE inhibitory activity compared to others irradiated doses. Furthermore, the 5 and 7.5 kGy dose didn\’t cause significant change (p\>0.05) on antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. Antioxidant activity was found to correlate with the total phenolic content but not with the total flavonoid content. Conclusion: Based on these finding, it is concluded that gamma irradiation can be used as a preservation method for P. pellucida herb powder.

}, keywords = {Angiotensin converting enzyme, antioxidant activity, Peperomia pellucida, total flavonoid, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.40}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/307}, author = {Mubarika Sekarsari Yusuf and Intan Wulandari and Lili Amelia and Katrin and Arikadia Noviani and Rissyelly and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {257, title = {The Efficacy Study of Snake Fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw Var. Bongkok) Extract as Skin Lightening Agent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {235-238}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Introduction: The whitening skin product market has been growing significantly in Asia Pacific. Indonesia is one of those countries that mainly think that having a white color skin is simply beautiful. Therefore, it motivates Indonesian women to buy more whitening product for their beauty needs. Objective: The purpose of this research is to find raw material for whitening product from Indonesian plants that can be useful as skin lightening agents. This study investigated the potential of snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw var. Bongkok) ethanolic extract as skin lightening agent. Fruits of Salacca edulis Reinw contains flavonoids which have been reported to play a part in skin depigmentation. Methods: A randomized double-blind study on 17 human volunteers showed marked skin lightening effects using cream containing 3\% extract as there was a significant reduction in skin melanin index which compared favorably with the base cream (p \<0,05). Results: The result strongly suggested that snake fruit ethanolic extract can be used as raw material for skin lightening agents and therefore Indonesia dependency on imported raw materials could be reduced.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Melanin index, Salacca edulis Reinw, Snake fruit extract, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.39}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/306}, author = {Astrid Tilaar and Anna Ranti and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {450, title = {Evaluation of Anti Arthritic Potential of Gloriosa superba (L.) Elite Germplasm Collected from Eastern Himalayas, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s87-s92}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s87}, abstract = {

Introduction: Gloriosa superba (L.) is a traditionally known medicinal plant for its potential antigout property. The species is rich source of colchicine alkaloid and is commercially exploit in the international market for the same. Method: In the present study, elite chemotype of G. superba was identified from natural population in Eastern Himalayas based on their colchicine content through HPTLC calibrated method. The selected elite chemotypes were further evaluated for in vitro anti-arthritic potential via inhibition of protein denaturation along with hydroxyl radical scavenging potential. Result: The HPTLC quantification data reveals that the content of colchicine varies from 0.044 to 0.184\% having maximum content in NBG-128 from Jorhat, Assam. The results of bioassay reflect a potentiating anti-arthritic and hydroxyl radical scavenging with statistically insignificant difference within the elite germplasms. Conclusion: The presence of bioactive polyphenolics with significant hydroxyl radical scavenging will further suggest that inhibition of inflammatory mediator cells by extract is superimposed action of colchicine and other chemical inhibitors like polyphenolics. The study will aid in site specific exploration of high metabolite yielding chemotype(s) with validated pharmacological action for commercial cultivation to meet out the industrial demand of colchicine and herbal product development.

}, keywords = {Anti arthritic, Colchicine, Elite chemotype, G. superba, HPTLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.162}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/387}, author = {Ankita Misra and Akanksha Srivastava and Mohammad Khalid and Poonam Kushwaha and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {431, title = {Extracellular L-Asparaginase from Streptomyces labedae VSM-6: Isolation, Production and Optimization of Culture Conditions Using RSM}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {932-941}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {932}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was intended to isolate actinomycetes VSM-6 from deep sea sediment samples of Bay of Bengal that is potent to produce L - asparaginase. Materials and Methods: The identification of the isolate was executed by polyphasic taxonomy. Optimization was carried out one factor at a time (O-F-A-T) for the production of the L - asparaginase. RSM was pledged to optimize the L - asparaginase production by S.labedae VSM-6. Central composite design was applied to study the influence of the variables and their interactive effects on the production of L - asparaginase. Unstructured Kinetic modelling for L - asparaginase production was adopted using Leudeking-Piret (LILP) and Logistic Incorporated Modified Leudeking-Piret (LIMLP) models. Results: Optimization using One-Factor-At-A-time registered a turnout of 8.92 IU/ml of L - asparaginase production. But results obtained from the statistical design are in agreement with the experimental results. The model followed the second order polynomial equation and the model adequacy was determined by the P value (\<0.0001), Coefficient determination (R2) with a value of 0.9942 and the adjusted R2 = 0.9087 which determines that the model was significant. The experimental values are in compliance with the model anticipated values and catalogued an escalation in yield of L - asparaginase (10.17 IU/ml) by RSM. Unstructured Kinetic modelling for L - asparaginase production adopting Leudeking-Piret (LILP) and Logistic Incorporated Modified Leudeking-Piret (LIMLP) models showed L - asparaginase production of (10.17 IU/ml), closer to model anticipated value (10.23 IU/ml) so unstructured models provided a better approximation for L - asparaginase production by S.labedae VSM-6. Conclusion: From our study we have reported for the first time the production of L - asparaginase from S.labedae VSM-6 using central composite design and kinetic modelling.

}, keywords = {Central Composite Design, Kinetic Modelling, L - asparaginase, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Statistical Analysis., Streptomyces labedae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.146}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/199}, author = {Ushakiranamayi Mangamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {240, title = {HPLC Fingerprint Analysis and Content Determination of Extract with Anticancer Activities of Sedi Linearis Herba}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {128-134}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this paper was to develop a HPLC fingerprint analysis method, compare the chromatographic fingerprints characteristics of the ethyl acetate extract with anticancer activity from Sedi Linearis Herba (Sedum lineare Thumb.) collected in different seasons and environments, determine the contents of active ingredients hyperoside, isoquercetin and astragalin of each sample by HPLC, provide believable scientific foundations for quality control and evaluation of Sedi Linearis Herba. Methods: The analyte was analyzed using BDS Hypersil C18 as chromatographic column, acetonitrile -0.1\% acetic acid solution as the mobile phase (gradient elution). Results: The results showed that the major active ingredient contents of the samples collected in different seasons but at the same environment all had obvious differences. These ingredient contents of the samples collected in the end of April were much more than those in mid-August in general. Moreover, the major active ingredient contents of the samples picked in the same season but different environments were different too. For instance, the major ingredient contents of the sample in damp environment in August were more than those in sunny environment. Conclusion: All of these indicated that the HPLC fingerprint analysis and contents determination method established were very useful for quality analysis and control of Sedi Linearis Herba.

}, keywords = {Anticancer Activity Ingredients, Content Determination, HPLC Fingerprint, Sedum lineare Thunb.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.22}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/289}, author = {Diangang Liu and Qing Mei and Weifang Long and Xiangluan Wan and Dingrong Wan and Luyao Wang} } @article {327, title = {Identification and Characterization of Berberine in Tinospora cordifolia by Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC MS/MS Q-tof) and Evaluation of its anti Inflammatory Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {350-355}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {350}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F and Thomas commonly called as gudduchi or amrita is a widely used plant in traditional medicinal system of Ayurveda. A UPLC MS/MS Q-tof method for the identification and characterization of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers. ex HooK.F. and Thomas. and to evaluate the anti inflammatory potential of bioactive fraction. Materials and Methods: The presence of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia was determined by HPLC and was subsequently isolated by HPTLC. The anti inflammatory property of the fraction containing berberine was demonstrated to have an inhibitory activity on 5 lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in inflammatory pathway and its IC50 value was obtained. The binding interactions between berberine and 5-LOX were demonstrated by docking studies. Result: The presence of berberine in Tinospora cordifolia methanolic extract was identified by HPLC and HPTLC analysis and confirmed by UPLC MS/ MS Q-tof. The fraction containing berberine inhibited 5-LOX with an IC50 of 0.041\± 0.0003\μg/mL as compared to that of NDGA (positive control) which showed an IC50 of 2.75 \± 0.05 \μg/mL. Molecular docking of berberine with 5-LOX showed a binding energy of -8.942 \± 0.039665 kcal/mol and Ki of 273.16 \± 3.026 nM as compared to the NDGA which has a binding energy of -7.186 \± 0.170503 kcal/mol and Ki 5.604\± 1.618 \μM. Conclusion: Tinospora cordifolia can be used as a source of berberine and possible anti inflammatory activity of Tinospora cordifolia may be attributed to the presence of berberine.

}, keywords = {5 Lipoxygenase, Berberine, Mass spectrometry, Molecular Docking., Tinospora cordifolia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.59}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.59}, author = {Mohind C. Mohan and Anu P. Abhimannue and Prakash Kumar B} } @article {360, title = {In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Alkaloids Isolated from Leaves of Eclipta alba Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {573-577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {573}, abstract = {

The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to an alkaloids isolated from the leaves of this plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. The purity of isolated alkaloids was checked by TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis and total alkaloids were quantified. In the present study, the inhibitory action of the alkaloid was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 \μg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Based on the observations, E. alba appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections. Context: Different parts of Eclipta alba crude extracts are used traditionally for the treatment of several diseases of liver, skin and stomach. Aims: To study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of alkaloids isolated from E. alba against human pathogenic bacteria. Settings and Design: The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to an alkaloids isolated from the leaves of this plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. Methods and Material: The purity of isolated alkaloids was checked by TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis and total alkaloids were quantified. Agar-well diffusion and Broth micro-dilution methods were selected to assess the antimicrobial activity. Statistical analysis used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance. Results: In the present study, the inhibitory action of the alkaloid was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 \μg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: Based on the observations, E. alba appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections.

}, keywords = {Agarwell diffusion, Alkaloid, Antimicrobial activity, Broth micro-dilution assay., Eclipta alba, Human pathogenic bacteria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.91}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.91}, author = {Swapna Gurrapu and Estari Mamidala} } @article {261, title = {Inhibition Activity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and Determination of Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Compound from Bitter Melon Leaves (Momordica charantia L.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {252-256}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {252}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hypertension is a leading problem in Indonesia, because of the high prevalence and the long term effect. Bitter melon leaves (Momordica charantia L.) has been traditionally utilized to treat hypertension, yet not many studies explained the antihypertension effect of this plant. Methods: This study was conducted to test the benefit of bitter melon leaves as antihypertension using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition activity in 80\% ethanolic extract and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol) using ACE kit-WST (Dojindo, Japan). Then the antihypertension activity was associated with the phenolic content which was expressed in gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and total flavonoid in quercetin equivalent (QE). Results: Result of the study showed that the IC50 value obtained from the ethanolic extract to inhibit ACE activity was 7.52 \μg/mL and the highest inhibition obtained in ethyl acetate fraction with IC50 value was 4,29 \μg/mL. Phenolic total and flavonoid total determination also showed that the highest content obtained in ethyl acetate fraction with 18.752 mg GAE/gr extract and 8.310 mg QE/gr extract, respectively. Conclusion: According to the study, it could be concluded that bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) leaves provide inhibition activity against Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) and chemical compounds that were expected to play an active role in inhibiting ACE were flavonoid and tannin.

}, keywords = {Angiotensin converting enzyme, antihypertension, Momordica charantia L., total flavonoid., total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.43}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/310}, author = {Putri Lestari and Katrin and Rissyelly and Putu Gita Maya Widyaswari Mahayasih} } @article {249, title = {Investigation of cytotoxicity induced by Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica using MDA-MB-231, HCT 116 and SHSY5Y cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {192-195}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: Indian herbal plants are widely used as medicine in the ancient ayurvedic and culinary purposes. Nigella sativa that also called as in black cumin is a flowering plant in the family ranunculiceae that is native to Southeast Asia. More recently Nigella sativa is also been used as anti cancer drug and protective agent against gamma radiation induced adverse effects in cell lines. Azadirachta indica commonly called as neem, is a tree belonging to mahogany family meliaceae. Azadirachta indica is also a traditional medicinal plant that used from a very long time in Indian ayurvedic and it is also been reported to have many beneficial effects including but not limited to anti-cancer and anti-diabetic effects. Objective: Find the IC50 values of Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica ethanolic extracts in MDA-MB-231, HCT 116 and SHSY5Y cell lines. Methods: In this study we selected two cancerous cell lines (MDA-MB-231, HCT 116) and one neuronal cell line (SHSY5Y) and studied the effect of the two plant extracts namely Nigella sativa and Azadirachta indica on the cell metabolic activity. Results: This study revealed that cancerous cell lines are more prone to the plant extracts than the neuronal cell lines. These results suggest positive clues on how such medicinal plant extracts act against cancerous cells alone while affecting the normal cells to a limited extent. However, further studies are required to find if this effect is due to cytotoxicity, cytostaticity, or anti-adhesive property.

}, keywords = {Ayurvedic medicine, Cancer cells, Herbal plants, Neuronal cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.31}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/298}, author = {Sayani Banerjee and Shefali Pandey and Purbasha Mukherjee and Afia Sayeed and Apoorva Vasant Pandurangi and Shinomol George and Sahabudeen Sheik Mohideen} } @article {443, title = {Isolation, Purification of Quercetin from in vitro Cell Suspension Culture of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its Analysis by HPLC-DAD and NMR}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s44-s51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s44}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia pulcherrima, belongs to Caesapiniaceae, is a known medicinal plant widely distributed in India and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Many phytochemicals are reported from the plant as potential source of crude drug. Materials and Methods: An efficient and simple reproducible protocol was developed for callus production using leaf explants of C. pulcherrima. The combination of 2, 4-D, kin and BA, was used for the callus induction. Subsequently, cell suspension culture and quercetin synthesis from in vitro callus was attempted. Role of effect of elicitors (Sucrose, ABA and salicylic acid) in cell suspension culture was carried in MS medium containing 2,4-D + BA + kinetin. Flavonoids was purified, fractionated by HPLC-DAD and NMR. Results: 2, 4-D (2.5 mg/L), BA (2.5 mg/L) + kin (1 mg/mL) was effective for maximum callus induction from leaf explants. Significant cell suspension culture was noticed with liquid MS medium containing 2,4-D (2 mg/L)+ BA (1mg/L)+ kinetin (1.5 mg/L). Sucrose, ABA and salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations influenced cell biomass and quercetin accumulation. The addition of ABA/SA along with sucrose was found to have no remarkable effect on cell biomass and also quercetin synthesis. However, cells cultured in the medium fortified with 45 g/L sucrose without ABA/ SA showed the highest quercetin content (16.5 mg/g). Flavonoids was purified, fractionated by HPLC-DAD and NMR revealed the presence of 9 components such as quercetin, isoquercetin, quercetrin, rutin, quercetin 3-O-\β-D-xyloside, quercetin 3-Oarabinopyranoside, quercetin 3-O- \α-arabinopyranosyl (1\→2) \β-galactopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside and an unknown compound. Conclusion: C. pulcherima reveals significant synthesis of quercetin. Quercetin content recorded in cell suspension culture was significantly higher compared with in vivo plants grown in fields and the compounds were identified by NMR.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Callus, Cell suspension culture, Elicitors; growth hormones, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.156}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/380}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Greeshma Murukan and Bosco Lawarence and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {246, title = {Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity In vitro of Mezzetia parviflora Becc. Wood Bark Polar extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {171-175}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Introduction: The wood bark of Mezzetia parviflora Becc, has long served as one of the most important traditional herbal medicine sources in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. M. parviflora extracts were rich in polyphenols. This study was aimed to explore the lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of polar extract of M. parviflora. Methods: The polar extract is the result of ethanol extract partition solved in acetone. The extract will keep polar components which are insoluble in acetone. Assayed methods applied are \ß-carotene bleaching inhibition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) measurement, and continuous monitoring of conjugated dienes formation in LDL. Results: M. parviflora extract inhibit \ß-carotene/ linoleic acid oxidation, showed by IC50 value of 15.83 g/ml in 30th minute; but the potency will be reduced to IC50 value of 111.19 g/ml and 225.07 g/ml after the 60th and 120th minute of incubation. M. parviflora extract inhibit MDA formation as for linoleic acid peroxidation product until the third day; at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g/ml inhibit MDA formation as many as 29.16 \± 2.41\%, 4.24\% \± 43.27, 54.08 \± 2.87\%, 59.88 \± 1.90\%, and 69.75 \± 2.32\%, respectively. M. parviflora extract at 50 g/ml can inhibit LDL-oxidation induced by CuSO4, performed by LDL-oxidation lag-time elongation until 70 minutes, similar ability was performed by epigallocathecin gallate at 5 g/ml. Conclusions: M. parviflora extract expressed relatively strong protection against lipid and LDL oxidation which can serve as the scientific basis of its development as a remedy for various diseases caused by lipid peroxidation.

}, keywords = {Conjugated diene, Low-density lipoprotein, Malondilaldehyde, Mezzetia parviflora Becc, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.28}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/295}, author = {Mufidah Murdifin and Ermina Pakki and Gemini Alam and Marianti A. Manggau and Lukman Muslimin and M. Rusdi and Elly Wahyudin} } @article {224, title = {Micro-morphoanatomical approach for comparative analysis of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and its adulterant plant using SEM and Cryostat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {39-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {39}, abstract = {

Background: Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers, belongs to Menispermaceae, commonly known as \“Guduchi\”or \“Amrita\” and has immense importance in Ayurvedic medicine. Several studies have been carried out on pharmacology, pharmaceutical, anticancer activity and clinical trials of T. cordifolia, however not much information is available on the adulterants that are added with the genuine plant. Considerable work has been done on pharmacognosy but very few studies have been performed on the anatomy of T. cordifolia. Objectives: Comparative micro-morphoanatomical analysis of T. cordifolia and P. daemia, is important for quality control of fresh and dried samples of the root, stem and leaves. Material and Methods: The plant materials of T. cordifolia and P. daemia were collected, and identified. Fixed sample subjected to cryostat microtomy and sections were observed under light microscope. Micromorphology were studied by light as well as scanning electron microscope. Results: Anatomical studies are cheap and important tool for identification of the correct medicinal plant. Adulterant plant does not contain active principles like Berberine and Tinosporin nor have similar morpho-anatomical characters. Because of the similar appearance and resemblance of dried adulterant plant samples, medicinally important T. cordifolia often get adulterated with other plants. SEM study revealed morpho-anatomical differences like the abundance of starch in cortical and ray parenchyma, different types of trichomes, etc. Cryostat techniques were used for sectioning and showed the presence of xylem plates with wide multicelluar rays. Conclusion: Morphological and anatomical differences were observed in T. cordifolia and P. daemia. The given results showed significant differences therefore this study aims to help in accurate identification and avoid adulteration of a medicinally important plant.

}, keywords = {Berberine, Morpho-anatomy, Pergularia daemia, SEM study., Tinospora cordifolia, Tinosporin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.8}, author = {Vidya Shivram Patil and Nutan Padmnabh Malpathak} } @article {375, title = {Microscopical Evaluation, Phytochemical Analysis and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Tuber of Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {657-662}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson (Cyperaceae), is a Perennial with long stolons and rhizomes ending in small tubers. It is popularly known as Kasheruk in Sanskrit. The plant is traditionally used as anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, and tonic to the liver. In order to do the detail standardization of plant macro-microscopical observation, phytochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of tuber was performed according to pharmacopoeia procedure. Microscopic analysis has showed thick-walled polygonal epidermal cells of young root stalk in surface view, elongated phloem parenchyma filled with starch grains, spiral to annular vessel fragments and simple starch grains scattered all over the powder. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of carbohydrate, coumarins, flavanoids, steroid, tannin, and terpenoid. Ethanol extract of plant were fingerprinted in toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). The developed plates were visualized in UV 254, 366, and then derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical analysis, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.104}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.104/index.html}, author = {Savin Chanthala Ganapathi and Rajendra Holla and Shivaraja Shankara and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Ravi Mundugaru} } @article {340, title = {Neuropathic Pain: Literature Review and Recommendations of Potential Phytotherapies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {425-434}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the common syndromes that affect humanity is neuropathic pain (NP), yet poorly understood with no efficient treatment till now. Consequently, it is extremely crucial to seek further evidence for accurate diagnosis and optimum treatment. The aim of this work is to summarize the findings related to neuropathic pain in terms of etiology, types, diagnosis, current and future management prospective, and identify the gaps in neuropathic pain therapy. Methods: A literature investigation was carried out by analyzing classical peer reviewed papers and textbooks, taking into consideration worldwide well established scientific databases mainly PUBMED and SCOPUS to retrieve accessible published literature. The selection of phytotherapies was based upon their potentials in relieving NP in pre-clinical or clinical models. Results: One of the most critical points in this research is that recommendations of the future plans should be focused on the engagement of phytotherapy in the treatment regimen aiming at improving patients\’ quality of life and reaching optimum efficacy and minimum toxicity. Phytotherapies offer relatively low-risk options to NP patients and have an increasing evidence to be the future of neuropathic pain management. Patients suffering from neuropathy are depending increasingly on phytotherapies; however, they need more clinical trials in order to fully understand their mechanism of actions. Conclusion: Health-care specialists should be regularly informed about neuropathic pain current therapies and promising future phytotherapies, bearing in mind the risk/benefit profile of the utilization of these therapies in the amelioration of NP.

}, keywords = {Current therapies, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, Neuropathy Pain, Phytotherapies, Recommendations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.72}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.72}, author = {Karim Raafat and Rawan El-Haj and Dania Shoumar and Rana Alaaeddine and Yousra Fakhro and Natalie Tawil and Farah Shaer and Amani Daher and Natalie Awada and Ali Sabra and Khouloud Atwi and Malak Khaled and Raneem Messi and Nour Abouzaher and Mohamed Houri and Samer Al Jallad} } @article {349, title = {Pharmacognostic and Antimicrobial Studies of Garcinia latissima Miq. Leaves (Clusiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {493-498}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Introduction: Garcinia latissima Miq known as Dolo magota (Maluku), is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Clusiaceae. The purpose of the research was to explore the phytoconstituents present, pharmacognostic details, and their antimicrobial efficacy. Methods: The preliminary phytochemical components were qualitatively examined using the standard method systems. The antimicrobial screening was carried out using the good diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using dilution method. Results: The phytochemical screening of different extract of G. latissima Miq leaves revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, and alkaloids and the results were tabulated. The ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts from its leaves showed antimicrobial activity especially for Bacillus subtilis, a positive bacteria; the hexane extract did not show any activity against the selected microba. Conclusion: The results of the phytochemical and bio-efficacy study revealed most valuable information and also support the continued sustainable use of this leaves in the traditional system of medicine.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Garcinia Latissima, Pharmacognostical, Phytoconstituent}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.80}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.80}, author = {Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad and Berna Elya and Amarila Malik and Muhamad Hanafi} } @article {336, title = {Pharmacognostic and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Indonesia Native Plant of Piper acre Blume Leaves (Piperaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Piper acre Blume (Piperaceae) is an Indonesia native plant that is used as a traditional medicine and commonly known as \‘Sirih Hitam\’ or \‘Sirih Hutan\’. The scientific data from the plant is still very limited. The aims of the present study was to know a pharmacognostic, and cytotoxicity of P. acre Blume leaf. The macroscopic characters showed that the leaves have a characteristic odor, heart-shaped, margin was finely flat, venation was curved, the upper surface was dark green and slippery while the lower surface was pale green and soft. The microscopic characters revealed upper and lower epidermis cells, glandular trichomes, concentric vascular bundle, paracytic stomata. The fluorescence characteristics showed a variety of chemical constituents present in the plant materials. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, tannin, carotenoid, and steroid. The physicochemical properties (yield, color, consistency) of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract were 31.57\% w/w (green concentrated solid), 13,59\% w/w (green concentrated solid), and 16.35\% w/w (brownish green liquid). Based on the cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay of the n-hexane extract (2.46 \μg/ml), ethyl acetate extract (0.925 \μg/ml), and ethanol extract (5.741 \μg/ml) showed that the extract had the cytotoxic activity.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Piper acre Blume, preliminary phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.68}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.68}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Silfi Siti Ambarwati and Muhammad Arifuddin and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {446, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation \& Antimicrobial Activity of Endangered Ethnomedicinal Plant Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s56-s63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s56}, abstract = {

Background: Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach (family Orchidaceae) is an ethnomedicinal plant. It is used in breathing disorders, burning sensation, Cough, decrease in bone tissue, blood disorders, tuberculosis, as refrigerant, aphrodisiac, in insect bites, rheumatism, as tonic and in general debility. It is vital component of Ayurvedic formulation \“Astavarga\” with trade name \“Jeevak means vitality of life. Despite the common utilization of this plant, no conclusive study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostic evaluation and antimicrobial activity. Aim: The present study was carried to evaluate pharmacognostic evaluation and the potential of C. acuminatum as antimicrobial. Materials and Methods: Organoleptic, histochemical, microscopic, physicochemical, extractive yield were studied to standardise pharmacognostic characters and well diffusion method were carried out for antimicrobial activity. Five extracts viz. Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and aqueous were evaluated against 4 bacterial strains viz. E. coli (MTCC 40), S. aureus (MTCC 87), P. aeruginosa (MTCC 424), B. subtilis (MTCC 121). Results: The diagnostic characters were evaluated and documented. All the extracts showed good antimicrobial activity. Conclusion:\ Obtained standards will provide referential information for correct identification, purity, standardization and preparation of monograph. The work confirms that the studied plant has potent antimicrobial activity and has potential for antimicrobial drug. These results may constitute a basis for promising future applied research that could investigate the use of this plant as antimicrobial drug.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach, Histochemical, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Physicochemical, Zone of Inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.158}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/382}, author = {Mamta Arora and Gurjinder Kaur and Parvinderdeep S Kahlon and Anupama Mahajan and Jaspreet K Sembi} } @article {424, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Leaf and Stem Wood Extracts of Artocarpus hirsutus Lam.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {887-894}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

Introduction: Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., a plant known for its fruits, used as a traditional medicine to treat skin diseases including hydrocele, pimple, heal sores, cracks in the skin. Pharmacological studies on the bark, root, leaf and fruit extracts of this species support their significance as antioxidants, as well as their efficacy on diuretic, antibacterial, anti-fungal and antiulcer activity. Methods: The present study focused on microscopic study, phytochemical analysis, HPLC and HPTLC finger print evaluation of leaf and stem wood extracts. Results: Microscopic analysis demonstrates its characteristic parameters namely hairy trichomes, pearl glands, vascular bundles, epidermis and is expected to assist easy identification of the genus. Conclusion: The solvent system, chloroform:methanol (8:2) was found to be the best as TLC eluent to visualize all major components of this species. HPLC and HPTLC finger prints not only confirm the presence of two major components, oxyresveratrol and artocarpin in stem wood extract, but also prove their absence in the leaf extract.

}, keywords = {Artocarpus hirsutus Lam., HPLC., HPTLC finger prints, microscopy, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.139}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/192}, author = {Mahadeva Nayak and Ananthanarayanan Nagarajan and Muhammed Majeed} } @article {402, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Physicochemical Investigations of Hypericum hookerianum Wight \& Arn. (Hypericaceae) of Palni Hills, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {750-756}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {750}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hypericum hookerianum Wight and Arn. (Hooker\’s wort) is a lesser known unfamiliar yet critically endangered native therapeutically active native medicinal plant. It is being characterized by the presence of various secretory glands. Methodology: In this present study, characterization of the plant in terms of morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of tissues and phytochemicals and antimicrobial potentials were made. Results: The epidermal layer contains oil cells while histochemistry showed the presence of the secondary metabolites. Qualitative analysis indicated presence of maximum phytocompounds in the high polar ethanolic extract; flavonoids, anthocyanin and phenol are prominently present and quantified. Conclusion: The results suggest that the less studied herb, H. hookerianum is a multifaceted high value species having a wide range of phytochemicals with abundant medicinal properties.

}, keywords = {Hypericum hookerianum, Palni Hills., Pharmacognosy, Physiochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.118}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/171}, author = {Mahendrakumar M and Nirmalraj S and Ravikumar M and Bharath B and Seeni S and Perinbam K} } @article {241, title = {Pharmacognostic Standardization and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Triterpenoids Constituents of the Medicinally Important Plant Plumeria rubra f. rubra by HPTLC technique}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {135-141}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plumeria rubra f. rubra commonly known as Lal Gulachin has wide horizon of medicinal possessions. Plant is found in India and in its tropical regions. Though the plant and its extracts have been indigenously valued as folklore medicine diversely in India, yet literature lacks somewhere in reverse pharmacognostical approach of this plant which reflects that plant have not been evidently explored therapeutically. There are several forms of Plumeria rubra among which P. rubra f. rubra is much appraised in India than its other forms. Method: In Present study the anticipated potential of this plant has been validated by laying down its pharmacognostical standards along with measurement of its active therapeutic constituent Ursolic acid and Lupeol via. HPTLC, information from organized search of published literature remarks that Ursolic acid and lupeol is ubiquitous to this plant. Results: Microscopic features revealed the presence of paracytic type of stomata, crescent bicollateral vascular bundle, calcium oxalate crystal and clothing trichomes in leaves whereas bark showed the presence of distinct periderm with cork and phellogen, sclereids, bast tissue with parenchymatous cells. Methanolic extract of both parts of plant was subjected to HPTLC. In HPTLC studies the Ursolic acid content in leaves was found to be 0.96\% whereas in bark was detected as 0.051\%, lupeol content in leaves and stem was found to be 0.014\% and 0.018\%. Conclusion: The data generated could be significantly used as reference for the standardization and quality control of Plumeria. rubra f. rubra, as no such work has been reported yet.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Pharmacognosy, Plumeria rubra f. rubra, standardization, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.23}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/290}, author = {Gunja Srivastava and Abhishek Gupta and Manjul Pratap Singh and Anurag Mishra} } @article {331, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physicochemical Analysis of Cleome viscosa L. Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {372-377}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {372}, abstract = {

Aim: The seeds of Cleome viscosa L. are used to treat tumor, emesis, diarrhea, epilepsy and hyperthermia. Seeds are used to heal wound also. In order to ensure the use of only genuine and uniform material in treatment of ailments by herbs and herbal formulations, pharmacognostical standardization and physiochemical parameters evaluation is needed. Methods: Morphological and powder microscopic characters of seed powder were studied. The physiochemical parameters studied were LOD, total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble, sulphated ash, extractives, volatile oil content and crude fibre content etc. Further, florescence analysis and element analysis of seed powder was performed by undergoing chemical reaction +UV method and EDAX method respectively. Results: Brown colored seeds with rough seed surface with seed size 0.1 cm were recorded. The pods were brown coloured when air dried. They were 4-5 cm long containing 8-12 small seeds. Powder microscopic study revealed the presence of fragment of epidermis of testa, groups of cells resembling like stone cells and irregularly shaped protein bodies were observed. Florescence Analysis revealed the presence of chromophores. EDAX analysis showed the presence of Mg, Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca and Cu etc in different amount. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical and physiochemical parameters were established which would facilitate quick identification and selection of the herbal drugs from various adulterants.

}, keywords = {Cleome viscosa L., Crude fibre, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.63}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.63}, author = {Harpreet Singh and Amrita Mishra and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {381, title = {Pharmacognostical and Physico-chemical Standardization of Euphorbia neriifolia Leaves.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {696-705}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {696}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate pharmacognostical and physico-chemical standardization of Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Materials and Methods: Fresh and dried leaves with powder samples of E. neriifolia were examined macroscopically and microscopically. As per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and World Health Organization guidelines on quality control methods for medicinal plants materials suggested parameters were determined for standardization of E. neriifolia leaves. Physico-chemical, primary phytochemical, fluorescence and quantitative screenings along with primary HPTLC fingerprinting assessment were performed. Results: Macroscopic examination demonstrated that fresh leaf of E. neriifolia has dark green in colour, herbaceous odour with characteristic taste. Dried leafs are grey brownish in colour, characteristic odour with broken crumpled and papery fracture. Microscopy of leaf showed the single layered thick rectangular or tubular adaxial epidermal cells. Mesophyll tissue was differentiated into two or three layered adaxial zones of radially elongated palisade cells and wider abaxial spongy mesophyll cells revealed the differentiated dorsiventral lamina. Mid-rib composed of epidermis, collenchymas and spongy parenchyma cells. Physico-chemical parameters like, foreign matter was found to be 0.46\%. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash was found 6.33\%, 1.23\% and 6\% respectively. Loss on drying was found to be 4.69\%. Swelling and foaming index was found 11.7 ml and 333 ml respectively. Quantitative screening suggested that the leaf powder has indicated alkaloid and saponin estimation as 0.26\% and 3.67\% respectively. The HPTLC fingerprinting of EN6 extract fraction was showed the Rf values at 254 nm with their respective UV-visible spectrum wavelengths scanned in between 200-400 nm. They are 0.01 (265 nm), 0.05 (369 nm), 0.09 (263 nm, 264 nm), 0.18 (400 nm), 0.20 (279 nm), 0.31 (400 nm), 0.44 (378 nm), 0.45 (382 nm), 0.54 (377 nm), 0.55 (383 nm), 0.62 (400 nm), etc. at different concentrations of sample application. The HPTLC plate was also scanned at 366 nm and 540 nm. Conclusion: The present investigation is an additional standardization research in support with previous reports and will be helpful for qualitative and quantitative standardization of herbal formulations containing E. neriifolia. Further investigations are going on this extract fraction in reference to identification, quantification and validation of HPTLC methods using various standard marker compounds along with exploration of its pharmacological activities.

}, keywords = {Euphorbia Neriifolia, HPTLC., Macroscopic, Pharmacognostical, Physico-Chemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.110}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.110/index.html}, author = {Prashant Y. Mali and Shital S. Panchal} } @article {425, title = {Phytochemical Investigation and Pharmacognostic Standardization of Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {895-899}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {895}, abstract = {

Background: Polycarpaea corymbosa is one of the plants cited as \‘Parpata\’ in Ayurvedic literature and indicated for boils, inflammatory swellings, and ulcers. Aim: The present study is an attempt to generate and encompass the data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and develop a validated HPTLC method for quantification of lupeol in P. corymbosa. Materials and Methods: The whole plant was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is a small, much branched, erect or spreading herb with linear leaf and silvery-white cymes. Microscopically root can be connoted by continuous or discontinuous concentric rings of xylem and phloem; stem by papillose epidermis with multicellular branched collapsed and glandular trichomes, sclerenchymatous pericycle and hollow pith; and leaf by numerous collateral meristele enclosed within parenchymatous bundle sheath. Further studies evinced that brunt of heavy metal and microbial load in plant material was within permissible limits. Flavonoids, phenolics and saponins were found be major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. Conclusion: The information demonstrated on pharmacognostic parameters and validated HPTLC method for estimation of lupeol for Polycarpaea corymbosa, would aid as coherent measures for its assessment.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Parpata, Pharmacognostic study, Polycarpaea corymbosa.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.140}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/193}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {447, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s64-s68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s64}, abstract = {

Background: The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Objective: In this study the rhizomes of Hedychium spicatum (Zingiberaceae) were evaluated for phytochemical parameters \& antimicrobial activity by determining its MIC (by checker board method) and zone of inhibition (by cup plate method). Phytochemical parameters were studied with the aim of drawing the pharmacopoeial standards for this species. This study was also designed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the methanolic extract of the rhizomes of H. spicatum against various diarrhea and dysentery causing drug resistant microorganisms isolated from patients admitted in hospitals. Methods and Material: The raw materials of H. spicatum were procured from the local supplier. Various Microbial strains included various drug resistant hospital isolates collected and characterized in the Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, India. Results: It was evident from the results that the extract was highly active against Shigella boydii, Shigella. soneii, Shigella flexneri, B. cereus, Vibrio cholera, E. coli, S. aureus, Ps. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The result of determination of zone of inhibition was compared with that of standard drug (Ciprofloxacin). This study has pointed to the potential application of H. spicatum as a bactericide and fungicide. Conclusions: The findings of this study further reinforces the importance of H. spicatum rhizomes in traditional healthcare practice and its use in culinary. Further investigation is however needed to isolate and purify the bioactive antimicrobial principles for potential development into generic antimicrobials.

}, keywords = {Bactericide, Diarrhea. H. spicatum, Fungicide, MIC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.159}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/383}, author = {Ritu Arora and Avijit Mazumder} } @article {440, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Irigenin in the Different Species of Iris Plant by RP- HPLC and its Efficacy Against Different Plant Pathogens}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s23-s27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s23}, abstract = {

Irigenin belongs to family of isoflavonoids, isolated from Iris Plant of Kashmir Himalaya. A rapid and specific reverse phase high pressure chromatography (RP HPLC) method for quantitative analysis of irigenin in the different species of Iris Plant was developed. The samples were analyzed on RP-C18 e column (chromolith, 5\μm, 4.6\×100 mm). The HPLC system was operated at ambient temperature (\±30c). The mobile phase consisted of methanol: water. The detecting wavelength at 260 nm and flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. The standard irigenin was diluted using the mobile phase at a known concentration of 1mg/ml; the sample was filtered through sample filter of 0.45 \μ pore size. The filtrate was introduced on to a reverse phase analytical column. The content of irigenin in the different species of Iris Plant was determined. The HPLC showed an excellent performance in separating the irigenin in different species of Iris Plant. Furthermore, the antipathogenic activity. The test compound at each respective concentration was found to be statistically superior against scab. Furthermore, the test compound @ 5000 ppm proved significantly most effective by providing (82.49\%) inhibition in the mycelia growth of apple scab. It was followed by fusarium (77.27\%) at 5000 ppm. Lowest reduction in mycelia growth (65.78\%) was recorded in marssonina and did not differ significantly from Alternaria (67.47\%) at 5000 ppm. Furthermore, lowest inhibition of mycelia growth was recorded at 1000 ppm. Similar trend was recorded for rest of the pathogens i.e. highest reduction at 5000 ppm, lowest at 1000 ppm and at 2000, 3000 and 4000 ppm it ranges between the first two but increases with increase in concentration. From this study irigenin is potent compound which can be used for controlling the growth of respective pathogens.

}, keywords = {Bio efficacy, Irigenin, Iris Plant, RP-HPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.153}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/377}, author = {Sajad Hassan Wani and Hilal Ahmad Bhat and Javid Iqbal Mir and Shahid Ali Akbar and Sajad Un Nabi and Desh Beer Singh and Nazeer Ahmad} } @article {225, title = {Screening Indigenous Medicinal Plants of Northeast India for Their Anti-Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {46-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Introduction: Alzheimer\’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurologic disease of the brain that affects intellectual abilities, reasoning and memory. Acetylcholine (ACh) is involved in the maintenance of cognitive process. Pathologically, ACh production is compromised in the brains of AD affected people. Presence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the synaptic cleft, which hydrolyzes ACh, further decreases the ACh-levels, and thereby, additionally compromises cognition. The tribal people of North East India have been using indigenous plants as traditional medicine for brain disorders. We assayed whether the plants used in the traditional tribal knowledge for the treatment of brain disorders might contain better AChE-inhibitors. Methods: We collected 10 traditional medicinal plants from Northeast India. A total of 39 plant extracts were prepared using three solvent systems. The Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was measured with Ellman method. The experiment was done in triplicate for each level of inhibitor. The activity was measured at 412 nm wavelength using Plate Reader. The standard student t-test was used to show significant difference in IC50 values between extracts. Results: The result are reported based on Km, Vmax, IC50 (g/l), percentage inhibition and inhibition pattern. Two extracts had competitive inhibition, 11 extracts had mixed inhibition, 2 extracts had non-competitive inhibition, 11 extracts had uncompetitive inhibition and 4 extracts did not provide any proper pattern. The IC50 for these plant extracts were at the range of 0.51-12.4 g/l. Notably, Cinnamomum camphora (leaf: chloroform), Litsea glutinosa (stem; chloroform), and Litsea glutinosa (stem; methanol) showed IC50 values of 0.51, 0.53 \& 0.81 g/l, respectively.

}, keywords = {AChE-inhibition, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s, Ellman assay, Kinetics, Medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.9}, author = {Roohollah Sobhani and Amarta Kumar Pal and Atanu Bhattacharjee and Sivaprasad Mitra and Kripamoy Aguan} } @article {347, title = {Simultaneous-HPLC Quantification of Phenolic Acids in Traditionally used Ayurvedic Herb Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {483-487}, chapter = {483}, abstract = {

Introduction:The present study deals with the simultaneous HPLC-quantification of phenolic acid(s) in the aerial parts of Diplocyclos palmatus (Cucurbitaceae) and evaluation of their bioactivity potential through in vitro antioxidant assay\’s. Method: The HPLC elution was done using C18 column using gradient (binary phases) solvent system at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. Total phenolic and, flavonoid contents were determined and the antioxidant potential was estimated by four assay\’s viz. DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity and 2-deoxy ribose assay. Results: The species is rich in three phenolic acids, among which gallic acid (1708 ug/g) is in maximum concentration followed by caeffic acid (437 ug/g) and protocateuchic acid (337.7 ug/g). Total phenolic content was higher (10.5 mg/g) than flavonoid content (3.78 mg/g) and TAC was found at 0.137 mg/g ASE (ascorbic acid equivalent). IC50 of D. palmatus extract for scavenging of hydroxyl radical by 2-deoxy ribose and DPPH was at concentration of 125.61 \± 0.834 (\μg/ml) and 353.71 \± 0.663 (\μg/ml) respectively. In vitro antidiabetiv potential, via inhibition of alpha amylase enzyme through starch iodine and 3,5- DNS assay reveals the IC50 of extract at 146.31 \± 0.415 ug/ml and 286.23 \± 0.671 ug/ ml respectively. Conclusion:\ The species (aerial part) was rich in phenolic acid with potential bioactivity, identified leads will be useful\ in further chemical characterization and pharmacological validation.

}, keywords = {Anti diabetic, Anti oxidant, Diplocyclos palmatus, HPLC, Phenolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.78}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.78}, author = {Ankita Misra and Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and Bhanu Kumar and Abhishek Niranjan and AKS Rawat and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {448, title = {Standardization of Agrotechniques and Biochemical Assessment of Crataegus oxyacantha in Western Himalaya}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s69-s76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s69}, abstract = {

C. oxyacantha is a high valued medicinal plant of Rosacea family. It is used to cure cardiac disorder in ayurvedic medicines. A field experiment was laid out in 2004 in CSIR-IHBT farm, by using different quantity of FYM and various spacing. Low growth in plant height was observed in first five years with higher dose of FYM, but in 2015 the significant height growth was recorded. From 2008 to 2015 all types of FYM applications produced statistically significant yield of seed production except in 2012 and 2014. The 22.50t/ha was the most statistically significant dose of FYM in relation to seed yield. The spacing did not produce any significant results for seed production. A vegetative propagation trial of C. oxyacantha was also laid out using semi hard stem cuttings and some selected hormones (IAA, IBA, GA3 and Abscisic acid) with different concentrations. Statistically significant shoot sprouting (78.35\%) was recorded when IBA of 1000 mg/L was used followed by 67.74\% in case of 1500 mg/L of the same hormone. While lowest shoot sprouting (27.85\%) was observed using 2000 mg/L of Abscisic acid. A statistically significant 5.67 cm and 5.33 cm shoot lengths were observed using 2000 mg/L of IAA and 1000 mg/L of IBA, respectively. In the case of shoot tillers 3.33 was recorded in 1500 mg/l. of IAA. Two new compounds and 9 known compounds were isolated from fruit extract.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Crataegus oxyacantha, FYM, Hormones, Spacing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.160}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/385}, author = {Gopichand and RL Meena and P Kaur and RD Singh} } @article {430, title = {Total Phenolic Contents and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Guaiacum officinale L. Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {929-931}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Backgound: Guaiacum officinale L. is an alien species to Thailand. It is used as anti-arthritis and anti-rheumatoid agents in Indian folklore medicine. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic contents and free radical scavenging activity of the extracts from Guaiacum officinale L. (Zygophyllaceae). Methods: The plant parts including bark, twig and leaf were extracted using different solvents (ethyl acetate, water and ethanol). Total phenolic contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu Colorimetry method while free radical scavenging activity of the extracts was investigated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay. Results: The results show that the highest total phenolic content is found in the ethyl acetate twig extracts (20.3\±0.0031 \μg GAE/1 \μg extracts). The ethanolic twig extracts had the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 0.45\±0.0188 mg/ml. Conclusion: The extracts from Guaiacum officinale L. exhibit good anti-oxidant activity and may be suitable for development as drugs and supplementary food.

}, keywords = {Ethanolic twig extracts, Ethyl acetate twig extracts., Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Guaiacum Officinale L, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.145}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/198}, author = {Suthira Maneechai and Vachiraporn Pikulthong} } @article {244, title = {Vibrational Analysis and Thermal Behavior of Salvia hispanica, Nigella sativa and Papaver somniferum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {157-162}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L., Nigella sativa L. and Papaver somniferum L. are involved in opiate-dependent behavior. It is known that the seeds of these three herbs contain high amounts of antioxidants, which are helpful in disease prevention, but further research is needed on some of their other phytochemical components (terpene alkaloids, benzoquinones and others), which are claimed to affect human opioid receptors. Methods: Seeds from the three afore mentioned plants have been studied by ATR-FTIR vibrational spectroscopy and thermo analytical techniques (TG/DTG, DTA and DSC). Results: The infrared spectrum has confirmed the presence of the ester carbonyl of terpenoid alkaloids (such as nigellamine) and the fully conjugated cyclic dione structure of quinones (e.g., thymoquinone). As regards the thermal stability of these seeds, small differences have been observed in their thermal profiles (endothermic effects at around 333\ºC for chia, 268\ºC for black cumin and 319\ºC for poppy seeds), which can be ascribed to their different content in carbohydrates. Conclusions: The functional groups of the main active constituents and the thermal behavior of these three seeds have been elucidated.

}, keywords = {ATR-FTIR, Black cumin, Chia, Poppy, Thermal analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.26}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/293}, author = {Paula Carri{\'o}n-Prieto and Pablo Mart{\'\i}n-Ramos and Salvador Hern{\'a}ndez-Navarro and Iosody Silva-Castro and Manuela Ramos-Silva and Jes{\'u}s Mart{\'\i}n-Gil} } @article {142, title = {Anti-Anemia Effect of Standardized Extract of Moringa Oleifera Lamk. Leaves on Aniline Induced Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {255-258}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {255}, abstract = {

Background: The leaves of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) have been empirically used as anti-anemia for pregnant woman. Objectives: In the present study, the effect of ethanolic extract of moringa leaves was evaluated on the hematology parameters (hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit), on aniline induced white female rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty female rats strain Sprague-Dawley were divided into six groups: normal, anemia and ferrous fumarate group, and three groups of Moringa leaves extract. All groups, except normal group, induced by aniline at dose 0.005 ml/ g bw intraperitonially. On fifth day, normal and anemia groups were given 0.5\% CMC, ferrous fumarate group was given ferrous fumarate orally and three other groups were given Moringa leaves extract at doses 198 mg, 396 mg, and 792 mg/200 g bw until the eleventh day. Results: The results showed that as Moringa leaves extracts increased the level of hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit, and total iron content in blood. Moreover, Moringa leaves extract at dose 792 mg/200 g bw can improve red blood cell\’s morphology and increased the level of hemoglobin and red blood cell count significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of Moringa leaves showed anti-anemia on aniline-induced rats.

}, keywords = {Anemia, Aniline, Erythrocyte, Moringa Oleifera L, Total Iron.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.14}, author = {Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Meidi Utami Puteri and Santi Purna Sari and Azizahwati} } @article {101, title = {Antibacterial activity of Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito (Xin Yi Qing Fei Tang) against Streptococcus pneumoniae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {20-23}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Objective: Shin\&$\#$39;iseihaito (Xin yi qing fei tang in Chinese, SSHT), a formula in traditional Japanese Kampo medicine and Chinese medicine comprising nine crude drugs, Gypsum, Ophiopogon Tuber, Scutellaria Root (SR, root of Scutellaria baicalensis), Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, Loquat Leaf, and Cimicifuga Rhizome, is commonly used to treat sinusitis associated with purulent nasal discharge and reddish nasal mucosa. We evaluated anti-bacterial activity of SSHT extract on Streptococcus pneumoniae, the major cause of bacterial sinusitis. Materials and Methods: Sterile paper disks impregnated with SSHT extract or each extract of its component were placed on sheep blood agar plates inoculated with Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 49619). The diameter of inhibitory zone was measured after 20-24 h incubation. Results: SSHT extract and each water extract of Ophiopogon Tuber, SR, Gardenia Fruit, Anemarrhena Rhizome, Lilium Bulb, Magnolia Flower, and Cimicifuga Rhizome showed significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and SR extract exhibited the largest inhibitory zone. SR extract was partitioned into AcOEt, BuOH, and water layer, and water layer was further separated into 80\% EtOH soluble and insoluble fraction. Among them, only 80\% EtOH soluble fraction was exhibited antibacterial activity. In this fraction, we found baicalin as the major compounds, and baicalin exhibited antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae in concentration-dependent manner. \ Conclusion: SSHT has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae, and SR and its major constituent baicalin contribute to the antibacterial activity of SSHT against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Baicalin, Scutellaria baicalensis, Shin{\textquoteright}iseihaito, Sinusitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.4}, author = {Toru Konishi and Masaaki Minami and Zhixia Jiang and Tetsuya Arai and Toshiaki Makino} } @article {211, title = {Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook F. Ex Benth. Root Mediated Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {579-586}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {579}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to examine the hypoglycemic effect of Silver Nanoparticles (SNPs) using ethanolic root extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. A cost effective and eco friendly technique for green synthesis of SNPs from 1mM AgNO3 solution through the root extract was carried out. The biosynthesized SNPs were characterized using UV spectrophotometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrometry. DPPH assay was done to determine the antioxidant activity and for in vitro hypoglycemic activity glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha amylase inhibition assay, adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion assay was performed. The SNPs of ethanolic root extract were found to be spherical in shape and up to 32.75 nm average in size. They showed alpha amylase inhibitory activity of 83.60\% at 500 g/ml. The glucose uptake by yeast cells was found to increase with an increase in concentration. The maximum glucose uptake was found to be 69.51\% at 10mM concentration. The molar concentration of glucose was directly proportional to the glucose binding capacity of extracts.The rate of glucose diffusion across the membrane was found to increase from 30 to 180 minutes. The DPPH scavenging activity was found to be potent (74.07\%) at 500 g/ml. The hypoglycemic effect exhibited by the SNPs was revealed by simple in vitro model of yeast cells, mediated by glucose adsorption, increasing glucose diffusion and glucose transport across the cell membrane.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, C. anisata, Diabetes, Glucose and Silver nitrate, Silvernanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.10}, author = {Arsia Tarnam Yakoob and Nargis Begum Tajuddin and Muhammad Ilyas Mohammed Hussain and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {129, title = {Assessment of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid, Tannin Content and Phytochemical Screening of Leaf and Flower Extracts from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne: a comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {140-143}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {140}, abstract = {

Introduction: Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of leaf and flower extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) Backer ex K.Heyne was compared. Objective: To explore total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of both leaf and flower extracts of Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne. Method: Initially, collected fresh leaves and flower samples were shade dried and extracted with various solvents such as aqueous methanol (1:1), ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous. Qualitative analysis was performed for various phytochemical. Then the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and total tannin content was estimated. Results: In preliminary phyto-chemical examination of various solvent extracts of both leaf and flowers of P. pterocarpum revealed that the presence of various phytochemicals such as phlobatannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannin, reducing sugars, phenols and steroids. In phtyochemical evaluation, when compare with all other solvents, Ethanolic extracts shows maximum extractive value. In case of ethyl acetate, it shows very low extractive value in all three phyto-chemicals. In phytochemical evaluation studies, total phenolic content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (33.17 \± 4.72 mg/g) and lowest in ethyl acetate extract from flower (4.71 \± 0.07 mg/g), Similarly, flavonoid content of leaves shows highest in ethanolic extract (1.43 \± 0.01 mg/g) and lowest in aqueous extract of flower (0.23 \± 0.09 mg/g) but in case of tannin content, flower extracts shows higher tannin content in ethanolic extract (844.59 \± 10.38 mg/g) whereas lowest tannin content in leaf ethyl acetate extract (9.54 \± 6.98 mg/g). Conclusion: This is first report of comparative studies on total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin content of various solvent extracts both leaves and flowers from Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC) K Heyne.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Peltophorum pterocarpum, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Solvent extraction., Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.7}, author = {Peraman Muthukumaran and Nachimuthu Saraswathy and Vijayasekar Aswitha and Ramesh Balan and Venkatesh Babu Gokhul and Palanikumar Indumathi and Sivasubramani Yuvapriya} } @article {187, title = {Bioactive Fraction from Datura stramonium Linn. Promotes Human immune Cells Mediated Cytotoxicity towards Lung and Breast Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {435-439}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {435}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate immune modulatory effect of fractions of D. stramonium L. leaves on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) followed by assessment of cytotoxic abilities of immunomodulated PBMC toward cancer cells. Material and methods: Bioassay (PBMC proliferation) guided fractionation of methanolic leaf extract of D. stramonium was performed to get active fraction and LC-MS was performed to identify the phytocompounds present in the bioactive fraction. The immunomodulatory potential of D. stramonium active fraction was assessed by i) MTT microcytotoxicity assay using A549 (lung carcinomas) and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cell lines and ii) analyzing the production of IL-2 and IFN-\γ by human PBMC in the presence of active fraction. Results: Chromatographic fractionation guided by PBMC proliferation assay of D. stramonium extract resulted in bioactive fraction (fraction-10) exhibiting significant immunostimulatory activity [EC50=19.1\±1.5 (\μg/ml)] on human blood lymphocytes. Fraction-10 pretreated PBMC displayed enhanced cytotoxicity towards A549 and MCF-7 (59\%\±2.1\% and 62\%\±2.3\% at 1:20 effector:target ratio respectively). Moreover, fraction-10 also enhanced the secretion of IL-2 (8 fold) and IFN-\γ (10 fold) by human PBMC. The preliminary phytochemical analysis of fraction-10 from D. stramonium showed the presence of terpenoids and steroids. LC-MS analysis depicted presence of four major phytoconstituents in fraction-10 as daturaolone, daturadiol, stigmasterol and sitosterol with corresponding mass spectrum (m/z) of 440, 442, 412 and 414 respectively. Conclusion: The present report concluded that active fraction-10 of D. stramonium possesses potential immunostimulators that are capable of enhancing anticancer responses of human blood lymphocytes.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Cytokine, Cytotoxic, Datura stramonium., Immunomodulation, PBMC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.4}, author = {Aditi Gupta and Sunil Kumar and Neeraj Mahindroo and Reena Vohra Saini} } @article {98, title = {Bio-Flavonoids and Garcinoic Acid from Garcinia kola Heckel Seeds with Promising Antioxidant Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {56-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objective: The research was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanol extract, fraction (kolaviron) and compounds (garcinoic acid, GB1 and GB2) of Garcinia kola seeds. Materials and Method: To evaluate the acute anti-inflammatory effect of extract, fraction and compounds of G. kola carrageenan-induced edema model in wistar albino rats was used. Results: Kolaviron (50 mg/kg), garcinoic acid (50 mg/kg) and the crude extract (50 mg/kg) caused 100, 83 and 74\% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema respectively at 6 h post administration. Indomethacin (10 mg/ kg), the reference drug induced 100\% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema. While GB1 (50 mg/kg) and GB2 (50 mg/kg) was prominent at 4, 5 and 6 h post administration. Conclusion: Results showed that the extract possessed anti-inflammatory activity, which have justified their use in Nigeria traditional medicine to treat inflammation.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Garcinia kola, Paw edema, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.12}, author = {Tchimene Kenne Michel and Anaga Arua Ottoh and Ugwoke Christopher Emeka Chukwunonye and Ezugwu Christopher Obodoike and Okunji Christopher and Iwu Maurice Mmaduakolam} } @article {95, title = {Chemical Profile of Essential oil of Ocimum gratissimum L. and Evaluation of Antibacterial and Drug Resistance-modifying Activity by Gaseous Contact Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {4-9}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {4}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plant products with antimicrobial potential and ability to modulate the action of drugs have become the target of several studies. Many studies of the species Ocimum gratissimum Lamiaceae have reported biological activities in the essential oil and extracts of various parts of the plant. Objective: Evaluate the antibacterial and resistance-modifying activity of the essential oil of O. gratissimum (OEOg) and its major compound eugenol. Materials and Methods: OEOg was extracted by hydrodistillation, and eugenol was obtained commercially. Multiresistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococos aureus were used to test for drug activity. Antibacterial and resistance-modifying activity of OEOg and eugenol was evaluated by gaseous contact. Results: Chemical analysis of OEOg demonstrated the presence of eugenol and other compounds such as 1,8-cineole and \β-selinene as well. In the evaluation of the antibacterial activity, both OEOg and eugenol were unable to form a bacterial growth inhibition zone at any of the concentrations tested. However, the modulation tests with amikacin and erythromycin identified synergism with OEOg and eugenol against E.\  coli and S. aureus. Gentamicin combined with OEOg showed antagonism against S. aureus but synergism against E.coli. When gentamicin was combined with eugenol, there was also synergism against S. aureus, whereas no effect was seen against E. coli. Conclusion: Given the results obtained in this study, it is concluded that OEOg and eugenol may eventually represent a new therapeutic tool against antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Eugenol, Gaseous contact, Modifying, Ocimum gratissimum, Resistance.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.2}, author = {Maria Karollyna do Nascimento Silva and Vict{\'o}ria Regina De Alencar Carvalho and Edinardo Fagner Ferreira Matias} } @article {108, title = {Estrogenic Potential of Flemingia vestita Benth Tubers in Ovariectomized Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {44-49}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {44}, abstract = {

Objective: This study investigates the potential estrogenic activity of the ethanolic extract of Flemingia vestita Benth tubers using ovariectomized rat model. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of F. vestita tubers has been standardized using validated HPLC method in terms of its genistein content (8.43 \± 0.05 mg/g of extract). Three to four week old young albino Wistar female rats were ovariectomized and treated for 14 days post ovariectomy with the standardized ethanolic extract at three different dose levels (100, 250, 500 mg/kg body weight) with a positive control of Estradiol valerate (1 mg/kg/day). The parameters evaluated were uterine weight, uterine glycogen, G6PDH, LDH, 17\β-estradiol, progesterone, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and histo architecture of uterus. Results: Treatment with the ethanolic extract of F. vestita tubers showed dose dependent increase in uterine weight, glycogen levels, G6PDH levels, estrogen and progesterone levels when compared with the ovariectomized control. Amongst three dose levels, high dose of plant extract showed significant increase in the uterine weight (p \< 0.001), uterine glycogen content (p \< 0.001), 17-\β estradiol and progesterone levels (p \< 0.001), G6PDH and LDH levels (p \< 0.001) as well as significant decrease in HDL and triglycerides levels (p \< 0.001) compared to ovariectomized control. Histopathological evaluation of uteri sections revealed that the high dose of the plant show increase in the endometrial response as indicated by proliferation of endometrial glands and luminal epithelium of the ovariectomized rats. Conclusion: Thus, these data suggests that ethanolic extract (500 mg/kg body weight) of F. vestita tubers may exhibit good estrogenic activity in ovariectomized rat model.

Key words: Estrogenic activity, Flemingia vestita, genistein, HPLC, ovariectomized rats.

}, keywords = {Estrogenic activity, Flemingia vestita, genistein, HPLC, ovariectomized rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.10}, author = {Sunita Shailajan and Suman Kumaria and Suhas Pednekar and Sasikumar Menon and Hiranjit Choudhury and Archana Matani} } @article {204, title = {Evaluation of Antimicrobial Potential of Some Indian Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {525-533}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {525}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb., Viscum articulatum Burm., Annona squamosa, Capsicum annuum cayenne, Ananas comosus Merrill. are used for the management of microbial infection in Ayurveda. The present study was designed to standardize the extract of S. suaveolens bark (SSB), V. articulatum aerial part (VAAP), A. squamosa leaf (ASL), C. annuum fruit (CACF), A. comosus fruit (ACF) and performed antibacterial activity. Methods: The antibacterial activity of the five extracts were evaluated against certain bacteria such as B. subtilis, B. cereus, S. aureus (gram positive); E. coli, S. typhi, and P. aureugenosa (gram negative) by disc diffusion method, time course assay, pH sensitivity assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs) through broth micro-dilution method. Results: The plants extracts VAAP, ASL, and CACF showed potent inhibitory activity against S. aureus with MIC 728, 742, and 698 g ml-1, respectively, while CACF showed inhibitory activity against B. subtilis with MIC 690 g ml-1. The results further demonstrated that the inhibitory activity of CACF against E. coli with MIC 760 g ml-1. P. aeruginosa was inhibited by ASL and CACF with MIC 1100 and 1120 g ml-1, respectively. The ASL showed notable MBC against the tested microorganism. Moreover, all extracts were completely inactivated bacterial strains (except B. cereus, S. typhi) within 2-10 h of exposure, determined by time course assay. Conclusion: The outcomes of our study elucidate that standardized extracts of A. comosus, A. squamosa, C. annuum, S. suaveolens, and V. articulatum may be used as natural antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Ananas comosus Merrill, Annona squamosa, Antibacterial, Capsicum annuum cayenne, Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb, Viscum articulatum Burm.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.3}, author = {Mrinmoy Nag and Pulok k Mukherjee and Rajarshi Biswas and Joydeb Chanda and Amit Kar} } @article {195, title = {Evaluation of Costus speciosus in Experimental Models of Depression in Albino Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {483-486}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {483}, abstract = {

Introduction: Despite theavailability of numerous antidepressant drugs the therapy of depression is far from satisfactory. Two of the many reasons for this are the delay in onset of effect and the adverse effects associated with most of the antidepressants. Costus speciosus rhizome has shown adaptogenic activity. Objective: To evaluate the antidepressant activity of50\% aqueous-ethanol extract of Costus speciosus (CS) leaves in experimental models of depression. Materials and Methods: Male albino mice were randomly assigned to five groups of six each. We studied three doses of the leaf extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) on two models of depression \– forced swim test and tail suspension test. Imipramine was used as the standard control. Both acute and chronic effects were studied. Drugs (test drug, standard control and vehicle) were administeredorally, one hour before the experiment in the acute study and daily for 14 days for the chronic study. Results: Imipramine showed significant antidepressant activity as demonstrated by a reduction in duration of immobility in both acute and chronic studies of forced swim test and tail suspension test. CS showed a dose dependent antidepressant activity. CS_100 demonstrated an antidepressant effect only in the acute forced swim test. CS_200 demonstrated an antidepressant activity in both acute and chronic forced swim test but not in tail suspension test. CS_400 showed maximum antidepressant activity in both acute and chronic studies, which was comparable to that of the standard drug imipramine. Conclusion: CS showed dose dependent antidepressant activity with CS_400 mg/kg showing maximum effect.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant, Costus speciosus, Forced swim test, Tail suspension, Test.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.12}, author = {Zahoor Ahmad Rather and Nateshprabhu M and Sushma DS and Rakesh Kb and Sunil Pai and Ullal sheetal D} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Healing Potential of Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) seeds in excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model-An in-vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {300-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {300}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study deals with the in vivo investigation of healing properties of Achyranthes aspera L. seeds in excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed to find out different phytoconstituents in the test extract. Acute toxicity test were performed to find any abnormalities in mice. Wound healing activities were performed on Wistar rats using excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. The percentage of wound closure and period of epithelization were recorded for excision and thermal burn wound model, whereas the breaking strength was recorded in incision wound model. In dead space wound model, hydroxyproline content and granulation tissue antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were estimated. Results: The phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, lipids and triterpenoids. There were no abnormalities observed in the acute toxicity test. The results of wound healing activity revealed that EEAAS treated group showed an enhanced wound contraction and epithelization period in both excision and burn wound models, whereas in incision wound model the wound breaking strength was significantly increased in extract treated group compared to control. The histology of the skin of healed excised wound showed restoration to almost the normal architecture of the skin in extract treated group compared to the control. In dead space wound model, enhanced antioxidant enzymes and connective tissue markers were observed in the extract treated group. Conclusion: Thus the results conclude that EEAAS possesses potent wound healing properties with a reasonable safety profile.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera L., Antioxidant enzymes, Hydroxyproline, Povidone iodine, Silver sulfadiazine, Thermal burn.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.20}, author = {Sumanta Mondal and Debjit Ghosh and Seru Ganapaty and Motati Sushrutha Reddy and Karipeddi Ramakrishna} } @article {191, title = {Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Potential of Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum Plants of Manipur (India)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {459-464}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Background: Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum are two commonly used traditional aromatic plants of Manipur which is traditionally used in Aroma therapy. Rationale of pharmacological potentials of these plants are still unclear, even if few preliminary studies are available in literature for individual plants. Objective: This study was conducted for comparative assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of A. galanga and E. foetidum. Materials and Methods: The rhizome of A. galanga and leaf of E. foetidum were extracted in methanol, ethanol and water. Phytochemicals of each extracts of Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum were analyzed. The antioxidant potential of all the extracts was assessed by measuring total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging potential was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antibacterial activity was assessed against various pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria in vitro by Kirby-Bauer agar well diffusion method and antidiabetic activity was assessed by \α-amylase inhibition. Results: Both the plant showed presence of all the tested phytochemicals. It was observed that methanolic extracts of both the plants have higher phenolic content than ethanolic and aqueous extracts, however ethanolic extracts E. foetidum shows higher flavonoid contents. Both the plant shows similar DPPH scavenging and metal chelating activity. It was also observed that the antidiabetic potential of A. galanga is greater than E. foetidum. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of the plants shows quite similar and good antibacterial potential than the aqueous extracts. Conclusion: The present study suggests that both Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum plants of Manipur could be used as herbal remedies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus as well as managing oxidative stress and oxidative stress related disorders.

}, keywords = {A. galangal, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, E. foetidum., Manipur, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.8}, author = {Tabarak Malik and Devendra Kumar Pandey and Priyanka Roy and Annie Okram} } @article {210, title = {Gc-Ms Analysis of Ethanolic Stem Extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook F Ex Benth}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {576-578}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {576}, abstract = {

Objective: In the present study, the bioactive components present in the ethanol stem extract of Clausena anisata was analyzed by using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analysis technique (GC-MS). Clausena anisata, a medicinal plant belonging to the family Rutaceae, is represented by 20 species available in India and used traditionally for the treatment of several ailments but there is a requirement to identify its phytoconstituents, its target, mode of action and treatment using plant products either alone or in combination with synthetic drugs. Methods: Clausena anisata stem was procured from Manamettupatti, a village of Pudukottai District, Tamil Nadu. The shade dried stem was powdered and extracted using ethanol by maceration method. One microlitre of the extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis to detect the presence of bioactive compounds present in the stem of C. anisata. Results:The results showed that the ethanol stem extract of C. anisata contained nine bioactive compounds, of which the major one is n-hexadecanoic acid (78.54\%), followed by 8-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, [E]- (6.638\%). The total number of compounds obtained was compared with National Institutes of Standard and Technology (NIST) library that contains more than 62,000 known compounds based on retention time and molecular mass. Conclusion: In this study, nearly nine compounds have been identified from the ethanolic stem extract of C. anisata using GC-MS analysis which was mainly composed of fatty acids and sterols. The GC-MS analysis is used to understand the nature of active principles present in this plant revealed that the plant can be used as a potential source of new useful drugs.

}, keywords = {C. anisata, Ethanol, GC-MS analysis, maceration and phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.9}, author = {Arsia Tarnam Yakoob and Nargis Begum Tajuddin and Shilu Mathew and Muhammad Ilyas Mohammed Hussain and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {209, title = {Green synthesis, Antioxidant Potential and Hypoglycemic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles using Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. F. Ex Benth. of Rutaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {565-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The current study was conducted to examine the hypoglycemic effect of Silver Nano particles (SNPs) using ethanolic leaf extract of Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook f. ex Benth. A cost effective and eco-friendly technique for the green synthesis of SNPs from 1mM AgNO3 solution through the leaf extract was carried out. The biosynthesized SNPs were characterized using UV spectro photometry, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectrometry. DPPH assay was done to determine the antioxidant activity and for in vitro hypoglycemic activity glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha-amylase inhibition assay, adsorption capacity and glucose diffusion assay was carried out. The SNPs of ethanol leaf extract were found to be spherical in shape and up to 60.67 nm average in size. They showed alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of 80.32\% at 500 g/ml and IC50 100 g/ml. The glucose uptake by yeast cells was found to increase with an increase in concentration. The maximum glucose uptake was found to be 68.29\% at 10mM concentration. The molar concentration of glucose was directly proportional to the glucose binding capacity of extracts. The rate of glucose diffusion across the membrane was found to increase from 30 to 180 minutes. The DPPH scavenging activity was found to be potent (71.60\%) at 500 g/ml. The hypoglycemic effect exhibited by the SNPs was revealed by simple in vitro model of yeast cells, mediated by glucose absorption, increasing glucose diffusion and glucose transport across the cell membrane.

}, keywords = {Nil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.8}, author = {Arsia Tarnam Y and Nargis Begum T and Muhammad Ilyas MH and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {130, title = {Growth Inhibitory Activity of Kakadu Plum Extracts Against the Opportunistic Pathogenclostridium Perfringens: New Leads in the Prevention and Treatment of Clostridial Myonecrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {144-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Infections result in exotoxin production, tissue necrosis and unless promptly treated, may result in death. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) fruit has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. Fruit extracts have been reported to inhibit the growth of an extensive panel of pathogenic bacteria. Leaf extracts have also been shown to block the growth of several bacterial species associated with autoimmune inflammatory diseases. Methods: T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf solvent extracts were investigated for growth inhibitory activity by disc diffusion assay against a clinical strain of Clostridium perfringens. Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in the crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic and aqueous T. ferdinandiana fruit and leaf extracts, as well as the leaf ethyl acetate extract, displayed growth inhibitory activity in the disc diffusion assay against C. perfringens. The leaf extracts were generally more potent growth inhibitors than the corresponding fruit extracts, although the aqueous fruit extract had substantially greater efficacy than the aqueous leaf extract. The methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts were particularly potent growth inhibitors, with MIC values of 206 and 117 \μg/ml respectively. The fruit methanolic extract also displayed good efficacy, with an MIC of 716 \μg/ml. In contrast, the chloroform and hexane extracts of both fruit and leaf were completely devoid of growth inhibitory activity. All T. ferdinandiana extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the methanolic and ethyl acetate leaf extracts revealed the presence of high relative levels of a diversity of galloand ellagi- tannins. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana extracts and the potent growth inhibitory bioactivity of the leaf methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts against C. perfringens indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of clostridial myonecrosis and enteritis necroticans. Metabolomic profiling studies indicate that these extracts contained a diversity of tannins.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial extracts, Antioxidant, Australian medicinal plants, Enteritis necroticans, Gas gangrene., Kakadu plum, Myonecrosis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.8}, author = {Mitchell Henry Wright and Joseph Sirdaarta and Ben Matthews and Anthony Carlson Greene and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {173, title = {Health Benefits of Morinda citrifolia (Noni): A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {321-334}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Background: Morinda citrifolia (Noni) has been used widely as a complementary and alternative therapy in many countries owing to its potent antioxidant activity and proven health benefits. Traditionally, it finds used as a therapeutic remedy to various diseases as an antibacterial, antitumor, anthelminthic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant. Also it has proved beneficial in conditions like gastritis, skin diseases, respiratory infections, menstrual and urinary tract disorders, fever, diabetes and venereal diseases. Objective: This review emphasizes on the phytochemical and mineral profile of the different parts of Noni plant. In addition, this review corroborates the pharmacological basis for the various health benefits, traditional and medicinal applications of Noni. Materials and Methods: All the available information of Noni were collected from electronic databases such as Academic Journals, Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology, Springer, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and other primary and secondary sources. Results: According to our search results pertaining to scientific literature, Morinda citrifolia is used for more than 40 types of ailments worldwide. Crude extract of various parts of plant and fruit juice are reported to contain amino acids, anthraquinones, fatty acids, flavonoids, iridoids, lignans, polysaccharides, sterols, sugars, terpenoids etc. which are therapeutically useful for a broad range of pathological conditions. Fourteen human clinical trials have validated the remarkable health benefits of Noni. Conclusion: Literatures prove that Noni is pharmacologically active and is used in different forms of cancer, viz. colon, esophageal, breast, colorectal cancers; cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis, hypertension. These properties are substantiated by the preclinical or/and clinical investigations.

}, keywords = {Anticancer., Antioxidant, Morinda citrifolia, Neutraceutical, Phyto-constituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.4}, author = {Mohammad Ali and Mruthunjaya Kenganora and Santhepete Nanjundaiah Manjula} } @article {132, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Prunus armeniaca L. (Apricot) leaf extracts on Paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {154-158}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {154}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Prunus armeniaca L. (Apricot) leaf on paracetamol induced liver toxicity in rats. Method: Phytochemical investigation was performed to find active constituents of the plant extracts by the different phytochemical tests. After induction of liver toxicity, the biochemical parameters such as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (sGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (sGOT), serum alkaline phosphatase (sALP), serum bilirubin (SB), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), \γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein (TP), albumin. The physical parameters including liver weight, body weight and histopathological changes in the liver were studied with Ursodeoxycholic acid as standard hepatoprotective agents. Results: The phytochemical investigation of the extracts showed the presence of Alkaloids, volatile oil, saponin glycosides, condensed tanins, terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids. Methanol and aqueous extract before the paracetamol administration caused a significant reduction in the values of sGOT, sGPT, sALP, TBARS, GGT, LDH TP, Albumin and sB (P\<0.01) almost comparable to the Ursodeoxycholic acid. The hepatoprotective activity was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver tissue of control and treated animals. Conclusions: The result concludes that Prunus armeniaca L. possesses the hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol induced liver toxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Apricot, Hepatotoxicity, Liver toxicity., Paracetamol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.9}, author = {Varsha Raj and Arun Kumar Mishra and Amrita Mishra and Najam Ali Khan} } @article {117, title = {Inhibition of MDR1 in mammary cell carcinoma reverses Multidrug Resistance by SOCS1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {103-112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Introduction: Suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS1), a newly indentified antiapoptotic molecule is a downstream effector of the receptor tyrosine kinase-Ras signalling pathway. Current study has uncovered that SOCS1 may have wide and imperative capacities, particularly because of its close correlation with malignant tumors. Methods: To investigate the impact of SOCS1 on MDR, we analyzed the expression of P-gp and SOCS1 by immunohistochemistry and found there was positive correlation between them. At that point we effectively interfered with RNA translation by the contamination of siRNA of SOCS1 into MCF7/ ADM breast cancer cell lines through a lentivirus, and the expression of the target gene was significantly inhibited. Results: After RNAi the drug resistance was reduced altogether and the expression of MDR1 mRNA and P-gp in MCF7/ADM cell lines demonstrated a significant decrease. Likewise the expression of P53 protein increased in a statistically significant manner (p\≤0.01) after RNAi exposure. Moreover, flow cytometry analysis uncovers that cell cycle and anti-apoptotic enhancing capacity of cells changed after RNAi treatment. Conclusion: These outcomes proposed SOCS1 may take part in breast cancer MDR by managing MDR1 and P53 expression, changing cell cycle and enhancing the anti-apoptotic ability of cells.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, MDR1gene, Multidrug resistance, RNA interference., SOCS1 gene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.2}, author = {Debasish Pradhan and Gitanjali Tripathy and Rakesh Kumar Pradhan and Shaktiprasad Pradhan and Soumyashree Rupambika Moharana} } @article {96, title = {Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {31-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic standards along with nutritional values on the important medicinal herb Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., commonly known as Parpata in South India. Material and Methods: Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, nutritional evaluation along with the TLC profiling and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Results: Histological study of different parts of the plant revealed the presence of different cellular structures viz. stem showed the presence of multi cellular to unicellular trichomes, collateral vascular bundles, starch grains etc. Mesophyll of the leaves was embedded with starch grains with clustered calcium oxalate and prism shaped crystals. Anomocytic stomata were present on both the epidermis of the leaf. Powder microscopy exhibited multi cellular trichomes, clustered calcium oxalate, fibres etc. Physicochemical and histochemical studies revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites and different minerals within the acceptable limits. Thin layer chromatographic profiling showed different spots suggesting the presence of specific phytoconstituents in different extracts. The plant also revealed good nutritional value with calorific value of about 245 kcal/100g; Vitamin C 112 mg/100 g and higher amount of calcium etc. Conclusion: The results are beneficial to establish the quality control parameters of the plant species and may be served as future reference for the identification and authentication of the genuine crude drug and also provide sufficient data to recognize the use of the plant as dietary suppliment.\ \  \ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Histochemical studies., Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy, standardization, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.7}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramaseshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishna and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Chinmay Rath and Anupam Mangal and Padhi Madan Mohan and Dhiman Kartar Singh} } @article {185, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization of Goraksha pods: an important Nutritive and antidiabetic Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {424-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Objective: Goraksha or cluster beans are an annual legume found throughout India. It is also extensively cultivated for its pods used as vegetable for its high nutritive value, antidiabetic properties and for the source of guargum. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, histochemical studies and preliminary phytochemical studies on the pods of Goraksha has been carried out highlighting its importance along with important diagnostic characters, which will help in the identification of pods both in fresh form as well as in dry form. Results: Study revealed presence of distantly arranged elongated uniseriate warty trichomes in the outer most layer of epidermis, presence of stone cells, simple starch grains and very small calcium oxalate crystals in the hypodermal region. Presence of unevenly thickened row of palisade layer of macro sclereids in the outer most layer of cotyledon region. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, starch, steroids, and tannins. Conclusion: The pharmacognostical standardization revealed the presence of various specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine pods of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.

}, keywords = {Cluster beans, Goraksha, Pharmacognosy, Pods. Histochemical studies.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.2}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramasheshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Prathapa Reddy Maramreddy and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishana and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Anupam Kumar Mangal and Madan Mohan Padhi and Kartar Singh Dhiman} } @article {150, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts and Inhibition of Giardia duodenalis Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {291-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {291}, abstract = {

Background: Giardiasis is a debilitating disease caused by gastrointestinal parasites of the genus Giardia. Tasmannia lanceolata (Tasmanian pepper berry) has a high anti-oxidant capacity and has documented therapeutic properties for a variety of pathogenic diseases. Materials and methods: Solvent extracts of T. lanceolata berry and leaf were investigated for the ability to block G. duodenalis growth. The IC50 values of the extracts which displayed inhibitory activity were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory activity. The methanolic extracts were the most potent growth inhibitors with IC50 values of approximately 180 \µg/ml and 420 \µg/ml for the berry and leaf methanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited G. duodenalis growth, albeit with lower potency. HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy analysis of the extracts identified 45 compounds which were present in all T. lanceolata berry extracts. Forty of these were putatively identified by screening against 3 compound databases. All T. lanceolata berry and leafextracts were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory bioactivity indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of this disease.

}, keywords = {Alternative therapies, Anti-Giardial activity, Anti-oxidant, Complementary, Gastrointestinal parasite, Giardisis, Tasmanian pepper.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.19}, author = {Paran Rayan and Ben Matthews and Pauline Mc Donnell and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {156, title = {Phytochemical and Antidiabetic Evaluation of the Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {243-249}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {243}, abstract = {

Background: Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae extract\ (SCE) is one of many herbal medicines\ used widely in Ugandan traditional\ medicine for various ailments. Generally most of these herbal\ medicines\ are yet to be standardized or have their phytochemical content characterized.\ Method: This study identified the secondary metabolites in the stem bark\ methanolic extract and quantified them. The same extract was subjected\ to serial solvent fractionation, TLC characterization and antidiabetic testing.\ Results: The secondary metabolites were found to comprise of 7.5\% alkaloids,\ 10\% flavonoids, 13\% tannins and 17\% saponins per gram of plant material.\ The TLC characteristics of the fractions (hexane (HX), ethylacetate (EA)\ and methanol (ME)) viewed under UV light revealed spots with the following\ Rf values; the hexane partition gave HX7EA3 (0.96 and 0.68) HX9EA1\ (0.68 and 0.3), EA1ME9 (0.86 and 0.58), EA3ME7 (0.87), EA7ME3 (0.85)\ and EA9ME1 (0.85). The ethylacetate partition gave the following HX1EA9 (0.53, 0.34 and 0.18), HX3EA7 (0.59, 0.40 and 0.26). Discussion: All the\ fractions produced nominal reduction of hyperglycemia. Except hexane\ fraction at 50 mg/kg and ethylacetate fraction at 200 mg/kg all the fractions\ had percentage reductions of glucose greater than that of the control at\ the experimental doses. Although the values of percentage reductions of\ hyperglycemia by the hexane fraction were apparently dose-dependent,\ the greatest margin of reduction of hyperglycemia was observed in the\ residual aqueous fraction. Conclusion: It was found that SCE contains\ valuable phytochemicals in appreciable quantities which are antidiabetic.\ The residual aqueous fraction is the most potent antihyperglycemic of the\ solvent fractions.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Saponins, Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae, TLC Tannins, Uganda.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.12}, author = {Tanayen Julius Kihdze and Ajayi Abayomi Mayowa and Oloro Joseph and Ezeonwumelu Joseph OC and Tanayen Grace Ghaife and Adzu Bulus and Arthur van Aerschot and Gert Laekeman and Agaba Amon Ganafa} } @article {171, title = {Phytochemical and In vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Psidium Guajava Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {392-394}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {392}, abstract = {

Objective: The present investigation includes the preliminary screening of phytochemicals and evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic activity of Psidium guajava leaves extracts. Materials and Methods: Plant material was subjected to the extraction preparation by soxhlet apparatus by using various solvents such as aqueous, ethanol, chloroform, petroleum ether and hexane. The various kinds of phytochemicals were detected and then in vitro antidiabetic activity of P. guajava were detected by using alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme in an in vitro model. Results: The study reveals the presence of phytochemicals such as carbohydrate, tannin, flavonoids, phenols etc., Among the various extracts the aqueous and ethanolic extracts which contains the large number of phytoconstituents. The P. guajava leaves has been successfully inhibited both the enzymes in an in vitro model. The aqueous extracts of P. guajava leaves inhibited the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as 72.1\% and 74.8\% respectively. The ethanolic extract of P. guajava leaves inhibited the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzymes as 97.5\% and 91.8\% respectively. Conclusion: From the results obtained in the current studies, the P. guajava leaves have a prominent antidiabetic property in an in vitro model and further studies can be carried out in an in vivo model and the isolation of activie compound from P. guajava leaves extract is needed.

}, keywords = {Alpha amylase, Alpha glucosidase, P. guajava, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.13}, author = {Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand and Sampath Kumar and Pushpa} } @article {205, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulation of Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber to Identify Flavonoids}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {534-541}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {534}, abstract = {

Background: Modern healthcare system recognizes herbal medicine as a form of alternative medicine and also identify as holistic approach. Everyone in life experiences different kind of wound.Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber are well known traditional wound healing herbs. Objective: To develop a new polyherbal formulation in the treatment of wound and identify flavonoid by means of chromatography, chemical method and spectroscopic method. Preliminary phytochemical and fluorescent evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans,Elephantopus scaber and herb-herb combination. Methods and Material: Preliminary phytochemical and fluorescent evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans, Elephantopus and polyherbal formulation of both herb by chemical method. Identification of flavonoids by thin layer chromatography and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: Flavonoids have found inside polyherbal formulation by comparing the colour change after chemical analysis, Fluorescence analysis, retention time by thin layer chromatography and functional groups by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Conclusions: Flavonoids may responsible for its activity as wound healing. It may work with other bioactive compounds as synergistic effect.

}, keywords = {Clinacanthus nutans, Elephantopus scaber, Flavonoids, Herb-Herb combination, Polyherbal formulation, Wound healing.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.4}, author = {Muhammad Shahzad Aslam and Muhammad Syarhabil Ahmad and Awang Soh Mamat} } @article {184, title = {Rasayana Herbs of Ayurveda to Treat age Related Cognitive Decline: An Update}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {411-423}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cognitive decline associated with aging could be minor or major neuro-cognitive disorder presenting with progressive intellectual deterioration interfering with day to day activities. Behaviour and personality changes may complicate the life in due course. Significant increase in global prevalence of people aged above 60 years has raised concerns on effective management of old age problems. Age related cognitive deficits and dementia raise to the level of epidemics and established management is yet underway. Principles of preventive health and rasayana (rejuvenative) herbs of Ayurveda are being extensively researched up on for their effectiveness in dementia. In this fourteen such herbs with anti dementia property are discussed with relevant research update. Methods: Herbs like amalaki (Emblica officinalis), hareetaki (Terminalia chebula), haridra (Curcuma longa), manduka parni (Centella asiatica), aindri (Bacopa monniera), yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis), vacha (Acorus calamus), jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculata), kushmanda (Benincasa hispida), Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi), ashvagandha (Withania somnifera) and kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens (Linn.)) are already proven of their efficacy in experimental and preclinical levels. The contents and research evidences are collected from ayurveda database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha and other authentic literature, Google scholar, Science direct, online and print journals. Discussion: The herbs in discussion mostly act on reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress injury by antioxidant properties and neuroprotective activity. Acetylcholine esterase inhibition, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate antagonism, Dopaminergic activity, Anti-amyloidogenic activity, Inhibition of Tau aggregation, neuroprotection and immune modulation are activity path ways. Tridosha namely Kapha, Pitta and Vata may be viewed to be categorically predominant in initial, middle and final stage of dementia. Selected herbs thus can be specific based on the pathology and relevant dosha predominance. Conclusion: Rasayana herbs with current updates and inferences can serve as an eye-opener for further researches at molecular and clinical aspect.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, cognitive decline, Dementia, Herbs, Medhya, Rasayana.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.1}, author = {Reena Kulkarni and Suhas Kumar Shetty and Rajarajeshwari N M and Prasanna Narasimha Rao and Nayan J} } @article {175, title = {Review of the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Euphorbia hirta Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {310-313}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {310}, abstract = {

The use of plant extract to cure diseases has been the traditional way used in many parts of the world. The synthetic drugs used now are more prone to cause side effects than curing the disease. Hence, the use of plant extract has now emerged due to their effective action against the disease without causing any side effects. The plants belonging to the family called Euphorbia are widely used in medicine for its wide medicinal properties. The plant Euphorbia hirta has properties like anti-bacterial, anti-diarrheal, anti-allergic, diuretic, anti-oxidant, anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anxiolytic and sedative activity. This review contains the detailed information about all the properties of E. hirta.

}, keywords = {Anti-apoptotic., Anti-bacterial, Anti-oxidant, Diuretic, Euphorbia hirta, Sedative}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.2}, author = {Juveriyah Kausar and Durai Muthumani and Agaath Hedina and Sivasamy and Vijaya Anand} } @article {104, title = {Seed oil chemical composition of Platychaeteaucheri (Boiss.) Boiss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {42-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Background: Platychaete aucheri is an endemic plant to the south of Iran and no phyochemical investigations is reported on the seeds oil. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of Platychaete aucheri seeds oil was extracted by suxhelet apparatus, methyl esterificated and analyzed by GC and GC/MS spectroscopy method. Results: 16 compounds were determined in total and taraxasterol (19.0\%), \γ-sitosterol (14.1\%) and lupeol (11.8\%) were characterized as the most abundant components. Conclusion: Regarding the presence of high amounts of triterpenoids and sterols in the seed oil, related biological activities are expected from the studied oil.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, gamma-Sitosterol., Platychaete aucheri, Seed oil, Taraxasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.9}, author = {Jinous Asgarpanah and Narges Dakhili and Fatemeh Mirzaee and Maedeh Salehi and Maryam Janipour and Elaheh Rangriz} } @article {200, title = {Synthesis of Plant Mediated gold Nanoparticles using Azima Tetracantha Lam. Leaves extract and Evaluation of their Antimicrobial Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {507-512}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {507}, abstract = {

Aim: The demand for nanoparticles is increasing day by day due to their wide range of applications in various areas including pharmaceutical industry. Nanoparticles are formally synthesized by chemical methods in which the toxic and flammable chemicals are used. Methods: This article reports about an effective, rapid and eco-friendly technique for the fabrication of gold nanoparticles from gold chloride solution using Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves extract. The effects of the leaves extract of Azima tetracantha, the concentration of Gold chloride solution, the time of the reaction and the effect of tem\¬perature on the rate of the reaction were investigated. The synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were characterized by using various techniques such as Dynamic Light Spectroscopy (DLS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectra gave surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 540 nm, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This revealed the reduction of gold ions (Au+) to gold metal (Au0) which indicated the formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Results: The antimicrobial action of biosynthesized AuNPs indicated effective activity against bacterial pathogens Aeromonas liquefaciens, Enterococcus fecalis, Micrococcus luteus, Salmonella typhimurium and fungal pathogens Candida albicans, Cryptococcus sp, Microsporum canis, Trichophyton rubrum. Conclusion: This revealed that gold nanoparticles could provide a safer alternative to conventional antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial Activity., Azima tetracantha Leaves Extract, Biosynthesis, Characterization, Gold Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.17}, author = {Abirami Hariharan and Tajuddin Nargis Begum and Mohamed Hussain Muhammad Ilyas and Hussain Syed Jahangir and Premkumar Kumpati and Shilu Mathew and Archunan Govindaraju and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {137, title = {Updates on Traditional Medicinal Plants for Hepatocellular Carcinoma}, journal = {Pharmaceutical Journals}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {203-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {203}, abstract = {

Aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major worldwide problem primarily caused by hepatitis B and C virus infection. End stage liver cancer treatment options are limited thus requiring expensive liver transplantation which is not available in many countries. Methods: Several herbal compounds and herbal composite formulas have been studied through in-vitro and in vivo as an anti-HCC agent, enhancing our knowledge about their biological functions and targets. In this article, arecent update on the herbal medicine has been provided with reference to liver cancer. Results: For the sake of clarity, the effective herbal compounds, clinical studies of herbal composite formula, cell culture, and animal model studies safety are discussed. The effects of many herbal active compounds of Annona atemoya, Andrographis paniculata, Boerhaviadiffusa, Piper longum, Podophyllum hexandrum, Phyllanthus amarus, and Terminalia chebula, and herbal composite formula on autophagy, apoptosis, antioxidant, and inflammation characteristicshave been provided. Conclusion: This will enhance our understanding\ on the prevention and treatment of HCC by herbal active compounds\ and herbal composite formulas.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Herbs, Liver cancer, Medicine, Treatment.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.5}, author = {Shilu Mathew and Muhammad Faheem and Mohd Suhail and Kaneez Fatima and Govindaraju Archunan and Nargis Begum and Muhammad Ilyas and Esam Azhar and Ghazi Abdullah Damanhouri and Ishtiaq Qadri} } @article {128, title = {Validated analytical RP-HPLC method for quantitation of wedelolactone from Eclipta alba and marketed Ayurvedic formulations}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {132-139}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {132}, abstract = {

Introduction: Eclipta alba Linn. (Asteraceae) is an important ingredient of several Ayurvedic formulations. The monograph on different parts of plant like flowers, leaves, roots are listed in Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India. The plant is reported to be effective for broad range maladies like inflammation, reproductive problems of females etc. It is also used as a hepatoprotectant, analgesic, antibacterial and antidiabetic agent. Wedelolactone is used as a bioactive marker to establish the quality of the crude drug and its formulations. In the present study, wedelolactone-based standardization of Eclipta alba and its quantitation from marketed herbal and Ayurvedic formulations has been documented using RP-HPLC. Methods: In the current work, an isocratic method has been developed and validated to quantitate wedelolactone from whole plant of Eclipta alba. This method is validated as per ICH guidelines and is used to quantitate the content of wedelolactone in polyherbal formulations like Liv52, Geriforte, Mahabhringaraj oil etc. Results: The LOD is found to be 0.5 \μg/mL and the LOQ is 1 \μg/mL. The linearity range of response is from 5 \μg/mL to 100 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The validated method is found to be simple, sensitive, accurate, rugged and reproducible. This developed method can be recommended for quality assurance and marker-based standardization of polyherbal formulations containing whole plant of Eclipta alba.

}, keywords = {Eclipta alba, Formulations, RP-HPLC, Validation, Wedelolactone., Whole plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.6}, author = {Sunita Shailajan and Sasikumar Menon and Dipti Singh and Gauri Swar} } @article {71, title = {Anti Hypertensive Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Lantana camara leaves on high salt loaded wistar albino rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {289-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {289}, abstract = {

Background: Hypertension is the most common and major cardiovascular disease. There is an urgent need for treament of hypertension by exploration of several medicinal plants having potent anti hypertensive activity as the modern medicines are having many side effects. Objective: The study focus on scientific evaluation of antihypertensive activity of ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves (EELC) in different experimental models. Material \& methods: Antihypertensive activity was conducted on wister albino rats by determining serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), creatinine and Sodium levels by using Semi Autoanalyser and Flame photometer; chick mean arterial blood pressure by using condon\’s mercury manometer and isolated frog heart for recording cardic responses using student kymograph. Results: EELC produced negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effect, antagonised by atropine on isolated frog heart. EELC shows dose dependent (p\<0.05) decreased mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) in anaesthetic chick. Salt treated rats displayed significant (p\<0.05) increase in blood level of SGOT, SGPT, Creatinine and sodium, decrease in pottassim levels in comparision with normal rats. Treatment with EELC (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly balanced the ionic levels such as lower the sodium and elevate the potassium levels. Creatinine levels were signifi-cantly (p\<0.05) reduced by the treatment with EELC. There are no significant changes occurred in serum SGOT and SGPT upon EELC administration. The present study suggests that treatment of salt hypertensive rats with EELC protects against renal injuries. Conclusion: It was concluded that ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves reduces work load of heart, maintain inotonic levels by negative chronotropic effect, relaxes the smooth muscles in chick and salt hypertensive rats against renal and vascular injuries is proved.

}, keywords = {EELC (Ethanolic extract of Lantana camara leaves), Hypertension, Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and Normotensive rats (NTR)., Wistar albino rats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.7}, author = {Vijay Kumar Matta and Praveen Kumar Pasala and Silvia Netala and Satish Pandrinki and Prasad Konduri} } @article {84, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Tinctures from Tree leaves belonging to the Bignoniaceae family and their Synergistic Effect with Antibiotics}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {400-405}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Context: Some species of Bignoniaceae are widely used in medicinal practice by the natives of South America. Aims: Tinctures and infusions from twelve tree species of this family were evaluated for in vitro antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. The effect of interactions between the four most active extracts and conventional antibiotics was also evaluated. Methods and Material: Bioautography and disc diffusion methods were used to select the most active extracts, then agar macrodilution and broth microdilution method were used to determine the minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentration (MIC and MBC). Time-kill assay and checkerboard method were employed to determine the type of antimicrobial effect and synergism, respectively. Results: It could be determined that tinctures from Catalpa bignonioides, Handroanthus pulcherrimus, Tabebuia nodosa and Tecoma stans were able to inhibit bacterial growth. The MIC and MBC observed were between 125-1000 \μg GAE/ ml and 500-1000 \μg GAE/ml, respectively. The tested extracts were more effective against Gram-positive microorganisms. Time-kill experiments indicated bacteriostatic activity. Phytochemical screening showed terpenoids, phenols and flavonoids. Alkaloids were detected only in Tecoma stans. Among these combinations, the best was Tabebuia nodosa extract plus gentamicin. In most cases, MIC values were reduced 16-32 times for antibiotics, and even 8-16 times for extracts. Conclusion: These results revealed that some of the selected combinations could efficiently inhibit the growth of tested strains at lower concentrations than those required for the lonely use of the antimicrobial. These extracts would improve the efficacy of antibiotics against resistant bacteria, hence they could be used for anti-infective therapy.

}, keywords = {Checkerboard method, Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC), Gentamicin, Tabebuia nodosa, Time-kill experiments.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.15}, author = {Torres Carola Anal{\'\i}a and Nu{\~n}ez Mar{\'\i}a Beatriz and Isla Mar{\'\i}a In{\'e}s and Castro Marcela Paola and Gonzalez Ana Mar{\'\i}a and Zampini Iris Catiana} } @article {69, title = {Anti-hyperglycemic and Anti-lipidemic activities of Diabac (a polyherbal formulation) in Streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {283-288}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {283}, abstract = {

Aim: The objective of the work was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Diabac (a polyherbal formulation) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced type 2 diabetic rats. Methods: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to evaluate effect of Diabac on elevated glucose level. The type 2 diabetes was induced by overnight fasted rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin, 15 min. after the i.p. administration of 110 mg/kg nicotinamide. The diabetic rats were treated with Diabac (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o.) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg, p.o) for four week. Various parameters were studied such as fasting blood sugar level, serum insulin levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum lipid levels, se rum creatinine, urea, uric acid and liver glycogen. Results: Treatment with Diabac significantly reduced the blood sugar levels in OGTT. Diabetic rats showed a significant increase in the levels of glycated hemoglobin, serum lipids, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, whereas there was a decrease in serum insulin, liver glycogen and HDL-C levels as compared to normal control rats. The administration of Diabac or glibenclamide significantly decreased the levels of glycated hemoglobin, TG, TC, LDL-C, serum creatinine, urea and uric acid, whereas there was an increase in the levels of liver glycogen and HDL-C as compared to diabetic control rats. However, the treatment with Diabac did not show any significant change in serum insulin levels as compared to diabetic control rats. Conclusion: These results of present study concluded that Diabac has anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic activities which are responsible for its use in traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Diabac, Glycated hemoglobin, Liver glycogen, Serum lipids, Streptozotocin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.6}, author = {Richa Agrawal and Rajesh Maheshwari and Ramachandran Balaraman and Avinash Seth} } @article {1457, title = {Antioxidant and metal chelating activities of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl peel, pulp and aerial parts in relation to their total phenol and flavonoid content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {64-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid content of different parts (peel, pulp and aerial parts) of Lagenaria siceraria. Method: Successive extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of different polarity viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, water. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s reagent method and flavonoid was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antioxidant assays evaluated were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, 2, 2\’-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Results: L. siceraria peel possessed maximum phenol and flavonoid content in acetone and toluene extracts respectively. FRAP was maximum in acetone extract of peel. The peel extract demonstrated stronger DPPH activity with IC50 value of 111 \μg/ml followed by pulp extract. The same extract was effective in scavenging ABTS radical with an IC50 value of 39 \μg/ml while other parts were ineffective. Conclusion: This work demonstrated good antioxidant activity of L. siceraria vegetable cultivated in India and recommends that the peel of this vegetable may be of interest from a functional point of view as a major source of natural antioxidant.

Key words:Lagenaria siceraria, antioxidant activity, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, total phenol.

}, keywords = {ABTS, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, Lagenaria siceraria, total phenol.}, author = {Sumitra Chanda and Pooja Moteriya and Hemali Padaliya and Tejas Rathod and Yogesh Baravalia} } @article {39, title = {Antioxidant and metal chelating activities of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl peel, pulp and aerial parts in relation to their total phenol and flavonoid content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {64-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid content of different parts (peel, pulp and aerial parts) of Lagenaria siceraria. Method: Successive extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of different polarity viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, water. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s reagent method and flavonoid was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antioxidant assays evaluated were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, 2, 2\’-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Results: L. siceraria peel possessed maximum phenol and flavonoid content in acetone and toluene extracts respectively. FRAP was maximum in acetone extract of peel. The peel extract demonstrated stronger DPPH activity with IC50 value of 111 \μg/ml followed by pulp extract. The same extract was effective in scavenging ABTS radical with an IC50 value of 39 \μg/ml while other parts were ineffective. Conclusion: This work demonstrated good antioxidant activity of L. siceraria vegetable cultivated in India and recommends that the peel of this vegetable may be of interest from a functional point of view as a major source of natural antioxidant.

}, keywords = {ABTS, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, Lagenaria siceraria, total phenol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.8}, author = {Sumitra Chanda and Pooja Moteriya and Hemali Padaliya and Tejas Rathod and Yogesh Baravalia} } @article {1466, title = {Antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-glycosidase properties of three species of Swertia, their xanthones and amarogentin: A comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {117-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-glucosidase and antiacetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) properties of the leafy shoots of three Indian species of Swertia e.g. Swertia chirata and its substitutes Swertia bimaculata, and Swertia decussata, their xanthones and amarogentin. Methods: Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of leafy shoots was measured in terms of DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities as well as metal chelating properties. Enzyme inhibitory properties were measured using AChE, \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase respectively. Five xanthones bellidifolin (1), swerchirin (2), decussatin (3), mangiferin (4) and 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone (6) and one iridoid, amarogentin (5) were isolated from Swertia chirata. The activities of the isolated components were compared. Results: Swertia chirata exhibited best antioxidant and anti-AChE properties than the other two species. The plants also possessed \α-glucosidase inhibitory properties but weak \α-amylase inhibitory activity. Highest activities were observed in Swertia chirata. We report here, for the first time, the antioxidant, anti-AChE and anti-glycosidase activity of 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone. This xanthone had strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and anti-AChE property. Conclusion: The results suggest the beneficial effects of the xanthones of Swertia chirata. But further study should be carried out to prove the efficacy in vivo.

Key words: Swertia Sp., Xanthone, Glycosidase, Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant., Glycosidase, Swertia Sp., Xanthone}, author = {Gargi Nag and Sukriti Das and Susmita Das and Suvra Mandal and Bratati De} } @article {43, title = {Antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-glycosidase properties of three species of Swertia, their xanthones and amarogentin: A comparative study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {117-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the antioxidant, anti-amylase, anti-glucosidase and antiacetylcholinesterase (anti-AChE) properties of the leafy shoots of three Indian species of Swertia e.g. Swertia chirata and its substitutes Swertia bimaculata, and Swertia decussata, their xanthones and amarogentin. Methods: Antioxidant activity of the methanolic extracts of leafy shoots was measured in terms of DPPH, superoxide and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities as well as metal chelating properties. Enzyme inhibitory properties were measured using AChE, \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase respectively. Five xanthones bellidifolin (1), swerchirin (2), decussatin (3), mangiferin (4) and 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone (6) and one iridoid, amarogentin (5) were isolated from Swertia chirata. The activities of the isolated components were compared. Results: Swertia chirata exhibited best antioxidant and anti-AChE properties than the other two species. The plants also possessed \α-glucosidase inhibitory properties but weak \α-amylase inhibitory activity. Highest activities were observed in Swertia chirata. We report here, for the first time, the antioxidant, anti-AChE and anti-glycosidase activity of 1-hydroxy-3,5,8-trimethoxy xanthone. This xanthone had strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity and anti-AChE property. Conclusion: The results suggest the beneficial effects of the xanthones of Swertia chirata. But further study should be carried out to prove the efficacy in vivo

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Antioxidant., Glycosidase, Swertia Sp., Xanthone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.6}, author = {Gargi Nag and Sukriti Das and Susmita Das and Bratati De}, editor = {Suvra Mandal} } @article {60, title = {Assessment of Cytotoxicity of Smokeless Tobacco (Shammah) In Hepg2 and WRL68 Cells Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {242-248}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {242}, abstract = {

Shammah is a traditional form of chewing tobacco [Smokeless tobacco, (ST)] that is commonly used in the Middle east specially Saudi Arabia (KSA), Yemen and Sudan. The cytotoxicity of Sudanese and Yemenis ST hexane and methanol extracts was evaluated using MTT assay. Annexin-V assay has been used to detect the induction of apoptosis. Luminescence based assay also been conducted to check the level of caspases enzyme. The involvement of cell cycle check point arrest has been performed using flow cytometry analysis. The current study found that ST has the capacity to induce cell toxicity in human liver cells. The inhibitory capacity of ST in HepG2 and WRL 68 has been found to be 151 \± 2.5 and 305 \± 11.5 \μg/ml for 24 h. An early apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells was observed by annexin V assay, which clearly exhibited significantly increased early and late apoptosis phases both at 24 and 48 h. Both the caspases-8 and-9 level was found to be increased by the introduction of ST to HepG2 cells significantly (p\<0.05). Moreover the ST extract was able to arrest the cell cycle check point at G2/M phase. A significantly increasing pattern of hypodiploid phases of cells also been observed, which confirm the apoptosis induction again. Collectively, results presented in this study demonstrated that the ST, which is used as a euphoritic substance of abuse also, has significant level of toxicity in human cells. Moreover the mode of cell death was found to be though programmed cell death which is closely associated with cell cycle arrest

}, keywords = {Hepatotoxicity, In vitro models, Saudi Arabia, Shammah, Smokeless tobacco, Substance Absue Research Centre}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.6}, author = {Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Bin Mohammed Alsanosy}, editor = {Syam Mohan and Manal Moahmed Elhassan Taha} } @article {65, title = {Cleome viscosa Linn (Capparaceae): A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {326-329}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {326}, abstract = {

Cleome viscosa Linn. (Capparaceae) called as \“Hurhur\” is an annual, sticky herb found in plains of India, Africa, and Pakistan etc as a common weed. Plant and its parts (leaves, seeds, roots etc.) are used traditionally to cure variety of diseases. Traditionally the plant possess anthelmintic, carminative, anticonvulsant, antidiarhhoeal, antimicrobial, wound healing properties. The review shows that various phytochemical compound were isolated from whole plant and its parts (seeds, leaves, roots etc.). The review reveals the collection of important pharmacological activites like antimicrobial, analgesic, antiemetic, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, antitumor, anticonvulsant and psychopharmacological. It also made emphasis on its application in biodiesel formation. The review draws attention towards the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge accessible on Cleome viscosa Linn. which would be beneficial for researchers to discover novel chemical entities.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Biodiesel, Cleome viscosa Linn., Cleomiscosin, Phytochemical, Psychopharmacological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.1}, author = {Harpreet Singh and Amrita Mishra and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {72, title = {Component Authentication and Standardisation of an Anti-atherosclerotic Herbal Formulation-GSTC3}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {339-343}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {339}, abstract = {

Context: Polyherbal drugs in traditional medicine have been time-tested for treatment of a wide variety of chronic ailments. Aims: To determine constituent components in an in-house designed polyherbal formulation GSTC3 and evaluation of consistency in preparation. Settings and Design: In this study, a hypolipidemic formulation was created using well known plant extracts such as Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks.) Eng. (Burseraceae), Salacia reticulata Wight (Celastraceae), Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn (Combretaceae) and Curcuma longa Linn (Zingiberaceae). Methods and Material: The authentication of individual plant powders was performed using techniques such as powder microscopy and characterised according to Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India. Phytochemical screening, HPTLC analysis and physicochemical parameters were also determined. Results: The powder microscopic analysis of the individual components served as an authentication for source of plants used. Phytochemical screening ascertained that active classes of compounds reported in the individual extracts such as steroids, terpenoids and polyphenols came into the formulation. Finally, HPTLC analysis of three different batches of GSTC3 ensured stability and integrity in batch to batch preparations. Conclusion: Experimental studies have revealed the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-lipidemic and anti-thrombotic efficacy of GSTC3. This standardisation procedure is essential for further development of GSTC3 into an efficient anti-atherosclerotic drug candidate

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical screening, Polyherbal formulation, Powder microscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.4}, author = {Jeksy Jos Manalil and Indu Muraleedharan Suseela and Smitha Koyickalmadhom Ramavarma and Arunaksharan Narayanankutty and Achuthan Chathrattil Raghavamenon} } @article {46, title = {Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gatroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {157-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) Honey has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. Aim of the study: The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental animals were orally treated with sidr honey (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) or omeprazole and subsequently exposed to 95\% ethanol (5 mL/Kg, orally) to induce acute gastroulcerogenesis. Effectiveness of sidr honey was evaluated using ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, mucus content, morphological analyses, glutathione assay and malondialdehyde level. The anti-apoptotic role of sidr honey was studied using immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissues using monoclonal antibodies of Bax pathway. Results: Dose-response studies in ethanol-induced ulcer indicate that sidr honey significantly blocks gastric lesions at lower dose (100 mg/kg). Lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion were significantly inhibited by sidr honey. Sidr honey modulated the immuno-expression of mitochondrial associated protein (Bax). Conclusion: Thus, sider honey plays a considerable role in gastro protection by acting as a potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic agent. Future study is required to explore its potential clinical usage.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.3}, author = {Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Elsanousi and Bassem Y. Sheikh and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla and Saif Eldeen Babiker and Husham Elraih and Eldaw Mohamed} } @article {1475, title = {Effectiveness of Sidr Honey on the prevention of ethanol-induced gatroulcerogenesis: role of antioxidant and antiapoptotic mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {13th Feb, 2015}, pages = {157-164}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Background: Sider (Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf.) Honey has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders including peptic ulcer. Aim of the study: The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. The mechanism of the antiulcer effect of sider honey was studied placing emphasis on its role to block oxidative damage and apoptosis during ethanol-induced gastric ulceration in rats. Materials and methods: Experimental animals were orally treated with sidr honey (100, 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively) or omeprazole and subsequently exposed to 95\%ethanol (5 mL/Kg, orally) to induce acute gastroulcerogenesis. Effectiveness of sidr honey was evaluated using ulcer index, pH of gastric juice, mucus content, morphological analyses, glutathione assay and malondialdehyde level. The anti-apoptotic role of sidr honey was studied using immunohistochemical staining of gastric tissues using monoclonal antibodies of Bax pathway. Results: Dose-response studies in ethanol-induced ulcer indicate that sidr honey significantly blocks gastric lesions at lower dose (100 mg/kg). Lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion were significantly inhibited by sidr honey. Sidr honey modulated the immuno-expression of mitochondrial associated protein (Bax). Conclusion: Thus, sider honey plays a considerable role in gastro protection by acting as a potent antioxidant and antiapoptotic agent. Future study is required to explore its potential clinical usage.

Key words: Antiapoptotic Mechanism, Antioxidant Agents, Gastro protection, Monofloral Nectar, Sidr Honey.

}, keywords = {Antiapoptotic Mechanism, antioxidant agents, Gastro protection, monofloral nectar, Sidr Honey.}, author = {Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha and Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab and Rashad Elsanousi and Bassem Y. Sheikh and Mahmood Ameen Abdulla and Saif Eldeen Babiker and Husham Elraih and Eldaw Mohamed} } @article {29, title = {Effects of standardized stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. in wistar rats with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: The aqueous decoction of the stem back of Mangifera indica L. has been traditionally used for the treatment of various illnesses among them includes anaemia. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of M. indica in animals with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia. Methods and Material: An in vivo animal model was used in this experiment. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used to induce haemolysis and treatment was done with three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt) of the plant extract. Astifer\® was used as a positive control. Haematological parameters such as PCV, HGb concentration, and TLC were performed and to ascertain the level of haemolysis. GC-MS was used determine the present of phytoconstituents within the crude extract. Results: PCV and HGb concentration increased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt respectively while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. TLC was decreased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed presence of 15 compounds viz: 2,2-Dimethoxybutane, N-Acetyl-Alpha-D-glucosamine, 1,2-Benzenediol, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Vitamin E, Pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester, 2-Ethylacridine, Benzofuran-6-ol-3-one, 2-(4ethoxycarbonyl)benzylidene-, 9-Octadecanoic acid, (E)-, 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl-, and Benzo[h]quinoline,2,4-dimethyl-. Conclusion: The results of our present finding suggest the significant anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of Mangefera indica L. This finding highlights the potentials of the extract and M. indica in the treatment of haemolytic anaemia.

}, keywords = {2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis and Mangifera indica L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.2}, author = {Hassan Lawal Sani and Ibrahim Malami and Sanusi Wara Hassan and Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan and Mshelia Emmanuel Halilu and Aliyu Muhammad} } @article {1467, title = {Effects of standardized stem bark extract of Mangifera indica L. in Wister rats with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: The aqueous decoction of the stem back of Mangifera indica L. has been traditionally used for the treatment of various illnesses among them includes anaemia. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-anaemic properties of the standardized stem bark extract of M. indica in animals with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine-induced haemolytic anaemia. Methods and Material: An in vivo animal model was used in this experiment. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine was used to induce haemolysis and treatment was done with three different concentrations (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg b.wt) of the plant extract. Astifer\® was used as a positive control. Haematological parameters such as PCV, HGb concentration, and TLC were performed to determine the present of phytoconstituents within the crude extract. Results: PCV and HGb concentration was increased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt respectively while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 mg/kg b.wt. TLC was decreased significantly (p\<0.001) at a dose 100 mg/kg b.wt when while no significant (p\>0.05) effect was observed at a dose of 25 and 50 mg/kg b.wt respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 15 compounds among viz: 2,2-Dimethoxybutane, N-Acetyl-Alpha-D-glucosamine, 1,2-Benzenediol, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, Vitamin E, Pentadecanoic acid, 13-methyl-, methyl ester, 2-Ethylacridine, Benzofuran-6-ol-3-one, 2-(4ethoxycarbonyl)benzylidene-, 9-Octadecanoic acid, (E)-, 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one, 3,5-bis-trimethylsilyl-, and Benzo[h]quinoline,2,4-dimethyl-. Conclusion: The results of our present finding suggest the significant anti-anaemic properties of standardized stem bark extract of Mangefera indica L. This finding highlights the potentials of the extract M. indica in the treatment of haemolytic anaemia.

Key words: 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis Mangifera indica L.

}, keywords = {2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, Anaemia, GC-MS analysis, Haemolysis Mangifera indica L.}, author = {Hassan Lawal Sani and Ibrahim Malami and Sanusi Wara Hassan and Alhassan Muhammad Alhassan} } @article {55, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays-DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.8}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {1479, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays- DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

Key words: Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {62, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in, Pet Ether Fraction of Wrightia tinctoria Seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {249-253}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Introduction: Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly called \“Indrajau\” is well known in Indian traditional system for its traditional uses. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of plant seed ethanolic extract, pet ether fraction using GC-MS analysis. 22 components were identified from pet ether fraction obtained from elution of ethanolic extract packed in silica column. Results: The prevailing compounds from fraction F6to F9 were [1,1\&$\#$39;-Bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2\&$\#$39;-hexyl-, methyl ester (21.39\%) , Trilinolein (7.74\%), 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine (18.07\%), 9-Octadecen-12-ynoic acid, methyl ester (4.46\%), 1Hexadecanol,2-methyl (3.77\%), Cyclopropane tetradecanoic acid, 2-octyl-, methyl ester (2.36\%), 1b, 4a-Epoxy-2H-cyclopenta [3,4] cyclopropa [8,9]cycloundec [1,2-b]oxiren-5 (6H)-one, 7-(acetyloxy) decahydro-2,9,10-trihydroxy-3,6,8,8,10a-pentamethyl (38.91\%), Geranyl isovalerate (23.58\%), cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (5.91\%), Quassin (3.82\%), cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid (3.08\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl ester (31.50\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (14.35\%), Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[ [2-[ [2- [(2-pentylcyclopropyl) methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl]-, methyl ester (10.13\%), 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (3.39\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, trans-( 2.73\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, cis-(4.34\%), Ursodeoxycholic acid (7.14\%), Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 3-(acetyloxy)-14,15-epoxy-16-hydroxy-, (3\á,5\á,15\á,16\á)-(4.75\%), 5H-Cyclopropa [3,4] benz [1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 9a (acetyloxy)-1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-de cahydro-4a,7b,9-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,[1aR-(1a\à,1b\á,4a\á,7a\à,7b\à,8\à,9\á,9a\à)]-(6.59\%), Docosahexaenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (10.86\%), Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol, (3\á,15\à,16\à,21\á,22\à)-( 4.40\%) found as the major components. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, Wrightia tinctoria contains various bioactive compounds. So it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.7}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Amita Verma}, editor = {Alok Mukerjee} } @article {1452, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytocomponents in, Pet Ether Fraction of Wrightia tinctoria Seed.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {249-253}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {249}, abstract = {

Introduction:Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Family: Apocynaceae) commonly called \“Indrajau\” is well known in Indian traditional system for its traditional uses. Materials and Methods: The present investigation was carried out to determine the possible bioactive components of plant seed ethanolic extract, pet ether fraction using GC-MS analysis. 22 components were identified from pet ether fraction obtained from elution of ethanolic extract packed in silica column. Results: The prevailing compounds from fraction F6to F9 were [1,1\&$\#$39;-Bicyclopropyl]-2-octanoic acid, 2\&$\#$39;-hexyl-, methyl ester (21.39\%) , Trilinolein (7.74\%), 2-Myristynoyl pantetheine (18.07\%), 9-Octadecen-12-ynoic acid, methyl ester (4.46\%), 1Hexadecanol,2-methyl (3.77\%), Cyclopropane tetradecanoic acid, 2-octyl-, methyl ester (2.36\%), 1b, 4a-Epoxy-2H-cyclopenta [3,4] cyclopropa [8,9]cycloundec [1,2-b]oxiren-5 (6H)-one, 7-(acetyloxy) decahydro-2,9,10-trihydroxy-3,6,8,8,10a-pentamethyl (38.91\%), Geranyl isovalerate (23.58\%), cis-13-Octadecenoic acid (5.91\%), Quassin (3.82\%), cis-10-Heptadecenoic acid (3.08\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid 2-phenyl-1, 3-dioxan-5-yl ester (31.50\%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, (Z,Z,Z)-2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (14.35\%), Cyclopropanebutanoic acid, 2-[ [2-[ [2- [(2-pentylcyclopropyl) methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl] cyclopropyl] methyl]-, methyl ester (10.13\%), 6,9,12,15-Docosatetraenoic acid, methyl ester (3.39\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, trans-( 2.73\%), 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, (2-phenyl-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl) methyl ester, cis-(4.34\%), Ursodeoxycholic acid (7.14\%), Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 3-(acetyloxy)-14,15-epoxy-16-hydroxy-, (3\á,5\á,15\á,16\á)-(4.75\%), 5H-Cyclopropa [3,4] benz [1,2-e]azulen-5-one, 9a (acetyloxy)-1,1a,1b,4,4a,7a,7b,8,9,9a-de cahydro-4a,7b,9-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-,[1aR-(1a\à,1b\á,4a\á,7a\à,7b\à,8\à,9\á,9a\à)]-(6.59\%), Docosahexaenoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester (10.86\%), Olean-12-ene-3,15,16,21,22,28-hexol, (3\á,15\à,16\à,21\á,22\à)-( 4.40\%) found as the major components. Conclusion: It could be concluded that, Wrightia tinctoria contains various bioactive compounds. So it is recommended as a plant of phytopharmaceutical importance.

Key words: Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria.

}, keywords = {Bioactive components, Ethanolic extract, GC-MS, Indrajau, Wrightia tinctoria.}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Alok Mukerjee and Amita Verma} } @article {78, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Livplus-A polyherbal formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {311-316}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {311}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of Livplus (a polyherbal formulation) against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Hepatotoxicity was induced in rats by i.p. injection of CCl4 once three days for 14 days. Livplus or Silymarin was administered along with CCl4 and the biochemical parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkalinephosphatase (ALP), total bilirubin (TB), direct bilirubin, total protein (TP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were estimated. Furthermore, biomarkers of oxidative stress such as MDA levels, Glutathione contents, SOD and catalase activity in liver tissue were estimated. Results: Treatment with Livplus significantly reduced the elevated levels of ALT, AST, ALP, bilirubin (direct and total), GGT, TC, TG and increased levels of TP compared to CCl4 control rats. The treatment with Livplus also showed a significant increase in glutathione contents, SOD and catalase activity and a decrease in MDA levels compared to CCl4 control rats. Conclusion: The finding of present study indicates that Livplus showed a potential hepatoprotective activity. These results support the traditional use of Livplus in the treatment of liver disorders.

}, keywords = {CCl4, GGT, Hepatic enzymes., Hepatotoxicity, Livplus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.11}, author = {Rajesh Maheshwari and Bhagyashree Pandya and Ramachandran Balaraman and Avinash Kumar Seth and Yogesh Chand Yadav and Vasa Siva Sankar} } @article {38, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Quail egg against carbon tetra chloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in albino rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quail egg has been used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments. Despite the wide speculations of its involvement in the treatment of liver diseases, very little scientific evidence exist to support this claim. This work investigated the hepatoprotective effect of quail egg against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Animals of group A (positive control) were fed with vehicle (distilled water) on the first four days and with vehicle and CCl4 on the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals of group B (negative control) were given only vehicle for seven days. Animals of groups C, D and E were respectively administered with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of quail egg for the first four days and with vehicle, quail egg and CCl4 for the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the estimation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP) and bilirubin. The liver was isolated for histopathological studies. Results: The levels of ALT, ALP and TP were significantly affected (p \< 0.05) in CCl4 fed groups, indicating liver injury. The effects were reduced significantly (p \< 0.05) after treatment of rats with quail egg. Furthermore, histopathological studies of the liver tissues also supported the hepatoprotective activity of quail egg- photomicrographs of treated groups showed mild reduction in vacuolarisation/ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. Conclusion: Quail egg showed some potentials of protecting the liver from damage by stabilising the levels of ALP, ALT and TP and reducing the degeneration of the hepatocytes. Thus, this finding has provided information that suggests utilising quail egg for treatment of liver dysfunction.

}, author = {Dandare Shamsudeen Umar and Bawa Muhammad and Wasagu Ibrahim Zubairu and Magaji Umar Faruk} } @article {1468, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Quail Egg Against Carbontetrachloride (CCl4) Induced Hepatic Damage in Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Introduction: Quail egg has been used traditionally in the treatment of many ailments. Despite the wide speculations of its involvement in the treatment of liver diseases, very little scientific evidence exist to support this claim. This work investigated the hepatoprotective effect of quail egg against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were divided into five groups of five rats per group. Animals of group A (positive control) were fed with vehicle (distilled water) on the first four days and with vehicle and CCl4 on the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals of group B (negative control) were given only vehicle for seven days. Animals of groups C, D and E were respectively administered with 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of quail egg for the first four days and with vehicle, quail egg and CCl4 for the fifth, sixth and seventh day. Animals were subsequently anaesthetized, and blood samples were taken for the estimation of albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total protein (TP) and bilirubin. The liver was isolated for histopathological studies. Results: The levels of ALT, ALP and TP were significantly affected (p \< 0.05) in CCl4 fed groups, indicating liver injury. The effects were reduced significantly (p \< 0.05) after treatment of rats with quail egg. Furthermore, histopathological studies of the liver tissues also supported the hepatoprotective activity of quail egg- photomicrographs of treated groups showed mild reduction in vacuolarisation/ballooning degeneration of the hepatocytes. Conclusion: Quail egg showed some potentials of protecting the liver from damage by stabilising the levels of ALP, ALT and TP and reducing the degeneration of the hepatocytes. Thus, this finding has provided information that suggests utilising quail egg for treatment of liver dysfunction.

Key Words: Quail egg, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatotoxicity, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology.

}, keywords = {Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotection, Hepatotoxicity, Histopathology., Quail egg}, author = {Dandare Shamsudeen Umar and Bawa Muhammad and Wasagu Ibrahim Zubairu and Magaji Umar Faruk} } @article {1445, title = {In vitro study of anti-glycation and radical scavenging activities of the essential oils of three plants from Morocco: Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {124-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: We have carried out our study on the chemical composition; anti-glycation andradical scavenging activities of Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum essential oils (EO) that were harvested in the northeast of Morocco. These plants have been traditionally used in medicine as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the treatment of several pathologies. Method: The phytochemical study was revealed by GC-MS. The protein glycation inhibitory activity of EO extracted from these plant tissues was evaluated in vitro using the model system of bovine serum albumin and methylglyoxal. The measure of DPPH\• radical reducing power was used to evaluate the antiradical activity. To test each fraction, we used the IC50 value previously obtained for the crude oils. Results: The phytochemical study of these essential oils showed that p-Thymol, Eucalyptol and Citronellal were respectively the major components in the three investigated EO of O.compactum, R. officinal is and P. asperum. More than 90\% of the total components were detected. The extracts and fractions with glycation inhibitory activity also showed antiradical activity when the DPPH\• radical reducing power was measured. Conclusion: The glycation inhibitory activity was correlated with the antiradical potency of the extracts. Thus, the positive glycation inhibitory and antiradical activities of these plants might suggest a possible role in targeting aging and diabetic complications.The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of these plants for various diseases by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

Key words: Aging, Antioxidant, Antiglycation, Diabetes, Essential oil, Radical scavenger.

}, keywords = {Aging, Antiglycation, Antioxidant, Diabetes, Essential oil, radical scavenger.}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and Ramdan Raja and Amakran Amina and Vannier Brigitte and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {45, title = {In vitro study of anti-glycation and radical scavenging activities of the essential oils of three plants from Morocco: Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {124-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: We have carried out our study on the chemical composition; anti-glycation andradical scavenging activities of Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum essential oils (EO) that were harvested in the northeast of Morocco. These plants have been traditionally used in medicine as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the treatment of several pathologies. Method: The phytochemical study was revealed by GC-MS. The protein glycation inhibitory activity of EO extracted from these plant tissues was evaluated in vitro using the model system of bovine serum albumin and methylglyoxal. The measure of DPPH\• radical reducing power was used to evaluate the antiradical activity. To test each fraction, we used the IC50 value previously obtained for the crude oils. Results: The phytochemical study of these essential oils showed that p-Thymol, Eucalyptol and Citronellal were respectively the major components in the three investigated EO of O.compactum, R. officinal is and P. asperum. More than 90\% of the total components were detected. The extracts and fractions with glycation inhibitory activity also showed antiradical activity when the DPPH\• radical reducing power was measured. Conclusion: The glycation inhibitory activity was correlated with the antiradical potency of the extracts. Thus, the positive glycation inhibitory and antiradical activities of these plants might suggest a possible role in targeting aging and diabetic complications.The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of these plants for various diseases by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

}, keywords = {Aging, Antiglycation, Antioxidant, Diabetes, Essential oil, Radical scavenger}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.7}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and Amakran Amina and NHIRI Mohamed}, editor = {Ramdan Rajae} } @article {1480, title = {Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed extract exhibits fibrino(geno)lytic activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study assesses the fibrinogen and fibrin clot hydrolyzing activities of aqueous seed extract of Jackfruit (AqSEJ). Methods: The protein banding pattern of AqSEJ (100 \μg) was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was confirmed by spectrophotometer and zymography experiments. Fibrinogen, fibrin and plasma protein hydrolyzing activities of AqSEJ were analyzed on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. Plasminogen activation and indirect hemolytic activities was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The non-toxic property of AqSEJ was tested by edema, hemorrhage in experimental mice. Results: AqSEJ exhibited proteolytic activity and the specific activity was found to be 1.04 units/mg/min. Furthermore, AqSEJ non-specifically hydrolyzed A\α, followed by B\β and \γ chains of human fibrinogen and specifically hydrolyzed \α polymer and \α chain of partially cross linked human fibrin clot without affecting \β chain and \γ-\γ dimer even up to the tested dose of 30 \µg for the incubation period of 8 hours. Importantly, AqSEJ did not hydrolyze other plasma proteins and devoid of plasminogen activation property. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was completely neutralized by PMSF and IAA, while EDTA, EGTA, 1,10-Phenanthroline did not, suggesting the presence of serine and cysteine family proteases. Moreover, AqSEJ did not cause edema and hemorrhage in experimental mice up to the tested dose of 200 \µg and nontoxic to RBC cells. Conclusion: AqSEJ hydrolyzes fibrinogen and fibrin clot and non-toxic in nature. Hence, this work showcases the potential applications of Jack fruit seed proteases in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

Key words: Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.

}, keywords = {Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.}, author = {Sowmyashree Gangaraju and Bhagyalakshmi Manjappa and Girish Kesturu Subbaiah and Kemparaju Kempaiah} } @article {49, title = {Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) seed extract exhibits fibrino(geno)lytic activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {171-177}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Objective: The current study assesses the fibrinogen and fibrin clot hydrolyzing activities of aqueous seed extract of Jackfruit (AqSEJ). Methods: The protein banding pattern of AqSEJ (100 \μg) was analyzed on SDS-PAGE. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was confirmed by spectrophotometer and zymography experiments. Fibrinogen, fibrin and plasma protein hydrolyzing activities of AqSEJ were analyzed on SDS-PAGE under reduced conditions. Plasminogen activation and indirect hemolytic activities was analyzed using spectrophotometer. The non-toxic property of AqSEJ was tested by edema, hemorrhage in experimental mice. Results: AqSEJ exhibited proteolytic activity and the specific activity was found to be 1.04 units/mg/min. Furthermore, AqSEJ non-specifically hydrolyzed A\α, followed by B\β and \γ chains of human fibrinogen and specifically hydrolyzed \α polymer and \α chain of partially cross linked human fibrin clot without affecting \β chain and \γ-\γ dimer even up to the tested dose of 30 \µg for the incubation period of 8 hours. Importantly, AqSEJ did not hydrolyze other plasma proteins and devoid of plasminogen activation property. The proteolytic activity of AqSEJ was completely neutralized by PMSF and IAA, while EDTA, EGTA, 1,10-Phenanthroline did not, suggesting the presence of serine and cysteine family proteases. Moreover, AqSEJ did not cause edema and hemorrhage in experimental mice up to the tested dose of 200 \µg and non-toxic to RBC cells. Conclusion: AqSEJ hydrolyzes fibrinogen and fibrin clot and non-toxic in nature. Hence, this work showcases the potential applications of Jack fruit seed proteases in the treatment of thrombotic disorders.

}, keywords = {Fibrino(geno)lysis, Hemostasis, Jackfruit, Moraceae, Non-hemorrhagic, Serine/cysteine protease.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.5}, author = {Sowmyashree Gangaraju and Bhagyalakshmi Manjappa and Girish Kesturu Subbaiah and Kemparaju Kempaiah and Rangaiah Shashidharamurthy and Jane Hoover Plow and Sebastin Santhosh Martin and Manohar Shinde and Devaraja Sannaningaiah} } @article {31, title = {Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {83-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, \‘Parpata\’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods: M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029\% w/w and 0.015-0.016\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.1}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {1470, title = {Pharmacognostic specifications and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in Mollugo oppositifolia Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {83-88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Background: Mollugo oppositifolia, is one of the plants commonly used as, \‘Parpata\’ by Ayurvedic practitioners. It is indicated as a bitter tonic, antiseptic and febrifuge. Aim: To generate and ensemble data of physical parameters for ascertaining the identification and to develop validated HPTLC method for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol in M. oppositifolia. Materials and Methods:M. oppositifolia was studied for establishing pharmacognostic standards including macro and microscopical characters, physico-chemical analysis and quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol by HPTLC method. Results: It is an annual, prostrate herb with linear-lanceolate leaf and white coloured flower. Microscopically root can be characterized by crescent shaped phloem associated with continuous or discontinuous rings of xylem; stem by epidermis bearing multi-cellular simple and glandular trichomes, and sclerenchymatous pericycle; and leaf by continuous band of a palisade cells and rosettes and prisms of calcium oxalate throughout parenchyma. Powdered drug can be typified by multi-cellular trichomes, fragments of epidermis of leaf in surface view, epidermis of corolla and entire or broken seeds. Saponins and flavanoids were found be the major components. HPTLC method was developed for quantification of oleanolic acid and lupeol using precoated silica gel plates as a stationary phase, and toluene: methanol (9.4: 0.6) as a mobile phase and scanning the plate at 545 nm. The amount of oleanolic acid and lupeol were found to be 0.027-0.029\% w/w and 0.015-0.016\% w/w respectively. Conclusion: The quality parameters and HPTLC method developed would serve as useful gauge in standardization of Mollugo oppositifolia.

Key words: HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Lupeol, Mollugo oppositifolia, Oleanolic acid.}, author = {Karuna Modi and Mamta Shah} } @article {77, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies and In Vitro Antioxidant Potential of Traditional Polyherbal Formulation of West Sikkim with Asparagus Spp}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {348-355}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {348}, abstract = {

Introduction: The powder mixture of the two species of Asparagaceae (Asparagus filicinus and Asparagus officinalis) was found to be used traditionally for the treatment of heart palpitation in west Sikkim. Objective: Pharmacognostic characterisation was carried out for the authentication of the powder drug which included powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical characterisation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in HP was also determined by qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals along with free radical scavenging activity of various successive solvent extracts (based on their polarity). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the powdered HP was also done. The standard software SPSS (ver. 15.0) and XLSTAT 2009 (Addinsoft) and Smith\’s Statistical Package were used for different statistical analysis. Results: Powder microscopy of HP revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, tracheids, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colours were exhibited by HP on UV after reacting with different chemical reagents. The analysis values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of some active phytoconstituents. Among all the solvent extracts, acetone, heptane, ethyl acetate and benzene extracts showed higher antioxidant potential. Conclusion: The results support the use of HP as a traditional medicine and further purification should be done for the identification of bioactive phytoconstituents responsible for its antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Phytoconstituents, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.6}, author = {Arunika Subba and Palash Mandal} } @article {1440, title = {Pharmacognostical and preliminary phytochemical investigations on fruit of Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {5}, abstract = {

Background: Vaccinium species are hostile nutraceutical fruit in India as well as all over the world. In recent years, Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton is used as a functional food for treating various diseases without authentication. Objective: The current work was investigated to perform the morphoanatomical and physicochemical of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit. Method: Pharmacognostic studies were carried out for different parameters include organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, fluorescence and physicochemical analysis. Results: The fruit was shining burgundy purple in colour having smooth lustrous surface, globular to ellipsoidal in shape with 10-15 mm in length and diameter was 9 mm. The main microscopic characteristic of fruit showed ovules, compact angular parenchyma cells, developed sclerenchymatous outer sheath, central xylem and phloem strands. Fruit powder showed oil bodies, spherical parenchyma cells in large thick masses and walls of the epicarp demonstrated cellulose content. Further, physicochemical examination of fruit powder showed loss on drying, total ash, insoluble ash as 9.23, 7.8, and 9.16\% w/w respectively. The water and alcohol soluble extractives values of the fruit were 24.74 and 76.88\% respectively. Anthocyanins and flavonids were also confirmed by phytochemical screening. Conclusion: A variety of pharmacognostic features was found in fruitful way which may help in identification and standardization of Vaccinium Macrocarpon Aiton fruit in a crude form.

Key words:Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton, morphoanataomical, physicochemical analysis, fruit.

}, keywords = {fruit., Morphoanataomical, Physicochemical analysis, Vaccinium macrocarpon aiton}, author = {Bhatia M and Gupta S and Sharma A} } @article {47, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods: Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods. The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusion: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.8}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari}, editor = {Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra} } @article {1446, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal }, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods: The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusions: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

Key words: Trametes ochracea, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari} } @article {30, title = {Tannin components and inhibitory activity of Kakadu plum leaf extracts against microbial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {18-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {18}, abstract = {

Introduction: Autoimmune inflammatory diseases can be triggered by specific bacteria in susceptible individuals. Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) has documented therapeutic properties as a general antiseptic agent. However, the high ascorbic acid levels in Kakadu plum fruit may interfere with this activity. Methods: T. ferdinandiana leaf solvent extracts were investigated by disc diffusion assay against a panel of bacteria known to trigger autoimmune inflammatory diseases.Their MIC values were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies.Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Non-targeted HPLC separation of crude extracts coupled to high resolution time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy with screening against 3 compound databases was used for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. Ferdinandiana leaf extracts displayed potent antibacterial activity in the disc diffusion assay against the bacterial triggers of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and multiple sclerosis. The ethyl acetate extract had the most potent inhibitory activity, with MIC values less than 120 \μg/ml against P. mirabilis and A. baylyi (both reference and clinical strains). The ethyl acetate extract had similar potency against K. pneumonia (both reference and clinical strains), but had higher MIC values (2733 \μg/ml) against P. aeruginosa. The methanolic extract was also a potent inhibitor of bacterial growth, with MIC values generally \< 1000 \μg/ml. In comparison, the water, chloroform and hexane leaf extracts were all substantially less potent antibacterial agents, with MICs values generally well over 1000 \μg/ml. All T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts were either nontoxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay.Non-biased phytochemical analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of high levels of tannins (exifone (4-galloylpyrogallol), ellagic acid dehydrate, trimethylellagic acid, chebulic acid, corilagin, punicalin, castalagin and chebulagic acid). Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. ferdinandiana leaf extracts and their potent inhibitory bioactivity against the bacterial triggers of autoimmune inflammatory disorders indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of these diseases.

}, keywords = {Acinetobacter baylyi, ankylosing spondylitis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, multiple sclerosis, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., rheumatoid arthritis, Terminalia ferdinandiana}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.2}, author = {R Courtney and J Sirdaarta and B Matthews and I E Cock} } @article {1506, title = {Antihyperglycemic Activity and Standardization of the Bioactive Extract of Cleome droserifolia Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {15-21}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Cleome droserifolia herb is well known in the Egyptian folk medicine for the treatment of diabetes. However, a standardized active extract of the herb was never prepared for incorporation into a pharmaceutical dosage form. Materials and Methods: Comparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatographic profi les were established in order to study the ethnopharmacological use of the antihyperglycemic herb using a validated reversed phase- HPLC method which was developed for standardization of the active aqueous extract. A biologically guided fractionation of the antihyperglycemic aqueous extract was carried out in vivo using alloxan induced diabetic rats. Results: The aqueous extract contained the highest percent of the total active fl avonol glycosides (78.20\%) compared to the 70\% and 50\% ethanolic extracts (51.17 and 42.66\%, respectively). The aqueous extract and its ethyl acetate fraction possessed the highest antihyperglycemic activities. A standard calibration curve, established for the major bioactive methoxylated fl avonol glycoside (kaempferol-4\’-methoxy-3,7-dirhamnoside) at a concentration range of 44-174 \μg/ml, showed good linearity with a correlation coeffi cient (R2) of 0.998. The recovery of the method was 100.5\%. A high degree of precision (relative standard deviation values \<5\%) was achieved. The limits of detection and quantifi cation were 0.01 and 0.02 \μg/ml, respectively, indicating the sensitivity of the method. Conclusion: The aqueous extract contained the highest percent of the total active fl avonol glycosides. The extract, standardized to contain not \<1.5 \± 0.06\% of kaempferol-4\’-methoxy- 3,7-dirhamnoside, was tested at three different dose levels showing a 63.3\% activity of that of metformin at100 mg/kg body weight. Furthermore, it raised the blood insulin level by 146.26\% at this dose level.

Key words: Antihyperglycemic, Cleome droserifolia, high performance liquid chromatography standardization, kaempferol-4\’-methoxy-3,7-dirhamnoside, validation.

}, keywords = {7-dirhamnoside, Antihyperglycemic, Cleome droserifolia, high performance liquid chromatography standardization, kaempferol-4{\textquoteright}-methoxy-3, Validation}, author = {Amira Abdel Motaal and Shahira M. Ezzat and Hesham El-Askary} } @article {1499, title = {Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities of Ocimum basilicum L. cv. Dark Opal (Lamiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {S}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Background: Plants used in folk and traditional medicines have been accepted as therapeutic drug development in modern medicine.Although manystudies have been focused on Lamiaceae family,few studies on medical effects of purple basil have been performed until now. Objective: Ocimum basilicum cv. dark opal was chosen for this study as it has been used in Persian traditional medicine and many Iranian dishes. It was considered important to determine the cytotoxicity effect andthe reductive capacity of the purple basil oils and extracts, as this may indicate their potential as antioxidants. Materials and Methods: The reducing power activity of both essential oils of the leaves (before flowering) and the seeds and also methanolic extracts of roots and aerial parts (stem-leaf) (collected prior flowering), and flowers were determined by utilizing of FRAP. Also the MTT assay has been used in order to consider in vitro cytotoxicity of essential oils and extracts on cancerous cell line (MCF-7). Moreover, the extracts were analyzed by HPLC to comprise the rate of some phenolic compounds. Results: The purple basil extracts have more powerful antioxidant activity than the essential oils. MCF-7 revealed to have a meaningful cell death when compared with controls, and the oils were found to be more effective than the extracts. Also the phytochemical analysis of the extracts has led to the identification of 3 phenolic compounds (Rosmarinic acid, p-Coumaric acid and Ferulic acid). Conclusion: Our study tends to validate the traditional use of this medicinal herb as complementary and alternative medicine.

Key Words: purple basil, antioxidant, MCF-7, HPLC.

}, keywords = {3-(4, 4 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, A549 Cell Line, Cytotoxic, Digera muricata, HeLa cell line.}, author = {Mohammadi M and Majd A and Nejadsattari T and Hashemi M} } @article {1501, title = {Chemical constituents with free-radical-scavenging activity from the leaves of Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {27-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Background: Seventy percent aqueous methanolic extract of the leaves of Lantana montevidensis exhibited antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, antioxidant and analgesic activities. Previous phytochemical study of the leaves led to the isolation of various flavones, pentacyclic triterpenoids, \β-sitosterol and benzoic acid. Materials and Methods: The 70\% aqueous methanolic extract of L. montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. leaves was partitioned between water and n-hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, and n-BuOH, successively. By using a series of different chromatographic techniques, the CHCl3 and EtOAc extracts afforded nine compounds. The isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with literature values and/or authentic samples. The free radical scavenging activity of some of the isolated compounds was evaluated. Results: Hispidulin-7-O-glucurnoide methyl ester (1), hispidulin-7-O-glucoside (2), cinaroside (3), nepetin-7-O-glucoside (4) pectolinarigenin (5), apigenin (6), luteolin (7) in addition to salicylic acid (8) and \β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (9) have been isolated. Compounds 1-4 are first report from the genus Lantana while compounds 5, 8 and 9 are first report from this plant. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral methods, including 2D NMR experiments, and confirmed by comparing with the literature data and/or authentic samples. Additionally, some of the isolated flavonoids exhibited free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion:Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. cultivated in Egypt is rich in biologically active ingredients.

Key words:\  Apigenin, cinaroside, free radical scavenging activity, hispidulin-7-O-glucurnoide methyl ester, hispidulin-7-O-glucoside, Lantana montevidensis, luteolin, nepetin-7-O-glucoside, pectolinarigenin.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids free radical scavenging activity, Lantana montevidensis.}, author = {Makboul A. Makboul and Ahmed A. Attia and Salwa F. Farag and Nesma M. Mohamed and Samir A. Ross} } @article {1503, title = {High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Fingerprinting of Ethnopharmacological Important Seeds of Wrightia tinctoria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {10-14}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Introduction:Wrightia tinctoria R. Br. belongs to family Apocynaceae commonly called as sweet Indrajao, Pala indigo plant, Dyer\’s Oleander. \“Jaundice curative tree\” in south India. Materials and Methods: A method has been developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria for high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting analysis for identification and quantification of the marker compound. Result: The satisfactory resolution was obtained in the solvent system toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (8:2) for petroleum ether extract, toluene:ethyl acetate v/v (7:3) for chloroform extract and toluene:ethyl acetate:formic acid v/v (7:3:0.1) for alcoholic extract. Conclusion: The HPTLC fingerprinting profile developed for different extracts of W. tinctoria will help in proper identification and quantification of the marker compound.

Key words: High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting, Wrightia tinctoria, petether extract, chloroform extract, alcoholic extract.

}, keywords = {Alcoholic extract, chloroform extract, High-performance thin-layer chromatography fingerprinting, petether extract, Wrightia tinctoria}, author = {Rajani Srivastava and Alok Mukerjee and Amita Verma} } @article {1543, title = {Hydrodistilled volatile constituents obtained from the roots of Operculina turpethum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {115-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Operculina turpethum (basionym: Convolvulus turpethum L.; homotypic synonym:Ipomoea turpethum L., Merremia turpethum L.) is a perennial climber from Convolvulaceae. The plant roots, which are called Turbad in Persian folk medicine, are a strong purgative and have also been used for phlegmatic disorders, burns, fevers, jaundice, cough, uterine problems, joints and muscles pain, paralysis and sciatica.[1] The plant has a wide range of applications in Ayurvedic formulations. Extracts of Turbad exhibited antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, immunodulatory and antiedema activities.[2] read more..,

}, keywords = {Operculina turpethum}, author = {Azadeh Hamedi, and Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh and Samaneh Rivaz} } @article {1513, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies on Flowers of Aerva lanata [L.] Juss. ex. Schult}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {29-32}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Aerva lanata is an interesting plant used in traditional medicine for many years and used for the treatment of bladder and kidney stones. Objective: The aim was to study detailed pharmacognostic profi le of an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine, A. lanata (amaranthaceae). Materials and Methods: Flower samples of A. lanata were studied by macroscopical, microscopical characters. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and fl uorescence analysis of powder of the plant was performed according to the methods of standardization recommended by World Health Organization. Results: Macroscopically flowers are small, actinomorphic, and solitary or aggregated in cymes. Microscopically ovary was found to be bicarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular, superior; ovules one to many and campylotropous type. Powder microscopy of fl ower revealed the presence of epidermis with stomata and covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and oil globules. The investigations also included fl uorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash sulfated ash and water soluble ash; moisture content values were found to be 12.66\%, 1.64\%, 9.12\%, 4.52\%, 12\%, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, fl avonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The results of the present study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identifi cation of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

Key words:Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, microscopic, physiochemical, phytochemical.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, Microscopic, physiochemical, Phytochemical}, author = {Netala Silvia and C. H. Rajeswari and D. Mounica and R. Manasa and D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth} } @article {1531, title = {Sterols and triterpenes from the non-polar antitubercular fraction of Abutilon indicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {49-52}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction:Abutilon indicum Sweet (Malvaceae) is used in Filipino folk medicine as demulcent, diuretic, sedative, aphrodisiac and antidiabetic remedy. It is also effective in the treatment of leprosy. It is also used as a laxative for patients having hemorrhoids and in the treatment of coughs, puerperal disease, urinary disorders, chronic dysentery and fever. Methods: Air-dried powdered leaves of A. indicum were initially extracted with DCM-methanol (1:1) to afford a crude extract which was fractionated on a silica gel column to afford four fractions. The first fraction which showed antimycobacterial activity was further chromatographed in a silica gel column to afford bioactive fractions from which four compounds were obtained. The crude extract, fractions and isolated compounds were screened for their inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC) using the colorimetric Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) method. Results: The fractions obtained after silica gel chromatography of the crude DCMmethanol (1:1) revealed the first fraction (MIC=64 mg/mL) to exert the highest inhibition against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Further separation of this fraction afforded sub-fractions with moderately strong inhibitory activity against the test organism (MIC up to 64 mg/mL). Chromatographic purification of sub-fraction 1 afforded four compounds which were spectroscopically identified as \β-amyrin 3-palmitate (1), squalene (2) and a 1:1 mixture of the sterols \β-sitosterol (3) and stigmasterol (4). Evaluation of the antimycobacterial activity of 1\–4 showed insignificant inhibitory activity against the test organism (MIC = \>128 mg/mL). Conclusion: The present results demonstrate the potential of Abutilon indicum as a plant source of compounds that may exhibit promising antituberculosis activity. While the known compounds isolated for this plant did not show antimycobacterial activity, the obtained results are considered sufficient reason for further study to isolate the metabolites from A. indicum responsible for the antitubercular activity.

Key words:Abutilon indicum, Malvaceae, antitubercular, squalene, \β-amyrin 3-palmitate, \β-sitosterol, stigmasterol.

}, keywords = {Abutilon indicum, Antitubercular, Malvaceae, Squalene, Stigmasterol., β-amyrin 3-palmitate, β-sitosterol}, author = {Allan Patrick G. Macabeo and Christopher A. Lee} } @article {1532, title = {Study on the antioxidant activities of root extracts of Zizyphus lotus from the western region of Algeria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {32-42}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To find a new natural source of antioxidant, the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of some secondary metabolites extracted from roots of Ziziphus lotus were evaluated. Methods: The total polyphenol contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Pyrrocatechol, catechin and cyanidin equivalents were used for these parameters. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by several in vitro systems of assays, namely DPPH radical scavenging activity method, b-Carotene Bleaching assay (BCB), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay (FRA P) and Total Antioxidant capacity test (TAC). Results: The quantitative estimation showed that the roots of Z. lotus were rich in polyphenols ( 20.09 mg PE/g DW) and proanthocyannidins (1.56\%) and they contained a small amount of flavonoids (0.02 mg CE/g DW). The most fractions exhibited high antioxidant activities, and some even showed higher potency than the standard synthetic antioxidants in some instances. In DPPH assay, all extracts had shown significant inhibition (58.535 \– 94.730\% at 1 mg/mL). In addition, the IC50 values ranged from 0.211 to 0.816 mg/mL, compared to 0.110, 0.214, 0.214 and 0.413 mg/mL for gallic acid, tannic acid, butylated-hydroxyanisol and ascorbic acid respectively. In (BCB) assay, the extracts showed strong inhibition (55.55 \– 100.00\% at 1 mg/mL) and the IC50 values ranging from 0.123 to 0.850 mg/mL compared to 0.433 mg/mL for gallic acid. A dose dependant curve was obtained for all extracts in the FRAP assay. However, the antioxidant potencies of ascorbic acid and extracts were comparable at low concentrations. The majority of extracts showed the highest value of antioxidant activity, based on TAC test (0.073 \– 0.398 mg ascorbic acid / mg extract). Conclusion: The results indicate that Z. lotus roots could be an important sources of natural antioxidants.

Key words:Ziziphus lotus, Polyphenol contents, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, b-Carotene Bleaching assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, Total Antioxidant Capacity test.

}, keywords = {b-Carotene Bleaching assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, Polyphenol contents, Total Antioxidant Capacity test, Ziziphus lotus}, author = {Meriem GHALEM and Salima MERGHACHE and Meriem BELARBI} } @article {1238, title = {In vitro Evaluation of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory and Neuroprotective Activity in Commiphora species: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {202}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1223-1231}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1223}, abstract = {

Introduction: Herbal medicines are widely used in the therapeutic intervention that could delay the onset of Neurodegenerative diseases like, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Despite intensive advancements in the field of research currently available therapeutic strategies are often limited due to their adverse effects. Hence there is a need for the search for novel compounds for effective medications to treat neurocognitive deficits. Objective: The present study focused on acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and neuroprotective activity of Commiphora species plant for their possible use in Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease. Methods: Phytochemical screening, TLC bioautographic and colourimetric assay was performed to quantify their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of ethanolic extracts of the Commiphora species. The MTT assay was carried to evaluate the neuroprotective effect against the Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in SHSY5Y cell lines. Results: The bark of Commiphora berryi, leaves of Commiphora caudata and Commiphora pubescens were found abundant in flavonoids, glycosides, steroids and terpenoids. Further, the ethanol extract of Commiphora berryi (65.48\% {\textpm} 0.10) showed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. The Aβ25-35 induced cell damage was as evidenced at a concentration of 20μM. The neuroprotective effect of the ethanol extracts was examined in neurodegenerative cells induced by Aβ25-35. On pretreatment with plant extracts, significant improvement in cell viability was observed as 63.42 {\textpm} 2.02\% (25μg/ml) for Commiphora berryi. The maximum percentage of in-vitro AChE inhibition and neuroprotective effect was effective in the ethanol bark extract of Commiphora berryi. Conclusion: The results are very rousing to continue the screening of more unexplored plant species could be used for the development of novel bioactive compounds to treat the many diseases, especially for Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholinesterase, Aβ25-35, Commiphiora pubescens, Commiphora berryi, Commiphora caudata, Neuroprotective, SH-SY5Y Cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.171}, author = {PS Dhivya and P Selvamani and S Latha and Vasudevan Mani and Nur Syamimi Mohd Azahan} }