@article {2588, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity, Toxicity Assessment and GC-MS Chemical Profiling of Cha-Nu-Ruk Traditional Thai Herbal Poultice for Knee Pain Management}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {January 2026}, pages = {31-35}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Introduction: Thai Traditional herbal medicine employs multi-herb formulations for managing inflammatory conditions. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory properties, cytotoxicity, and chemical composition of Cha-Nu-Ruk, an eight-herb traditional poultice formulation for knee pain. Methods: Eight medicinal plants (Tiliacora triandra, Thunbergia laurifolia, Azadirachta indica, Clinacanthus nutans, Pandanus amaryllifolius, Justicia gendarussa, Sida acuta, and Zingiber cassumunar) were extracted with 70\% ethanol. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through nitric oxide inhibition assay using Jurkat cells. Cytotoxicity was assessed via MTT assay. Chemical profiling employed GC-MS analysis. Results: Individual plant extracts demonstrated variable anti-inflammatory activity (NO inhibition: 28.52-73.80\%) with Clinacanthus nutans showing highest potency. The combined eight-herb formulation yielded 11.82{\textpm}0.41\% extraction efficiency with 26.2\% NO inhibition. GC-MS analysis identified 21 compounds, with DMPBD (19.13\% relative abundance) and β-sitosterol (1.13\%). Cytotoxicity evaluation revealed acceptable safety profiles (\>80\% cell viability) for most extracts. Conclusions: While individual herbs showed promising anti-inflammatory potential, the traditional eight-herb combination did not demonstrate synergistic enhancement. Chemical standardization revealed significant batch-to-batch variability, highlighting the need for optimized formulation ratios and quality control protocols.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, GC-MS, Herbal poultice, Knee pain, Phytochemistry, Thai traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.114}, author = {Rattazart Denchai and Somsak Nualkaew and Pornpun Laovachirasuwan and Nopphawan Pornsiri and Chonlada Judprakop and Surapong Rattana} } @article {2591, title = {Effectiveness of the UFESA Model: A Culturally Grounded Intervention to Improve Adherence to Lymphatic Filariasis Mass Drug Administration in Papua, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {January 2026}, pages = {55-62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Background: Lymphatic filariasis remains a public health challenge in Papua because of low adherence to mass drug administration (MDA). Objective: This study evaluated the effectiveness of the UFESA model{\textemdash}a culturally tailored intervention integrating health education, family support, and traditional leader engagement{\textemdash}in improving adherence to preventive filariasis medication in Sarmi District. Materials and Methods: A quasiexperimental pretest{\textendash}posttest control group design was implemented across two health centers (intervention: Bagaiserwar; control: Sarmi Kota), with 160 participants recruited via multistage random sampling. The primary outcome was adherence across three MDA cycles; secondary outcomes included knowledge, attitudes, and support measures. The data were analyzed via chi-square, Mann{\textendash} Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests. Results: Adherence increased from 38.8\% to 87.5\% in the intervention group, whereas it increased from 26.2\% to 52.5\% in the control group (p \< 0.001). All the adherence dimensions were significantly greater in the intervention group. Knowledge increased from 3.00 to 10.00 (intervention) versus 2.00 to 4.00 (control), with similar improvements in attitudes and support (p \< 0.001). The instruments showed strong reliability (α \> 0.80) and validity. The effect sizes were medium to large (Cohen{\textquoteright}s d=0.68{\textendash}0.78; Cramer{\textquoteright}s V=0.38{\textendash}0.45). Conclusion: The findings provide evidence of the effectiveness of the UFESA model in enhancing medication adherence and addressing psychosocial determinants, highlighting the value of culturally grounded, psychometrically rigorous interventions in public health.

}, keywords = {adherence, Filariasis, Local culture, mass drug administration, psychometric testing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.117}, author = {Erich Christian Wayangkau and Budiyono Budiyono and Martini Martini and Mursid Raharjo and Bagoes Widjanarko and Daru Lestantyo} } @article {2585, title = {LC{\textendash}MS Profiling, In Silico Docking{\textendash}MD and ADMET of Uncaria gambir Roxb. for p38 MAPK Inhibition}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {January 2026}, pages = {8-17}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Introduction: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a pivotal regulator of inflammatory and cancer pathways. This study investigates phytochemicals from Bajakah (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) bark as potential p38 MAPK inhibitors, integrating LC{\textendash}MS profiling with computational drug discovery. Methods: Bajakah bark extract was profiled by liquid chromatography{\textendash}high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC{\textendash}HRMS) to identify major phytochemicals. Promising non-toxic candidates were selected via in silico toxicity prediction (ProTox-II) and ADME assessment (pkCSM). Molecular docking against p38 MAPK (PDB ID: 3QUE) was performed using AutoDock Vina, followed by 50 ns molecular dynamics simulations with GROMACS and MM/PBSA binding free energy calculations using gmx_MMPBSA. Results: LC{\textendash}HRMS identified ten major phytochemicals; 8-methylnaphthalene-1,2-diol (Diol) and methyl cinnamate exhibited non-toxic profiles (LD$_{5}$$_{0}$ \> 2,600 mg/kg; no CYP450 liabilities) with favorable ADME properties. Molecular docking revealed binding energies of -8.04 kcal/mol (Diol), -11.4 kcal/mol (Skepinone-L reference), and -6.4 kcal/mol (methyl cinnamate). Both Diol and Skepinone-L engaged conserved hydrophobic residues (VAL38 and LYS53), with Diol showing additional engagement at LEU104, and docking RMSD validation within 2.5 {\r A}. Molecular dynamics confirmed stable Diol{\textendash}p38 complex binding (RMSD ~0.30 nm), with balanced solvent accessibility, stable dynamic binding dominated by electrostatic interactions, and adaptive conformational sampling. MM/PBSA analysis revealed binding free energies of -21.9 kcal/mol (Diol) and -32.9 kcal/mol (Skepinone-L), with Diol{\textquoteright}s affinity driven by electrostatic interactions (-29.62 kcal/mol). Conclusions: 8-Methylnaphthalene-1,2-diol emerges as a promising natural p38 MAPK inhibitor candidate with favorable safety profiles and dynamic binding properties, warranting biochemical validation and structure{\textendash}activity relationship optimization.

}, keywords = {2-diol, 8-methylnaphthalene-1, bajakah, computational modeling, Drug discovery, Molecular docking, Phytochemical profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.111}, author = {Yudi Ambeng and Nia Kania and Ika Kustiyah Oktaviyanti and Eka Yudha Rahman} } @article {2595, title = {Nutritional and Phytochemical Characterization of Moringa oleifera Leaves from an Arid Region: LC-MS and AAS-based Profiling for Potential Dietary Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {18}, year = {2026}, month = {January 2026}, pages = {94-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {94}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera (MO), widely recognized for its exceptional nutritional value and therapeutic properties, has attracted considerable scientific interest. However, the specific bioactive phytochemicals associated with its potential effects in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity remain insufficiently elucidated. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional, therapeutic, and antioxidant potential of Moringa oleifera leaves (MOL) from the Gharda{\"\i}a region (Southern Algeria) using hydromethanolic (HME) and aqueous (AE) extracts. Materials and methods: Proteins and carbohydrates contents were quantified using Bradford and DuBois et al.methods respectively. Mineral content was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Bioactive profiles were identified by Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS), alongside antioxidant capacity using Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assay. Results: HME exhibited higher protein (19.34 {\textpm} 1.48 g/100 g), while AE contained elevated total sugars (32.24 {\textpm} 1.11 g/100 g). Mineral analysis revealed significant iron (59.07 mg/100 g), magnesium (250.72 mg/100 g), and manganese (7.08 mg/100 g). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified 28 bioactive compounds, with Quercetin-3-glucoside (47.91\%) and myricetin (17.47\%) as dominant flavonoids, alongside curcumin (11.21\%) and β-carotene (4.2\%). Ferthermore, AE exhibited significantly higher FRAP values than HME, with IC50 values of 207.09 {\textpm} 2.31 μg/mL and 266.23 {\textpm} 3.63 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: This initial report highlights MOL extracts as a sustainable and cost-effective dietary supplement for managing hyperlipidemia and obesity, due to their rich nutrient content, diverse bioactive compounds, and adaptability to arid climates.

}, keywords = {Dietary supplement, Ghardaia, Hyperlipidemia, Moringa oleifera, Obesity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2026.18.121}, author = {Hafida Kedaid and Ikram Toumi and Mohamed Kraimat and Abdelkader Adamou and Alla Eddine Mahamedi and Youcef Rahmani and Meriem Imelhayene and Alia Telli} } @article {2525, title = {Analysis of Solvent Concentration Effect and Extraction Method on The Total Phenolic of Syzygium myrtifolium Walp. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {461-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Background: Syzygium myrtifolium Walp., an Indonesian ornamental plant, contains phenolic compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. The demand for natural antioxidants is rising due to concerns over synthetic alternatives. Objectivity: To determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of S. myrtifolium leaf extracts obtained with various solvents (ethanol 60, 70, 80, 96\% v/v, ethyl acetate, n-hexane) and two extraction methods (maceration and ultrasonic-assisted extraction, UAE), and to assess the effects of solvent polarity and extraction method. Methods: Leaves were extracted by maceration and UAE. TPC was measured via the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method (tannic acid equivalents, \%) using UV{\textendash}Vis spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$). Phytochemical screening was also performed. Results: TPC (maceration): 60\% ethanol = 18.76\%, 96\% ethanol = 13.64\%, ethyl acetate = 8.33\%, n-hexane = 0.83\%. TPC (UAE): 60\% ethanol = 20.02\%, 96\% ethanol = 14.04\%, ethyl acetate = 10.13\%, n-hexane = 0.92\%. Solvent type/concentration and extraction method significantly affected TPC (p \< 0.05). UAE 96\% ethanol showed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 16.03 ppm), ethyl acetate had moderate activity (≈67{\textendash}76 ppm), and n-hexane the weakest (≈153{\textendash}163 ppm). UAE 60\% ethanol had the highest TPC but not the strongest activity (IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ ≈ 88.27 ppm), suggesting antioxidant potency depends on phenolic composition. Conclusion: UAE with 60\% ethanol produced the highest TPC, while UAE with 96\% ethanol exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Further profiling is needed to clarify the phenolic composition{\textendash}activity relationship.

}, keywords = {Maceration, phenolic, solvent concentration, Syzigium myrtifolium walp, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.59}, author = {Novi Fajar Utami and Rizky Mulyana Syarif and Chorry Sundari Irawan and Shintia Ramadhani} } @article {2481, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {236-243}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.30}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqis B and Indar I and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2518, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Tyrosinase Inhibition of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Leaves and Seeds Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {420-424}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {420}, abstract = {

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can stimulate melanin production in the skin, leading to hyperpigmentation. One way to reduce melanin formation is by inhibiting the enzyme tyrosinase. Often discarded as waste, avocado leaves and seeds are rich in flavonoids with potential tyrosinase-inhibiting properties. Objectives: This study aimed to perform phytochemical screening, measure antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities, and explore the correlation between free radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition in ethanol extracts of young avocado leaves (EAL(O)) and old avocado leaves (EAL(Y)), as well as the ethyl acetate extract of avocado seeds (EAS). Methods: Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, while tyrosinase inhibition was evaluated in vitro with mushroom tyrosinase and L-DOPA as a substrate. Results: The results of the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method yielded IC50 values for EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS of 17.9{\textpm}0.15 μg/mL, 15.33{\textpm}0.02 μg/ mL, and 745.66{\textpm}6.08 μg/mL, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibition tests indicated that EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS could significantly inhibit tyrosinase activity (P \<0.01), with IC50 values of 10133.26{\textpm}140.12 μg/mL, 8496.20{\textpm}155.06 μg/mL, and 48375.8{\textpm}553.06 μg/mL, respectively. The correlation coefficients between tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity for EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS were r = 0.955, r = 0.947, and r = 0.991, respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggest that EAL(Y), EAL(O), and EAS may be potential natural skin-whitening agents due to their flavonoid content and antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase properties.

}, keywords = {Persea americana Mill; tyrosinase inhibition; DPPH; L-DOPA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.52}, author = {Shalina Sebayang and Raendi Rayendra and Ietje Wientarsih and Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto} } @article {2547, title = {Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects of Chuquiraga spinosa Less. and Baccharis genistelloides (Pers.) Lam. in a Rat Model of Transient Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {620-631}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Background: Cerebral ischemia, a leading cause of disability and mortality, is strongly related to oxidative stress and inflammation, highlighting the need for neuroprotective antioxidant and cytokinemodulating agents. Objective: To characterize the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG), individually and in combination, in a rat model of cerebral ischemia{\textendash}reperfusion. Methodology: Phytochemical screening and GC-MS were performed with antioxidant assays (ABTS{\textbullet}$^{+}$, DPPH{\textbullet}, FRAP). Neurological deficit was assessed (Bederson scale), while histopathology, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH, SOD, CAT, NOx), and cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β) were measured. Groups included Normal (no ischemia), Ischemia (oral placebo), Citicoline 300 mg/kg, ChS 500 mg/kg, BaG 500 mg/kg, and the oral combination ChS 500 + BaG 500 mg/kg, all administered for seven days prior to ischemia induction. Results: ChS had higher total phenolic content than BaG (p = 0.0079). GC-MS identified 23 compounds in ChS and 17 in BaG. The combination displayed greater antioxidant activity than either extract. At 24 h, ChS 500 mg/Kg and the combination reduced severe neurological deficit to 17\% (vs. 83\% in ischemia). Histopathology revealed less neuronal damage with the combination, comparable to ChS 500 mg/Kg. All treatments decreased MDA levels; the combination also enhanced GSH and CAT and significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β. Conclusion: ChS and BaG extracts exert neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia. Their combination shows synergistic antioxidant activity against free radicals and enhances the modulation of inflammatory cytokines, supporting a greater neuroprotective potential.

}, keywords = {Cerebral ischemia; neuroprotection; antioxidants; Chuquiraga spinosa Less.; Baccharis genistelloides (Pers.) Lam}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.77}, author = {Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Miriam Palomino- Pacheco and Carlos Orlando Garcia-Bustamante and Edwin Cesar Cieza-Macedo and Jessica Yolanda Huarcaya-Rojas and Jaime David Torres-L{\'e}vano and Julio Jose Pena-Galindo and Esther Obdulia Franco-Soto and Juana E. Chavez-Flores and Robert Armando Cardenas-Orihuela} } @article {2503, title = {Comprehensive Analysis of Brassica oleracea: Phytochemical Composition, Radical Scavenging, and Anti-Proliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background: Natural sources like plants, vegetables, and fruits contain vast micro and macro nutrients that are useful for livelihood and also act as a medicine for various health conditions. Brassica vegetable naturally contains high antioxidant property which aids in removing free radicals caused by organelles during cellular process. The study aims at preparing Brassica oleracea extracts using a range of polar and non-polar solvents and to evaluate its phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties. Methods: Brassica oleracea was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH method. The antiproliferative activity was perfomed on THP-1 cells by MTT assay. The extract showing maximum activity was then characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Results: The extract study infers positive results for major secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, phenols, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids and diterpenes) and negative for quinones and coumarins. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed high antioxidant activity for ethanol extracts 45-91\% at 5μg/mL followed by ethyl acetate (37\%-80\%) and hexane extract (23\%-73\%). The anti-proliferative activity in THP-1 cells, revealed that the ethanolic extract significantly decreases cell viability relative to hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, indicating its potential as a natural anticancer drug. Conclusion: Cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated a concentration dependent effect on cell viability, indicating its potential bioactivity. The structural analysis performed with FTIR and GC-MS revealed important functional groups and bioactive compounds that could play a role in these effects

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Broccoli, DPPH, Flavonoids, FTIR, ROS, THP-1 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.37}, author = {Nithya Venugopal and Radhika Jayaraman and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Ganesh Munuswamy Ramanujam and Sundarapandian Subramaniyan and Pratheepa Sivasankari Natarajan and Jayashri Seetharaman} } @article {2574, title = {Effect of Components of Gamma Oryzanol on Toll-Like Receptor 4: Receptor Structure-Based Pharmacophore, Hit Identification, and In Silico Evidence}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {329-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Introduction: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a leading cause of female infertility. Inflammation has a central role in infertility. Persistent activation of Toll-like receptor 4 contributes to inflammation in PCOS. Gamma-oryzanol consists of esters of ferulic acid combined with phytosterols and triterpene alcohol derivatives of rice bran oil, and is known to have anti-inflammatory effects. However, the structural interaction of different gamma-oryzanol compounds with TLR4 remains unknown. Objectives: The study aimed to investigate gamma oryzanol compounds as hit compounds and inhibitors of Toll-like receptor 4 by developing a pharmacophore model through a receptor structure-based approach coupled with molecular docking studies with the Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software. Methods: A structure-based pharmacophore model was generated from the co-crystalized structure of the TLR4{\textendash} MD2 complex. Gamma-oryzanol derivatives were evaluated against the constructed pharmacophore model to identify potential hit compounds. The potential hit compounds that satisfied essential pharmacophoric features were subjected to molecular docking with TLR4. Results: The pharmacophore consisted of three characteristics: a hydrogen bond donor, a hydrogen bond acceptor, and a hydrophobic. Cycloartenyl ferulate, 24-methylenecycloartenyl ferulate, Campesteryl ferulate, and β-sitosteryl ferulate were found to be the hit compounds against the generated pharmacophore. The docking experiment showed that Cycloartenyl ferulate had the most potent binding interaction with TLR4 (7.9933), followed by 24-methylenecycloartenyl ferulate (-7.8580), Campesteryl ferulate (-6.1675), and β-sitosteryl ferulate (-5.9673). Conclusion: The present pharmacophore modeling and docking findings predict that gammaoryzanol may bind with the TLR4 ligand binding domain, providing structural insights into their therapeutic potential role as a modulator of the TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for future in vitro and in vivo validation studies aimed at elucidating the mechanistic basis of gamma-oryzanol{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory activity in PCOS.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Gamma oryzanol, Infertility, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, TLR4 antagonist}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.103}, author = {Aasia Kanwal and Muhammad Hamdi Mahmood and Mahad Butt and Hidayat Ur Rahman and Norhida Ramli and Saiful Bahri Talip and Showkat Ahmad Bhawani} } @article {2472, title = {Effect of the Ethanolic Extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri Tovar on Glycemia in BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {February 2025}, pages = {63-70}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {63}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is associated with many complications. While there are many drugs available to control blood glucose levels, many people cannot access them due to economic reasons. Object: The aim of this study was to determine the hypoglycemic effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri in mice induced with hyperglycemia. Methods: The mice were divided into 6 groups: the first group served as a control group and was administered only physiological saline solution; the second group was induced to hyperglycemia with Alloxan. The following three groups were induced with Alloxan and additionally administered ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri at different concentrations of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg respectively. The last group was administered Alloxan and glibenclamide. The glucose levels were measured for each group at 2, 4, and 24 hours after administering the extracts. Results: The phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Chuquiraga weberbaueri showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and steroids. The ethanolic extracts (100 mg/kg at 2 hours and 250 mg/kg at 2 and 4 hours) demonstrated a decrease in blood glucose compared to the control group. In the toxicity test, the comparison between the control group and the {\textquotedblleft}extract{\textquotedblright} treatment group showed that no conclusive results were observed with respect to the chuquiragua extract. Interpretation: The results of the study showed that the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga weberbaueri showed the effect of reducing blood glucose in BALB/c mice.

}, keywords = {Hypoglycemic Agents, Mice, Plant extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.8}, author = {Angel Armando Marin Raico and Rosa Isabel Florez Carrasco and Jesus Eduardo Rojas Jaimes and Juana Elvira Chavez Flores and Jose Arenas Gamio} } @article {2580, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Anticancer Activities of Methanolic Twig Extract of Annonaceae Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {362-365}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Introduction: The Annonaceae family represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential therapeutic applications. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer potential of methanolic twig extracts from seven Annonaceae species. Methods: Twig specimens from Cananga latifolia, Goniothalamus elegans, Goniothalamus tamirensis, Melodorum fructicosum, Polyalthia dubia, Polyalthia cerasoides, and Uvaria fauveliana were subjected to standardized methanolic extraction. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Anticancer potential was evaluated through Sulforhodamine B assay against three human cancer cell lines and normal human dermal fibroblasts at 25 μg/mL concentration. Results: Goniothalamus elegans demonstrated exceptional antioxidant activity (IC50 = 5.62 {\textpm} 1.21 μg/mL) comparable to ascorbic acid. In anticancer evaluation, G. elegans exhibited remarkable cytotoxicity against MCF-7 (95.19 {\textpm} 0.62\%) and HeLa (94.46 {\textpm} 1.69\%) cancer cells while demonstrating exceptional selectivity with minimal toxicity toward normal cells (19.72 {\textpm} 1.19\%). Melodorum fructicosum showed highest activity against HT-29 colon cancer cells (75.84 {\textpm} 1.57\%). Conclusions: Goniothalamus elegans demonstrated exceptional dual bioactivity with both potent antioxidant properties and selective anticancer effects. The remarkable selectivity indices and broad-spectrum anticancer activity suggest significant clinical potential. These findings provide scientific validation for traditional medicinal uses of Annonaceae species.

}, keywords = {Annonaceae, Anticancer, antioxidant activity, Cancer cell selectivity, DPPH assay, Goniothalamus elegans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17s.107}, author = {Sawitree Wongtangtintharn and Sirirath McCloskey and Rungruedee Thiwthong and U-sa Thongpairoj and Surapong Rattana} } @article {2496, title = {Housing In An Enriched Environment Enhances The Neuroprotective Effect Of Celastrus Paniculatus And Tribulus Terrestris In An Animal Model Of Chronic Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {191-202}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Prolonged exposure to stress can contribute to depressive episodes. Preclinical studies have shown that stimuli like environmental enrichment (EE) can produce beneficial effects against stress by positively modulating neuroplasticity, neurochemistry, and behaviour. Hence, we explored whether exposure to EE can augment the neuroprotective activities of Celastrus paniculatus (CP) and Tribulus terrestris (TT) in stressed conditions. Materials and Methods: Rats were placed in immobilisation bags and stressed for two hours a day for ten days. After that, these stressed rats were treated by CP or TT, alone or in combination with enriched housing. Behavioural analysis in elevated plus maze, open field, forced swim and sucrose preference tests. The novel object recognition test and the rewarded alteration test on the T-maze were used to assess working memory. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-6, and tumour necrotic factor-alpha were measured in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortical tissues following stress and herbal treatment combined with an enriched environment. Results: We found that Celastrus paniculatus and Tribulus terrestris, combined with an enriched environment, produced a synergistic neuroprotective effect. CP + EE and TT + EE improved working memory and recognition memory in CIS animals, but they also reduced anxiety and depressive-like behaviours. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were decreased while brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were raised in the frontal cortex and hippocampus regions, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show that living in an enriched environment can improve CP and TT neuromodulatory activities, highlighting the potential of combining sensory-motor interventions with herbal remedies for psychiatric disorders.

}, keywords = {Chronic Immobilization stress, Depression, Enriched Environment, Hippocampus, Neurotrophic factor, Pro-inflammatory cytokines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.24}, author = {Babiker Bashir Haroun Baraka and Bhagya Venkanna Rao and Tanuja Krishnamurthy and Ramya Vasudev} } @article {2486, title = {The Influence of Website-Based Health Information Access Media on Primary Outcomes of Metabolic Syndrome Prevention In ASN Employees}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {222-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {222}, abstract = {

Background : Metabolic syndrome is a condition that can put all people at risk, including workers. It is important to improve health literacy related to the prevention of metabolic syndrome among workers. The association of health literacy on healthy lifestyle modification with a decrease in the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyse the effect of website-based health information access media on risk factors (knowledge, self-efficacy, work stress). Methods : The type of research used is Quasy Experimental design Nonequivalent Control Group design. The sample in this study were 62 employees from 2 government offices engaged in regional finance \& assets and the implementation of the water resources network of South Sulawesi province. This study divided two groups, namely the intervention group, which received education through the {\textquoteleft}SAFETY prevent metabolic syndrome{\textquoteright} website and daily journal filling, and the control group, which received education with booklets, with both groups measured and monitored for 2 months. Results : The {\textquoteleft}SAFETY{\textquoteright} websitebased health literacy model intervention was effective in improving knowledge (p=0.000), self-efficacy (p=0.004), and reducing work stress (p=0.047) in government workers, with the significant reduction in work stress demonstrating the benefits of a technology-based approach in managing stress in the work environment. Conclusion: This study was effective in increasing knowledge and self-efficacy and reducing work stress. Future research is recommended to expand the website intervention programme with interactive modules, explore integrated self-efficacy enhancement methods, and develop specific stress management programmes with a multidisciplinary approach.

}, keywords = {Booklet, Employee, Health Literacy, Metabolic syndrome, Website}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.28}, author = {Samsiana S and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Ridwan Amiruddin and Healthy Hidayanty and Nurhaedar Jafar and Muhammad Syafar and Wahiduddin W and Chatarina Umbul Wahyuni and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2545, title = {Integrated Phytochemical Evaluation of Triphala Extract: TLC Detection and GC{\textendash}MS Elucidation of Bioactive Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {602-607}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {602}, abstract = {

Triphala, a classical Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation composed of Terminalia chebula, Terminalia bellirica, and Phyllanthus emblica, is well known for its therapeutic efficacy and wide range of biological applications. Its pharmacological potential is attributed to a rich diversity of phytoconstituents, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. Scientific validation and standardization of such formulations require systematic phytochemical evaluation using both conventional and advanced analytical techniques. The present study was undertaken to investigate the phytochemicals composition of Triphala extract using TLC and GC-MS. TLC was done to detect gallic gallic acid a major component of Triphala. GCMS analysis was carried out enabling the separation and identification of volatile components based upon the retention time and mass fragmentation patterns. Several compounds of pharmacological relevance were identified including phenolic acids fatty acids and flavonoid derivatives which are consistent with the known antioxidant and therapeutic properties of Triphala. This integrated approach combining TLC and GC-MS along with standard biochemical testing provided both qualitative and confirmatory data on the phytoconstituents of Triphala. The fidings not only support the traditional claims but also contribute to a scientific validation ensuring quality and paving the way for further pharmaceutical and nutraceutical approaches.

}, keywords = {Gallic acid, GC-MS, TLC, Triphala Phytoconstituents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.75}, author = {Hrithik Satish Revankar and Shilpa P Bhilegaonkar} } @article {2485, title = {Literacy of Alpha-Lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid Content Improves Knowledge and Self Efficacy in Breastfeeding Milk by Mothers Who Have Babies 0-24 Months}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {217-221}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Introduction: The world health organization (WHO) actively promotes breast milk as the best source of nutrition for babies and continues to increase the level of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months to two years and reach at least 50\% by 2025. The low level of exclusive breastfeeding is likely a lack of Education about the composition of breast milk which contains peptides including α-lactalbumin (ALA) and Oleic Acid (OA) which are able to reduce the risk of breast and ovarian cancer and have therapeutic effects which have been published under the name human a-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells (HAMLET ), so that this literacy is able to convince mothers to give breast milk and is a health threat to mothers that it is important to give breast milk because it has anti-cancer substances that can prevent cancer. Method: This type of research is quantitative, with a Quasi Experimental Nonequivalent Control Group Design. In this research , the experimental group was treated by providing education and assessing and using knowledge and self-efficacy instruments . Mean while, the control group received education through the KIA book. The target population in this study is mothers who have babies aged 0-24 months in the working area of the Ujoh Bilang Health Center, Mahakam Ulu Regency. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. Results: there is a difference in knowledge literacy, Self Eficaccy on Breast Milk Feeding (ASI) by mothers who have babies 0-24 months in the intervention and control groups before and after being given breast milk literacy with a p value of 0.000 (p \< 0.005) which indicates that the hypothesis is accepted, namely there is an effect of breast milk literacy on knowledge and self-efficacy. Conclusion: literacy of alpha-lactalbumin (ALA) and oleic acid (OA) content increases knowledge and selfefficacy in providing breast milk by mothers who have babies 0-24 months.

}, keywords = {alpha-lactalbumin, Breast milk literacy, knowledge, oleic acid and breast milk, self-efficacy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.27}, author = {Nursari Abdul Syukur and Citrakesumasari and Anwar Mallongi and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Masni Mappajanci and Aminuddin Syam and Syamsuar S and Endah Wahyutri} } @article {2475, title = {The Mechanism of Nanocurcumin in Inhibiting Parasitemia in Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA) Model Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {84-88}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {84}, abstract = {

Plasmodium falciparum is the cause of malaria falciparum, the most severe type of malaria, and the only malaria parasite that can cause complications such as microvascular disease, cerebral malaria, severe anemia, shock, acute renal failure, and shortness of breath. In Southeast Asia, Indonesia has the highest incidence of malaria. The WHO estimated that in 2019, there were 658,380 malaria cases and 1,170 malariarelated deaths. Curcumin (Curcuma longa) is a spice that has been used in Southeast Asia for centuries. It contains the active ingredient curcumin (bis-α, β-unsaturated β-diketone), which has antioxidant, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, and antimalarial properties. However, curcumin has low water solubility and very limited bioavailability. By examining the observed phenomenon, it is possible to investigate how nanocurcumin might impact parasitemia levels in P. berghei ANKA model mice. This research involved 36 female BALB/c mice aged 7{\textendash}10 weeks, divided into four groups, all of which were infected with P. berghei ANKA. After infection, the groups were treated for 2 weeks as follows: the control group (no nanocurcumin administered), treatment group I (50 mg/kg body weight [kgbw]), treatment group II (100 mg/kgbw), and treatment group III (150 mg/kgbw). The results indicated a significant difference among groups (p \< 0.05, 0.036). The conclusion of this experiment is that administering nanocurcumin to mice infected with the Plasmodium parasite significantly reduces parasitemia levels in the blood, particularly at a dose of 150 mg/kgbw.

}, keywords = {Nanocurcumin, Parasitemia, Plasmodium berghei Anka}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.11}, author = {Risma R and Aryati A and Bambang Purwanto} } @article {2473, title = {Medicinal Application of the Iceland Poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) in Traditional Mongolian Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {71-76}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

In recent years, there has been a considerable focus on the utilization of natural medicinal substances, including plant-based medicines and formulations. While traditional medicine has been utilizing various medicinal plants to treat a wide range of diseases, there are still many medicinal plants and substances that have not been thoroughly studied at the scientific level. One such plant is the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) from the Papaveraceae family. Globally, the Papaveraceae family comprises 44 genera and 760 species of which 32 species, representing 7 genera, are identified within Mongolia. The Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is extensively distributed throughout Mongolia, with all parts of the plant, including its fruit and flowers. In addition, it has been traditionally employed in Mongolian medicine to treat a variety of ailments. However, systematic research on the practical applications and studies of the status of the local Iceland poppy in both modern and traditional Mongolian medicine remains poorly reported. Therefore, we aim to conduct a comprehensive and comparative study of the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) and its application in the Traditional Mongolian medicinal literature and internationally published studies. Materials and Methods: In this study, data was collected from a comprehensive review of the international and Traditional Mongolian medicine literature to understand the medicinal application of the Iceland poppy. Additionally, current study results were analyzed to assess its practical applications and efficacy in modern medicinal contexts. Results: "In a variant of Mongolian medicinal prescriptions, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) is combined with the herb {\textquotedblleft}Govo jad-5{\textquotedblright} Mongolian traditional prescription for treating surgical wounds, torn blood vessels, and both old and new wounds. Furthermore, the book {\textquoteright}Methods and Prescriptions for Using Medicinal Plants in Traditional Mongolian Medicine reports that Iceland poppy is part of a mixture of four types of poppies used to treat conditions such as diarrhea, intestinal inflammation, and dysentery, by boiling and administering the concoction. A study by Otgonpurev Sukhbaatar et al., (2018) determined that the optimal conditions for callus and suspension biomass production of Papaver nudicaule L. are 1 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid and 0.5 mg/L benzyl adenine in MS media. Additionally, Gerelt-Od Yadamsuren et al., reported that the alkaloids 8,14-dihydroamurin, 8,14-dihydroflavinantin, and flavinantin from Papaver nudicaule L. exhibit significant antiviral activity against human rhinovirus-14. Conclusion: Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been used in traditional Mongolian medical practice for a long time. it has been historically widely used in Mongolian traditional medicine to treat wounds under the name of {\textquotedblleft}wound healer{\textquotedblright}. As reported by the scientific literature, the primary uses of these plants include inhibiting acetylcholinesterase enzyme, anti-cancer effects, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, regarding its chemical composition, researchers have conducted studies that confirm the presence of alkaloids in this plant, specifically isoquinoline alkaloids. These compounds are known for their diverse biological activities and potential therapeutic effects, which may contribute to the plant{\textquoteright}s traditional medicinal uses. In summary, the Iceland poppy (Papaver nudicaule L.) has been utilized in traditional medicine for treating a variety of illnesses; however, it suggests that more comprehensive research is necessary to scientifically substantiate these applications.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Medicinal plant, Nudicaulins, Papaver nudicaule L., Protopine, Traditional Mongolian medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.9}, author = {Enkhtuul Bayarsaikhan and Turtushikh Damba and Buyanjargal Erdenebat and Norovnyam Ryenchinbyambaa and Otgonsuren Daramzav and Khuvitavilan Battulga and Munkhzul Boldbaatar and Myagmarsuren Badamtsetseg and Enkhjargal Dorjval and Davaadagva Damdinjav and Otgonbaatar Urjin and Maria Halabalaki and Wirginia Kukula-Koch and Daariimaa Khurelbat} } @article {2509, title = {Metabolomic Study on Indonesian Green Tea (Camellia Sinensis L.) Cultivation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {331-341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {331}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesia has been one of the largest tea producers in the world with one of the reputable plantations in Ngargoyoso region, Java Island in which the plantation specified in five green teas variants, TRI 2024, TRI 2025, Gambong, Kiara and Chinruan. Despite their premium quality, there were limited metabolites information related to varieties, altitude, and plucking position existed in Ngargoyoso. Objective: this research aimed to investigate metabolite profiling affected by varieties, plucking positions and altitudes in the tea plantation grown in Ngargoyoso, Indonesia. Material and Methods: Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) grown in the plantation are five varieties TRI 2025, Gambong, TRI2024, Kiara and Chinruan in Ngargoyoso. Results: 1H NMR metabolomics protocol successfully identified TRI 2025 variety to have higher levels of theanine, catechins and caffeine than other varieties. The young leaves plucking position showed a higher level of catechin, EGCG, caffeine, theobromine, and L-glutamine than the older ones. While green tea at 1159 masl contains a higher level of theanine, L-glutamin, α-glucose, β-glucose, quinic acid, and succinic acid than those at 899 masl. This makes the TRI 2025 variety at the young position can be recommended to be the best quality in taste and benefits. Conclusion: Present study might suggest the tea quality based on metabolites profiling both for taste and benefits.

}, keywords = {Tea leaves; Camellia sinensis; metabolite profiling; 1H-NMR; Indonesia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.43}, author = {Dinar S. C. Wahyuni and Raissa. K. Putri and Anik Arniyanti and Sasha H. Audita and Syaiful Choiri and Saptono Hadi and Rita Rakhmawati and Estu R. Nugraheni and Soerya D. Marliyana and Yudi Rinanto and Ari Satia Nugraha and Ahmad Ainurofiq} } @article {2534, title = {Peptide Production from Snakehead Fish (Channa striata) extract with the addition of Bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) and Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {542-544}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {542}, abstract = {

This study aims to determine the effect of adding bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) and basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum) on the peptide extract of snakehead fish (Channa Striata). The research utilized a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 treatment factors and 3 replications. Treatments involved different leaf additions during the preparation of the fish peptide extract: control (A0), bay leaves (A1), basil leaves (A2), and both bay and basil leaves (A3). Parameters observed were protein content analysis, degree of hydrolysis, and protein profile using SDS-PAGE. The results of protein content analysis showed no significant effect on protein content, with averages of 6.25\% for treatment A0, 6.09\% for A1, 10.83\% for A2, and 9.80\% for A3. The degree of hydrolysis results indicated highly significant differences, confirmed by Tukey{\textquoteright}s Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test at a 5\% significance level: 22.21\% for A0, 41.82\% for A1, 52.76\% for A2, and 43.66\% for A3. This demonstrates very significant variation among treatments. The protein profile analysis of the snakehead fish peptide extract showed that treatments involving the addition of bay leaves and basil leaves affected the molecular weight of proteins in the range of 10-140 kDa and the number of protein bands produced.

}, keywords = {Basil leaf, Bay leaf, Degree of Hydrolysis, Peptides, Protein Content, Snakehead fish}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.67}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Sabrina Rahmadania and Herpandi H and Muhammad Hendri} } @article {2542, title = {The Photoprotective Effect of Cucurbita moschata Seed Extract on Rat Skin Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {588-596}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Photoaging induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is characterized by DNA damage, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix degradation, and collagen loss. This study evaluated the photoprotective effects of topical pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata) extract cream against UVB-induced skin damage in Wistar rats. CPD (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer), MDA (malondialdehyde), MMP-1 (matrix metalloproteinase-1) levels, and collagen density were assessed. UVB exposure significantly increased CPD, MDA, and MMP- 1 levels while reducing collagen density. Treatment with pumpkin seed extract cream, particularly at 10\% concentration, markedly reduced CPD and MDA levels (P <= 0.05), indicating potent DNA repair support and antioxidant activity likely attributable to phenolic and flavonoid compounds. MMP-1 levels were significantly decreased, approaching normal values, suggesting inhibition of collagen degradation through anti-inflammatory and anti-matrix degradation mechanisms. Histological examination revealed higher collagen density and more organized collagen fibers in treated groups compared with negative control and placebo. These findings indicate that Cucurbita moschata seed extract cream exerts strong photoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and collagen-preserving effects, with the 10\% formulation showing the greatest efficacy.

}, keywords = {collagen density, CPD, Cucurbita moschata, photoaging, UVB radiation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.73}, author = {Dewi Sartika and Gusbakti Rusip and Linda Chiuman and Ermy Girsang} } @article {2505, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Pro-Melanogenic Activity of Nigella sativa Extract in B16F10 Cells: A Natural Candidate for Vitiligo Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {307-313}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic depigmentation disorder caused by the selective destruction of melanocytes, with limited effective treatment options, particularly in resource-limited regions. Nigella sativa (black cumin seed, BCS) has traditionally been used for various skin ailments, including pigmentation disorders. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the pro-melanogenic activity of a 96\% ethanol extract of Indonesian BCS (EE BCS) in B16F10 cells. Methods: Phytochemical profiling was performed using gas chromatography{\textendash}mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and thymoquinone (TQ) content was quantified by highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cell viability (MTT assay), tyrosinase activity (L-DOPA assay), and melanin content were measured. Results: GC-MS identified 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (E,E) as the predominant compound (45.88\%), while HPLC confirmed a relatively low TQ concentration (0.04\%). EE BCS maintained \>90\% cell viability at concentrations up to 12.50 ppm and exhibited an IC50 of 56.41 ppm. Tyrosinase activity significantly increased at 6.25 ppm (136.40\%; p \< 0.05) and 12.50 ppm (228.10\%; p \< 0.01), accompanied by a significant elevation in melanin content (226.00\%; p \< 0.05 and 266.90\%; p \< 0.01 respectively). Conclusion: EE BCS can effectively promote melanogenesis, despite containing low levels of thymoquinone, potentially through synergistic actions of its phytochemical constituents. Given its region-specific phytochemical richness, Indonesian N. sativa extract holds promise as a natural therapeutic candidate for vitiligo. Further in-vivo and clinical validation is warranted.

}, keywords = {B16F10, Melanogenesis, Nigella sativa, Thymoquinone, Tyrosinase, Vitiligo}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.39}, author = {Dian Pratiwi and Silmi Mariya and Raendi Rayendra and Agus Setiyono} } @article {2557, title = {Quantification of Phenolics, Flavonoids, and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity in Rosella and Breadfruit Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {688-698}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {688}, abstract = {

Indonesia is a country rich in biodiversity, with numerous plant species traditionally used in medicine. One such plant is breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis), whose leaves contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, saponins, tannins, quercetin, artocarpanone, and artoindonesianin. Another plant with high medicinal value is roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), a tropical plant from the Malvaceae family known for its rich phenolic content. Both plants are widely found across Indonesia and have potential as natural antioxidants. In this study, the dry extracts were prepared using the decoction method followed by spray drying. Phytochemical screening, total phenolic and flavonoid content analysis, and antioxidant activity tests were performed using standard in vitro methods. The DE2C extract (a combination of breadfruit leaves and roselle flowers) exhibited high total phenol content at 0.953 {\textpm} 0.005 g GAE/100 g and flavonoid content at 136.97 {\textpm} 5.050 μg QE/100 g. Meanwhile, the DE3C extract showed an IC$_{5}$$_{0}$ value of 540.55 ppm in the DPPH assay. Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong positive correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (R = 0.956, p \< 0.05), while flavonoids also showed a moderate correlation (R = 0.502, p \< 0.05). These results confirm that phenolic compounds play a key role in the antioxidant potential of the extract.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Quantification of Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.86}, author = {Hesti Riasari and Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Siti Uswatun Hasanah and Mia Aulia and Khania Zavella and Nurul Padilah} } @article {2479, title = {A Review: Searsia genus and Its Potential Anti-Cancer Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {January 2025}, pages = {117-120}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {117}, abstract = {

The Searsia genus, belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, comprises small trees and evergreen shrubs primarily found in Southern Africa, with some species extending to East Africa and the Mediterranean. While these species are well-known for their ecological roles in stabilizing soils and providing habitat for wildlife, they also possess significant medicinal value, particularly in traditional African medicine. Searsia plants are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins, which exhibit potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. This has drawn scientific interest, especially regarding their potential in cancer treatment. Notably, Searsia chirindensis and other species have demonstrated cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, attributed to compounds like gallic acid and other polyphenolics. This review delves into the phytochemical profiles of selected Searsia species, exploring their medicinal properties with a particular focus on their anticancer activities. The anti-inflammatory properties of these plants, coupled with their antioxidant activities, suggest a promising role in cancer prevention and treatment, although further research is necessary to confirm these benefits in clinical settings.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Phytochemistry, Searsia genus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.16}, author = {Dijeng Euginiah Rampana and Pakiso Moses Makhoahle} } @article {2524, title = {Sub-Acute Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Leucas indica Ethanolic Leaf Extract in Wistar Rats Using the Cotton Pellet Granuloma Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {458-460}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {458}, abstract = {

This study investigated the sub-acute anti-inflammatory potential of Leucas indica leaves using the cotton pellet granuloma model in Wistar albino rats. Fifty rats were randomly assigned to five groups (n = 10 per group). Sterile cotton pellets (~20 {\textpm} 1 mg) were prepared and autoclaved before subcutaneous implantation at the nape of the neck following sedation with pentobarbitone sodium (30 mg/kg, orally) and skin disinfection with 70\% ethanol. Treatment regimens included: a control group receiving 3 mL of 1\% gum acacia (orally), a standard group administered Indomethacin (10 mg/kg, orally), and three test groups receiving leaves of Leucas indica ethanolic extract at 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg, three times daily for seven days. On the eighth day, the animals were humanely sacrificed, and the implanted pellets were removed, dried, and weighed to assess inflammatory response. Key parameters, including granuloma formation, transudative weight, and percentage inhibition, were analysed using ANOVA with Dunnett{\textquoteright}s multiple comparison test (p \< 0.05 considered significant). Standard drug (Indomethacin) produced a highly significant reduction (p\<0.01) in all three parameters (WW, DW, TW), confirming the model{\textquoteright}s validity and the drug{\textquoteright}s strong anti-inflammatory effect. EELLI at 75 mg/kg showed no statistically significant reduction, indicating weak or no anti-inflammatory activity at this dose. EELLI at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/ kg showed a significant reduction in: Wet weight (WW): Suggests decreased exudation and inflammation. Dry weight (DW): Indicates reduced granuloma formation (proliferative phase). Transudative weight (TW): Reflects reduced fluid accumulation. The ethanolic extract of Leucas indica (EELLI) exhibited significant sub-acute anti-inflammatory activity at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg, as evidenced by reduced granuloma weight and fluid accumulation. The effect, though moderate compared to Indomethacin, supports the plant{\textquoteright}s traditional use and warrants further investigation.

}, keywords = {Cotton pellet granuloma, Leucas indica, Sub-acute anti-inflammatory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.58}, author = {Chandrashekar R and Robin Shetty and Rashmi B R and Vinodini NA} } @article {2506, title = {Taxonomy and Pharmacognosy of Bergenia ciliata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {314-322}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {314}, abstract = {

Background: The crude drug (P{\={a}}sh{\={a}}nabheda) described in several pharmacopoeias is the rhizome of the plant species Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. (Saxifragaceae), an evergreen, perennial temperate herb that grows at an elevation of 900-3000 m AMSL in the Indian Himalaya. The rhizome has been used for centuries to treat kidney and bladder stones and rheumatoid arthritis besides the other therapeutic and nutraceutical applications in ethnomedicine, traditional, Ayurveda and Unani systems of medicine. Objective: In view of issues in identifying raw material and segregating the adulterants of the crude drug, a pharmacognostic study was undertaken to provide ways for its safe use by obtaining detailed anatomical features of both the rhizome and the root of Bergenia ciliata by means of fresh and dried material. Methods: A brief description of the crude drug and its powder is made available employing the standard microscopic and phytochemical evaluations. Results: Using in-house developed thin-layer chromatography and HPLC methods, bergenin has been isolated in rhizome extract for quality control purposes. Traditional and therapeutic uses of the principal bioactive constituent bergenin, arbutin and the other phytochemical constituents are discussed. Furthermore, an account of raw material specifications for the rhizome, standards used, and regulatory status are presented against the background of the published information. Conclusion: Results presented in the report will further lead to future studies on beneficial and quality control aspects of the rhizome and to develop a potential nutraceutical, dietary supplement.

}, keywords = {Bergenin, Dietary supplement, Kidney stones, Pashanabheda, rheumatoid arthritis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.40}, author = {T. Sudhakar Johnson and Ashit Vora and Vatsavaya S. Raju and Sameer C. Patil} } @article {2568, title = {Therapeutic Effects of Combined Zinc and α-Tocopherol Administration in a Rat Model of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Sepsis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {275-283}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {275}, abstract = {

Sepsis induces systemic inflammation through excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to oxidative stress, tissue damage, and multiorgan dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of combined zinc and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) supplementation on inflammatory and biochemical parameters in Staphylococcus aureus-induced sepsis in male Wistar rats. Thirty rats were divided into six groups: (1) normal control, (2) Placebo control (sepsis without therapy), (3) positive control (levofloxacin 45 mg/kg BW + zinc 0.9 mg/kg BW + vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW), and (4{\textendash}6) treatment groups receiving combined zinc (0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 mg/kg BW) with vitamin E (250 mg/kg BW). Sepsis was induced intraperitoneally, followed by treatment according to group. On day 9, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and albumin were analyzed, while lung and kidney, were examined histologically. The combination of zinc and vitamin E significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels while improving biochemical parameters and increasing serum albumin compared to the untreated group (p <= 0.05). The highest efficacy was observed with zinc 2.7 mg/kg BW and vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW, which showed over 50\% reduction in tissue damage, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial hemorrhage in lung tissue, and improved hepatic cellular regeneration. These findings suggest that zinc and vitamin E exert synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, indicating their potential as adjuvant therapy in sepsis management.

}, keywords = {CRP, Histopathology, IL-6, Oxidative stress, Sepsis, Staphylococcus aureus, TNF-α, Vitamin E, zinc}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.97}, author = {Olivia Des Vinca Albahana Napitupulu and Gusbakti Rusip and Maya Sari Mutia} } @article {2519, title = {Traditional claims to Scientific Evidence: A Analysis of Trachyspermum ammi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {425-433}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Background: Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) is a medicinally significant plant belonging to the Apiaceae family, widely cultivated in various regions, including India, Iran, and Egypt. Objectives: This study provides a detailed Pharmacognostic evaluation of ajwain through macroscopic, microscopic, powder microscopy, histochemical, and preliminary phytochemical analyses, along with standardization parameters for crude drug validation. Materials and methods: Ajwain fruits were collected and authenticated by a certified botanist. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses were conducted using digital and compound microscopes. Powder microscopy, histochemical staining, preliminary phytochemical screening, and physicochemical standardization, such as ash values, extractive values, and moisture content, were performed. Result: Macroscopic observations confirmed the fruit{\textquoteright}s distinctive morphological features, while microscopic studies detailed the anatomical structure, including the presence of vittae, epicarp with papillae, and oil globules. Powder microscopy further verified characteristic elements such as anomocytic stomata, fibers, annular vessels, and phenolic compounds. Histochemical tests revealed the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids, flavonoids, lignin, and mucilage, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. These findings substantiate the traditional medicinal applications of ajwain, particularly in gastrointestinal and respiratory treatments. Conclusion: The study provides essential diagnostic markers for quality control and standardization in herbal medicine, laying a foundation for future pharmacological investigations.

}, keywords = {Ajwain, Apiaceae, Histochemical studies, Pharmacognostical study, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.53}, author = {Monika S and Sridevi N and Ranjitha S and Harini V and Oviya R and Tharun Adhithya M B and Thirumal M and Vignesh S} } @article {2307, title = {Analysis of Implementation of the Prolanis-Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Disease Management Program in Majene Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {644-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {644}, abstract = {

In the context of health maintenance for BPJS health participants who suffer from chronic diseases, PROLANIS is a proactive strategy and health care system that is implemented in an integrated way involving participants, health facilities, and BPJS health. In this work, a case study methodology is combined with a qualitative method. Content analysis was employed to analyze the data. Thirteen informants{\textemdash}four key informants and nine routine informants{\textemdash}were interviewed. The research on the communication between program implementers yielded positive results, the BPJS budget was allocated effectively, and the human resource numbers of the various health centers varied, but the facilities and infrastructure were more than sufficient, and the implementation skills were strong. Proceeding by current SOPs, the bureaucracy still needs improvement and regulation, and the BPJS incentives both reward and efficiently distribute money. Conclusion: Both Community Health Centers acknowledge that funding from BPJS is fairly good. Notifications and reminders of activities have been successfully implemented in the Diabetes Mellitus Chronic Disease Management Program (PROLANIS) policy, even though only those who are active and present are the same. Infrastructure and facilities are sufficient; however, there is room for improvement in the amount, quality, and integrity of human resources. Additionally, the appointment of bureaucracy requires attention, and it may be more effectively divided.

}, keywords = {BPJS Health and bureaucracy, Cronis Disease, Diabetes mellitus, Prolanis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.101}, author = {Khadijatul Fatiyah Mubarak and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Muhammad Kardi and Hasnawati Amqam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2346, title = {Analysis of the Determinants of Patient Loyalty in the Inpatient Installation at the General Hospital {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah Pinrang District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {831-837}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {831}, abstract = {

Loyalty is repurchase behavior solely concerning the purchase of the same particular brand repeatedly. Patients who feel satisfied, can take repeated actions as repeated use of services in the future and tell others about the perceived service performance. This study aims to determine the determinants of loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital, Pinrang Regency. This research is included in the type of quantitative research by applying a cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 90 inpatients obtained by accidental sampling method. Data collection using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out through the Chi-Square test and the Logistic Regression test. The results of the Chi-Square test show that there is an influence between service quality in terms of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, physical evidence, hospital image, moving barriers, and distance of residence on the loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital, Pinrang Regency. The results of the Logistic Regression test show that the quality of service in terms of assurance with Exp (B) = 25.274 is the variable that has the most influence on the loyalty of inpatient installation patients at {\textquoteright}Aisyiyah St. Khadijah General Hospital Pinrang Regency.

}, keywords = {Patient Loyalty; Service Quality; Hospital Image; Moving Barriers; Residence Distance; Hospitalization.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.136}, author = {Dewi Alya Anugrah Rizal and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Amran Razak and Balqis and Masni3 and Vonni Polopadang and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2352, title = {Analysis of the Implementation of the Bpjs Kesehatan Chronic Diseases Management Program (Prolanis) in Biru Health Center, Bone Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {872-879}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Objectives: Prolanis is a health service system that involves patients, primary health facilities and BPJS. Prolanis aims to maintain health and achieve an optimal quality of life in patients with chronic disease (hypertension and diabetes mellitus) through effective and efficient health services to prevent disease complications. This study aims to determine and analyze the implementation of Prolanis in the Biru Health Center of Bone Regency based on input, process, output, impact, and feedback. Method: The type of research used in this research is qualitative research, and data were collected through technical triangulation using in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation with key informants, main informants and supporting informants using purposive sampling techniques. Result: Research shows that in the input aspect, blood sugar strips used in health checks of prolanist participants are still limited, and there are no special facilities for prolanis. In terms of process, Biru Health Center has carried out all prolanist activities recommended by BPJS Kesehatan. However, some obstacles remain to these activities, such as prolanist participants who do not have Whats App, and laboratory HbA1c examinations every six months have not been carried out. In the output aspect, the achievement of the Biru Health Center RPPT has increased significantly from October 2023 to January 2024, although it decreased in November 2023. Regarding impact, BPJS Kesehatan, the Health Office, and Prolanis Participants are satisfied with implementing the prolanis at the Biru Health Center. Feedback from BPJS Kesehatan is available through the KBK monitoring and evaluation. Conclusion: Implementing prolanists at Biru Health Center has gone well and as expected. However, the input aspect still needs to be improved so that the implementation of prolanists can run even better.

}, keywords = {BPJS Kesehatan., Chronic Disease Management Program (Prolanis), Diabetes mellitus, Health Center, Hypertension}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.142}, author = {Suci Fajriani S and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Anwar Mallongi and Muhammad Syafar} } @article {2313, title = {Analysis of the Influence of Leadership Style on Organizational Culture and Organizational Performance at RSUD H. Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Bulukumba District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {671-678}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {671}, abstract = {

The success and failure of a hospital is influenced by a leader, Effective leadership impacts the progress of the hospital so that leadership style becomes one of the determining factors in the success of hospital performance. Leadership style is a norm of behavior used by a person when that person tries to influence the behavior of other people or subordinates. This research aims to determine the influence of leadership style on organizational culture and organizational performance at RSUD H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja, Bulukumba Regency, the type of research used is quantitative research. The sample in this study was 178 staff and health workers at H.Andi Sulthan Daeng Radja Regional Hospital Bulukumba Regency using a sampling technique.Accidental Sampling. The analysis method used is Path Analysis with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Based on the results of this research, it shows that there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational culture p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (15.172), there is a direct influence of organizational culture on organizational performance with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (7.815), there is a direct influence of leadership style on organizational performance with p value (0,038) with a t.statistic value (2.077), and there is an influence of leadership style on organizational performance through organizational culture with p value (0,000) with a t.statistic value (6.339). Therefore, there is a need for good appreciation and direction to overcome difficulties in carrying out duties and responsibilities for employees, as well as consideration for paying more attention to employee needs which are implemented in organizational culture to improve better performance.

}, keywords = {Employee needs, Leadership Style, Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.107}, author = {Andi Nadia Nur Cahyani and Balqi and Indar and Amran Razak and A. Arsunan Arsin and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2308, title = {Analysis of the Inpatient Medical Records Management System at Sandi Karsa Hospital Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {650-655}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

Objectives: Management of medical records at Sandi Karsa Hospital Makassar is still lacking in the process of assembling, reporting, and filing. This study aims to analyze the inpatient medical record management system at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar. Methods: The type of research used in this research is qualitative research and data collection using interviews, observation, and documentation with key informants and supporting informants using purposive sampling techniques. Result: There is a shortage of medical records officers, and they have not received training. There are fewer computers available, SIMRS is only integrated with patient registration, and the management room is combined with the filing room. The assembly process has not been carried out in the last few months, reporting has been delayed, and there is a backlog of files. Implementation of management SOPs has not been optimal, and socialization activities have not been carried out. Completeness and returns are not up to standard. Medical record quality indicators are low, and there are no feedback activities. Conclusion: Lack of staff they have never participated in training and socialization regarding SOPs. There is a lack of facilities such as computers, the medical record room has lots of files, SIMRS is not yet integrated with medical record management, and there are delays in returns and incomplete filling out of medical record files. The hospital can provide outreach and hold regularly scheduled meetings to evaluate or assess officers{\textquoteright} performance managing medical records.

}, keywords = {Hospital, Inpatient, Management, Medical Records, System}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.102}, author = {Try Ganjar Wati and Amran Razak and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Yusran Amir} } @article {2417, title = {Antidepressant, Anxiolytic, and Antioxidant Properties of Piper Aduncum Essential Oil from Northern Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1252-1258}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1252}, abstract = {

This investigation aimed to evaluate the antidepressant, anxiolytic, and antioxidant effects of Piper aduncum essential oil from northern Peru. The essential oils were obtained through hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. The chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to assess the chemical composition. Behavioral assays in mice were used to evaluate the antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was performed through DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The GC-MS analysis revealed that linalool (29.16\%), bicyclogermacrene (13.32\%), nerolidol (12.38\%), and β-caryophyllene (10.76\%) were the principal components. The results demonstrated significant antidepressant and anxiolytic effects comparable to fluoxetine and diazepam, with statistical differences between all groups (p\<0.005). The IC50 values for the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays were 5.9{\textpm}0.08, 0.20{\textpm}0.06, and 109.5{\textpm}1.3, respectively. Consequently, Piper aduncum essential oil exhibits antidepressant and anxiolytic-like effects and modest antioxidant properties compared to the controls.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant, Antioxidant, Anxiolytic, Essential oil, Piper aduncum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.203}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Iris Melina Alfaro- Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2260, title = {Anxiety Levels, Cortisol, Blood Gluc Ose and Sodium Levels in Working Wives: Comparison Between Husbands Who Were Hospitalized and Husbands Who Were Not Hospitalized}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {382-387}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {382}, abstract = {

Background:\ Anxiety affects balance and physiological changes in the body. The research aims to investigate the comparison of anxiety levels, blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels and blood sodium levels between working wives of husbands who are hospitalized and working wives of husbands who are not hospitalized. Methods: The research design uses statistical group comparison. The research subjects were 40 people divided into 2 groups, namely 20 subjects, working wives, husbands who were hospitalized, 20 subjects, working wives, husbands, who were not hospitalized. Data was collected using the HARS (Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale) questionnaire instrument, laboratory examination of blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels and blood sodium levels. Results: Unpaired t test with a significant value of p \< 0.05 if the data is normally distributed or Mann Whitney U Test with a significant value of p \< 0.05 if the data is not normally distributed was carried out to analyze the comparison of anxiety levels, blood cortisol levels, sugar levels blood and blood sodium levels. Data processing with the help of statistical software. The results of the analysis showed that there were differences in anxiety levels (p\<0.05), blood cortisol levels (p\<0.05) and blood glucose levels (p\<0.05) but there were no differences in blood sodium levels (p\>0.05). between working wives whose husbands are hospitalized and working wives whose husbands are not hospitalized. Conclusion: blood cortisol levels and blood sugar levels in working wives of husbands who were hospitalized were higher than working wives of husbands who were not hospitalized and based on statistical tests, significant differences were found in HARS values, blood cortisol levels and blood sugar levels between the group of working wives whose husbands were hospitalized. hospitalized and the wife works, the husband is not hospitalized.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, blood cortisol levels, blood glucose levels, blood sodium levels, HARS, working wife}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.59}, author = {Rudi Mahruzar and I Nyoman Ehrich Lister and OK Yulizal and Hamzah Shatri and Gusbakti Rusip} } @article {2321, title = {Biomarker Profiles Associated with Covid-19 Mortality in East Java, Indonesia: A Tertiary Care Hospital Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {689-694}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to compare the most useful biomarkers for predicting prognosis and response to therapy in COVID-19 patients. Material and Methods: This quantitative study involved 639 patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 infection. Patients without any biochemical marker result; patients referred to another hospital; and peripheral oxygen levels measured using oxygen supplementation were excluded from the study. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in terms of demographics, vital signs on admission, and laboratory parameters. The risk of mortality in COVID-19 is significantly influenced by c-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (p-value \<0.05). Conclusion: Findings revealed these biomarkers could help the future development of more personalized treatment and diagnostic approaches.

}, keywords = {Biomarker, COVID-19, Outcome}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.110}, author = {Retno Budiarti and Ediono and Muhammad Miftahussurur and Abdulloh Machin and Mochammad Wijdan Rosyich and Ayu Imamatun Nisa and Fatimatuzzahro and Nila Novia Putri and Muhammad Ja{\textquoteright}far Shodiq} } @article {2365, title = {Cadre Assistance in Improving the Nutritional Status of Two Years Baby: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {960-965}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {960}, abstract = {

Background: The Health Law mandates that efforts to improve community nutrition aim to improve the nutritional quality of individuals and society. Indonesia is still a country with a fairly high category of nutritional problems. Very underweight badgers were 1.2\% and underweight badgers were 5.2\%. Overcoming nutritional problems must involve various parties in society, one of the community parties who plays an important role in overcoming nutritional problems for toddlers is health cadres in the village, especially nutritional problems for toddlers. Objective: to identify and explain scientific evidence regarding Mentoring Efforts by Cadres to improve Nutrition for Baduta and strengthen the theoretical basis that can support solving the problem being researched. Method: Using online journal databases that can be accessed in PDF form, namely, Pubmed, Elsevier/Scopus, Crossref and Google Scholar. Other sources such as textbooks, national health reports, and dissertations. The search included studies published in the last 10 years (2012{\textendash}2022). Using keywords (Kader, Nutrition Baduta, Posyandu Cadre, Cadre, Health Workers, Nutrition Health Workers). Appropriate articles were then entered into Mendeley. Results: Conclusion: Assistance to cadres can increase cadres{\textquoteright} knowledge and skills in improving nutrition for children, especially toddlers and toddlers. Mentoring and empowering cadres is carried out using various methods such as counseling, training, using various tools and media.

}, keywords = {Baduta Nutrition, Cadres, Mentoring, Two years baby., underweight}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.155}, author = {Ramli Ramli and Muhammad Syafar and Veni Hadju and Aminuddin Syam and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2370, title = {A Case of Spondyloarthritis with Deep Vein Thrombosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {993-997}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {993}, abstract = {

Spondyloarthritis (SpA) is an autoimmune disease that has several clinical manifestations with certain characteristics. In this report, we present the case of an immobilized 54-year-old female with SpA who complained of a painful swollen left leg. Laboratory workup and imaging study supported the diagnosis of SpA complicated with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The patient was given glucocorticoid, an anticoagulant, and medical rehabilitation. Symptoms improved following treatment. SpA increases the inflammatory state, leading to the increased risk of DVT. Holistic and comprehensive treatment is required in SpA patients with DVT to prevent further exacerbation or poorer prognosis.

}, keywords = {Complication, Spondyloarthritis; Deep vein thrombosis, Treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.160}, author = {Mahresya Kamajaya and Lita Diah Rahmawati} } @article {2215, title = {Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) Essential Oil and its Potential Against Stress, Anxiety, and Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {100-107}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {100}, abstract = {

Introduction: This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of Matricaria chamomilla L essential oil on stress, anxiety, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus, and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a study was conducted where 128 participants were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Stress, anxiety, and sleep quality were evaluated using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS{\textendash}10), the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). In addition, cortisol was measured. Results: Chemical analysis showed thatα-Bisabolol oxide A exhibited the highest concentration at 30.42\%, followed by α -Bisabolol (10.94\%), α-Bisabolone oxide A (9.82\%), and spathulenol (8.83\%). Stress, anxiety, sleep quality, and cortisol scores decreased in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). Important effect size was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.203; Δ = 1.246), while medium effects were observed for stress (d = 0.701; Δ = 0.633) and sleep quality (d = 0.888; Δ = 0.732), while cortisol showed small changes (d=0.374; Δ=0.357). Conclusion: The study showed the potential of Chamomile essential oils to reduce stress and anxiety levels and improve sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oils, Matricaria chamomilla, Sleep quality, stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.14}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Julio V{\'\i}ctor Campos-Flori{\'a}n and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n} } @article {2224, title = {Concordance of Sputum and Feces Samples for Detecting Mycobacterium Tuberculosis using Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {167-173}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and Indonesia ranks among the countries with the highest TB prevalence. There is a need to develop improved detection tools and explore alternative sample sources beyond sputum. Feces samples are one such nonsputum alternative. Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra is a novel diagnostic tool used in Indonesia. This study aims to assess the concordance of both sputum and feces samples in detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) using Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra. Methods: An analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on TB subjects at Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital (RSUD Dr. Soetomo), Surabaya, and several community health centers (puskesmas) in Surabaya. Sputum and feces samples were collected from the same subjects. These subjects underwent Feces acid-fast bacilli (AFB) tests, sputum and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests, and sputum culture tests (considered the gold standard), as well as rifampicin resistance tests for positive cultures. Sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) tests were conducted using Medcalc software, and the concordance test employed the Kappa value. Results: The study involved 71 research subjects. The sensitivity of Feces AFB tests, sputum, and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests was 7.3\%, 97.6\%, and 97.6\%, respectively. The Cohen{\textquoteright}s Kappa consistency test for Feces AFB tests and sputum culture produced a Kappa value of 0.063 (p \> 0.05). The Cohen{\textquoteright}s Kappa consistency test on sputum and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests yielded a Kappa value of 0.409 (p \< 0.05). The Cohen{\textquoteright}s Kappa consistency test on sputum and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests compared with the rifampicin resistance tests resulted in Kappa values of 0.902 and 0.951 (p \< 0.05). The CT value of Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests was higher than that of sputum Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests. Conclusion: A concordance exists between the results of sputum and Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests, but no concordance is observed between the results of Feces AFB tests and sputum culture tests. The higher CT value of Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests compared to sputum Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra tests indicates a lower bacterial load in feces. Feces can be considered a viable alternative sample to sputum for MTB detection using Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra.

}, keywords = {Feces AFB test, Feces Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra test, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), rifampicin resistance test, Xpert{\textregistered} MTB/RIF Ultra}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.23}, author = {Dewi Rochmawati and Puspa Wardhani and Yessy Puspitasari and Tutik Kusmiati and Atika and Hartono Kahar} } @article {2357, title = {Cookies Formula for Oat (Avena sativa L.) and Plainnates (Musa Paradisiaca L.) as Alternative Food Ingredients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {910-915}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {910}, abstract = {

Cookies in circulation have a high amount of vegetable or animal fat (20-30\% based on flour weight) and fiber content low Because material main cookies Which There is in market that is flour flour, necessary innovation for develop product cookies that are low in calories and have high fiber content, Wrong the only one with use material main oats (Avena sativa L.). The aim of this research is to analyze whether OAT ( Avena sativa L. ) and Raja banana (Musa Paradisiaca L.) can be formulated as cookies that have low calorie content and sensory evaluation of cookies using color, taste, aroma and texture parameters. This research is true experimental research carried out in the laboratory. Cookies made with the composition of oats and plantain are F1 ( 120gr: 80gr), F2 (150gr: 50gr), F3 (180gr: 20gr). Based on the research results obtained, it is stated that the ash content, water content, carbohydrate content, protein content, fat content and total energy (calories) are respectively as follows: In the control (0.74\%; 3.38\%; 92 .2\%; 2.62\%; 4.8\% and 422kcal), F1 (3.50\%; 4.70\%; 78.97\%; 5.25\%; 12.20\% and 446 kcal), F2 ( 3.42\%; 4.24\%; 70.99; 8.75\%; 18.00; .96\% and 481\%). The results of the sensory test stated the p value: 0.000, which means there is a difference. Oats ( Avena sativa L. ) and plantains (Musa Paradisiaca L.) can be formulated into low-calorie cookies. Based on the sensory evaluation, it was stated that there were differences in the panelists{\textquoteright} preferences for the color, taste, aroma and texture of oat and plantain cookies. In order to carry out further analysis for the application of cookies to mice as a low-calorie diet food.

}, keywords = {Alternative Food., Cookies, King Banana, Oats}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.147}, author = {Ayus Diningsih and Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Elmi Sariani Hasibuan and Rudi Dalimunthe and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Anto J. Hadi and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2416, title = {A Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Study of Triterpenoids based Standardized Gotu Kola Leaves Extract in the Patients with Tension Type Headache}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1238-1251}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1238}, abstract = {

Introduction: Triterpenoid-based standardized Centella asiatica leaves extract as nasal solution (INDCANS) has shown potential in animal models of stress-related disorders. Objective: Efficacy and safety evaluation of INDCA-NS in patients with Tension-type headache (TTH). Methods: Ninety-one patients with TTH were randomized and administered INDCA-NS (46 patients) or PLACEBOCA-NS (45 patients) nasal spray (400 μg/day, 100 μg in 100 μL shot/ nostril, twice daily) for 28 days, with a 14-day follow-up. Efficacy (headache duration, frequency, and intensity; 21-item {\textquotedblleft}Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale{\textquotedblright} (DASS-21); {\textquotedblleft}Work Productivity and Activity Questionnaire{\textquotedblright} (WPAI: SHP); {\textquotedblleft}World Health Organization Brief{\textquotedblright} (WHOQOL-BREF), cortisol and DHEA levels, rescue medications), and safety outcome measures (including adverse events) were monitored. Results: Subacute administration of INDCA-NS (but not PLACEBOCA-NS) significantly reduced the duration of headache and TTH{\textquoteright}s effect of TTH on WPAI:SHP (Q5) scores, namely productivity in working patients (P \< 0.05, within the groups). The INDCA-NS showed significant difference (P \< 0.05) in headache duration with and without covariate adjustment (vs. PLACEBOCA-NS). Both treatments found safe, well- tolerated, with no treatment-related adverse events, significantly reduced headache frequency, pain intensity, DASS-21 (stress domain), TTH{\textquoteright}s impact on daily activities (Q6 of WPAI:SHP), and improved WHOQOL scores (P \< 0.05, within the group). The other outcome measures were not statistically significant within or between groups. Conclusion: Subacute INDCA-NS reduced headache duration and improved work productivity in TTH patients.

}, keywords = {Centella asiatica leaves; Chronic Stress; Pain; Work productivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.202}, author = {Prasad Thakurdesai and Pallavi Deshpande and Namrata Desai and Prasanna Mathad and Sandhya Rani and Dhananjay Raje} } @article {2347, title = {Drug Management and Service Quality in Outpatient Pharmacies at the Haji Padjonga Daeng Ngalle Regional General Public Hospital in Takalar Regency, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {838-844}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {838}, abstract = {

Background: The provision of comprehensive individual health care services in outpatient units is intricately linked to drug management practices and the quality of available pharmacy services, ensuring optimal medication supply and use. Objective: This study aimed to assess the practices of drug management and the quality of outpatient pharmacy services at Haji Padjonga Daeng Ngalle (HPDN) Regional General Public Hospital in Takalar Regency, Indonesia. Method: The evaluation of drug management involves conducting in-depth interviews in the outpatient unit, focusing on planning, budgeting, procurement, storage, and distribution, compared with government regulatory standards. The quality of pharmacy services was assessed using the Solvin technique with 100 respondents, evaluating five dimensions: physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy, using the servqual questionnaire with a Likert scale (ranging from very dissatisfied = 1, dissatisfied = 2, somewhat satisfied = 3, satisfied = 4, to very satisfied = 5). Results: Research findings indicated the level of compliance of drug management with regulations as follows: planning (66.67\%), budgeting (60\%), procurement (100\%), storage (100\%), and distribution (100\%). The quality of pharmacy services demonstrated high questionnaire validity (r >= 0.714), and the average dimension was a score of 4, indicating satisfactory satisfaction levels. Conclusion: This study reflects HPDN hospital{\textquoteright}s compliance with regulations while identifying specific areas for improvement to enhance the quality of pharmacy services.

}, keywords = {Drug management, Hospital, outpatient unit., patient service quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.137}, author = {Yunita Cahyani Pratiwi and Darmawansyah and Sukri Palutturi and Amran Razak and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2391, title = {Effect of Diet, Medication, Physical Activity on Glycemic Control of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1110-1113}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1110}, abstract = {

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus continues to increase every year with various complications. This is caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. The complex management of type 2 diabetes mellitus triggers problems that cause therapeutic goals not to be achieved. The risk of complications is higher due to lack of attention to lifestyle including diet. A good diet, medication and physical activity are considered capable of improving blood sugar control so that the quality of life of people with diabetes mellitus becomes better. Objective: to analyze the effect of diet, medication, physical activity on glycemic control of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: the study was conducted in December 2023-February 2024 at Kassi-Kassi Health Center and Kalukubodoa Health Center, Makassar City, South Sulawesi. The sample size was type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Kassi-Kassi Health Center as many as 184 people and Kalukubodoa Health Center as many as 168 people. The research group consisted of 2 groups, namely at Puskesmas Kassi- Kassi and Puskesmas Kalukubodoa with a combination intervention of food menu modules for diabetic patients and leaflets and Puskesmas Kassi-Kassi with food menu modules for diabetic patients. Both research groups were intervened for 3 (three) months with the assistance of doctors and nutritionists. There are two stages in this study, namely stage 1 making a prolanis intervention model with quantitative methods followed by stage 2, namely the intervention of food menu modules for diabetic patients and with quasi-experimental methods with a non-randomized pretest postest design. Results: In the aspects of diet, medication, physical activity there is a significant increase in Kassi-Kassi Health Center and Kalukubodoa Health Center (p=0.00) on glycemic control of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. Conclusion: The results of the trial of the food menu module for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed a value of 80\%, meaning that the module was feasible to use based on the assessment of the material expert. Diet, medication, physical activity have a statistical effect and there is a difference in the mean value of glycemic control of type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.180}, author = {Sheinni Paradise and M. Alimin Maidin and Amran Razak and Abdul Rahman KadirHegazy} } @article {2226, title = {Effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS-10506 on Accelerating Repair of Ketorolac-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {181-185}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {181}, abstract = {

A gastric ulcer arises due to an imbalance between the stomach{\textquoteright}s aggressive and defensive factors, one of which can be induced by ketorolac. The gastric mucosa serves as a protective layer against gastric damage. Probiotics may enhance mucosal secretion, reinforcing their barrier function. This study evaluated the effect of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum IS-10506 on repairing gastric mucosal injury expressed by Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) induction from ketorolac in rodent model. In the experiment, 48 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned and segregated into four groups: the control group (K1), the group with ketorolac administration (K2), the group given L. plantarum IS-10506 after ketorolac administration (K3), and the group given L. plantarum IS-10506 before and after ketorolac administration (K4). Gastric tissue was examined for cells producing MUC5AC via immunohistochemistry. MUC5AC differences between groups were compared using Kruskal{\textendash}Wallis and Mann{\textendash}Whitney U tests. Significant differences were observed between each group on Days 5, 7, and 10 of necropsy (p=0.043; p=0.030; p=0.022). The ketorolac group (K2) consistently exhibited the lowest values during all examination days. Group K4 manifested a higher expression of MUC5AC relative to group K3. However, group K3 demonstrated a significantly increased from Day 1 to 10 of necropsy (p=0.030). Administering probiotic L. plantarum IS-10506 prior to ketorolac proved beneficial by significantly accelerate (p=0.030) the MUC5AC expression cells and gene expression.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.25}, author = {Mia Ratwita Andarsini and Andy Darma and Alpha Fardah Athiyyah and Khadijah Rizky Sumitro and Reza Gunadi Ranuh and Fauziah Pratiwi and Wibi Riawan and Widjiati Widjiati and Ingrid S Surono and Subijanto Marto Sudarmo} } @article {2299, title = {Effect of Propofol TIVA Compared Sevoflurane Inhalation Anesthesia on Triglyceride Levels After Elective Craniotomy Surgery}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {597-601}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {597}, abstract = {

Background: Propofol TIVA has been shown to be more effective than sevoflurane in craniotomy surgery. Propofol TIVA offers the benefit of giving better brain relaxation during surgery while also being less expensive than sevoflurane. Nonetheless, it is important to highlight that propofol has side effects that should be considered. Large doses and prolonged anesthesia may result in increased triglycerides (lipids) as well as Propofol Infusion Syndrome (PRIS). As part of their investigation into the detrimental effects of propofol, researchers discovered the necessity for controls to avoid confusing the effects of the surgery itself. Therefore, sevoflurane was chosen as the control group to comprehend and analyze the effects of propofol more accurately. Methods: A prospective observational study analysis was conducted on elective craniotomy patients at RSUD Dr. Soetomo from November to December 2023. 52 subjects were divided into two groups, namely the TIVA Propofol and Sevoflurane Inhalation groups. Each group will be examined for preoperative triglyceride levels and postoperative triglyceride levels while already in the ICU. Results: Postoperative triglyceride levels in the Propofol TIVA group were significantly higher. In the comparison test between the two anesthesia methods on triglyceride levels, there was a significant effect in the Propofol TIVA group. In the test of the relationship between the duration of anesthesia in both groups, there was no significant relationship. In the test of the relationship between the total dose of propofol and triglyceride levels, it was found that the greater the dose of propofol used, the higher the increase in triglyceride levels. In the test of the relationship between the total amount of sevoflurane and triglyceride levels, it was found that the greater the dose of sevoflurane used, the greater the decrease in triglyceride levels, which was statistically not significant. Conclusion: TIVA Propofol increases triglyceride levels compared to sevoflurane inhalation in patients undergoing elective craniotomies.

}, keywords = {Craniotomy, Sevoflurane, TIVA propofol, Triglycerides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.93}, author = {Andika Perdani Somawi and Nancy Margarita Rehatta and Prihatma Kriswidyatomo and Kohar Hari Santoso and Hamzah and Pudji Lestari} } @article {2384, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water Powder Enriched with Vitamin E in Preventing Oxidative Stress of Diabetes Male Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1062-1068}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1062}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with increased oxidative stress and higher mortality rates. Analysis is needed to identify compounds in natural foods that can prevent oxidative stress. According to previous studies, tender coconut waterwith added vitamin E is more effective in preventing oxidative stress caused by DM compared to plain tender coconut water. This development is necessary to provide added value and practicality. Objective: To evaluate the potential of tender coconut water powder inriched with vitamin E on male rats diabetes by measuring the oxidative stress (SOD, GPx, MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels). Methods: An experimental method was used with a posttest control group design. A total of 36 male Wistar rats used were randomly divided into 6 groups namely normal; DM; P1 (type 2 DM + Spray Drying tender coconut water powder); P2 (type 2 DM + Spray Drying tender coconut water powder + vitamin E); P3 (type 2 DM + Freeze Drying tender coconut water powder); and P4 (type 2 DM + Freeze Drying tender coconut water powder + vitamin E). Type 2 DM induction was carried out using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg/kgBW and Nicotinamide 230 mg/kgBW. Tender coconut water powder was administered daily for 4 weeks beginning on the 3rd day after inducing DM. The data obtained were analyzed using the One Way Analysis of Variance test (ANOVA). Result: The results showed that the average levels of SOD and GPx in P4 were higher compared to P2, while MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF α, and CRP in P4 were lower compared to P2. Conclusion: Tender coconut water powder enriched with vitamin E effectively prevented oxidative stress, as indicated by increased SOD and GPx, along with decreased MDA, IL-1, IL-6, TNF α, and CRP levels.

}, keywords = {Tender coconut water powder; oxidative stress; Diabetes mellitus; spray drying; freeze drying}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.172}, author = {Ratnawati Ratnawati and Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Atina Hussaana and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {2334, title = {Effects of ADCES7 Self Care Behavior Application and Acupressure on Changes in Blood Glucose Levels in Obesive, Prediabetic Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {744-750}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {744}, abstract = {

Background: Prediabetes and obesity in women are important health problems today. Appropriate selfmanagement and other methods are needed to overcome this. Objective: To assess the magnitude of the difference in changes in fasting blood glucose levels, before and after carrying out ADCES7 self-care behavior and acupressure. Method: This research is quasi-experimental research. The research design used was the Non-Randomized Pre Test - Post Test Control Group, which gathered obese, prediabetic women in the Kalumata Community Health Center, Siko Community Health Center and Posbindu under the PKK Ternate City through screening by excluding those who had suffered from diabetes mellitus and were pregnant. This group was then divided into the ADCES7 self care behavior intervention group, the acupressure group and the combined ADCES7 self care behavior and acupressure group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess changes in fasting blood glucose levels. Results: Respondents in this study were 102 people who were divided into three groups. The results showed that there was an effect of Self Management intervention p(0.016)\<0.05, acupressure intervention p(0.032)\<0.05, and the combination group of Self Management and Acupressure p(0.011)\<0.05 on changes in fasting blood glucose levels in prediabetic obese women. Conclusion: obese prediabetic women who are aware and active in self-management ACDES7 self care behavior and acupressure can reduce blood glucose levels and body weight in obese prediabetic women

}, keywords = {Acupressure, ADCES7 Self Care Behavior., Obesity, Prediabetes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.124}, author = {Acce Basri and Syamsiar Russeng and Nurhaedar Jafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Yahya Thamrin and Masni Masni and Muhammad Safar and Siti Muslimatun and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2405, title = {Effects of Bacteriophage in Postoperative Endophthalmitis Caused by Staphylococcus aureus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1188-1191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1188}, abstract = {

Postoperative endophthalmitis is a serious complication of cataract surgery. It may leads to vision loss. The most common organism cause endophthalmitis is gram-positive bacteria, mainly Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). To prevent postoperative endophthalmitis, eye drops or intracameral administration of antibiotic agents are universally used. In recent years, the trend of endophthalmitis treatment has grown rapidly. Administration of bacteriophage is a subject of research for the treatment and prophylaxis of postoperative endophthalmitis. This literature review investigates the potential of bacteriophage to provide a rapid, effective alternative to antibiotic treatments for postoperative endophthalmitis caused by S. aureus

}, keywords = {bacteriophage, postoperative endophthalmitis, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.194}, author = {Herdina Ramadhani and Indri Wahyuni and Ismi Zuhria and Firman Setiawan and Annise Proboningrat and Djoko Legowo and Diah Indriani} } @article {2383, title = {Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on the Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hyperphosphatemia: A Double-blind Randomized Clinical Trial}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1056-1061}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1056}, abstract = {

Background: Hyperphosphatemia has been emphasized to be a significant risk factor for vascular calcification in CKD patients. This study aims to investigate the effect of magnesium supplementation on the reduction of phosphate levels and carotid intima media thickness in children as predictor on vascular calcification with CKD and hyperphosphatemia, compared to a placebo. Methods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted at Pediatric Ward and Outpatient Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology in our setting during October-March 2023. We compared oral magnesium supplementation (6 mg/kg body weight/day for two months) with a placebo in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia (ages 1-18 years old). Patients who were on dialysis and had serum magnesium levels of \<1.6 mg/dL and \>2.4 mg/dL, and were allergic to magnesium supplementation were excluded. A paired T-test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: We collected 25 children in the experimental group and 25 children in the placebo group. Phosphate levels were decreased in both the magnesium supplementation and placebo groups (6.1 {\textpm} 0.79 to 6.0 {\textpm} 0.63 mg/dL; p-value = 0.852 and 6.01 {\textpm} 0.55 to 5.8 {\textpm} 0.64 mg/dL; p-value=0.365). However, when compared between groups, the reductions were not significantly different (0.1 vs 0.21; p-value=0.935). A significant improvement was found in carotid intima media thickness in both groups (0.05{\textpm}0.01 to 0.05{\textpm}0.01; p-value=0.000 and 0.05{\textpm}0.01 to 0.05{\textpm}0.01; p-value=0.000), and the reductions were significantly different (0.01 vs 0.01; p-value=0.000). Conclusion: Magnesium supplements have considerably lower phosphate levels and significantly reduced the thickness on carotid intima media in children with CKD and hyperphosphatemia.

}, keywords = {Carotid Intima Media Thickness, Children, Chronic Kidney Disease, Hyperphosphatemia, Magnesium}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.171}, author = {Putu Virgina Angga Saraswati and Mahrus Abdur Rahman and Risky Vitria Prasetyo} } @article {2338, title = {Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Potential of Methanolic Stem Extract of Spermacocce articularis L.f.: An In vitro and In vivo Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {770-778}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {770}, abstract = {

Context: Polygenic urolithiasis has a complicated etiology and even more varied therapeutic outcomes. Spermacoce articularis L.f. has been used historically for stone treatments in several traditional medical systems. Aim: The current study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anti-urolithiatic potential of Spermacoce articularis Stem Extract (SASE). Methods: In vitro antiurolithiatic potential on the CaOx crystallization was evaluated using nucleation and aggregation assays. In vivo, activity was assessed on renal calculi-induced Wistar rats by polyethylene glycol (0.75\%) in drinking water for 14 days. SASE and cystone with two experimental doses (250 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.) were dispensed for ten days. Various biochemical parameters were assessed in the kidneys{\textquoteright} serum, urine, and histological sections. In addition, SASE inhibited CaOx crystallization by reducing the density of crystals, triggering the breakdown of CaOx crystals, and hindering their growth. Cystone demonstrated comparable outcomes. Results: Upon treatment with SASE, urinary, serum, kidney homogenates, and antioxidants were significantly improved (p\<0.05) to normal levels. The histopathology of the kidney section showed no damaged cells of SASE treated and Cystone treated compared with that of control animals. Conclusion: This research validates the traditional idea and suggests that SASE is advantageous in preventing the growth of urinary stones.

}, keywords = {calcium oxalate, In vivo, Polyethylene glycol, Spermacoce articularis, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.128}, author = {S Gopika and MK Nisha and E Gaayathiri Devi and A Raja Rajeswari and R Vasandhlakshmi} } @article {2251, title = {Evaluation of the Acute Toxicity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {323-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {323}, abstract = {

Background: Ginger has pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-neuroinflammatory, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Objective: The research aims to evaluate the acute toxicity of the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe in rats. Materials and Methods: The extract was administrated at doses of 300 and 2000 mg/ Kg/day to female and male rats. Changes in body weight were determined during the 14-day treatment period, and on the last day of treatment, blood was drawn, and euthanasia was performed, removing organs for histological analysis. Biochemical parameters were measured. Results: The body weight of the research specimens not show statistically significant variation. In the liver, mild lymphocytic portal inflammation and moderate hepatic steatosis occurred at doses of 2000 mg/kg/day. The kidneys exhibited a mild infiltration around the renal tubules and glomeruli at the same dose. The brain showed a slight increase in the count of astrocytes with focal glial reaction at the highest dose. The stomach and heart also showed mild inflammatory processes at the dose of 2000 mg/kg/day. In biochemical parameters, statistically significant differences were observed between the dose of 2000 mg/Kg/day and the control group. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of the rhizome of Z. officinale in rats revealed histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, brain, stomach, and heart, besides changes in biochemical parameters at doses of 2000 mg/Kg/day.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity test, Biochemical parameters, Histopathology, Rats, Zingiber officinale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.49}, author = {V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and Juana E. Chávez-Flores and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Julio Hilario-Vargas and Maria J. Abanto-Vaella and C{\'e}sar D. Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez and Yuri F. Curo-Vallejos and Marco L. Salazar-Castillo and Icela M. Rodriguez-Haro and Flor Soriano-L{\'o}pez and Renato Cueva- Veneros and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco} } @article {2303, title = {Evaluation of the Antenatal Care Service Program at the Tojo Una-Una District Health Office}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {615-623}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {615}, abstract = {

Through ANC, various information and education related to pregnancy and childbirth preparation can be provided to mothers as early as possible. ANC service is a program provided to pregnant women as a form of preventive service for disorders during pregnancy and also functions as an early detection of health problems experienced by pregnant women. Objective: This research is to evaluate the antenatal care service program in Tojo Una-una Regency based on Input, Process and Output. Method: This type of research uses a qualitative research design through in-depth interview techniques and document reviews. Determining informants using purposive sampling technique, numbering 11 informants. Data were collected through triangulation techniques, namely in-depth interviews, observation and documentation using interview guides. Results: research shows that the input to the antenatal care service program in terms of funding used for the ANC service program is still insufficient where the funds come from APBN funds in the form of non-physical DAK, BOK and BPJS funds, apart from that the availability of human resources is still inadequate, Some community health centers still feel inadequate because they have a large working area, making it difficult to carry out activities in the field or at the community health center because the village midwife, who is supposed to only work at the village health post, has concurrent duties at the community health center. In the process component, the community health center has implemented the antenatal care service program in accordance with the plan, although there are still several obstacles such as funding problems during the activity, problems with supervision being carried out by the health service only once a year and while the output is achieving coverage of the antenatal care service program in The Tojo Una Regency Health Service still has not met the target coverage that has been set due to the lack of optimal input and processes in the antenatal care service program system both at the health service and at the community health center. Conclusion: The evaluation at the Tojo Una-una District Health Service in 2023 is still not going well because the input is still inadequate, the process is still not carried out optimally so that the output to achieve program coverage still does not meet the target coverage that has been set.

}, keywords = {Antenatal Care Services, Health Service, Program Evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.97}, author = {Dewi Sartika and Amran Razak and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Muhammad Kardi and Nurhaedar Jafar} } @article {2399, title = {Exploration of Adolescent Knowledge Experiences and Efforts to Identify Interventions on the Use of Digital Technology Information Media to Increase Knowledge related to HIV/AIDS Prevention}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1150-1158}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1150}, abstract = {

Background: HIV/AIDS has become a pandemic that worries the world community, especially teenagers because of their lack of understanding in tackling the prevention and spread of HIV/AIDS. One of the things that can be done is to identify interventions in the utilization of digital technology information media. Purpose: This study focuses on exploring the experiences of adolescents in efforts and in identifying interventions using digital technology information media to increase knowledge related to HIV/AIDS prevention. Methods: Qualitative research using interpretive descriptive approach and literature review on teenage students of SMA Negeri 4 (SMA A) and SMK Negeri 6 (SMA B) in Pangkep Regency, Class II and Class III. Sampling using t purposive sampling type of criteria sampling. The number of participants is 20 people and 5 participants who fall into the source triangulation category. Semi-structured interview guidelines with in-depth interviews, FGDs and observations using field notes. Results: There are 4 main themes that are obtained, namely: 1) Lack of youth knowledge about HIV/AIDS; 2) Perception of adolescents{\textquoteright} response control towards HIV/AIDS sufferers (ODHA); 3) Work Program in efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS; 4) The needs of adolescents, teachers, health center staff, and the health office regarding plans for developing interventions to increase youth knowledge in efforts to prevent HIV/AIDS. Conclusion: Respondents have inadequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS, show negative attitudes towards PLHIV and are also involved in risky practices that can affect HIV transmission. This shows that the provision of accurate and comprehensive information related to HIV/ AIDS is a component of prevention and control interventions that must be increased so that intervention strategies are needed to alleviate suffering and possibly reduce the negative consequences that may occur.

}, keywords = {HIV/AIDS, Intervention Strategy, knowledge, Model Development, Youth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.188}, author = {Rusli Taher and H. Muh. Syafar and A. Indahwaty Sidin and Stang and Oedojo Soedirman and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Ridwan Amiruddin and Andi Armyn Nurdin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2422, title = {Exploring the Calming Potential of Peppermint: Anxiolytic Effects of Mentha piperita Essential Oil on State and Trait Anxiety}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1290-1296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1290}, abstract = {

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the anxiolytic effect of Mentha piperita essential oil on state and trait anxiety. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and its chemical composition was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 93 participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an experimental group (EG), with 47 participants in the EG receiving MPEO aromatherapy and 46 in the CG. Anxiety levels were measured using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at pretest and posttest phases. Results: GC-MS analysis showed that menthol had the highest concentration (42.56\%), followed by menthone (19.24\%) and linalool (11.68\%). Mixed model analysis revealed that group assignment (EG vs. CG) was a significant predictor of posttest state anxiety (F=16.508, p=0.001) and trait anxiety (F=9.091, p=0.003), independent of pretest scores, supporting the intervention{\textquoteright}s effect on reducing anxiety. Posttest results showed a significant reduction in state anxiety in the EG compared to the CG (p=0.001) with a large effect size (r=0.508), while trait anxiety showed a moderate reduction (p=0.001, r=0.342). Conclusion: These findings suggest that Mentha piperita essential oil may effectively reduce state and trait anxiety, with a more pronounced impact on state anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oil, Mentha piperita, State anxiety, Trait anxiety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.208}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Santiago M. Benites and Anthony Derlis Auris-L{\'o}pez and Gerardo Manuel Del Pino-Aliaga} } @article {2262, title = {Factors Affecting the Realization of Non-Physical Special Allocation Funds in The Health Sector at the Baubau City Health Office}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {393-399}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Failure of meeting the budget realization target can result in the loss of spending benefits, because not all of the funds allocated can be utilized by the government which means there are idle funds. This study aims to investigate the factors that affect budget Realization. This study was approached using mixed method design, using a saturated sample technique where the sample used was the entire population of financial managers within the scope of the Baubau City{\textquoteright}s Health Office and Community Health Center totaling 76 respondents. The data were collected by questionnaire techniques and in-depth interviews with 6 informants and analyzed by univariate analysis techniques, bivariate with Chi Square formula, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The results showed that budget planning (p = 0.000), budget implementation (p = 0.000), human resources (p = 0.000), regulation (p = 0.001), and leadership (p = 0.012) influence on budget Realization. The results of logistic regression analysis show that budget planning is the most influential factor on budget Realization with p value of 0.002\<0.005 and OR 11.353. Budget planning, budget implementation, human resources, regulations and leadership factors influence budget realization. Related parties are expected to improve the quality of human resources in the field of planning and budgeting division, which in turn, can increase budget realization.

}, keywords = {Budget Realization, Human Resources, Implementation, Leadership, Planning, Regulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.61}, author = {Wildan Harisma and Sukri Palutturi and Amran Razak and Indar and Ummu Salmah and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2327, title = {A Girl with McCune-Albright Syndrome: Case Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {706-710}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by skeletal, cutaneous, and endocrine system involvement. We report a 6-year-old girl with fibrous dysplasia, caf{\'e}-au-lait macula, and multiple hyperfunctional endocrinopathies. Treatment was palliative, the patient was planned for surgery on bilateral femur fractures and a rehabilitation program.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.119}, author = {Khairunnisa, Muhammad Faizi and Nur Rochmah and Yuni Hisbiyah and Rayi Kurnia Perwitasari} } @article {2427, title = {The Global Research Landscape of Rendang: A Bibliometric Insight into Culinary Heritage and Innovation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1320-1330}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1320}, abstract = {

Rendang, a traditional Indonesian dish, has garnered international attention for its rich flavor and cultural significance. The study aimed to analyze the global research trends related to Rendang using bibliometric methods. By examining publications, citation patterns, and key areas of focus, we aim to provide insights into the scientific community{\textquoteright}s interest and the development of research on Rendang. The analysis utilized data from major academic databases, scopus.com. The search query keyword used was {\textquotedblleft}Rendang{\textquotedblright} without restrictions on language, document type, or field of study. Visualization tools utilized include VOSviewer (version 1.16.18), and RStudio (Biblioshiny). A total of 63 documents were analyzed, revealing an annual growth rate of 3.06\% and an average of 11.24 citations per document, with an international co-authorship rate of 9.524\%. Indonesia and Malaysia emerged as the top-cited countries. The study recommends broadening Rendang research beyond descriptive studies to explore innovations in food processing, faster cooking methods, packaging, preservation, and health impacts. Further research should address sustainability, economic impacts, and increased international collaboration, aiming for more publications in high-impact journals. Additionally, the commercialization of ready-to-eat Rendang that preserves its traditional taste and the application of smart food technologies are essential for enhancing global research impact.

}, keywords = {Bibliometric Analysis, Food Systems, Indonesian Cuisine, Rendang}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.213}, author = {Anni Faridah and Riski Gusri Utami and Durain Parmanoan and Risma Rahmatunisa and Arif Adrian and Ruhul Fitri Rosel4 and Nurul Huda} } @article {2206, title = {The Implementation of Quick Wins Blood Services Program in Efforts to Prevent Maternal Deaths Due to Hemorrhage in East Lombok Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

The Quick Wins Blood Service Program was launched by the Ministry of Health to accelerate the fulfillment of blood needs for pregnant women with hemorrhage complications by integrating public health centers, referral hospitals, and blood transfusion units. Maternal hemorrhage deaths could be prevented if more voluntary donors regularly donated blood. Purpose: This study aims to analyze the Quick Wins Blood Service Program implementation in East Lombok Regency. Methods: This is qualitative research with a case study design. Data were collected by interviewing 11 informants from the blood transfusion unit of the hospital, the East Lombok Red Cross, Public Health Centers, the East Lombok District Health Office, and high-risk pregnant women. Results: Health services for pregnant women have been adequately provided. However, some midwives do not conduct home visits and only wait for patients at the posts (polindes) in some areas or only do examinations at the integrated health services posts (Posyandu). Blood services have been good, but more blood stocks are often needed due to a lack of donor interest. Preparing prospective donors for pregnant women in the Quick Wins program is not always carried out because pregnant women and their families assume that blood is always available at referral hospitals. Conclusion: The Quick Wins Blood Service Program has been well implemented but needs to be more optimal.

}, keywords = {Blood Transfusion, Hemorrhage, Maternal Death, Pregnancy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.5}, author = {Alfina H. Ummah and Sudirman Nasir and Suriah and Shanti Riskiyani and Syamsuar and Lalu M. Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2392, title = {Implementation of the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority Agency{\textquoteright}s (BPOM) Health Service Policy on the Sale of Non- Prescribed Prescription Drugs at Pharmacies in Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1114-1120}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1114}, abstract = {

The delivery of prescription drugs without using any prescription in Indonesian pharmacies is still frequent, such as the delivery of amlodipine (97.7\%) and allopurinol (92.0\%) without a doctor{\textquoteright}s prescription (Rokhman, 2017). The studies of Siahaan (2017) and Djawaria (2018) also show a similar trend, highlighting low compliance with BPOM policies. This indicates that the implementation of BPOM policies related to prescription drugs has not been optimal, increasing the risk of irrational drug use and shows public disapproval of the drug and food control system. Improvements in the implementation of BPOM policies are needed to reduce the risk of using hard drugs without a prescription. This research uses qualitative research methods with a descriptive approach. The data was analyzed using content analysts. Interviews were conducted with 5 informants in several agencies, including 2 Key Informants and 3 Ordinary Informants. Effective communication occurs between BPOM, health offices, and pharmacies through offline and online programs. Although resources in pharmacies are considered sufficient, challenges arise from the inadequacy of transportation facilities. Compliance with SOPs, especially related to the prescriptions supervision of prescription drug, is a problem. Improving SOP compliance, coordination, and public education are considered important to improve the effectiveness of BPOM policy implementation in Makassar City pharmacies. The implementation of BPOM policy related to the sale of prescription drugs without any doctor{\textquoteright}s prescription in pharmacies in Makassar City has been going well, supported by diverse communication and the availability of adequate resources. However, there are still practical obstacles such as transportation problems, lack of public education, budget constraints, lack of formal procedures in some pharmacies, and lack of interaction with relevant agencies.

}, keywords = {BPOM, Hard Drugs, Health Service, Policy, Supervisory Agency{\textquoteright}s}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.181}, author = {Leilani Ismaniar and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir} } @article {2341, title = {In Silico Gene Transcription of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid from Broccoli Fruit (Brassica oleracea var. italica) with Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {791-796}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {791}, abstract = {

This study aims to explore the relationship between 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid, a compound found in broccoli fruit (Brassica oleracea var. italica), and Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein through in silico analysis. The research was conducted using Pymol, MOE 2015, Discovery Studio 2016, and Lepinski Rule software. These tools were employed to model the structure of both the compound and protein, as well as to evaluate their interaction. The results revealed a significant interaction with a Binding Affinity of -6.4182. Moreover, the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) measurements yielded a value of 3.8907, indicating the degree of agreement between the compound and protein structures. Analysis using the Lepinski Rule disclosed the characteristics of the compound 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid, including a mass of 164, two hydrogen bond donors, three hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.490, and a molar reactivity of 44.776. These findings provide valuable insights into the potential of 4-Hydroxycinnamic Acid in interacting with Estrogen Receptor Beta Protein, which could serve as a foundation for further research on the health benefits and therapeutic applications of this compound, contributing to the goal of good health and well-being.

}, keywords = {Brassica oleracea var. italica, good health and well-being., in silico, molecular interaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.131}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Dheo Shalsabilla Novel and Herland Satriawan and Khang Wen Goh and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Sri Suwarni and Ria Septiana and Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori and Mochammad Aqilah Herdiansyah and Anni Faridah} } @article {2382, title = {Increasing Oxytocin through Electroacupuncture Stimulation at LI4 and SP6 Points in Postpartum Cesarean Section}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1051-1055}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1051}, abstract = {

Background: Pain from postoperative cesarean section stitches can cause physiological stress, thereby disrupting mobility and affecting the uterine involution process postpartum. Acupuncture at points LI4 and SP6 has been reported to stimulate uterine contractions and reduce pain. Objective: To look into how electroacupuncture (EA) stimulation works at particular places LI4, SP6, and the combination of LI4 \& SP6 with frequencies of 30, 50, and 100 Hz on the increase in oxytocin levels postpartum cesarean section. Method: The number of respondents was 144 postpartum cesarean section patients who met the inclusion criteria, divided using the randomized controlled trial (RCT) method into 8 intervention and control groups. Oxytocin levels were analyzed through blood samples using the ELISA method, comparing results before and after the intervention as well as with the control group. Result: The electroacupuncture intervention group{\textquoteright}s analysis at points LI4 and SP6 showed a substantial (P\<0.05) rise in oxytocin levels when compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this research suggest that electroacupuncture intervention following a cesarean section can induce a rise in the levels of the hormone oxytocin.

}, keywords = {Electroacupuncture, LI4, Oxytocin, Postpartum, SP6}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.170}, author = {Nurul Azizah and Budi Santoso and Abdurachman and Hanik Badriyah Hidayati and Ario Imandiri and Rafhani Rosyidah and Ratna Dwi Jayanti} } @article {2222, title = {The Influence of Organizational Culture and Group Climate on Innovation Readiness at Hasanuddin University Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {150-155}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Innovation is considered a competitive mechanism for organizational performance and success, and is considered an important instrument for adapting to the ever-changing business environment. This research aims to analyze the influence of Organizational Culture and Group Climate on Innovation Readiness at Hasanuddin University Hospital. The type of research carried out was quantitative research using an observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sample in this study was employees at the hospital, totaling 123 respondents. The research results show that there is a direct influence of organizational culture on innovation readiness, there is a direct influence of group climate on innovation readiness. It is recommended that hospital management be open to new ideas and encourage their employees to be more open and accept input from other employees. This will greatly encourage the emergence of innovation, improve the climate in positive work teams, such as participative, open and safe, will motivate employees to show Innovative and improving behavior creates or adopts new ideas, products, services, programs, technologies, policies, structures or new administrative systems.

}, keywords = {Group Climate, Hospital, Innovation Readiness, Organizational Culture}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.21}, author = {Michele Wijaya Oei and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Noer Bahry Noor and Fridawaty Rivai and Healty} } @article {2351, title = {The Influence of Psychological Capital on Nurse Performance Through Work Engagement at the Inpatient Installation of the Sandi Karsa Hospital in Makassar City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {865-871}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {865}, abstract = {

Background: One concept that supports nurses in being more motivated to achieve good performance is psychological capital. Objective: To analyse the effect of psychological capital on work engagement and nurse performance at the inpatient installation at Sandi Karsa Hospital. Method: The type of research used is quantitative research. The research design used analytic observations with a cross-sectional study approach. The sample in this study was 65 nurses at the inpatient installation at Sandi Karsa Hospital, Makassar City, using the total sampling technique. The analysis method used is Partial Least Square with SmartPLS software version 3.0. Results: The results of this study indicate that there is a direct influence of psychological capital on work engagement (p = 0.000), and there is a direct influence of psychological capital on nurse performance with a (p = 0.000). There is no effect of work engagement on nurse performance (p = 0.307) and no direct effect of psychological capital on nurse performance through work engagement (p = 0.326).

}, keywords = {Hospitalization., Performance, Psychology, Work engagement}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.141}, author = {Annisa Putri Ramadhani Arifin and Sukri Palutturi and Muhammad Yusran Amir and Amran Razak and Aminuddin Syam and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2202, title = {Inhibitory Mechanisms of Soybean Extract on the Development of Breast Cancer Through Modulation of Cellular Immune Response}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {01-08}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Consumption of soy products has been reported to reduce the incidence of and mortality rate for some cancers, including breast cancer. However, there are limited in vivo studies on the inhibitory effect of soybean extracts on breast cancer. Objectives: To examine the effect of soybean extracts on breast cancer cellular immunity and to determine the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the development and outcome of breast cancer. Material and Methods: Rat were induced with DMBA 11 times to get a breast cancer model. A soybean extract was given at different doses starting one week before DMBA induction and continued until the end of the study. At the end of the study, peripheral blood was collected, and the lymphocytes were examined using flow cytometry. Results: The phytochemical screening of soybean extract, using the Q-TOF LC/MS method, detected four bioactive components from the isoflavone and saponin groups. The incidence of tumor formation in the NeC, SE-D250, SE-D500, and SE-D1000 groups was 100\%, 83\%, 33\%, and 33\%, respectively. The highest proportion of CD4+ T cells was found in the NeC (69.35\%), while the lowest was in the SE-D1000 (63.75\%). The highest and lowest proportions of CD8+ T cells were found in the SE-D1000 and NeC groups, at 35.95\% and 31.15\%, respectively. Conclusions: The soybean extract was able to reduce the incidence of breast tumor formation in DMBA-induced rat in a dose-dependent manner. The soy extract group{\textquoteright}s CD4+/CD8+ ratio was close to that of healthy rats compared to the DMBA-induced group without soy extract. A lowered CD4+/CD8+ ratio is followed by a lower risk of tumor formation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, CD4+, CD8+, Cellular immune response, Soybean extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.1}, author = {Andi Muh. Maulana and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Taifo Mahmud and Heri Wibowo and Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto and Primariadewi Rustamadji and Numlil Khaira Rusdi} } @article {2264, title = {Intercorrelations among Hemoglobin Level, Physical Fitness, and Cognitive Score in Adolescent Girls: A Cross Sectional Study in Banggai District, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {405-409}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Iron deficiency anemia in adolescent girls can cause decreased concentration, cognitive levels and fitness. In the long term it will have an impact on low productivity and school achievement. This study aims to analyze the correlations between hemoglobin level, physical fitness and cognitive score in Anemic adolescent girls. The research design was cross-sectional, with a sample of adolescent girls aged 12{\textendash}18 years (n=139). Iron status was determined by hemoglobin levels using Hemocue. Cognitive function was measured using the Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CFIT), memory scores using the Intelligenz Structure Test (ITS), and physical fitness based on the predicted VO2max using the Bleep Test. Correlation analysis uses Pearson correlation analysis. The research results showed that overall 58.3\% of students experienced anemia, of which 64.1\% experienced mild anemia and 32.1\% experienced moderate anemia. The average value of hemoglobin levels in respondents was 11.6 mg/dl. The mean predicted VO2 max is 25.3 kg/ m2 and kognitif score 81,02 and memori score 11,01. Pearson{\textquoteright}s test results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between hemoglobin levels and predicted VO2 max (r = 0.28, p\<0.05) and memori score (r = 0.31, p\<0.05). There was a weak correlation between hemoglobin levels and kognitif score (r=0.17, p=0.053). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between hemoglobin levels and physical fitness and cognitive function. Therefore, an intervention program is needed to increase Hb levels in adolescent girls

}, keywords = {Adolescent girl, Anemia, Hemoglobin level, kognitif, Physical Fitness}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.63}, author = {Risma Risma and Veni Hadju and Andi Zulkifli and Healthy Hidayanti and Syamsiar S.Russeng and Apik Indarty and Abdul Salam and Toto Sudargo and Abdul Fandir and Masrif Masrif} } @article {2373, title = {Juglans regia L.: Source of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Anticancer Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {998-1003}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {998}, abstract = {

Background: Juglans regia L., commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}walnut{\textquotedblright}, belongs to the Juglandaceae family, with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic medicinal properties. Objective: Describe the anticancer potential of the bioactive compounds present in Juglans regia L. Method: Recent scientific studies were reviewed on the effects of bioactive compounds from Juglans regia L. on inhibiting tumor growth and cancer development in several experimental models. To do this, a scientific literature search was carried out, using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. Results: Regarding the selected articles, it was found that some bioactive compounds from Juglans regia L. exhibit mechanisms of anticancer action, among which the following stand out: induction of apoptosis, suppression of angiogenesis, and modulation of cell signaling pathways related to cell proliferation and survival. Conclusion: It is concluded that Juglans regia L. contains active metabolites with potential anticancer effects.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Antitumor, Apoptosis, Cancer, Juglans regia L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.161}, author = {Carla Y. Requejo-Rodr{\'\i}guez and Elmer M. Roncal-Alayo and Carmen R. Silva-Correa and V{\'\i}ctor E. Villarreal-La Torre and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and William A. Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Walter E. Janampa-Castillo and Jos{\'e} E. Alvarez- Trujillo and Glenda J. Vela-Urbina and Abhel A. Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Cinthya L. Aspajo-Villalaz and Mar{\'\i}a E. Cotrina-Le{\'o}n and Julio A. Casta{\~n}eda-Carranza and Deivy Y. Dionicio-Rosado} } @article {2437, title = {Natural Compounds in Clot Waveform Analysis and D-Dimer Modulation: Implications for COVID-19 Diagnosis and Prognosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1373-1378}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1373}, abstract = {

Objectives: Patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may develop hypercoagulopathy. A thromboelastogram can detect hypercoagulopathy, but it is not commonly available in all healthcare facilities. Understanding the clot waveform analysis (CWA) parameters of the CS-2500 coagulation analyzer in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 may help determine whether it can serve as an alternative. Methods: This study measured the amounts of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)-based CWA, aPTT, plasma prothrombin time (PPT), and D-dimer using the CS-2500 autoanalyzer in 177 patients confirmed with COVID-19 and 110 patients without COVID-19. Retrospective data collection was conducted using electronic medical records. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 were distinguished by the SARS-COV-2 PCR results. Results: Substantial differences were observed in the aPTT-based CWA parameters, including maximum coagulation velocity (Vmax), maximum coagulation acceleration (Amax), and maximum coagulation deceleration (Dmax) (p = 0.03, p = 0.03, and p = 0.02), between the COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 groups but not between survivors and non-survivors. Additionally, a substantial difference was identified in the D-dimer between the two groups (p = 0.002 and p \< 0.001). The difference in D-dimer between both groups could be explained by the fact that non-survivors have a more prominent hypercoagulable state. Conclusions: While the D-dimer may be a better indicator of mortality in COVID-19 patients, the aPTT-based CWA characteristics may be more helpful in differentiating between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients. Further investigations on treatment interference and the specificity of this method to predict hypercoagulable states are warranted.

}, keywords = {Activated partial thromboplastin time, Clot waveform analysis, COVID-19, D-dimer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.221}, author = {Prafa Alif Rahmawan and Yetti Hernaningsih} } @article {2239, title = {Occupational Diseases in Female Workers in the Industrial World, Indonesia: Hazard Types and Exposure Mechanisms {\textendash} Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {263-267}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {263}, abstract = {

Background: Occupational diseases are diseases caused by work and the work environment. Specifically gender, women have a double burden, namely domestic work in the household and the burden of being a breadwinner who works outside the home, women are also faced with reproductive tasks, namely pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, and bioanatomically women have physical strength different from men, so that women are specifically more vulnerable to health risks due to their work, both physically, mental and social. This research will review the types and mechanisms of the spread of Occupational Diseases (OD) in female workers in the industrial world. Methods: The writing of this research was carried out using the Literature Review method which is a literature review method in which scientific articles are selected by researchers related to the research topic. Results: According to the results of the study, the specific risk of occupational diseases in the female worker community is pregnancy and childbirth disorders, Anemia and Sexuall Transmitted Disease (STD), while other accompanying diseases are Pulmonary Obstruction Disease, Tinea pedis, Neurotoksic Symptoms, Noice Induce Hearing Loss (NIHL), Low Back Pain (LBP), MSDs, and Work Stress. Conclusion: Every female worker has a susceptibility to occupational diseases according to the conditions and work environment experienced. The industry must pay attention to programs to improve occupational health by making anticipatory efforts so that occupational diseases do not become a life threat to female workers.

}, keywords = {Female Worker, Hazard, Industry, Occupational Disease}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.38}, author = {Mirawati Tongko and Yahya Thamrin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Sukri Palutturi and Ridwan Amiruddin and Irwandy and Anwar Mallongi and Maria Kanan and Fahrudin Lahay and Almustari} } @article {2217, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile and Antidiabetic Activity of Eleutherine bulbosa Mills. Bulbs from East Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {118-125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {118}, abstract = {

Background: Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb., known as Bawang Dayak, is commonly found growing in Kalimantan, Indonesia. The characteristics of the environment in which the plant grows greatly influence the characteristics of the plant and its biological activity. Objective: This study aimed to determine the pharmacognostic profile and evaluate the antidiabetic activity of E. bulbosa bulb extract obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, Indonesia. Methods: The dried powdered of E. bulbosa bulbs was extracted using two different methods (maceration and microwave-assisted extraction). The evaluation of the sample fluorescence and non-specific parameters was done. The antidiabetic activity of the extracts was conducted using streptozocin-induced mice and histopathology analysis. Results: The fluorescence evaluation indicated various secondary metabolites contained in E. bulbosa simplicia. Non-specific parameters include drying loss (8.83{\textpm}0.2611\%), water content in simplicia (8.04{\textpm}0.7481\%), specific gravity (1.04{\textpm}0.0058\%), total ash content (20.3{\textpm}0.1583\%), acid insoluble ash content (1.70{\textpm}0.0608\%), ethanol content in extract (0.99{\textpm}0.0017\%), lead content (0.010 mg/g), cadmium (0.091 mg/g), Arsenic (0.0003 mg/g), aflatoxin (not detected), and mold/yeast (0.8 {\texttimes} 105 colonies/g) meet the established regulations. Meanwhile, the antidiabetic assay showed that both extracts decreased the blood glucose levels in mice during the 14 days of treatments in a dose-dependent manner. This activity is correlated with the increased repair of pancreatic beta cells as observed by histopathological analysis. Conclusion: The dried bulbs of E. bulbosa obtained from Kota Bangun, Kutai Kertanegara, East Kalimantan, Indonesia meet the standards set as raw materials for antidiabetic herbal medicines.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Bawang Dayak, contaminant levels evaluation, Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb, pharmacognostic profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.16}, author = {Herman Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Junaidin Junaidin and M. Arifuddin and Baso Didik Hikmawan and Siska Siska and Tahyatul Bariroh and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Lizma Febrina and Muhammad Faisal and Iswahyudi Iswahyudi and Marissa Angelina and Erwin Samsul and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {2213, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatography and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy Analysis of Eleutherine Bulbous (Mill.) Urb Bulb Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {88-93}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {88}, abstract = {

Background: Many traditional medicinal plants were studied for their phytochemical components. Dayak onions (Eleutherine bulbous (Mill.) Urb) is one of traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. Analysis of the phytochemical compounds in the extract of the plant would help in determining various biological activities of the plant. Objective: This study was primarily aimed to identify the phytochemical profile of Dayak onions extract and its fractions. Methods: The Dayak onion bulbs were collected from Pancur Batu District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Multiple solvents used to for extraction and analysis of phytochemical compound by chemical reactions, thin layer chromatography (TLC) profiling, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR) profiling. Results: The phytochemical screening of Dayak onions ethanol extract showed it contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and triterpenes/ steroids. The n-hexane fraction contained flavonoids and triterpenes/steroids, while the ethyl acetate fraction contains flavonoids and glycosides. The water fraction contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins. By TLC profiling, the bioactive compounds in ethanol extract of the Dayak onion contain steroids, tannins, flavonoids and alkaloids. The bioactive compound in ethyl acetate fraction contains steroids, tannins, triterpenes, flavonoids and glycosides. The bioactive compound in n-hexan fraction contains steroids. The bioactive compound in water fraction fraction contains steroids and tannins. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, en-hexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions. Conclusion: The phytochemical qualitative profiling showed that Dayak onion bulb as a rich source of bioactive compounds and have medicinal potential as therapeutic agent. A higher content of bioactive compounds of Dayak onion bulbs found in the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts. The FTIR demonstrated the presence of C-H alkanes, =C-H alkenes (aliphatic), C-O alcohol, ether, esters and carboxy acid in the ethanol extract, enhexan fractions and ethyl acetate fractions.

}, keywords = {Dayak onion, Eleutherine bulbous, Extract, Fraction, FTIR, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.12}, author = {Lokot Donna Lubis and Muhammad Fidel Ganis Siregar and Farhat and Iqbal Pahlevi Adeputra Nasution and Dedy Syahrizal and Kamal Basri Siregar and Putri Chairani Eyanoer and Ichwanul Adenin and Muhammad Rusda and Mustafa M. Amin} } @article {2241, title = {Poikilodermatous Mycosis Fungoides: A Rare Case Treated with Low-Dose Methotrexate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {276-279}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a subtype of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and a primary cutaneous lymphoma. Poikilodermatous MF (PMF) is a rare clinical variant of MF. Systemic chemotherapy, such as methotrexate (MTX), may be administered as monotherapy or in combination at low doses in MF. A 64-year-old man with PMF has been reported. History and physical examination revealed hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules on the chest, abdomen, both arms, back, and upper legs, along with erythematous macules on the right medial thigh. The diagnosis of PMF is based on clinical manifestations and histopathological features of atypical lymphocyte cell infiltration in the epidermis. In addition, immunohistochemical examination also supports the MF diagnosis. The patient received chemotherapy consisting of monotherapy with MTX at low doses. During the third month of observation following MTX therapy, a few of the hyperpigmented and hypopigmented macules appeared to have diminished; some of the erythematous macules had transformed into hyperpigmented macules, and there were no new lesions. The purpose of therapy is to control the disease. Administration of low-dose MTX as a monotherapy may result in clinical improvement, but further observation is necessary. PMF may have a better prognosis than other clinical variants of MF.

}, keywords = {Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Methotrexate, Mycosis fungoides, Poikilodermatous mycosis fungoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.40}, author = {Eva Krishna Sutedja and Frizam Dwindamuldan Sutisna and Endang Sutedja and Kartika Ruchiatan and Yogi Faldian and Laila Tsaqilah and Hermin Aminah Usman and Yovan Rivanzah} } @article {2306, title = {A Quasi-Experimental One Group Pre-Post Test Design in Air Traffic Controller in Indonesia: Progressive Muscle Relaxation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {638-643}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {638}, abstract = {

Objectives: The effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in assessing the general health of air traffic controllers (ATC) is still insufficient, specifically when examining the psychological conditions of workers who use questionnaire instruments. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the use of PMR program in ATC by developing a model using biomarkers (saliva) tested on the cocorometer stress diagnostic tool and validity, including observing related determinants in the work environment. Methods: A quasi-experimental method was used, focusing on one group pre-post-test design for 92 respondents across six research areas in Indonesia. All respondents had received training in PMR methods conducted by psychologists. Subsequently, ongoing assistance was provided in implementing relaxation by a trained reminder team for eight weeks to maintain the precision and effectiveness of the intervention. Further analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon signed rank test to evaluate the success of the intervention. Results: The implementation of PMR program in ATC reduced the incidence of stress levels after the observation. Statistically, the feeling of fatigue was a significant variable that decreased in mean value after the implementation of the relaxation program on the data review. The main benefit of PMR program in improving psychological health conditions (stress) was found in Surabaya branch ATC. Conclusions: The relaxation program was proven to reduce stress levels in ATC, showing an improvement in conditions before and after the implementation of PMR.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.100}, author = {Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Istiana Tadjuddin and Iva Hardi Yanti and Nurul Mawaddah Syafitri and Yulianah Rahmadani and Mahfuddin Yusbud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2219, title = {Screening and Identification of Metabolites from Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) Ethanol Extract for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Inhibitory through In Silico and In Vitro Approaches}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {131-140}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {131}, abstract = {

Objective: Andrographis paniculata has long been a traditional medicinal plant in Indonesia. This study is intended to evaluate the anti-pro-inflammatory cytokines of 98\% ethanol extract of A. paniculata by in vitro and in silico approaches. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines is also one of the therapies in treating COVID-19. Methods: The molecular docking approach was utilized as a first screening to evaluate the potential for suppression of macrophage cell activation; an ADMET prediction test was performed to determine the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity as a therapeutic target. TNF-α, IL-1{\ss}, and IL-6 levels were measured using an ELISA method to investigate anti-cytokine pro-inflammatory activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. LC-MS/MS was used to identify additional metabolite compounds. Results: Ethanol extract containing particular metabolites 14-Deoxyandrographoside and 14-Deoxy-17-hydroxyandrographolide inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β by 100\% and IL-6 by 85.59\%, respectively. While compared to the Dexamethasone molecule as a positive control, preliminary screening and ADMET prediction for the metabolite compound 14-Deoxyandrographoside exhibited relatively high binding stability to the CD14 receptor by -7.5 kcal/mol and was safe against various ADMET indications. Conclusions: This study reveals that the compound 14-Deoxyandrographoside in pure ethanol extract is a potential anticytokine agent candidate for treating pro-inflammatory cytokines, including COVID-19 infection.

}, keywords = {LC-MS/MS, Molecular docking, Pro-inflammatory cytokines, Sambiloto}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.18}, author = {Evul Winoto Lukito and Dyah Iswantini and Budhi Antariksa and Mohamad Rafi and Setyanto Tri Wahyudi} } @article {2419, title = {Standardizing Cordia sinensis Lam. Stems: Microscopic Analysis and TLC Fingerprinting of Phenolics and Flavonoids}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1264-1271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1264}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cordia sinensis Lam., also known synonymously as Cordia rothii, is a small tree from the Boraginaceae family, widely recognized for its therapeutic value in traditional medicine. Although parts like the fruit, bark, leaves, and seeds have been extensively studied; comprehensive pharmacognostic investigations of the stem remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to conduct a detailed microscopic evaluation of Cordia sinensis Lam. stems, establish quality parameters, and perform Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) profiling to identify flavonoids and phenolics. Methods: Authenticated stem samples of Cordia sinensis Lam. underwent thorough pharmacognostic, physicochemical, and phytochemical analyses following established protocols. Additionally, TLC was performed using both ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the stem to detect flavonoids and phenolics. Results: Key microscopic features identified included well-differentiated cork, phellogen, xylem fibers, medullary rays, calcium oxalate crystals, and various wood elements. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and steroids. The TLC profile further revealed distinct bands, indicating the presence of flavonoids and phenolics, with clear visualization under visible light, UV light at 254 nm, and 366 nm. Conclusion: These findings contribute valuable data for the standardization and quality control of Cordia sinensis Lam. stems in herbal medicine applications.

}, keywords = {Cordia sinensis Lam., Pharmacognostical Evaluation, Physicochemical parameters, Phytochemistry, TLC Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.205}, author = {Pinkey Rawal and Kavitha Jayaseelan and Purnima Ashok} } @article {2401, title = {Testing the Effectiveness of Anti-Aging Cream Preparations with Snakefish Extract (Channa Striata)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1164-1169}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1164}, abstract = {

Background: Skin aging is caused by dry, rough, scaly, less elastic skin with wrinkles and fold lines. Snakehead fish extract has high antioxidant activity so it can be used as an active ingredient in antiaging cosmetics. Objective: The aim of this research was to see the effectiveness of snakehead fish extract cream as an anti-aging agent. Methods: This research method includes formulating snakehead fish extract cream preparations with various concentrations including: 2.5\% (F1), 5\% (F2), 7.5\% (F3), 10\% (F4), evaluating the physical preparations in the form of: organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, stability test, irritation test on volunteer skin, and anti-aging effectiveness test on volunteer skin for 4 weeks with 3 parameter tests, namely water content, pores and wrinkles. Results: The results of the study showed that there were changes that occurred in the volunteers as seen in the measurements of water content, pores and wrinkles on the volunteers{\textquoteright} faces. A good increase in changes was found in the F4 formula (10\%) in the wrinkle parameter test, namely 26.80\%. The number of wrinkles in volunteers from some wrinkles to few wrinkles. The conclusion of this research shows that snakehead fish extract ( Channa striata ) can be formulated in the form of a homogeneous cream dosage with a pH of 5.8 {\textendash} 6.7, and is stable when stored for 12 weeks at room temperature and does not cause skin irritation. Conclusions: There are differences in the results of each concentration of snakehead fish extract cream in influencing anti-aging effectiveness. The best concentration of 10\% snakehead fish extract showed better results compared to other creams in reducing the number of wrinkles on volunteers{\textquoteright} facial skin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Aging Cream, Formula, Snakehead Fish Extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.190}, author = {Cory Linda Futri Harahap and Hakim Soleh Harahap and Susi Yanti and Elmi Sariani and Anto J. Hadi and Nefonavratilova Ritonga and Haslinah Ahmad and Hapiz Arlanda Sani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2364, title = {Training Methods of Basic Life Support in Laypeople to Prevent Death Due to Cardiac Arrest: Scoping Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {953-959}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {953}, abstract = {

Introduction: Most major deaths worldwide are caused by cardiac arrest outside the home. Cardiac arrest is a fatal event and is still a major topic of public health. One effort that can be made to increase community knowledge and skills is to provide Basic Life Support (BLS) training using interesting methods. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify methods of BLS training in laypeople to prevent death from heart attacks. Methods: We conducted a Scoping Review to identify BLS training methods in the community with a search process using appropriate populations, concepts, and contexts. The databases used for article searches are Science Direct, SAGE, PlosOne, Pubmed, NCBI, and Google Scholar. The selection process was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method and conducting a Critical Appraisal using The Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. Results: From 2,996, 11 articles were selected in this review. Some of the training methods that can be carried out are in-person training, using mobile applications, CPR videos, and Virtual reality compression. Conclusion: The BLS training methods can be used to increase the knowledge and skills of ordinary people.

}, keywords = {Basic Life Support, Laypeople., Training}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.154}, author = {Alamsyah and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Syamsiar S. Russeng and A. Arsunan Arsin and Ridwan Amiruddin and Muh. Tahir Abdullah and Anwar Mallongi and Tut Handayani} } @article {2331, title = {Vaccinium corymbosum: Phenolic Compound Content and Effect of Fruit Extract on Blood Glucose in Healthy Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {August 2024}, pages = {716-725}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {716}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the context of the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases such as diabetes, the search for natural compounds with potential impact on glycemic regulation has become a crucial area of research. Among the numerous options available, Vaccinium corymbosum extract, commonly known as "blueberry", has emerged as a promising candidate due to its rich composition of phytochemicals with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic content (TPC) and the activity of Vaccinium corymbosum ("blueberry") fruit extract on glycemia in healthy mice. Methods: The Folin-Ciocalteau method was applied in order to quantify the phenolic compounds and the BE was administered to 25 mice distributed in six groups: control, negative control, experimental-D1- D2-D3, which were administered the BE in doses of 40, 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. respectively; and insulin group; which were subjected to the glucose tolerance test (GTT) taking blood samples after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. Results: The total phenolic content (TPC) amount found in the berries was 3.79{\textpm}0.06 GAE/dry weight (mg/g) and 18.96{\textpm}0.28 GAE/solution (mg/L). Statistically significant differences were observed between the three doses of BE and the negative control during GTT as well as induced a significant reduction in area under the curve (AUC) compared to the negative control. Conclusions: the three doses of the BE decreased glucose levels being the dose of 40 mg/kg b.w. the one that produced a statistically significant decrease with respect to the doses of 80 and 120 mg/kg b.w. during GTT.

}, keywords = {Animal studies, Blueberry, Hypoglycemic Effect, Insulin, Phenols, Type 2 Diabetes.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.121}, author = {Susana Rubio-Guevara and Olga Castillo-Medina and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Marleni Villacorta-Zavaleta and Dan Altamirano-Sarmiento and Elena Caceres-Andonaire and Matilde Farias and Nayly Chinchay and Claudia Guerrero and Josue Flores and Edgar Vilela and Sidny Nunez and Janina Sernaque and Felipe Pacherres and Gabriela Mena and Maria Trillo and Julio Amayo and Karyn Olascuaga-Castillo} } @article {2245, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Essential Oil-Based Cream of Origanum vulgare L. on Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {292-295}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {292}, abstract = {

Background and Aim: The objective was to evaluate the effect of a cream based on the essential oil of Origanum vulgare on skin lesions induced in Mus musculus Balb/c. Materials and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into four groups of 6 specimens each, in which skin lesions of approximately 1 cm in diameter were induced. Group I (Control) received no treatment, Group II (0.1\% Origanum vulgare cream), Group III (0.5\% Origanum vulgare cream), and Group IV (1\% Origanum vulgare cream) received treatment for eight days. Skin lesions were measured on days 4 and 7. At the end of treatment, they were euthanized using sodium pentobarbital 60 m/kg v.ip. Skin samples were obtained and preserved in 10\% formalin for histopathological analysis. Results: When measuring the size of the skin lesions induced in the study groups, it was observed that in the control group, the decrease in the length of the lesions occurred on the fifth day; in group II, III, and IV, the lesions length decrease occurs on the second day. At the end of the experience, the measurements of the lesions were much smaller for the III and IV groups (0.33 and 0.41, respectively) compared to the control group (0.40 cm). On day seven, statistically significant difference was found on skin lesion measure between Group IV and the Control, with a significance level of p\<0.05. Conclusion: It is concluded that the 1\% Origanum vulgare essential oil-based cream has a healing effect on dermal lesions induced in Mus musculus Balb/c.

}, keywords = {Cream, Essential oil, Origanum vulgare, Skin, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.43}, author = {Laurente-Pachamango Katherine G and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Ricardo M Gomez-Arce and Deivy Y Dionicio-Rosado and Julio A. Casta{\~n}eda-Carranza and Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a Abhel A and Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L and Ch{\'a}vez- Flores Juana E} } @article {2076, title = {Analysis of Determinants of Midwife Performance in Antenatal Care Services in Allang Care Health Centers Central Maluku District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {547-552}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {547}, abstract = {

Antenatal care (ANC) is an important part of health care for pregnant women. Several studies conducted in high-income countries have shown that antenatal care can improve the care experience and health outcomes for pregnant women and newborns. This study aims to analyze the performance determinants of midwives in antenatal care services at the Allang Nursing Health Center, Central Maluku Regency. This type of research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional study approach. Respondents in this study were obtained by taking the entire population of 23 people using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using univariate analysis tests, bivariate analysis tests and multivariate analysis tests. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between age, employee status and years of service to the performance of midwives in ANC services at the Allang Health Center, Central Maluku Regency and there is no relationship between knowledge and attitudes towards the performance of midwives in ANC services at Allang Health Center, Central Maluku Regency. Suggestions from this study are for the Office of Health and Midwives in Central Maluku District Provide policies in managing human resources for midwives with non-permanent employee status, with incentive arrangements that can improve performance in ANC services and carry out Antenatal care services with full sense of responsibility and seriously bearing in mind that the services provided are related to the scope of the Maternal and Child Health program to be achieved.

}, keywords = {Antenatal Care, Child health., Health Center, Pregnant women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.117}, author = {Josina Hattu and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Anwar Mallongi and Syamsiar S Russeng} } @article {2129, title = {Analysis of Factors Affecting Exclusive Breast Milk in The Work Area of Waru Puskesmas East Seram Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {846-850}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {846}, abstract = {

At present exclusive breastfeeding is decreasing, the causes of the decline in exclusive breastfeeding are factors of lack of knowledge, social culture, awareness of the importance of breastfeeding, health services, health workers who have not fully supported, and the incessant promotion of exclusive breastfeeding. The low percentage of breastfeeding is probably due to the many factors that cause breastfeeding failure, both internal factors (mother{\textquoteright}s knowledge, mother{\textquoteright}s education, mother{\textquoteright}s occupation, and mother{\textquoteright}s disease) and external factors (promotional infant formula, birth attendants) which cause failure in breastfeeding for 6 months. This study aims to determine the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding to infants in the work area of the Waru Health Center, East Seram District. This type of research is quantitative research with an analytic observational design with a cross-sectional study to see the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable and observations at the same time. The sampling technique in this study was simple random sampling with a total sample of 81 mothers. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence between employment status and the support of health workers with exclusive breastfeeding, while for the variables of maternal pregnancy distance and knowledge, there is no effect with exclusive breastfeeding. Suggestions for health workers are to improve communication, information, and education. The advice for breastfeeding mothers is to further increase knowledge related to lactation and family support is needed.

}, keywords = {Exclusive breastfeeding, Infants, Puskesmas.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.162}, author = {Sukmawati Rumakur and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Darmawansyah and Balqis and Furqaan Naiem and Suriah and Anwar Mallongi and Muh. Yusri Abadi} } @article {2125, title = {Analysis of Factors Affecting the Behavior of Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Work Area of Werwaru Puskesmas Moa Lakor District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {829-832}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {829}, abstract = {

Exclusive breastfeeding is not only the best food for babies, but is important for the health of breastfeeding mothers and provides optimal growth for babies. Exclusive breastfeeding for babies aged 0 to 6 months and continued until the child is 2 years old can encourage healthy growth and development. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding behavior in the working area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. This type of research is a quantitative analytic study with a cross sectional design. Respondents in this study were obtained using the proportional sampling method as many as 73 toddlers aged 6-24 months from the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District, which consisted of 6 villages (Werwaru, Klis, Pakty, Upyour, Syota, and Comfort) using a questionnaire and measuring instruments. anthropometry. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis tests. The results showed that internal factors that had an effect partially were knowledge while simultaneously namely perceptions of exclusive breastfeeding behavior in the Working Area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. Meanwhile, external factors that have a partial effect are work and those that have a simultaneous effect are the support of the closest people to the behavior of exclusive breastfeeding in the Working Area of the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District. Suggestions for the government of Southwest Maluku Regency through the Werwaru Health Center, Moa Lakor District, to be able to improve the exclusive breastfeeding program by disseminating information on the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding in the morning for pregnant and lactating women so that mothers{\textquoteright} knowledge increases.

}, keywords = {Exclusive breastfeeding, Health centers., Toddlers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.158}, author = {Magdalena Akse and Indar and Amran Razak and Balqis and Wahiduddin and Syamsuar Manyullei and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2072, title = {Analysis of Lung TB Treatment Strategy in Pangkep District Year 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {524-527}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {524}, abstract = {

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a world concern with morbidity rates that have not been fully recorded but mortality data continues to increase, so strengthening coordination strategies with various related networks is very important in the target of achieving TB eradication nationally and globally in 2035. This research is a qualitative research carried out to identify phenomena and problems related to pulmonary TB management strategies in Pangkep Regency in October 2022. Data were collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGD), which were then analyzed qualitatively through 3 stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and data verification as well as drawing conclusions. The results of the study show several important points in the strategy for handling pulmonary TB in Pangkep Regency, namely the applicable policies still follow the policies from the center, access for island areas must have a special strategy, the TB control strategy used is TOSS and there is collaboration between cross-sectors, electronic recording is carried out through SITB and manuals, as well as monitoring and evaluation activities carried out by looking through the system, conducting routine monitoring and evaluation, as well as field visits.

}, keywords = {Policy, Pulmonary Tuberculosis., Treatment strategy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.113}, author = {Muhammad Syafar and Ridwan Mochtar Thaha and St. Rosmanely and Rizky Chaeraty Syam and A. Tenri Nurafni Aprilyani} } @article {2032, title = {Analysis of Performance Determinants of Health Laboratory Officers in Health Laboratory Centers and Medical Device Calibration in Maluku Province}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {285-289}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {285}, abstract = {

The Center for Health Laboratories and Medical Devices Calibration has the task of planning, coordinating implementation and evaluation of clinical laboratory examinations/public health laboratories, referrals, education, technical training, research and development. Performance is the result achieved by someone according to the standards that apply to a particular job. There are several factors that influence the performance of officers, both individually and in organizations, namely the dimensions of performance, namely ability, motivation and opportunities. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the performance of the staff at the Maluku Provincial Health Laboratory and Medical Device Calibration Center based on factors related to work, related to opportunities, related to infrastructure and related to officers. This type of research is a quantitative research with a survey method to obtain data from the field based on the existing population with a total sample of 56 people. Data processing is done using SPSS. The results showed that the opportunity factor and staff factor had a significant influence on the performance of the staff at the Maluku Province Health Laboratory and Medical Equipment Calibration Center, while the factors that did not give an effect were infrastructure and work factors. Suggestions for related agencies, namely the Health Service must provide motivation, work autonomy, workload according to ability, carry out work effectively and efficiently, communicate regarding access and availability of medical devices and must be able to strengthen the activeness of officers in carrying out tasks with supervision that does not interfere with autonomy health worker job.

}, keywords = {Equipment, Laboratory Hall, Laboratory Officer, Medical devices., Performance}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.76}, author = {Herlyn De Fretes and Darmawansyah and Muhammad Alwy Arifin and Amran Razak and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2048, title = {Analysis of Policy Implementation of The First 1000 Days of Life Program in Overcoming Stunting in Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {405-410}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {405}, abstract = {

Stunting is closely related to the first 1000 Days of Life. This 1000 HPK period starts from pregnancy until the age of 2 years. The aim of the study was to analyze the implementation of the First 1000 Days of Life program policy in Stunting Management in Maros Regency. This study uses a qualitative panel research method with a descriptive approach. Data were analyzed using content analysis. Interviews were conducted with 9 informants in several agencies, including 3 key informants and 6 regular informants. Research result: Communication between Organizations and Executing Activities (The process of conveying information about the 1000 HPK program in tackling stunting is carried out in the form of good socialization). Resources (Almost fulfilled in carrying out the 1000 HPK program but the capacity of human resources is still inadequate in this case the understanding and availability of budgets sourced from APBD funds and APBN funds). Characteristics of the Executing Agency (There is an SOP for the implementation of 1000 HPK. In the distribution of tasks and responsibilities to all policy implementers of the 1000 HPK program contained in the SK so that each cross-sector coordinate with each other. Disposition of Executors (Executors have played an active role and have a commitment for the success of the 1000 HPK program). Conclusion: Socialization activities have not gone well; several agencies are still experiencing a shortage of human resources both in quantity and quality and experiencing budget shortages resulting in inadequate facilities. In implementing the 1000 HPK program policies, several agencies used the SOP as a procedure for implementing the program as well as the division of tasks and responsibilities based on the Decree of the Maros Regent. Special suggestions for the health office to pay more attention to and have a high commitment to the nutritional status of children by ensuring specific nutrition interventions and sensitive nutrition interventions are right at the location of the village and at the right target group.

}, keywords = {First 1000 Days of Life, Policy, Stunting.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.92}, author = {Andi Sri Fifi Wahyuni Azis and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Alwy Arifin and Muh Syafar and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1960, title = {Analysis of The Effect of Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin, and NPY Markers on Changes in Body Weight of Childhood Epileptic Using Valproic Acid Monotherapy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {150-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder that occurs due to abnormal neurons in the brain and an imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous system. The first line of OAE in children is VPA (Valproate Acid). However, long-term use can cause weight gain with a frequency of 10-70\%. The underlying mechanism of weight gain in patients remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between levels of biomarkers AMPK, NPY, Leptin, and Adiponectin on changes in body weight in patients with epileptic seizures using VPA monotherapy. Method: This study is an observational cohort design. Data collection in April-June 2019. Inclusion criteria were children aged 2-10 years who used VPA requirement less than two years, not taking any drugs that affect body weight, not diagnose systemic lupus, nephrotic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Bodyweight and all biomarkers measurement on subjects who came to the clinic at the time of study and at least after one month of taking VPA. A total of 17 subjects participated in this study. Result: The results of the statistical multivariate analysis test of VPA dosage on changes in body weight and biomarker levels found that Leptin, AMPK, Adiponectin did not significantly increase in body weight (p\>0.05), but NPY significant increase in body weight (p\<0.05). Conclusion: NPY is the most potent for appetite enhancing, preferential effect on carbohydrate intake, weight regulation, energy storage, and expenditure. Increase production of NPY, there is an increase in energy intake and then increases fat storage and body weight.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, AMPK, Childhood., Epilepsy, Leptin, NPY, Valproic acid, Weight gain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.21}, author = {Wardah Rahmatul Islamiyah and Nasronudin and Abdulloh Machin and Iin Ernawati and Yunita Dwi Tanti and Nur Jaya and Farah Medina and Fathia Faza Rahmadanita and Paulus Sugianto} } @article {2046, title = {Analysis of The Influence of The Marketing Mix on The Satisfaction of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Miletus Installation at Hajj General Hospital, Makassar}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {395-399}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Marketing mix is a set of marketing tools used by companies to achieve marketing objectives. The marketing mix consists of nine components, namely product, price, place, promotion, people, process, physical evidence, performance, and strength. This study aims to determine the effect of the marketing mix on patient satisfaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus inpatient installations in public hospital in the Hajj area of Makassar, the type of research used was an analytical survey with a quantitative approach using cross sectional. The sample in this study was type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in the inpatient installation at the Hajj area general hospital as many as 81 people who were obtained by the probability sampling method, collecting data using a questionnaire instrument. Processing data using the Chi-Square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Based on the results of the study, there is an influence between the process (Process). Promotion, Place, and Power on patient satisfaction with type 2 diabetes mellitus in inpatient installations. The results of the multivariate analysis showed that the most dominant variable was placed (exp β = 19,093). The conclusion of several influential variables that are most related to patient satisfaction with the marketing mix, namely the place variable, which is the most important factor in patient satisfaction. It is hoped that the Haji Makassar Hospital will pay more attention to the services needed by the community in general, especially the location in terms of the number of rooms, parking and waiting rooms that are more adequate.

}, keywords = {Place, Power, Price, Process, Product, Promotion, Satisfaction.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.90}, author = {Suci Safwa Salsabila and Indar and Darmawansyah and Amran Razak and Syamsuar Manyullei and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2015, title = {Analysis of the Metabolite Compound of the Ethanol Extract of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium Stem and Activity for inhibition of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in silico study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {393-398}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {393}, abstract = {

Background: Oral cancer is a deadly disease that is expected to increase yearly. Current cancer treatment methods have side effects. C. cinerariifolium plants have potential as anticancer agents. Objective: To evaluate the anti-OSCC properties of the ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stems via an in-silico study. Materials and Methods: Analysis of active compounds in ethanol extracts of C. cinerariifolium stems using TLC and UPLC-QToF-MS/MS metabolic profiling. The data were analysed statistically using principal component analysis (PCA). In silico of C. cinerariifolium compounds on protein (PI3K and Cyclin D) from OSCC. Results: TLC procedures utilizing UV light with λ 366 nm after spraying with H2SO4 revealed multiple-colored spots, indicating that H2SO4 is a specific spray detector for terpenoid and carotene. Metabolic profiling in ethanol extract of C. cinerariifolium stem included Pronethalol (3.96\%), 1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-N-(1 naphthylmethyl) methanamine (7.34\%), Orphenadrine (24.27\%), Pentazocine (5.09\%), 4-(Dodecyloxy) aniline (6.30\%), Linoleamide (4.95\%), and Pheophorbide A (8.05\%). Orphenadrine had the highest percentage. Based on the Lipinski rule of five, pronethalol has the potential to be used as a drug-like therapy for OSCC. The anticancer activity profile is predicted by PASS online with a likely range of 0.065 to 0.385. An in-silico study showed that the strongest binding affinity is pronethalol to Cyclin D1 and pheophorbide A to the PI3K protein. Conclusion: The active metabolite of the ethanolic extract of C. cinerariifolium stem exhibits potency against oral squamous cell carcinoma via the downregulation of the cell cycle (cyclin D1) and P13K, especially pronethalol.

}, keywords = {Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, Cyclin D1, OSCC, P13K.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.61}, author = {Anik Listiyana and Yuanita Lely Rachmawati and Hani Susianti and Nurdiana and Hidayat Sujuti and Roihatul Mutiah and Agustina Tri Endharti} } @article {1997, title = {Another Mode of Action of Temephos Against Aedes aegypti Larvae: A Stomach Poison Investigation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {298-303}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {298}, abstract = {

Introduction: Aedes aegypti is a key vector for the spread of several severe arboviral infections. The Indonesian Ministry of Health launched Temephos as a national effort to limit the Aedes aegypti larvae population. The old theory has been passed down for generations that the principle of the mechanism of action of temephos as a neurotoxin. The main aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of action of temephos as a stomach poison by using histopathology study. Method: There are two treatments with three replications: a container containing only 100 ml of water with tween 20 and a container containing 100 ml of water with 1 ppm of temephos 8G. The 20 third-instar Ae. aegypti larvae in containers containing 100 ml of water with 1 ppm of temephos 8G were compared with those in 100 ml of water containing Tween-20. The experiment was done in three replications. The number of dead larvae was recorded after 24 hours of treatment. Histological sections of the larval midgut were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Light microscopy was used to examine changes in the length of the midgut lumen and the epithelium. Data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA. The appearances of the nucleus of the epithelial cell and the degree of damage were qualitatively observed. Results: The results showed that no dead larvae were found in the control group, however, 100\% mortality was found in the temephos group. The changes in midgut lumen length and in the epithelium length were significantly different from those in the control group (p\<0.05). Nuclei of epithelial cells were lost and midgut cells were damaged in the temephos group. Conclusions: This study reports the first discovery of the mechanism of action of temephos other than a neurotoxin, namely stomach poison

}, keywords = {Ae. aegypti, Histopathology, Midgut, Temephos}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.43}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Sri Subekti and Heny Arwati and Etha Rambung and Hanna Tabita Hasianna Silitonga and Etik Ainun Rohmah} } @article {1969, title = {Anticancer and Neuroprotective Effects of the Triterpene Glycosides From Sea Cucumber Holothuria imitans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {119-127}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sea cucumbers has gained notoriety because possess a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. In this sense, the aim of this work was to evaluate the anticancer and neuroprotective effects of the triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber Holothuria imitans. Methods: Triterpene glycosides were separated and purified by Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Their structures were deduced by spectral analysis and chemical evidence. Cytotoxic activity was evaluated using normal African green monkey kidney epithelial cell line (VERO) and three cancer cell lines: cancer gastric (MKN-28), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and lung carcinoma (A-549). Besides, the neuroprotective effect was studied using the Cath.a-differentiated (CAD) cell line and human glial (Oligodendrocytic) hybrid cell line (MO3.13). Results: Two triterpene glycosides (Fuscocineroside C and Scabraside D) were isolated, which showed low cytotoxic activity against VERO cell line, and high cytotoxic activity against lines MKN-28, MCF-7 and A-549 cells, with IC50 between the ranges of 0.92 μmol/L to 2.61 μmol/L. The isolated triterpene glycosides showed the ability to regain mitochondrial viability in CAD and MO3.13 cells treated with neurotoxin (C2-ceramide) with statistically significant results (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The triterpene glycosides Fuscocineroside C and Scabraside D isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria imitans show anticancer and neuroprotective potential and may be considered promising active principles for anticancer and neuroprotective drugs.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Holothuria imitans, Neuroprotective., Triterpene glycosides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.16}, author = {Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n and Bertha Mirella Alfaro-Ttito} } @article {2000, title = {Antihypertensive Choices during Pregnancy in Limited Setting}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {315-318}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {315}, abstract = {

Background: Antihypertensive agents used during pregnancy may vary from institution to institution and depend on resource availability. Objective: This study aimed to determine the profile of antihypertensive drugs used in pregnancy in low-middle-income countries and the impact of these drugs on maternal and fetal outcomes. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study on hypertensive pregnant patients admitted to the emergency unit at a tertiary referral Hospital in Indonesia. The type of hypertension during pregnancy, antihypertensive drugs, side effect, and maternal and perinatal outcomes was extracted from medical hospital records. Results: A total of 762 hypertensive pregnant women were recruited; 61 were diagnosed with preeclampsia, 491 were preeclampsia with severe features and 174 were chronic hypertension superimposed preeclampsia, and 81.54\% of them received antihypertension therapy. The most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs were combination therapy of nifedipine and methyldopa (96.7\%), followed by monotherapy of methyldopa (2.3\%), nicardipine (1.1\%), and nifedipine (0.2\%). Most of the patients successfully attained a Systolic blood pressure\<160mmHg. Tachycardia was reported in 47 (7.9\%) pregnant women who received antihypertensive medication; none reported hypotension and arrhythmia. Conclusion: Nifedipine and methyldopa are choices for an antihypertensive agent in limited resources, either monotherapy or combined. Nifedipine{\textquoteright}s immediate release can be used with a low risk of hypotension.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive agent, Chronic hypertension, Hypertension during pregnancy, Preeclampsia, Side effect.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.46}, author = {Ernawati and Aditiawarman and Salsabila Nabilah Rifdah and Agus Sulistyono} } @article {2115, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Total Polyphenol Profile and Anticancer Activity, of Leaf, Bulb and Root Extracts of Tulbaghia violacea from Bloemfontein}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {761-767}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {761}, abstract = {

In this study, the effects of the home remedy herb Tulbaghia violacea on antioxidants, total polyphenol activity, and cancer were investigated. Using methanol/dichloromethane and aqueous solvents, the extracts were produced. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl assay, and their phenol content by the gallic acid method. The extracts were found to be inactive or weak against the HeLa (cervix), human cancer cell lines TK-10 (renal), and PC3 (prostate). It is suggested that these three human cell lines be tested against extracts of water and methanol/ dichloromethane at higher concentrations. The plant{\textquoteright}s leaf extract would also be the best substance to test against the human cell lines TK-10, PC-3, and HeLa. The IC50 values for two to three cell lines show that T. violacea plant extracts (\>100 g/ml) have no effect on cells. T. violacea extract has greater antioxidant activity than the control. A thorough phenolic analysis showed that water leaf extract had the highest quantity of phenolics whereas bulb methanol/dichloromethane extract had the lowest. Both the methanol/dichloromethane and the aqueous extracts have the same characteristics for antioxidant activity. In order to enhance food{\textquoteright}s nutritional content and quality while also supporting excellent health, it has been found that phenolic compounds alter the color, flavor, and other sensory characteristics of the meal. Additionally, they help plants defend themselves against harm from ROS, molecular damage, microbial invasion, insects, and herbivores.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Antioxidants, Medicinal plants, Polyphenol, Tulbaghia violaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.149}, author = {Pakiso Moses Makhoahle and Dijeng Euginiah Rampana} } @article {2087, title = {Antioxidant, Total Phenolic, and Total Flavonoid of 70\% Ethanol Extract of Avocado Seeds (Persea americana Mill.)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {599-605}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {599}, abstract = {

Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are high in phytochemicals and are utilized in herbal medicine. The objective of this study is to analyze the antioxidant activities, total phenolics and flavonoids of the P. americana seed extract. P. americana seed extraction was obtained through maceration and reflux using a 70\% ethanol solvent. The results obtained were compared in terms of yield productivity, with yields of 43.07 (\%) and 39.58 (\%) respectively. Phytochemical compounds extracted from P. americana seeds were tested using the phytochemical screening method, the antioxidant activity assay, the total phenolic analysis, and the total flavonoid analysis. The phytochemical screening showed that P. americana seeds contain flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, alkaloids, and quinones. The antioxidant activity of the 70\% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method was 77.298 g/mL and 98.626 g/mL, respectively, meanwhile the IC50 values of vitamin C were 12.883 g/mL. The 70\% ethanol extract of P. americana seeds obtained by maceration and reflux method had total phenolic content of 276.96 mgGAE/g and 294.96 mgGAE/g, and total flavonoid content of 1.73 mgQE/g and 12.70 mgQE/g respectively. This simply implies that the 70\% ethanolic extracts from P. americana seeds obtained through maceration and reflux have strong antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Avocado seeds, DPPH, Persea americana Mill., Total flavonoids, Total phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.126}, author = {Sri Wahyu Ningsih Munthe and Riskianto Riskianto and Denny Juvi and Jessica Novia} } @article {2100, title = {Anxiolytic-Like Effect of Cymbopogon Citratus (Lemongrass) Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {674-679}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances that are widely utilized in the practices of aromatherapy. Certain essential oils are recognized for their potential to alleviate anxiety symptoms. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil on anxiety. Methods: The chemical composition of the extracted essential oil was analyzed using Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, an experimental study with measures at pretest-posttest was conducted, where 128 participants were divided into two groups, a waiting-list (WL) control group, and an experimental group (EG)treated with aromatherapy based on Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by Zung Self- Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). Results: The chemical analysis identified geranial (52,1\%) and neral (35,2\%) as the principal constituents. Anxiety levels decreased in the experimental group during the posttest phase (p\<0.05). Besides a large effect size was found for anxiety (d = 0.962; Δ= 0.988) with 1-β=0.999 a percentage of change of -10.99\%. Conclusion: Cymbopogon citratus essential oil inhalation showed to be effective in decreasing scores anxiety. Therefore, it has the potential to serve as a supplementary treatment for anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Cymbopogon citratus., Essential oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.136}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Emilio German Ram{\'\i}rez-Roca} } @article {2035, title = {Community Compliance Regarding No-Smoking Area Policy: Belief Control Analysis and Tobacco Use Habits in Society the Bugis Tribe (Pare-Pare City \& Sidrap Regency) and the Makassar Tribe (Gowa-Takalar Regency) in South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {301-306}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

Introduction: Smoking among the people of Bugis-Makassar has become an inseparable part of a smoker and has become a habit. Community compliance with the No-Smoking Area (KTR) policy is still a problem in various regions, this is because the habits and control of people{\textquoteright}s beliefs are not in line with implementation of KTR implementation. Methods: This study used an explanatory research design, namely to examine the correlation between control beliefs and the habit of using Bugis cigarettes on compliance with the policy of implementing a smoking-free area which is part of tobacco control. The research was conducted in four districts in South Sulawesi, namely Takalar, Gowa, Pare-pare, and Sidenreng Rappang (Sidrap) Regencies. The sample used was 400 respondents using the non-probability sampling method, namely the Accidental Sampling technique. Results: This study shows that control beliefs and respondent compliance obtained a p-value of 0.717 \> 0.05 which means there is no significant correlation between control beliefs of tobacco use and community compliance with KTR policies. The results of the correlation test of smoking habits on public compliance with KTR policies obtained a p-value of 0.015 \<0.05 which means there is a significant correlation between tobacco use habits and public compliance with KTR policies. The results of the study also show that the control variable beliefs and habits have a p-value of 0.001 \<0.05 which means that there is a correlation between control beliefs and smoking habits. Conclusion: Policy makers should focus more on the implementation of KTR policies in all public places and law enforcement related to KTR policies in various contexts, including social and cultural approaches. KTR got easier with time.

}, keywords = {Believe control, Community compliance, Non-smoking area, Smoking cessation, Tobacco use.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.79}, author = {Achmad R. Muttaqien Al-Madin and H. Amran Razak and Darmawansyah and Suriah and HM Alimin Maidin and Pupin Astuti and Mutia Nur Rahmah and Nur Indah Sari} } @article {2066, title = {Computational Evaluation of the Potential of Salicylate Compound from Syzygium aromaticum on Carbonic Anhydrase I as a Gastric Acid Stimulant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {489-493}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

This article explores the potential of the salicylate compound (Syzygium Aromaticum) as a stimulant for Carbonic Anhydrase I in gastric acid secretion, using a computational approach. The research methods include molecular modeling with Pymol and Pyrex, determination of compound structure and interactions with Protein Plus, and examination of physicochemical properties using the Lipinski Rule. The results show that the Binding Affinity of salicylate with Carbonic Anhydrase I ranges from -7.3 to -6.5, with RMSD values of 0, 2.102, and 2.212, indicating good modeling quality. The interaction between salicylate and Carbonic Anhydrase I is also supported by the findings from Protein Plus. Furthermore, the salicylate compound complies with the Lipinski Rule, with a molecular weight of 137, 1 hydrogen bond donor, 3 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 0.34, and a molar reactivity of 34.16. This study highlights the prospect of salicylate as a potential modulator of Carbonic Anhydrase I.

}, keywords = {Carbonic Anhydrase I, Gastric Acid Stimulant, Molecular docking, Salicylate, Syzygium Aromaticum.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.107}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Rauza Sukma Rita and Fadhli Ranuharja and Musa Ghufron and Agariadne Dwinggo Samala and Herland Satriawan and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1964, title = {Effect of Butionin-Sulfaximine and Fluphenazine as Trypanothione Inhibitory Drugs on Promastigotes and Axenic Amastigotes of Leishmania Peruviana and Leishmania Braziliensis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {82-85}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {82}, abstract = {

Background: Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the Leishmania parasite, which is difficult to diagnose, causes disfigurement and is difficult to treat. Objectives: To determine the effect of Butionin-Sulfaximine (BSO) and Fluphenazine on trypomastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania peruviana and Leishmania braziliensis. Methods: A study was performed with Butionin-Sulfaximine (BSO), Fluphenazine, and Glucantime (positive control,) utilizing respective concentrations of 41.7 mg/ml, 4.17 mg/ml, and 50 mg/ml for twenty-four hours on axenic amastigotes. Results: A significant difference (*P \< 0.05) was found between the negative control group, Fluphenazine, and BSO within both the axenic amastigotes of L. peruviana (5.5 X 105 / ml for the negative control, 0.15 X 105 / ml for Fluphenazine, and 0.7 X 105 / ml for BSO) and L. braziliensis (6.9 X 105/ml for the negative control, 0.18 X 105/ml for Fluphenazine, and 0.22 X 105/ml for BSO). Another significant difference (*P \< 0.05) was found in the promastigotes of L. peruviana (5.9 X 105 / ml for the negative control, 0.66 X 105 / ml for Fluphenazine, and 3.1 X 105 / ml for BSO) and L. braziliensis (8.7 X 105/ml for the negative control and 5.68 X 105/ml for Fluphenazine). Conclusions: From this, we conclude Fluphenazine and BSO present promising antiparasitic effects against axenic amastigotes of L. peruviana and L. braziliensis in both pharmacological tests of the in vivo model and their potential future use.

}, keywords = {Axenic Amastigote, Butionin-Sulfaximine, Fluphenazine, Leishmania}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.11}, author = {Jes{\'u}s Rojas-Jaimes and Marco Mes{\'\i}a-Guevara and Alexander Murillo-Zenozain} } @article {1970, title = {The Effect of Drying Methods on Chemical Profiling of Zingiberaceae Herbs Production}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {128-133}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Background: Drying method is one of the important steps in post-harvesting in herbal production in order to prolong the shelf-life of herbal medicine and to ensure the good quality. Objective: This research aimed to profile and quantify the metabolites changing using metabolomic based on 1H-NMR Spectroscopy on Curcuma and Zingiber genus due to the drying process. Material and Methods: Five species of the Curcuma and Zingiber genus were Curcuma longa L., Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb., Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., Zingiber officinale Roscoe. and Zingiber amaricans BI. The drying method applied were freeze drying and oven drying method at -1080C and 500C, respectively. Samples were extracted using buffer phosphate and deuterated methanol (3:7). The analysis was performed using 1H-NMR spectroscopy 400 MHz with TSP as an internal standard. The 1H-NMR spectra were analysed with multivariate (Principal Component Analysis). Results: The relative concentrations of sucrose and fructose at 5 samples in freeze drying method showed significant higher content than those in oven drying. On the other hands, glucose was mostly significant higher concentration in oven drying at 5 samples. Fructose and sucrose were significantly higher in freeze drying method than those in oven drying in Curcuma and Zingiber genera. Relative glucose content was higher in oven drying at Curcuma genus Conclusion: Therefore, oven drying method which applied heating at 500C is an appropriate method for herbal medicine production, especially in Curcuma and Zingiber genus, for maintaining the major secondary metabolites.

}, keywords = {Curcuma Genus, Freeze drying, Multivariate, Oven drying, Zingiber Genus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.17}, author = {Dinar Sari C. Wahyuni and Siti A. E. Astuti and Soerya Dewi Marliyana and Yudi Rinanto and Tiara Dewi S. Pratama and Ahmad Fauzi and Ari Satia Nugraha} } @article {2173, title = {The Effect of Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics on Muscle Strength and Scope of Motion of Lower Extremity Joints in Elderly with Osteoarthritis (Martapura River Region, South Kalimantan)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1126-1131}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1126}, abstract = {

Increased life expectancy (UHH) in Indonesia from 71.7 years in 2016 (Novianty, Nodia, 2018). And it is estimated to increase to 72.2 years in 2035 (BPS, 2016). The implication of increasing the number of elderly people with high UHH is expected to be healthy and productive elderly people and free from diseases and health problems, however, the results of a preliminary study in East Banjarmasin, the number of elderlies is 207 elderly (Posyandu, 2018). And almost 70\% experience health problems such as osteoarthritis, so it is necessary to intervene in the form of Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics (SHL) which can increase muscle strength and scope of joint motion of the Elderly, so that the Elder can live healthy and free from osteoarthritis. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of SHL on muscle strength and joint range of motion in elderly people with osteoarthritis in the Suburb area, Sungai Martapura Village, South Kalimantan Region. Quasi Experiment research design with The Non-Randomized Control Group Pretest Posttest Design approach, the population of all elderly in the Martapura River area with a total of 110 elderly (Pemko Dinkes, 2016). The research sample was the elderly living in the Martapura watershed who had osteoarthritis, non-random sampling, purposive sampling technique, with a total sample of 68 elderly consisting of the control and treatment groups, each of which was 34 participants. Both groups measured muscle strength and joint range of motion before and after treatment. Data analysis used Paired T-test for paired samples and Independent T-Test for unpaired samples with normal distribution. The results of research show There is an effect of SHL on the Strength of Pelvic and Knee Muscles of the Elderly as well as the effect of SHL on the Scope of Pelvic and Knee Joints in the Elderly. In the elderly who have osteoarthritis, they should do elderly Hadrah Gymnastics regularly at least 2 times a week.

}, keywords = {Elderly Hadrah Gymnastics, Joint Scope, Knee Muscles, Osteoarthritis, Pelvic Muscles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.205}, author = {Bahrul Ilmi and Parellangi and Akhmad Rizani and Hammad and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi} } @article {2144, title = {Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum IS-10506 on Paneth Cell Regeneration in the Ileum of Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {928-932}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {928}, abstract = {

Background: Pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common infectious agent among children in developing countries. Indigenous probiotics are not widely used to treat diarrhea and intestinal infections. This study aims to investigate the cell regeneration process of paneth cells after administration of Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 due to damage caused by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) E. coli O55:B5, through the expression of MATH-1 and DEFA-6. Methods: This study used 64 paraffin blocks from Rattus norvegicus strain Sprague-Dawley divided into four groups. There were three treatments, KN, KL, KP and KPR groups, The KN group represent the administration of placebo. The KL group received LPS E. coli O55:B5 on day one. The KP group received LPS E. coli O55:B5 on the first day and Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 on the second day until six-day. The KPR group were administered Lactobacillus plantarum IS- 10506 six days prior to receiving LPS E. coli O55:B5, respectively. All groups, except KN, received LPS at a dose of 250 μg/kg body weight once, and Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 at a dose of 2.86x1010 CFU/ day. Evaluating paneth cell regeneration, DEFA-6, and MATH-1 expression immunohistochemistry was conducted on all tissues. Results: The expression of DEFA-6 and MATH-1 in the KP and KPR groups on day three of observation was significantly higher from the KL group. Even though the KL group achieved significant growth, the results of this expansion were significantly smaller than KP and KPR groups. Conclusion: After mucosal injury caused by LPS E. coli O55:B5, administration of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506 may increase paneth cell regeneration through differentiation and cell number.

}, keywords = {DEFA-6, Escherichia coli O55:B5, Lactobacillus plantarum IS-10506, Lipopolysaccharide, MATH-1., Paneth cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.177}, author = {Rasio Putra Hutama and Alpha Fardah Athiyyah and I.G.M. Reza Gunadi Ranuh and Andy Darma and Khadijah Rizky Sumitro and Wibi Riawan and Ingrid S. Surono and Subijanto Marto Sudarmo} } @article {1985, title = {Effect of Platelet Concentrates (PCs) Leucodepletion on the Activation and Efficacy of Platelet Transfusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {223-227}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {223}, abstract = {

Platelet concentrates (PCs) are blood components transfused in thrombocytopenic patients, including patients with blood malignancies. PCs contain leukocytes, which can pose potential side effects and activate platelets, reducing the efficacy of platelet transfusion. The leucodepletion process can be carried out by filtration to reduce the leukocyte count. This study aims to determine the difference between the CD62P expression of nonleucodepleted and leucodepleted PCs and to determine the difference between the Corrected Count Increment (CCI) of patients transfused with nonleucodepleted and leucodepleted PCs. This analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design was carried out on PCs obtained from platelet-rich plasma (PRP-PC). PCs were transfused into 48 blood malignancy patients, Yogyakarta, consisting of two groups i.e the group transfused with nonleucodepleted PCs (24 patients) and the group transfused with leucodepleted PCs (24 patients). CD62P expression in PCs was measured by flow cytometry method, and the CCI of the patients was calculated based on the CCI formula. The difference between the median CD62P expression and CCI of the two groups was analyzed using the Mann- Whitney Test with a significance of p\<0.05. The median CD62P expression of the nonleucodepleted and leucodepleted groups were 34.4\% (16.8{\textendash}94.4\%) and 21.7\% (6.2{\textendash}34.0\%), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the CD62P expression of the two groups (p = 0.00). The group transfused with nonleucodepleted, and leucodepleted PCs showed respective median CCI of 18.8 x 109/L (2.4{\textendash}94.8 x 109/L) and 14.7 x 109/L (2.4{\textendash}124.0 x 109/L). There was no statistically significant difference between the CCI of the two groups (p = 0.42). It can be concluded that the CD62P expression in the PCs of the leucodepleted group was significantly lower than those of the nonleucodepleted group and that there was no significant difference between the CCI of both groups.

}, keywords = {CD62P, Corrected count increment, Platelet concentrates}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.33}, author = {Teguh Triyono and Zelly Dia Rofinda} } @article {2006, title = {Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil On Anxiety, Depression, And Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 81 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a waiting list control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). Results: Chemical analysis showed that 1,8 cineole (37.6\%), α-pinene (19.9\%), and linalool (15.8\%) were the main components. Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality scores showed a decrease in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.491; g= 1.490) with 1-β=0.996, while medium size effects were observed for depression (d = 0.581; g= 0.582) with 1-β=0.585; and sleep quality (d = 0.586; g = 0.588) with 1-β=0.638. Conclusion: Essential oils extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis are more effective in calming anxiety and show moderate changes in depression and sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sleep quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.52}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2049, title = {The Effect of Safety Climate on Safety Behavior with Safety Motivation as An Intervening Variable on Contractor Workers in PT X}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {411-416}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Safety climate in the workplace and safety behaviour of workers need attention to be able to assess what factors are the causes of safe action for workers. This study aims to determine the effect of safety climate on safety behaviour with safety motivation as an intervening variable on contractor workers at PT X. The type of research is analytical observational with a cross sectional design. Questionnaires were given to 380 respondents. The data were analyzed using path analysis to see the direct and indirect effects of safety climate on safety behaviour. The results showed, 361 respondents (95\%) with good safety climate, 367 respondents (96.9\%) with good safety motivation, and 348 respondents (91\%) with good safety behaviour. The path analysis showed that there was no direct influence of safety climate on safety behaviour in contractor workers at PT X (p value \>0.05). However, the safety climate indirectly affects safety behaviour through safety motivation (p value = 0.001). It is recommended to workers that they need to maintain and increase their motivation so the safe work behaviour will still create.

}, keywords = {Contractor workers, Path analysis., Safety behaviour, Safety climate, Safety motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.93}, author = {Darius Tandiabang and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Atjo Wahyu and Yahya Thamrin and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1994, title = {The Effect of Sapodilla Leaf Extract (Manilkara zapota L.) on Lipid Profiles of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {286-289}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of sapodilla leaf extract on lipid profiles of alloxan-induced diabetic mice. This research method are 30 male mice were used as experimental animals, which were randomly divided into five groups, each group consisting of 6 mice. The division of the group is as follows: Treatment of non-diabetic mice, diabetic mice, diabetic mice by administering pioglitazone at a dose of 2 mg/kg BW, extracts of manila sapodilla leaf (M. zapota L.) dose 100 mg/kg BW and 300 mg/kg BW. Observations were made on the 14th day, after administration of sapodilla leaf extract, mice were given light anesthesia and serum lipid profiles Total Cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) were measured using diagnostic kits (Pars Azmoon Kit) and automatic analyzer (Abbot, model Alcyon 300). The results of this study are in TC, there was a significant difference in pioglitazone and 100 mg leaf extract against all treatment groups. In TG, there was a significant difference in pioglitazone and 300 mg leaf extract against all treatment groups. In LDL, there were significant differences in the 100 mg, 300 mg leaf extract and pioglitazone, against negative control, and diabetes control. In HDL, there was a significant difference in negative control and 300 mg leaf extract, against 100 mg leaf extract, pioglitazone, and diabetes control. The conclusions of this study exhibited the ethanol extract of M. zapota leaves contains several phytochemical compounds including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, polyphenols, tannins, quinones, and steroids. M. zapota leaves extract (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) exhibited a significant effect on improvement in lipid protein.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes, Lipid Protein, Manilkara zapota}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.40}, author = {Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Tania Anggreani Wijaya and Salsabila and Daffa Alice Pavita and Ragil Kusnandar Miftakhurrozaq and Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo and Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Faisal Fikri} } @article {2055, title = {The Effect of Service Quality and Patient Satisfaction Toward Patient Loyalty in Special Regional Hospitals of South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {443-449}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {443}, abstract = {

The improvement and guarantee of hospital Service Quality in Indonesia should always be in the best interest of any hospital as regulated in Article 40 of Hospital Law No. 44 of 2009. Adequate Service Quality in a hospital would result in emotional bonds and positive experiences felt by patients and family, eventually strengthening loyalty in the long run. Thus, Service Quality is a critical aspect and indicator to achieve patient satisfaction hence behavioral intention to build loyalty towards the hospital and future visits. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of Service Quality and patient satisfaction in relation to patient loyalty in Special Regional Hospitals of South Sulawesi. This is a quantitative study with a crosssectional model. The sample in this study were all patients who had been registered in the database, namely patients who had visited the outpatient service at Dadi Special Regional Hospital (RSKD), Siti Fatimah Regional Special Hospital for Mother and Child (RSKDIA), and Pertiwi Special Regional Hospital for Mother and Child (RSKDIA) in 2017-2019 with a total sample of 269 from the outpatient care, respectively. The inclusion criteria in this study are as follows: (1) Patients from the outpatient care. (2) Patients who had received hospital services twice. (3) Not suffering from any mental illness and sensory disturbances. (4) Patients who are willing to be respondents and consented to fill out research questionnaires. (5) The patient is conscious and is able to communicate. The results that were obtained show that Service Quality holds a significant effect on patient satisfaction. Service Quality has no significant effect on patient loyalty, while patient satisfaction has a significant effect on patient loyalty. The output of this study should be taken into consideration for hospitals to commit to improving the Service Quality in order to achieve patient satisfaction. Increased patient satisfaction in turn will develop loyalty, thereby accommodating the implementation of the hospital strategy and achieving hospital goals.

}, keywords = {Patient Loyalty, Patient Satisfaction, Regional Special Hospital., Service Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.99}, author = {Rara Armita Arman and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Fridawaty Rivai and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Irwandy and Lalu Muhammad Saleh and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2034, title = {Effect of Single-Bulb Garlic (Allium sativum Var. Solo Garlic) Extract on The Hematological Profile In E-Cigarette-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {296-300}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Garlic and its derivative preparations have long been used in traditional medicine for good health. Garlic is known to act as an antioxidant, antitumor, antibacterial, and antifungal. The antioxidant compound in singlebulb garlic is considered to be better than the antioxidant content in other species of garlic. This research aimed to study the effect of hematological profile in oral administration of single-bulb garlic extract in e-cigarette-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. The method used in this study was randomized post-test only control group design. Twenty-four rats were randomly distributed into six groups. The group consisted of C (-) as normal rats{\textquoteright} control; C (+) only exposed to e-cigarette smoke; T1 exposed to e-cigarette smoke and treated with vitamin C; T2 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 75 mg/kg BW; T3 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 100 mg/kg BW; and T4 exposed to e-cigarette and treated with single-bulb garlic extract 125 mg/kg BW. Exposure to e-cigarette smoke is conducted by evaporating the liquid into a gas chamber with a nicotine dose of 3.6 mg/ml. All treatments were given for 14 days. On the 15th day, the rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were collected by the cardiac puncture method and were examined using a hematology analyzer. Data obtained were white blood count (WBC), platelets, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and erythrocytes that were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. The result of this study is that garlic extract may boost immunity in the body. However, higher doses can be toxic to erythrocytes.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, E-cigarette, Good health, Hematology profile}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.78}, author = {Maya Nurwartanti Yunita and Julia Calvina Fauzi and Zahra Defitra Rahmania and Bella Safinda and Tridiganita Intan Sholikhah and Bodhi Agustono and M. Gandul Atik Yuliani and Shekhar Chhetri and Reina Puspita Rahmaniar} } @article {2014, title = {Effect of Thiamine on Serum Glutamate in Ischemic Stroke Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {390-392}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {390}, abstract = {

Background: Thiamin or vitamin b1 is a therapy that has been widely used in neurology cases such as alcohol-induced encephalopathy and neuropathy. Thiamin has the ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier so that it is expected to be used as an additional therapy in stroke cases. Stroke is currently an emergency neurology case that causes high mortality and disability. Among the causes is because damage to large areas of the brain will cause the release of neurotransmitters such as glutamate which has excitotoxicity effects to the brain when excessive. Method: This study used animal models of carotid artery occlusion stroke. Divided into 4 groups: control, thiamin dose of 100mg/kg, Thiamin 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg. Serum glutamate was collected on day 7 post-action. Then evaluated by ELISA method. Results: There was a significant difference in the form of a decrease in the average serum glutamate level between the control and the sample that received a dose of thiamine 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg. Conclusion: High-dose thiamine may be considered as an additional therapy in cases of carotid artery occlusion model stroke.

}, keywords = {Animal model, Glutamate, Ischemic, Stroke., Thiamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.60}, author = {Mohammad Saiful Ardhi and Muhammad Hamdan and Achmad Chusnu Romdhoni} } @article {2050, title = {Effectiveness of Ketapang (Terminalia cattapa L.) Extract Against Avian Pathogenic Eschericia coli (APEC) Infections in Layer Performance}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {417-422}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {417}, abstract = {

This study aimed to determine the activity of Ketapang extract (Terminalia cattapa L.) in layers infected with APEC. In vitro study that was conducted dilution methods using Ketapang extract at 5\%, 10\%, 15\%, 20\%, 25\% and 30\% concentrations. In vivo study was conducted by randomly dividing 20 layers into five treatment groups, four per group. The chickens (except in group P0-) were infected with APEC aged 24 weeks. Then, the treatment was conducted according to the divided groups in one week. The said treatments are P0- (uninfected APEC and unadministered with Ketapang extract), P0+ (infected with APEC and unadministered with Ketapang extract), and P1, P2, and P3 (infected with APEC and administered with Ketapang extract with 5\%, 10\%, and 20\% concentrations, respectively). The data from layers{\textquoteright} performance were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s test. The dilution method (MIC and MBC) exhibited the antibacterial ability of Ketapang extract against APEC at 5\% dose. The Ketapang extract administration in layers exhibited improved performance of chickens infected with APEC, with the administration of 10\% dose of Ketapang extract showing the best result. In summary, about 10\% concentration Ketapang extract can serve as an antibacterial agent and showed the best results in layers infected with APEC.

}, keywords = {Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli., Food security, Layer chicken performance, Terminalia cattapa L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.94}, author = {Kadek Rachmawati and Rochmah Kurnijasanti and Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum and Sin War Naw} } @article {2147, title = {Effectiveness of the Aedes aegypti Mosquito Vector Control Program in Southeast Asia {\textendash} A Systematic Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {969-975}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {969}, abstract = {

Background: Dengue is still a major vector-borne disease problem in the world. It is caused by infection with the Dengue virus, which can be spread through a vector in the form of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. One of the ways to reduce the incidence of dengue infection is by controlling vectors. Aim: This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of vector control of the Aedes aegypti mosquito on the dengue incidence in Southeast Asia. Methods and findings: This study was a systematic review that examines articles with experimental research designs and cluster randomized controlled trials. The scope of this research area is limited to Southeast Asian countries during 2012-2021. There are 333 articles obtained from two sources: PubMed and ScienceDirect, by using certain keywords. Furthermore, articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, so that 31 articles were obtained. A total of 6 articles that met the inclusion criteria were then selected for further analysis. Three journals that discussed the output in the form of the Larva Density Index (LDI) showed a decrease with significant results. Two journals that discussed biological control (Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis) got significant results in decreasing Pupal Density (PD). The two journals on chemical control (permethrin) that discussed the outcome of the presence or absence of IgG seroconversion show insignificant results. Conclusion: All control methods are considered effective. However, among the three vector control methods studied, the control with Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis is the most effective method.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Dengue, Dengue Control Program, human and health, Medicine, Tropical Disease.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.180}, author = {Sulistiawati and Miranda Jemyma Mas{\textquoteright}ulun and Anggita Kanza Ramadhany and Afiel Nadhifa Hanafie and Rani Fitri Alfiani and Sarah Evita Husnah and Agnes Ilene Suprapto Puteri and Anisa Novia Mahestari} } @article {2080, title = {The Effectiveness of the Si-DBD Application in Increasing the Number of Households in Conducting Periodic Larvae Examination at the Health Center in Bantaeng Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {569-574}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {569}, abstract = {

Background: Vector-borne diseases, namely DHF, are estimated to infect 100-400 million people each year. Until now there is no specific drug or vaccine for DHF that can be done to avoid or prevent mosquitoes, which focuses on prevention efforts by eradicating mosquito nests. This study aims to see the effectiveness of the application system in carrying out periodic inspections by households. Method: Quasi-experimental research type with design "The Nonrandomized Control Group Pretest Posttest Design{\textquotedblright}. There are 112 samples with a ratio of 1:1 treatment (application system) and control (manual). Data collection using observation sheets (secondary data) and data from larvae inspection results through the application. Seeing the difference before and after the Mc test. Nemar and Chi-Square to see the difference between the treatment and control groups. Results: Periodic larvae inspection by the household before and after manually had no difference, while the system with the application had a significant difference with a value of P=0.000. The comparison between the treatment and control groups with a value of P = 0.000 indicates that there is a difference in the number of households that carry out periodic larva inspections through an application compared to the manual method. The system with the Si-DBD application is simpler, more acceptable, and timelier in carrying out periodic larvae inspections by households with a value of P=0.000. Conclusion: The implementation of periodic larvae inspections that is modeled by an application-based information system via a smartphone has an influence on the number of households that carry out larvae inspections compared to the manual system that is running. Follow-up testing can be carried out on a large scale of household respondents covering the entire work area of the health center and with a cohort research design.

}, keywords = {Application, DHF., Periodic larva inspection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.121}, author = {Muhammad Firdaus and Ida Leida Maria and Ansariadi and Andi Zulkifli and Nurhaedar Jafar and Shanti Riskiyani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2057, title = {Effects of Melissa officinalis essential oil on state and trait anxiety}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {454-460}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {454}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances used extensively in aromatherapy and phytotherapy, some of them as anxiety and stress-relieving agents. In order to evaluate the effects of Melissa officinalis essential oil on state and trait anxiety, this study was conducted. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and the chemical composition was investigated by Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). In addition, a Quasi experimental study with measures at pretest-posttest was conducted, where 58 participants were divided into two groups, a waiting-list (WL) control group, and an experimental group (EG)treated with aromatherapy based on Melissa officinalis essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken at two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that β-cubebene (26.3\%), β-caryophyllene (25.4\%) and geranial (12.5\%) were de main components. Both state and trait anxiety levels decreased in the experimental group during the posttest phase; however, only state anxiety demonstrated statistically significant differences (p\<0.05). A moderate size effect was found for state anxiety (d = 0.799; g= 0.797) with 1-β=0.803; but none for trait anxiety. Conclusion: Melissa officinalis essential oil was moderately effective on state anxiety but has no effect on trait anxiety.

}, keywords = {Essential oil, Melissa officinalis., State anxiety, Trait anxiety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.101}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Roger Antonio Rengifo-Penadillos and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2051, title = {Evaluation of Electronic Medical Record System in Outpatient Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital in 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {423-427}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {423}, abstract = {

The Electronic Medical Record System in Indonesia is currently a concern of the government of the Republic of Indonesia by requiring every health facility including hospitals in Indonesia to implement an Electronic Medical Record System. To find out that this system is beneficial for health services in hospitals, an evaluation is needed. This study aims to evaluate the Electronic Medical Record System that has been running in the Outpatient of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital from a user perspective using the Human Organization Fit Model. The type of research used is quantitative using an analytical observational design with a cross sectional study approach. The sample in this study were users of electronic medical records in the Outpatient Department of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar Central General Hospital, totaling 174 respondents. Hypothesis testing in this study using path analysis. The results of this study indicate that technology has a direct and significant effect on humans (\<0,001) \<0,05. Technology has a direct and significant effect on the organization (\<0,001) \<0,05. Humans have a direct and significant effect on the organization (\<0,001) \<0,05. Human has a direct and significant effect on benefits (\<0,001) \<0,05. Organization has a direct and significant effect on benefits (\<0,001) \<0,05. Technology has an indirect effect on benefits through people (ρ Value 0,007 \< 0,05, path coefficient = 0,179). Technology has no indirect effect on benefits through organizations (ρ Value 0,051 \> 0,05). This means that humans as intermediaries from technology to benefits have a significant effect while organizations as intermediaries from technology to benefits have an insignificant effect.

}, keywords = {Electronic Medical Record System, Hot-Fit, Outpatient., System Evaluation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.95}, author = {Asriani Usman and Irwandy and Noer Bahry Noor and Alimin Maidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Indrabayu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2139, title = {Generation of Multinucleated Giant Cells due to Leishmania (V.) braziliensis Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {905-909}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {905}, abstract = {

Background: Multinucleated giant cells were first described by Langhans(MGCs), these MGCs have a role in innate immunity that includes extracellular matrix remodeling associated with granuloma formation; another function of them is to participate in the removal of cellular debris in apoptosis during certain infections. Objective: Generate multinucleated giant cells due to Leishmania (V.) braziliensis infection. Methods: For infection macrophage/parasite ratio of 1 to 10 using the RAW 264.7-line (5 x105/mL) and Leishmania (V.) braziliensis metacyclic promastigotes (50 x105/mL) was a strain maintained in culture Schneider liquid medium, supplemented with 20\% fetal bovine serum and 10 000 U/10 mg/mL penicillin streptomycin at pH 7 and 25 {\textdegree}C in the laboratory. Incubation was continued for 4 days, and microscopic observation at 1000X was performed at 24 hours and 96 hours, respectively. Results: In our study an MGC conversion was observed at 96 hours (50\% {\textpm} 28.2). Conclusions: In vitro MGC model could be used to study the physiopathology of MGC generation by Leishmania (V.) braziliensis infection.

}, keywords = {Immunity, Infection, Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, Macrophage, Multinucleated Giant Cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.172}, author = {Jes{\'u}s Rojas-Jaimes and Luis Casta{\~n}eda Pelaez} } @article {2105, title = {Hepatitis E Inhibited by Rosmarinic Acid Extract from Clove Plant (Syzygium Aromaricum) through Computational Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {518-523}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {518}, abstract = {

This study aims to evaluate the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor against Hepatitis E by interacting with the active site of the Tyrosine FYN protein. Computational approaches were employed to predict the molecular interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The research methodology involved the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Docking analysis was conducted using Pymol to obtain information about the binding energy between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. The results of the analysis showed that Rosmarinic Acid exhibited a Binding Affinity of -8.3, -8, and -7.9, indicating a strong affinity towards the target protein. Additionally, Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values of 0, 15.905, and 17.014 were used to assess the stability of the formed protein-ligand complex. Analysis using Protein Plus revealed interactions between Rosmarinic Acid and Tyrosine FYN. Furthermore, analysis using the Lepinski Rule to examine the physicochemical properties of Rosmarinic Acid indicated that the molecule had a mass of 360, 5 hydrogen bond donors, 8 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 1.76, and a molar reactivity of 89.8. These findings highlight the potential of Rosmarinic Acid as an inhibitor of Hepatitis E through its interaction with the Tyrosine FYN protein, providing a basis for the development of potential new therapies in the treatment of this disease.

}, keywords = {Hepatitis E, Molecular Docking., Rosmarinic acid, Syzygium aromaricum, Tyrosine FYN}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.112}, author = {Sunadi and Saddam Al Aziz and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Rismi Verawati and Nita Yessirita and Oski Illiandri and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2153, title = {Immunization During the Covid-19 Pandemic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1005-1009}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Objectives: This Study Aims to Analyze the Determinant Factors Associated with Basic Immunization Services for Infants Aged 1-12 Months in Banjarbaru City During the Covid 19 Pandemic. Methods: The Research Design Is an Analytic Research with A Cross Sectional Approach. The Independent Variables Are Mother{\textquoteright}s Knowledge, Mother{\textquoteright}s Anxiety, And Accessibility to Health Facilities, And the Dependent Variable Is Basic Immunization Services. The Research Sample Consisted Of 100 Respondents Who Had Babies Aged 1-12 Months in The Cempaka Health Center, Sungai Ulin Health Center, Sungai Besar Health Center and South Banjarbaru Health Center. The Sampling Technique Was Non-Probability Sampling, Namely Purposive Sampling. The Instruments Used Were A Knowledge Questionnaire, An Anxiety Questionnaire (Dass) And an Accessibility Questionnaire in The Form of a Google Form. Analysis Using the Chi Square Statistical Test. Results: The Results Showed That 58 People (58.0\%) Had Basic Immunization Services According to Age, 44 People (44.0\%) Had Good Knowledge And 55 People (55.0\%) Had Accessibility to Health Facilities. Variables Related to Basic Immunization Services in Banjarbaru City Were Knowledge (P=0.03) And Anxiety (P=0.01). Another Variable in This Study, That Is Accessibility to Health Services, Was Not Related to Basic Immunization Services in Banjarbaru City (P=0.80). Conclusions: It Is Recommended That Basic Immunization Information and Services Be More Proactive. Health Promotion Uses an Interpersonal Approach in The Community to Increase Knowledge, Attitudes and Change People{\textquoteright}s Behavior.

}, keywords = {Accessibility, Anxiety, Health Center, Immunization, knowledge}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.185}, author = {Yuniarti and Rusmilawaty and Tri Tunggal and Norlaila Sofia and Nur Rohmah Prihatanti and Ahmad Rizani and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2111, title = {Immunostimulating Activity of Sungkai Leaf Stigmasterol Isolate against Cluster Differentiated 8+ T (CD8+T) from Covid 19 Disease Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {738-742}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Objective: Covid 19 is a disease that infects cells in the airway lining the alveoli. This disease is caused by a virus named SarsCoV2. One way to handle it is to increase immunity. The body itself consists of immune system organs. One component of the immune system that is very important in protecting the body against the SARS-Cov-2 virus attack is Cluster of Differentiation 8+ T (CD8+T). CD8+T is one of the components of the adaptive immune system or often known as the specific immune system and is cytotoxic, so it is called Cluster of Differentiation8 +T. One of the plants used by the community to increase endurance is Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.). This study aims to see its activity against Cluster of Differentiation 8+ T (CD8+T). Methods: Sungkai leaf powder was extracted using 70\% ethanol solvent and evaporated using a rotary evaporator to obtain ethanol extract and fractionated with n-hexanes and isolated to obtain active isolates of sungkai leaves against the immune system. Isolates obtained from the isolation of the active fraction of n hexanes that have been tested as immunostimulants in previous studies. This study used test animals, namely male white mice of the wistar strain as many as 30 mice consisting of 5 heads for each group. Group I is a control group that is not given treatment and groups II, III, IV, V and VI are given exposure to the Sars CoV2 virus antigen that causes Covid 19 disease, namely using one of the Covid19 vaccines, namely the 0.0013 mL Moderna vaccine which is given Intra Muscular. Groups II, III, IV, V are treatment groups induced with Sars CoV2 antigen and given a test preparation, namely sungkai leaf isolate with 3 dose variations, namely 1, 10 and 100 mg/kg bw given orally, and group VI was given stimuno 50 mg/kgbw as a comparison. Results: From the results of immunostimulant testing of sungkai leaf isolate, it was found that stigmasterol has an immunostimulant effect in increasing Cluster of Differentiation 8 + T (CD8 + T) in the body given SARS-CoV-2 virus antigen. Significant results were seen in the 100 mg/kg bw dose group which increased CD8+T by 53.93 ng/dl. Based on statistical tests conducted in the form of ANOVA tests, CD8+T also showed significant differences with a significance value of \<0.05. Conclusion: Stigmasterol isolate of sungkai leaf has the effect of increasing Cluster of Differentiation 8+ T (CD8+T) levels in the body given exposure to SARS-CoV 2 virus antigens.

}, keywords = {Cluster of Differentiation 8+ T (CD8+T), Immunostimulant., SARS-CoV-2, Stigmasterol, Sungkai}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.145}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Yufri Aldi} } @article {2128, title = {Implementation Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccination Policy in Southwest Maluku Regency}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {843-845}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {843}, abstract = {

The implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination policy can be influenced by several factors, including communication, available resources, task disposition, and organizational structure. This study aims to analyze the factors affecting the implementation of these policies. This study employed a qualitative descriptive design, with data collection techniques including observation and interviews. The research was conducted in Southwest Maluku Regency in October-November 2022, with a total of 5 informants consisting of key informants, such as the Regent of Southwest Maluku as the chairman and spokesperson of the Task Force, ordinary informants, such as the Head of the Regional Disaster Management Agency, the head of Surveillance and Immunization at the District Health Office of Southwest Maluku, and the Coordinator of the COVID-19 Task Force Expert Team, as well as ordinary informants, such as community leaders. The results of the study revealed that the implementation of the COVID-19 Vaccination Policy in Southwest Maluku Regency has been well executed. The government has actively conducted health promotion and socialization, and has adequate resources equipped with specific competencies and expertise. However, there were several challenges during the implementation, such as the spread of misinformation, the difficult geographical terrain, and limited communication access to all areas. The findings of this study are expected to serve as an evaluation material for the government in the implementation of the COVID-19 vaccination program.

}, keywords = {COVID-19 Vaccine, Health promotion, Policy, Task Force., Vaccination Policy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.161}, author = {Joska Rap Rap and Balqis and Sukri Palutturi and Indar and Masni and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2104, title = {In Silico Study of Rhamnocitrin Extract from Clove Syzygium Aromaricum in Inhibiting Adenosine A1 Adenylate Cyclase Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {512-517}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {512}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Rhamnocitrin, a compound found in clove extract (Syzygium aromaticum), as an inhibitor of Adenylate Cyclase through an in-silico approach. The research method involves the use of software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lipinski Rule for molecular interaction analysis and physicochemical characterization of Rhamnocitrin. The analysis results show that Rhamnocitrin has significant affinity towards Adenosine A1 with Binding Affinity values of -6.1, -5.8, and -5.7. RMSD analysis indicates good stability of the formed protein-ligand complexes, with RMSD values of 0, 3.129, and 3.696. Analysis using Protein Plus software reveals the interaction between Rhamnocitrin and Adenosine A1, while the lipinski analysis shows physicochemical characteristics of Rhamnocitrin that meet important criteria, such as a mass of 300, 3 hydrogen bond donors, 6 hydrogen bond acceptors, log P of 2.6, and molar reactivity of 77.27. These findings provide new insights into the development of potential therapies involving clove extract and Rhamnocitrin as inhibitors of Adenylate Cyclase, and further research is needed to validate their effectiveness and safety.

}, keywords = {Adenosine A1, Adenylate Cyclase inhibition, Molecular Docking., Rhamnocitrin, Syzygium aromaricum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.111}, author = {Nita Yessirita and Rismi Verawati and Devi Purnamasari and Rollando Rollando and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2081, title = {In Silico Study on the Inhibition of Sitogluside from Clove Plant (Syzygium aromaticum) on Interleukin 2 in B and T Cell Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {575-580}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

This research discusses an in-silico study of sitogluside found in the clove plant (Syzygium aromaticum) as a potential inhibitor of B and T cell proliferation through interaction with Interleukin-2. This study utilizes methods such as Swiss Target Prediction, Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule to predict the biological activity and pharmacokinetic characteristics of sitogluside. From the docking simulation results, sitogluside exhibited strong interactions with interleukin-2 with RMSD values of 0, 1.637, and 2.299, and Binding Affinities of -5.7, -5.5, and -5.5, indicating its potential effectiveness as an inhibitor. In addition, sitogluside fulfills Lipinski{\textquoteright}s rule with a molecular mass of 520, 4 hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, a log P value of 2.3, and a molar reactivity of 133, indicating a high potential for good bioavailability in biological systems. These results suggest that sitogluside from the clove plant holds potential as a new therapy in inhibiting B and T cell proliferation, however further research is needed to validate these findings and explore its potential in clinical treatments.

}, keywords = {Cell Proliferation, Interleukin-2, Molecular docking, Sitogluside, Syzygium.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.122}, author = {Linda Rosalina and Devi Purnamasari and Rismi Verawati and Okta Suryani and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2067, title = {In Silico Study on the Potential of Guaiacol Extract from Green Tea (Camellia sinensis) as a Stimulant for Carbanoic Anhydrase II in Renal Tubular Acidosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {494-499}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {494}, abstract = {

This study explores the potential of Guaiacol, a green tea extract from Camellia sinensis, as a stimulant in renal tubular acidosis through in-silico investigation on the Carbanoic Anhydrase II enzyme. Utilizing comprehensive computational tools including PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five, a detailed examination of the molecular structure and its interactions with the target enzyme was conducted. The results from Protein Plus revealed interactions between Guaiacol and Carbanoic Anhydrase II. Quantitative parameters were determined with Binding Affinity values of -5, -4.7, and -4.5, along with RMSD values of 0, 0.956, and 1.412. The Lipinski{\textquoteright}s Rule of Five was employed to evaluate the compound{\textquoteright}s drug-like properties, with the findings indicating a molecular weight of 124, one hydrogen bond donor, two hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P of 1.4, and a molar reactivity of 34.65. Overall, these findings suggest that Guaiacol holds promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of renal tubular acidosis.

}, keywords = {Camellia sinensis., Carbanoic Anhydrase II, Guaiacol, Molecular docking, Renal Tubular Acidosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.108}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Agus Suprijono and Riso Sari Mandeli and Asri Peni Wulandari and Dony Novaliendry and Ritmaleni and Linda Rosalina and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2001, title = {The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment on Nurse Performance with Work Motivation as a Mediating Factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital In 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {319-324}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {319}, abstract = {

Nursing performance is an important thing that needs to be studied in order to maintain and improve the quality of hospital services. There are many factors that affect nurse performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of job satisfaction and organizational commitment on the performance of nurses with work motivation as a mediating factor at I Lagaligo East Luwu Hospital. The type of research conducted is quantitative research using an analytic observational study with a cross sectional study design. The sampling technique is proportional random sampling with the number of samples in this study being 130 nurses. Testing the hypothesis in this study using path analysis. The results showed that job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,264; T statistic= 2,433). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on work motivation (β= 0,347; T statistic= 3,742). Work motivation has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,160; T statistic= 2,533). Job satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on performance (β = 0,179; T statistic= 2,510). Organizational commitment has a positive and significant effect on performance (β= 0,151; T statistic= 2,163). Job satisfaction has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,042; T statistic = 1,888). Organizational commitment has no direct effect on performance with work motivation as a mediating factor (β= 0,056; T statistic = 1,911). Hospitals are expected to be able to maintain job satisfaction, organizational commitment and work motivation of nurses so that every nurse is willing to provide the best productivity and performance for the realization of improving the quality of nursing services.

}, keywords = {Hospital., Job satisfaction, Nurse performance, Organizational commitment, Work motivation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.47}, author = {Maria Ulfha Ibrahim and Alimin Maidin and Irwandy and Indahwaty Sidin and Fridawaty Rivai and Khalid Shaleh} } @article {2161, title = {The Influence of Vitamin D3 Administration on the Levels of CGRP, Glutamate, and NLRP3 during the Ictal Phase in Chronic Migraine Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1052-1058}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1052}, abstract = {

Background: Migraine is a primary headache disorder that ranks as the third leading cause of disability. Various prophylactic therapies have been developed for migraine treatment, including vitamin D3 supplementation. The mechanism of action of vitamin D3 supplementation in the pathophysiology of migraine has not been extensively studied. Objective: This study assesses the impact of vitamin D3 administration on the levels of the biomarkers CGRP, Glutamate, and NLRP3 and its effect on reducing the frequency and intensity of migraine attacks in chronic migraine patients. Methods: This experimental study (single-blind clinical trial) observes two groups: a group given vitamin D3 at 2000 IU for 12 weeks and a placebo group. This study involved 61 chronic migraine subjects. At the end of the study, after excluded 31 subjects, there were 12 subjects in each of the two groups. Results: A significant relationship was found between vitamin D3 administration and the reduction in the frequency and duration of migraine attacks in both the vitamin D3 group (p\<0.001) and the placebo group (p=0.078). No significant relationship was found between vitamin D3 administration and changes in CGRP levels (p=0.633), but there were significant changes in glutamate (p\<0.001) and NLRP3 (p=0.016) levels following vitamin D3 administration. Conclusion: Vitamin D3 supplementation has an impact on reducing the frequency and duration of migraine attacks in chronic migraine patients, and there is a significant association with changes in glutamate and NLRP3 levels, but not with changes in CGRP levels.

}, keywords = {CGRP, Chronic Migraine, Glutamate, NLRP3, Vitamin D3}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.193}, author = {Restu Susanti and Yuliarni Syafrita and Afriwardi and Rauza Sukma Rita and Eryati Darwin and Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto and Hirowati Ali and Fika Tri Anggraini} } @article {2097, title = {The Influence of Work Engagement on Job Satisfaction and Human Resource Performance in South Sulawesi Provincial Hospital 2022}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {650-654}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {650}, abstract = {

One of the most important factors for an individual to have at work is work engagement which is a concept that can reflect that an individual has passion, focus, and also strong dedication to work at the company. Work engagement is also defined as a positive and satisfying mental state related to work that is characterized by vigor, dedication, and absorption.1 An HR can be said to be work engagement when an HR is able to make his work a priority for himself and personally for the organization besides that work engagement is personal HR who are proud to have been part of an organization so that they are able to work according to the jobdesk given (Rohana Manalu et al., 2021). This study aims to analyze the effect of Work Engagement on Job Satisfaction and HR Performance at the South Sulawesi Provincial Hospital. This type of research is quantitative research using an analytic observational design with a cross sectional study approach. The sample in this study were health workers using a stratified random sampling technique of 316 people. The samples taken in this study were 152 employees at Laburan Baji Hospital, 122 Haji Hospital and 42 people at Sayang Rakyat Hospital. Data analysis used univariate, bivariate \& path analysis. The results showed that there was a direct effect of work engagement on job satisfaction and HR performance with a coefficient of 0.525 and 0.267 for each with a p value (0.000) \< 0.05 (significant). In addition, there is a direct effect of job satisfaction on HR performance, namely a coefficient value of 0.620 with a p value (0.000) \<0.05. Meanwhile, the effect of work engagement on HR performance through job satisfaction obtained a coefficient value of 0.326 with a p value (0.000) \< 0.05. which means Work Engagement has an influence on HR Performance through Job Satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Performance., Satisfaction, Work engagement}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.133}, author = {Nurfhadila Utami Husain and Syahrir A Pasinringi and Fridawaty Rivai and Noer Bahry Noor and Khalid Saleh} } @article {2083, title = {Interaction of Cynaroside from Orthosiphon Aristatus Plant Extract on TNF Alpha as a Stimulant in Malaria and Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {581-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {581}, abstract = {

This research aims to investigate the interaction between cynaroside, a natural compound found in Orthosiphon aristatus plant extract, with TNF Alpha as a stimulant in the context of malaria and asthma. The research method involved an in-silico approach using software such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. The results of the study showed that cynaroside has a significant interaction with TNF Alpha, as indicated by high Binding Affinity values of -9.6, -9.3, and -9.2. Analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between cynaroside and TNF Alpha. Additionally, evaluation using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that cynaroside has physicochemical characteristics suitable as a potential drug compound, with a mass of 448, hydrogen bond donors of 7, hydrogen bond acceptors of 11, log p -0.401, and molar reactivity of 105.2. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential of cynaroside in regulating the immune response to malaria and asthma through its interaction with TNF Alpha. These results can serve as an important basis for further research in the development of more targeted and effective therapies for both of these diseases

}, keywords = {Asthma., Cynaroside, Malaria, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, TNF Alpha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.123}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Gemini Alam and Khoirun Nisyak and Trisna Kumala Sari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Ritbey Ruga and Putri Azhari and Romadhon and Himmatul Barroroh and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2118, title = {Male and Female Rosy Barb Fish (Pethia conchonius) Predation Time Against Aedes aegypti Mosquito Larva and Pupa Stage in the Morning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {781-785}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {781}, abstract = {

Introduction: The control program for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) outbreaks prioritizes controlling the mosquito vector population. One way of biologically controlling mosquitoes that is safer and more environmentally friendly is fish as natural predators of larval and pupae stage mosquitoes. One fish tested in this study was Rosy Barb (Pethia conchonius). Objective: This study aimed to compare the male and female fish predation ability of rosy barb (P. conchonius) in Aedes aegypti larval and pupal stages. Methods: This study is a laboratory experiment with a post-test-only design and five replications. One aquarium holds one litre of water, one fish, and 25 Ae. aegypti larval/pupa tails. Fish testing begins at 09.00 WIB in the morning. Fish predation was timed until the fish consumed all larvae and pupae. Results: The mean time of predation of male P. conchonius to larvae was 12.03 minutes, and pupae were 2.83 minutes. The mean time of predation of female P. conchonius on larvae was 11.70 minutes, and pupae were 4.28 minutes. The results of the independent sample t-test equal variance assumed statistical test showed that male and female fish had mosquito larvae feeding times that were not significantly different (p\> 0.05). Male and female fish had mosquito pupa feeding times that were not significantly different (p \> 0.05). Conclusions: Rosy barb fish (P. conchonius) has the potential as a natural predator of Ae. aegypti larval and pupal stages.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Female fish, Larvae, Male fish, Pethia conchonius, Pupae.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.152}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Sri Subekti and Heny Arwati and Etha Rambung and Natalia Christiani} } @article {2172, title = {The Mediating Role of Perceived Value on the Relationship between Quality Assurance and Student Satisfaction in Nursing Education}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1121-1125}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1121}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to examine the connections between quality assurance, perceived value, and nursing student satisfaction. Methods: A survey was conducted with 200 nursing students in Indonesia. Data on quality assurance, perceived value, and satisfaction was gathered. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to assess the measurement and structural models. Results: PLS-SEM showed a significant positive link between quality assurance and perceived value (β=0.239, p=0.002), and between perceived value and satisfaction (β=0.510, p\<0.001). However, no direct relationship was found between quality assurance and satisfaction (β=0.042, p=0.571) in the structural model. Perceived value exhibited a mediating role. Conclusion: Enhancing quality assurance in nursing schools is essential for improving students{\textquoteright} perceived value, subsequently leading to higher satisfaction levels. However, it{\textquoteright}s crucial to note that quality alone doesn{\textquoteright}t directly impact satisfaction. Nursing schools should prioritize both quality assurance and increasing perceived value to maximize student satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Nursing education, Perceived value, Quality assurance, Student satisfaction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.204}, author = {Hammad and Parellangi and Kelana Kusuma Dharma and Anwar Mallongi and Sukri Palutturi and Ainun Sajidah and Naning Kisworo Utami and Khairir Rizani and Reza Fauzan and Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho and Muhammad Rasyid} } @article {2038, title = {Metabolite Profiling of Compounds from Sargassum polycystum using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {321-333}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {321}, abstract = {

Background: There are many types of seaweed that have high economic value. Brown seaweed (Sargassum polycystum) can be used as a raw material in the industry and as a medicinal plant. Maintaining the quality of a compound requires an analytical method that can identify the diversity of metabolome profiles. Objective: This investigation seeks to discover the metabolite profile of S. polycystum from Sumenep, Madura Island, Indonesia, utilizing the UPLC-QToF MS/MS equipment. Materials and Methods: The extract was further fractioned using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The metabolite profiling of extract and fractions used the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS instrument. It was produced with SPE and then introduced into the MS Xevo G2-S QToF detector of the ACQUITY UPLC{\textregistered} H-Class System. The findings of the UPLC-QToF-MS/MS analysis were processed with the MassLynx 4.1 software to obtain chromatogram data and m/z spectra of each observed peak, which were then validated using the ChemSpider and MassBank databases. Results: Based on the results of metabolite profiling using UPLC-QToF-MS/MS, the 96 \% ethanol extract of S. polycystum indicated a total of 61 compounds, the n-hexane fraction indicated a total of 55 compounds, the ethyl acetate fraction indicated a total of 67 compounds, and the water fraction indicated a total of 49 compounds. Conclusion: There are 232 compounds in the extract and a fraction of S. polycystum consisting of 168 known compounds and 64 unknown compounds.

}, keywords = {Metabolite profiling, Sargassum polycystum, Seaweed, UPLC-QToF-MS/MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.82}, author = {Pramudita Riwanti and Intan Kris Prasetyanti and Burhan Ma{\textquoteright}arif} } @article {2068, title = {Molecular Docking of Thaflavine from Camellia sinensis in Inhibiting B-Cell Lymphoma Through BCl2 Apoptosis Regulator: An In Silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

This study aims to analyze the potential of Thaflavine, a compound found in green tea (Camellia sinensis), as an inhibitor in inhibiting B-cell lymphoma through its interaction with the BCl2 apoptosis regulator using an in-silico approach. The research methodology involved the use of software tools such as PyMOL, PyRx, Protein Plus, and the Lepinski Rule. Through molecular docking analysis using PyMOL and PyRx, the findings of this study demonstrate significant interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2, with Binding Affinity values of -5.5, -4.6, and -4.6, and RMSD values of 0, 1.436, and 2.292. The analysis using Protein Plus indicates the presence of interactions between Thaflavine and BCl2. Additionally, the analysis using the Lepinski Rule of Five reveals that Thaflavine meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 549, 9 hydrogen bond donors, 12 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of -2.5, and a molar reactivity of 119.17. The findings of this study provide important contributions to the development of therapies for B-cell lymphoma through an in-silico approach. However, further research is needed for in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis Regulator BCl2, B-cell Lymphoma, Camellia sinensis., In-Silico Thaflavine, Molecular docking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.109}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Herland Satriawan and Teresa Liliana Wargasetia and Devi Purnamasari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Bahrun and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2036, title = {Novel Point Mutations of the ace-1 Gene of Aedes aegypti Larva Treated with Methanolic Extract of Citrus hystrix}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {307-315}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {307}, abstract = {

Introduction: The mosquito species of Ae. aegypti is a vector of arthropod-borne diseases such as dengue haemorrhagic fever. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme in Ae. aegypti that encoded by the ace-1 gene. Damage in the ace-1 gene as target of insecticide lead to the loss of the normal structure and function of AChE. However, damage in the ace-1 gene remains uncharacterised. The main aim of this study was to find out the point mutations of ace-1 gene in Ae. aegypti larvae treated with methanolic extract of Citrus hystrix leaves. Method: This experiment using a completely randomized design with two treatment groups. A container containing lethal concentration 50 of methanolic extract of C. hystrix leaves, and a control group containing only water with 0.5\% Tween-20. Each group contained 50 third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti, and each group was repeated four times. Observation was performed for 24 h for the number of survived and dead larvae. Survived and dead larvae were collected prior to the DNA extraction, PCR, electrophoresis, and sequencing. The sequences of those two groups were then compared to determine the point mutations using genetyx ver 12. Results: The PCR products of both groups showed clear bands of 500-600 bp long. Furthermore, the presence of the mutation was confirmed by sequencing the PCR product of ace-1 between each treatment group. The survived larva in the extract-treated group showed more point mutation compared with that of dead larvae. Conclusions: This first report indicated that many mutations in the form of deletions and insertions in nitrogenous bases and different amino acid variations of the ace-1 gene of third instar larvae of Ae. aegypti after 24 h treated with methanolic extract of C. hystrix leaves than those in control group.

}, keywords = {ace-1 gene, Aedes aegypti, Citrus hystrix, Point mutation., Sequence}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.80}, author = {Hebert Adrianto and Heny Arwati and Sri Subekti and Etik Ainun Rohmah and Reviany Vibrianita Nidom and Setyarina Indrasari} } @article {2028, title = {Optimization of Xanthine Oxidase Activity, Phytochemical Screening, Toxicity Assay, and Antigout Activity of Spatholobus littoralis Hassk. Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {258-269}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {258}, abstract = {

Introduction: A medicinal plant from Central Kalimantan, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk., with a local name bajakah tampala, has long been used to treat gout or uric acid disease. This study aimed to develop the optimum conditions of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity, phytochemical screening, and to obtain the antigout activity of S. littoralis Hassk. Methods: Before performing the phytochemical screening, we performed a simplicia maceration with water and 70\% ethanol solvents. The development of the optimum conditions for XO was carried out using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) combined Box-Behnken Design (BBD). Toxicity assay (LC50) on both extracts was assessed by BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test). The two extracts were then evaluated for antigout activity. Results: The yield of 70\% ethanol extract (11.24\%) was higher than the aqueous extract (7.29\%). The phytochemical screening on the simplicia and the two extracts positively contained steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The optimum conditions of XO activity were temperature of 20 {\textcelsius}, pH of 8.0, and xanthine concentration of 1.40 mM. The toxicity of the 70\% ethanol extract (LC50 662.25 mg/L) was stronger than the aqueous extract (LC50 774.68 mg/L). Moreover, the 70\% ethanol extract (IC50 224.14{\textpm}8.62 mg/L) showed higher XO inhibition than the water extract (IC50 348.83{\textpm}4.85 mg/L). Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis showed that 70\% ethanol and water extracts inhibited XO competitively with the inhibition constant (KI) of 272.68 mg/L and 378.44 mg/L, respectively. Conclusion: This preliminary study can be a reference that S. littoralis Hassk. is potentially an antigout.

}, keywords = {Box-Behnken Design, Gout, Lineweaver-Burk plot, Spatholobus littoralis Hassk, Xanthine Oxidase.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.72}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Trivadila and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ibnu Hari Sulistyawan} } @article {2184, title = {Performance Comparison of Urine Sediment Analytical Tool by Flowcytometry and Digital Imaging with Standardized Manual Microscopic Testing}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1189-1196}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1189}, abstract = {

Background: Urine sediment examination provides numerous information about patient{\textquoteright}s kidney condition. Flowcytometry and digital imaging system could conduct automatic urine sediment analysis. Therefore, determining the diagnostic performance of the examination is very important in the management carried out by the clinician. This study aims to determine the diagnostic performance of urine flowcytometry and digital imaging sediment examination tools compared to manual microscopes that are standardized as gold standards. Methods: This study is an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional approach on 92 urine samples of patients who attended the Internal Medicine Nephrology Polyclinic of Dr. Soetomo Academic Hospital Surabaya. The performance of flowcytometry and digital imaging methods is assessed by calculating sensitivity and specificity. Analysis of the suitability of each urine sediment parameter used Cohen{\textquoteright}s kappa. Urine sediment analysis with a light microscope was conducted with the Shih-Yung method as a gold standard. Results: The erythrocyte parameters revealed a very favorable result with the concordance of the flowcytometry with the Shih-Yung method (κ=0.82) and fair results for WBC (κ=0.25), Epithelium (κ=0.57) and Cast (κ=0.27). At the same time, yeast had substantial conformity (κ=0.63). The digital imaging method showed substantive fit for WBC (κ=0.676), RBC (κ=0.621), fair for SEC (κ=0.42) and NSE (κ=0.24), moderate for Yeast (κ=0.45), and slight for Hyaline Cast (κ=0.074) and Path Cast (κ= 0.134) Conclusion: The urine flowcytometry demonstrates better performance compatibility with a standardized manual microscope compared to urine digital imaging. However, pathological samples should still be verified with a manual microscope

}, keywords = {Digital imaging, Flowcytometry, Microscopic, Urine sediment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.216}, author = {Nur Fitri Hayati Melida Ritonga and Ferdy R. Marpaung and Hartono Kahar and Nunuk Mardiana and Yessy Puspitasari} } @article {2117, title = {Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Luma Chequen (Molina) A. Gray from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {777-780}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Luma chequen belongs to Myrtaceae family and it is known as {\textquotedblleft}arrayan{\textquotedblright}. In the traditional medicine from Peru, L chequen is used as aromatic plant, anti-inflammatory and hypocholesterolemic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical profile, evaluate the antioxidant and the antibacterial activity of L. chequen essential oil. Material and Methods: In the analysis of the volatile components a Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the content of terpenes and sesquiterpenes. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was the method used to determine the antioxidant activity and obtain the half inhibitory concentration (IC50). For the antibacterial activity, a colorimetric macrodilution method was carried out to evaluate the effect of the essential oil of L. chequen against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Results: The analysis by GC-MS showed two major components alpha-pinene (62.89\%) followed by 1,8-cineole (11.94\%), and propanoic acid, 2-methyl-, 2-methylpropyl ester with 8.67\%. In the antioxidant activity against DPPH radical, the essential oil of L. chequen showed an IC50 equivalent to124.60 {\textpm} 2.0 μg/mL. In the antibacterial activity, L. chequen had an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) for Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 of 4.35 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL and 8.71 {\textpm} 0 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: L. chequen presented monoterpene compounds as main phytoconstituents as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activity in vitro. The essential oil might be used as antimicrobial agent in the future overall against S. aureus.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial., Antioxidant, Aromatic plant, Essential oil, Luma chequeen, Medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.151}, author = {Julio Luis D{\'\i}az-Uribe and Mar{\'\i}a Elena Salazar-Salvatierra and Julio Reynaldo Ruiz-Quiroz and Oscar Herrera- Calderon and Eddie Loyola-Gonzales and Freddy Emilio Tataje-Napuri and Jos{\'e} Francisco Kong-Chirinos} } @article {2152, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activity in Dragon Fruit Plant Extracts as Immunomodulators in Pregnant Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {999-1004}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {999}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dragon fruit contains many organic acids, proteins, and minerals such as potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and vitamin C. Several natural compounds can increase the activity of the immune system, namely flavonoids, curcumin, limonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and catechins. Objective: to analyze the levels of phytochemicals and active ingredients from the fruit, skin, stem, and roots of dragon fruit plants. Methods: This research was carried out experimentally, carried out at the Pucuk Sirih Jamu Factory. This study used fresh and ripe Dragon Fruit Plants directly taken from the Tanah Laut District garden (South Kalimantan), carried out extract preparation, phytochemical screening, and determination of phytochemical levels of red dragon fruit plants. Results: The study found the highest secondary metabolite levels in red dragon fruit for Flavonoids in the stem (0.74\%), Alkaloids in the stem (4.21\%), Saponins in fruit flesh (0.45\%), and Steroids in roots (2.54\%). Antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit flesh (78.23\%), stem (79.13\%), root (8.64\%), and skin (11.24\%). The highest antioxidant activity in red dragon fruit stems.

Conclusions: There are groups of secondary metabolites and antioxidants contained in dragon fruit plants (fruit, skin, stems, and roots) from Kalimantan Selatan (Indonesia).

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dragon fruit plant, Immunomodulator, Phytochemical screening, Pregnant Women}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.184}, author = {Rubiati Hipni and Isnaniah and Noorhayati Maslani and Hapisah and Megawati and Isrowiyatun Daiyah and Ahmad Rizani} } @article {2095, title = {Policy Implementation of Hypertension Prevention and Control Program in Banjarmasin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {641-649}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {641}, abstract = {

The Ministry of Health launched the Policy Implementation for the Prevention and Control of Hypertension Program with the goal of addressing the needs of national and regional public health development through minimal service standards. The goal of this study was to look at how hypertension prevention and control programs were implemented in the city of Banjarmasin. This study uses a qualitative descriptive-explorative analysis method with multiple case study approaches. Data collection was carried out by in-depth interviews, observation, documentation and literature study to all research informants. Informant selection technique used purposeful sampling. Research variables included communication, resources, bureaucratic structure and dispositions/attitudes. The research findings indicated that communication between policymakers, implementers, and program targets was effective. Despite the fact that human resources have reached the criterion for personnel, certain officers continue to have an excessive burden, and the number of health cadres was insufficient. Although facilities and infrastructure were available, several Public Health Centers were still having difficulty channeling demands and budgets. The bureaucratic structure had been implemented through SOPs and the delegation of authority, however numerous agencies still lacked complete documentation and archives. Even though the overall objectives were not attained, all parties exhibited a strong commitment and determination to continue the program. It can be concluded that the implementation of hypertension prevention and control policies in Banjarmasin had been quite successful, though there were still some challenges, such as differences in program target participation methods, the need for systematic equalization of authority tasks, and more equitable budget management in terms of resources. Furthermore, in terms of bureaucratic structure, it is vital to develop organized documentation standards in each agency.

}, keywords = {Control, Hypertension., Implementation, Policy, Prevention, Program}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.132}, author = {Sally Pobas and Balqis Nazaruddin and Sukri Palutturi and Wahiduddin and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2150, title = {Prevalence of Legionella pneumophila in a Variety of Environmental Water Systems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {987-994}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {987}, abstract = {

The purpose of the current study is to isolate and identify Legionella pneumophila by bacteriological and molecular methods from water and swab samples collected from a variety of water systems in Fallujah City, Iraq. A total of 227 samples were collected, including 146 swab samples and 81 of 1 L water samples. Bacteriological and molecular assays were performed compromised cultural, gram stain, a set of biochemical tests, and serological tests. The phenotypically validated isolates underwent a 16s rRNA gene by conventional PCR assays. The results showed 28 (12.33\%) were positive with the presence of legionella pneumophila isolates. including 5 (17.86\%) positive isolates from water samples and 23 (82.14\%) positive isolates from swabs. The current study showed that the majority of the water and swab samples were detected to be negative, but there is an appropriate exposure to this pathogen in the community. The diversity of the presence of these bacteria in several water systems, as well as the diversity in the use of multiple sources of water and exposure to them, leads to an increase in the potential risks of infection by L. pneumophila.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.182}, author = {Mohammed I. Khalid and Ibrahim A.A Rahmaan} } @article {2155, title = {Qualitative Study on Adolescent Marriage and The Risk of Stunting in South Kalimantan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1016-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1016}, abstract = {

Objective: An exploratory qualitative investigation to determine the causes of adolescent marriage, analyze the effect of early marriage on stunting, and analyze the food patterns of toddlers in adolescent marriage in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Method: The method used is phenomenology using the FGD system and in-depth interviews. Participants include the FGD informants from the Family Planning Regional Apparatus Organization, the Office of Women{\textquoteright}s Empowerment and Child Protection and the Office of Religious Affairs from 13 Regencies/ Cities in South Kalimantan. In-depth interview informants were adolescent marriage offenders and their parents, adolescent pregnant women, midwives, integrated health service post cadres, and community leaders each taken from three Regencies/ Cities. Results: There are not many formal adolescent marriages because they have to get a recommendation from the Religious Courts. Adolescent marriages mostly occur through informal marriages. The high rate of early marriage in South Kalimantan Province is caused by culture and weak enforcement of the rules. The incidence of adolescent marriage is caused by promiscuity and information. Meanwhile, adolescent marriage is mostly due to economic motives and limited education facilities in rural areas. Adolescent marriage is not closely related to the incidence of stunting, but low education can be a factor in the inability of parents to provide good parenting, especially feeding pratice. Conclusions: Adolescent marriages appear to be triggered by economic motives and teenagers{\textquoteright} desires, as well as driven by economic conditions, social influences, and a lack of encouragement to complete formal education. It was observed that stunting is more common among toddlers with adolescent mothers than toddlers with adult mothers. There is a poor feeding parenting pattern of toddlers with adolescent parents.

}, keywords = {Adolescent marriage, Qualitative investigation, Stunting, Toddler feeding pattern}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.187}, author = {Meilla Dwi Andrestian and Meitria Syahadatina Noor and Resa Ana Dina and Ayunina Rizky Ferdina and Zulfiana Dewi and Niken Widyastuti Hariati and Purnawati Hustina Rachman and Muhammad Irwan Setiawan and Windy Tri Yuana and Ali Khomsan} } @article {2094, title = {Quality of Health Services of Non-Accredited Health Centers on Patient Satisfaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {633-640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Introduction: Health Centre a health service facility that organizes public health efforts and first-level individual health efforts, by prioritizing promotive and preventive efforts in its working area. Health Center as a first-level health facility is required to always improve service quality and patient safety, improve health center performance, protect health human resources, the community and the environment. The purpose of this study was to explore or describe the quality of health services on patient satisfaction at the Tiakur Health Center, Southwest Maluku Regency. Methods: This research is a type of qualitative research with a descriptive phenomenological approach. Key informants in this study were patients who had undergone treatment at the Tiakur Health Center from January to December 2022 and supporting informants were the head of the health services facility field, the head of the Tiakur Health Center, the head of Tiakur administration and the head of the Tiakur Health Center working group. The technique of determining informants using purposive sampling method. The instruments used were in-depth interview guidelines and focus group discussions. Results: The results showed that the dimensions of service quality, namely effective, efficient, patient-focused and safe, have not been fulfilled properly while the dimensions of accessible and fair have been fulfilled properly. The Tiakur Health Center needs to make improvements to health services so that service quality and patient satisfaction can be realized properly. Conclusion: This qualitative study of patient satisfaction with non-accredited Health Center as health services can be used as evaluation material to be able to improve and improve the health services of Tiakur Health Center to the community.

}, keywords = {Health, Patient., Quality, Satisfaction, Service}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.131}, author = {Sohordinatus Ifan Unkelefta and Amran Razak and Sukri Palutturi and Balqis and Aminuddin Syam and Andi Ummu Salmah and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2098, title = {Quantitative Analysist of Ethnomedicinal Practice and Used by the Banceuy Tribe in Subang Village of Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {655-667}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {655}, abstract = {

Background: The people of Banceuy, Indonesia have used plants for traditional medicine treatment for generation to generation. However, this local knowledge has not been recorded until today. The quantitative approach of ethnomedicinal documented show the usefulness of plant. More application medicinal plant, more pharmacological reported, more drug discovery potential development. This study aims to understanding the utilization of plants for medicinal treatment by the people of Banceuy tribe, Subang village, Indonesia. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with a total of 35 informants that representative 10\% of the total family units in Banceuy. The data has been analysed within species use value (SUV), family use value (FUV), plant part use (PPU), and the relative frequency of citation that was calculated based on fidelity level (FL). Result: We found 91 identified species and 3 unidentified species belonging of 41 group of families to treat 26 types of diseases. Among the recorded, Zingiberaceae and Piperaceae were the most abundant. The plant specieses with the highest SUV were Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. (0.74) and Ageratum conyzoides L. (0.71). The leaves were found as the most used plant part and decoction was the dominant plants in medicinal administration. There were several unique traditional medicine treatments in Banceuy, such as tuak for cough ailment and post-partum treatment by mixed leaves concoction. Finally, all the data documented would be importance for new drug discovery, dried herbal market, as well as improving the society local income.

}, keywords = {Banceuy tribe, Plant part use, Species and family use value, Traditional medicine treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.134}, author = {Marisca Evalina Gondokesumo and Silmi Qurrotu Aini and Siti Rahmadani} } @article {2021, title = {The Risk Analysis of Patient Transfer Practice Events to Safety of Nurses and Patients of the TNI AU Dodi Sardjoto Hospital}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {429-432}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {429}, abstract = {

Work accidents can occur due to unsafe action and unsafe condition factors. This type of research is a combination of qualitative and quantitative research (mix method) with a phenomenological approach that aims to determine the risks of patient transfer practices to the safety of nurses and patients. This research was conducted at the TNI AU Dody Sardjoto Hospital with a total sample of 51 people, the sampling technique is simple random sampling. Then in-depth interviews will be conducted on key informants, ordinary informants, and additional informants. Quantitative data analysis using chi square test and multiple linear regression. The results of the study found that the history of disease (p = 0.010), physical activity (0.026), facilities and infrastructure (0.011), SOP (p = 0.000), and the environment (p = 0.000) influenced the safety of nurses. The results also showed that compliance with SOP (Standard Operating Procedure) was the most influential variable with B of 0.675. It is also known that the results of the path test have an indirect influence between nurse safety and patient safety is E2 = 0.887 or 88.7\%. It is hoped that the results of this study can be a reference to reduce the risk of patient transfer practice events to the safety of nurses and patients.

}, keywords = {Accident, Patient Transfer, Work safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.67}, author = {Muh. Nur Amal Sali and M. Furqan Naiem and Masyitha Muis and Syamsiar S. Russeng and Atjo Wahyu and Erniwati Ibrahim and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1955, title = {The Role of Indian Magical Herb Selaginella bryopteris L. (Selaginaceae) in Pharmacotherapeutic Perspective: An Overview}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {14-20}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {14}, abstract = {

This review involves the medicinal as well as therapeutic applications of Sanjeevni (Selaginella bryopteris L.) in curtailing different types of acute and chronic maladies. The magical herb (Selaginella bryopteris) is utilized for its resurrecting and medicinal properties in various regions of the world. S. bryopteris based formulations have been widely used in folk medicine to treat spermatorrhoea, colitis, epilepsy, leucorrhoea, urinary tract infections, fever, venereal illnesses, constipation, beri-beri, cancer, and many other ailments. The medicinal and pharmacological effects of S. bryopteris have been extensively studied in recent years, employing a variety of in vivo and in vitro models and clinical studies. Many biochemical and pharmacological studies on Selaginella bryopteris have been conducted, and many of its traditional applications have been validated scientifically. Different biological activities are concerned with it, like anti-bacterial, growth-promoting, anti-protozoan, relief from heat stroke and the burning sensation during urination, anti-stress cell death, memory improvement, relief from stomach-aches, anti-hyperglycemic activity, and anti-depressant activity. S. bryopteris is undeniably one of the most significant plants owing to its enormous pharmacological and therapeutic potential. On the other hand, several information gaps found in this article might spur fresh academic and R\&D efforts to produce S. bryopteris-based herbal medications and nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {Biflavonoid, S. bryopteris L., Sanjeevni, Selaginaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.3}, author = {Arti Gautam and Lal Chand Pal and Ch. V Rao and Vikas Kumar} } @article {2149, title = {Safety Assessment of Supplementation with Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Lemongrass) Extract in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 3: A Preliminary 90-Days Prospective Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {976-986}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a major public health issue, and due to resource constraints, many can{\textquoteright}t access dialysis. C. citratus, lemongrass is globally prevalent and known to increase urine output without toxicity. Objective: To examine the safety of C. citratus in patients with CKD stage 3. Materials and Methods: The major compound of C. citratus was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 64 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to control or C. citratus groups. The control group received a placebo, whereas the C. citratus group received 900 mg of C. citratus daily for 90 days. All participants were examined BUN, Scr, Cys-C, and eGFR, liver functions, RBC, HCT, Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3, and other biochemical parameters. Results: HPLC showed C. citratus contains of phenolic compounds. Clinically, C. citratus group had no notable side effects on T-Bil, AST, ALT and ALP. Also, maintained eGFR, SCys-C, K+ and Cl level. The level of blood Na+ was significant increase at day 30 (p \< 0.05). The control group had a significant decrease in eGFR and HCO3 levels (p \< 0.05) and a significant increase of Cl- and SCys-C. In addition, no statistical differences had found between groups in eGFR, BUN, Cr, Na+, K+, HCO3, PO4, RBC and HCT levels. Throughout the 90 days, no drug allergies or side effects were reported. Conclusion: Dietary supplementation with C. citratus may have a favorable effect on delaying the course of CKD and is safe to use for patients with CKD stage 3.

}, keywords = {Chronic Kidney Disease, CKD stage 3, Cymbopogon citratus Stapf., Lemongrass, Safety}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.181}, author = {Patnaree Wongmanit and Parunkul Tungsukruthai and Pratya Phetkate and Daraporn Rungprai and Sucharat Tungsukruthai and Ouppatham Supasyndh and Kusuma Sriyakul} } @article {2084, title = {Stimulation of Emodin from Aloe Vera on Protein Kinase PIM1 in the Central Nervous System Through In Silico Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {587-592}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the potential of Emodin, a compound found in Aloe vera, as a stimulator of Protein Kinase PIM1 in the central nervous system using an in-silico approach. The research method involves the use of software such as Pymol, Pyrex, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. Firstly, the protein structure of the target Protein Kinase PIM1 was obtained from a protein database and prepared using Pymol. Next, the molecular structure of Emodin was imported into Pyrex and subjected to geometry optimization. Docking analysis using Pymol was performed to predict the molecular interactions between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1. Additionally, RMSD analysis was conducted to evaluate the stability of the protein-ligand complex formed. The docking analysis results showed that Emodin exhibited significant Binding Affinity, with values of -8.4, -8.3, and -8.2, indicating a strong affinity between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1. The RMSD analysis indicated the stability of the protein-ligand complex, with RMSD values of 0, 1.101, and 1.122. Furthermore, analysis using Protein Plus revealed the presence of interactions between Emodin and Protein Kinase PIM1 through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. The results of the Lepinski Rule analysis demonstrated that Emodin fulfilled several important criteria in drug design, including a molecular weight of 270, 3 hydrogen bond donors, 5 hydrogen bond acceptors, a log p value of 1.887220, and a molar reactivity of 64.480385. These findings indicate the potential of Emodin as a stimulator of Protein Kinase PIM1 in the central nervous system and provide an important foundation for the development of potential therapies for central nervous system-related disorders.

}, keywords = {Central Nervous System, Emodin, Molecular Docking., PIM1 Kinase, Stimulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.124}, author = {Rahadian Zainul and Rismi Verawati and Ritbey Ruga and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Putri Azhari and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {2112, title = {Strategy for Service Quality Improvement Based on Patient Experience Using Importance Performance Analysis in Inpatients General Hospital in South Sulawesi Province}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {743-749}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {743}, abstract = {

Background: Over the past few years, patient satisfaction surveys have been used to provide an indication of patient experience. However, patient satisfaction surveys do not accurately describe the feelings and experiences that are actually felt by patients. Using patient experience measurements can provide information on what events occur when getting services at health facilities, measure aspects that are important to patients and see their point of view that can improve the quality of health services. Objective: The study aimed at analyzing the best strategy to be implemented to improve the quality of service for Provincial General Hospital at South Sulawesi based on patient experience. Methods: The study design was quantitative with descriptive analysis approach. A sample of 382 patients was determined and selected with the certain criteria. Data were collected using a measuring instruments in the form of a patient experience questionnaire which contains 48 questions. Results: In these three hospitals, admission to hospital and hospital ward environment are two dimensions of the patient experience that have had unsatisfactory outcomes. Meanwhile, at the Sayang Rakyat Hospital, they have unsatisfactory care and treatment dimensions. Conclusions: This study highlights the relevance of utilizing IPA to evaluate patient perspectives of hospital services and suggest opportunities for improvement. Hospitals can improve patient experience and overall service quality by concentrating on the most critical dimensions in which the hospital is performing poorly (Quadrant A). The study{\textquoteright}s findings can help hospital stakeholder to identify the methods in order to improve patient experience and satisfaction.

}, keywords = {Importance Performance Analysis, Patient Centered Care, Patient Experience, Quality Improvement.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.146}, author = {Asvika A. Anwar and Syahrir A. Pasinringi and Andi Zulkifli and Fridawaty Rivai and Andi Indahwaty Sidin and Irwandy} } @article {1962, title = {Study of Triterpene Saponin Compounds from Centella asitica as Renin Inhibitor with Pharmacophore Modeling, Molecular Docking and In-vitro Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {57-63}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {57}, abstract = {

Hypertension is a silent killer that causes kidney, heart, and stroke damage if not handled properly. In Indonesia, the prevalence of the population with high blood pressure is 34.11\% with women 36.85\% higher than men 31.34\%, this shows a fairly high value so that special attention is needed on hypertension therapy. It is known that currently there are 6 types of pharmacological therapy for hypertension and one of the newest is the renin inhibitor class (Aliskiren). Indonesia has diverse natural wealth in the form of flora and fauna, with a wealth of more than 30,000 types of medicinal plants with 9500 potential herbal medicines that have not been utilized optimally, with the largest exporter of herbal medicines in the world. Centella asiatica plants containing triterpenoid saponins have high renin inhibitor activity, namely the content of Asiaticoside and Madecasoside. The research method was carried out in silico using molecular simulation and in vitro with fluorometry (328/552 nm) to test the activity of asiaticoside and madecasoside compounds as well as a mixture of asiaticoside and madecasoside in Centella asiatica plants. This is supported by the docking outcome. The docking results show that madecososide compounds have a gibbs energy close to the positive control aleskiren (-8.356 kcal/mol) and aleskiren (-9.44 kcal/mol). The experiment results showed that the triterpenoid saponin compound (madecassoside) contained an IC value of 0.71, at a concentration of 5 μg/μl, and absorbance of 1.35 A in the first minute. The strongest renin inhibition was Madecasoside compound with a concentration of 5 μg/μl with an average value of fluorescent adsorption and an average percent inhibition of 135\% with the best renin inhibition at Madecasoside 5 ug/ul the first minute with absorbance values 1.19 A. Finally, the in silico result corresponded to the in vitro experiment. Centella asiatica plants have renin inhibitor activity as antihypertensive, especially in secondary metabolites of triterpene saponins with pure madecasoside compounds compared with aliskiren as a renin inhibitor. So that the compound madecasoside has renin inhibitor activity as an antihypertensive.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive., Asiaticoside, Centella asiatica, In-vitro, Madecasoside, Renin inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.9}, author = {Rangki Astiani and Mohamad Sadikin and Aprilita Rinayanti and Wawaimuli Arozal and Ani Retno Prijanti and Fadilah Fadilah and Firdayani Firdayani and Piter Piter and Guntoro Halim and Franciscus D. Suyatna} } @article {2069, title = {Study on the Inhibition of Sinensetin Extract from Cat{\textquoteright}s Whiskers Plant (Orthosiphon aristatus) on ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 in Uric Acid}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {506-511}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {506}, abstract = {

This study aims to investigate the potential of sinensetin, a compound found in the Cat{\textquoteright}s Whiskers plant (Orthosiphon aristatus), as an inhibitor in inhibiting uric acid through its interaction with ATP Binding Cassette Sub-Family G Member 2 (ABCG2). The in-silico approach was employed using software tools such as Pymol, PyRx, Protein Plus, and Lepinski Rule. The results of molecular docking analysis using PyRx demonstrated significant interactions between sinensetin and ABCG2, with Binding Affinity values of -6.8, -6.6, and -6.6, and RMSD values of 0, 0.785, and 1.379. The analysis using Protein Plus confirmed the interaction between sinensetin and ABCG2, supporting the previous docking findings. Furthermore, the evaluation of pharmacokinetic parameters using the Lepinski Rule of Five revealed that sinensetin meets the criteria as a potential drug compound, with a molecular weight of 372, no hydrogen bond donors, seven hydrogen bond acceptors, a log P value of 3.345, and a molar reactivity of 98.5. This research provides new insights into the development of uric acid therapy through an in-silico approach, and these findings can serve as a basis for further research involving in vitro and in vivo validation.

}, keywords = {ATP Binding Cassette, Molecular docking, Orthosiphon aristatus, Sinensetin, Uric Acid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.110}, author = {Anni Faridah and Rismi Verawati and Budhi Oktavia and Musa Ghufron and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Linda Rosalina and Putri Azhari and Rahadian Zainul and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and ANM Ansori} } @article {1821, title = {Alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV Inhibitory Activities of Ethanol Extract from Caesalpinia sappan, Andrographis paniculata, and Syzygium cumini}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {702-709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {702}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes is one of the fastest-growing global health problems of the 21st century. Antidiabetic medicine has been widely marketed with various mechanisms of action. However, there are side effects from these drugs. Therefore, most diabetic patients consume herbal as complementary. Plants that have been shown to have potential as an antidiabetic are Caesalpinia Sappan, Andrographis Paniculata and Syzygium Cumini. Objective: This study aims to examine the in vitro antidiabetic activity of single and combined ethanol extract of those three plants by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and DPP-IV (Dipeptidyl peptidase IV) enzymes. Materials and Methods: The alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined using the paranitrofenil alfa-D-glukopiranosida (pNPG) reaction at a wavelength of 405 nm. Acarbose was used as the positive control. The DPP-IV inhibitory activity using H-Gly-Pro-AMC substrate and detected by fluorescence at λex = 365 nm and λem=415-445 nm. Sitagliptin was used as the positive control. LC-MS analysis was performed to identify the compounds contained in the combined extract. Results: Caesalpinia sappan showed better activity to inhibit alpha-glucosidase enzyme than acarbose at IC50 of 9,29 μg/mL. The combined extract obtained higher inhibition as DPP-IV inhibitor than single extract at 63, 69\%. The highest compound in the combined extract were 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4{\textquoteright}-hydroxybenzyl) chromone, Protosappanin E-1, Saurufuran B and candidate mass C36H38N4O5. Conclusion: These results indicate that single extract or combined extract potential as antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, DPP-IV Inhibitor, Syzygium cumini.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.89}, author = {Sabila Robbani and Berna Elya and Raditya Iswandana} } @article {1842, title = {Amino Acid and Proximate Analysis of Type-1 Collagen from Sea Cucumber and Tilapia-Skin and its Potential Application as Artificial Tendon}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {358-361}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {358}, abstract = {

Tendon injury is a medical indication that requires surgical therapy and prolonged recovery. Collagen plays a crucial role in the wound healing process. Collagen maintains homeostasis, interacts with platelets, and enhances cellular components. Most living organisms consist of collagen components as fibrillar proteins. In this study, the potential properties of type-1 collagen from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin were evaluated depend on proximate analysis, amino acid composition, and moisture-absorption ability. The result showed that Tilapia-skin has a higher protein and fat composition compared to the sea cucumber. In contrast, moisture, ash, and yield composition showed higher for sea cucumber compared to Tilapiaskin. Meanwhile, based on amino acid analysis was revealed that proline, alanine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, and lysine were lower on sea cucumber compared to Tilapia-skin. In conclusion, both type-1 collagen material from sea cucumber and Tilapia-skin might be developed as a biomaterial for tendon injury. It is crucial that further studies be carried out to emphasize the potential of biodegradable and bio-replaceable materials using the in vivo model.

}, keywords = {collagen, Key words: Artificial tendon, Marine biodiversity, Sea cucumber, Tilapia-skin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.107}, author = {Arifia Safira and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Roro Ayu Puspitasari and Anindyta Kirana Putri Ayuningtyas and Yayang Amru Mahendra and Agus Purnomo and Faisal Fikri and Shekhar Chhetri and Muhammad Thohawi Elziyad Purnama} } @article {1743, title = {Antibacterial Activity and Active Fraction of Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiber montanum (J.Koenig) Link ex A., and Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm. Against Propionibacterium acnes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {103-111}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Background: Propionibacterium acnes is a commensal bacteria that play a role in developing acne vulgaris on the skin. Antibacterial activity assay in the last decades have shown that Propionibacterium acnes is resistant to several antibiotics. Potential zingiber genera such as Z. officinale, Z. montanum, and Z. zerumbet have potential as antibacterial. Objective: This study aims to compare the antibacterial activity of Z. officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet against Propionibacterium acnes, the active fraction, and the components of the active fraction of the plant. Materials and Methods: Antibacterial activity test using agar diffusion method, extracts with high antibacterial activity were partitioned with water: n-hexane, n-hexane: methanol, water: ethyl acetate. The fraction was tested for antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The active fraction obtained was identified for its phytochemical content using TLC and GC-MS methods. Results: The results of the antibacterial activity test of Z. officinale extract had a larger inhibition zone. The test results of the active fraction Z. officinale had a higher activity than the extract. The results of screening using the GC-MS method obtained that the main components identified from Z. officinale were volatile oil components (α-curcumene, α-zingiberene and zingerone) and oleoresin (6-shogaol). Conclusion: Extracts of Z. officinale, Z. montanum and Z. zerumbet had antibacterial activity against P. acnes. The highest antibacterial activity in Z. officinale both extract and ethyl acetate fraction which is known to contain terpenoids and oleoresin compounds (6-shogaol).

Key words: Antibacterial, Zingiber officinale, Zingiber montanum, Zingiber zerumbeth, Propionibacterium acnes.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.15}, author = {N Aji and S Kumala and E Mumpuni and D Rahmat} } @article {1754, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin Extracted from Microalgae Hematococcus pluvialis and Combinations with Palm Tocotrienol Rich-Fraction in RAW 264.7 Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {205-215}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {205}, abstract = {

Astaxanthin and tocotrienols, known as antioxidants derived from natural compounds and shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to investigate the effects of a combination of astaxanthin extracted from Hematococcus pluvialis microalga and palm tocotrienols rich-fraction (TRF) on inflammatory reaction in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages cells. MTT assay was used to test cell viability and nitrite oxide (NO) was determined using Griess assay. Isobologram confirmed that the combined treatment produced synergistic effect and measurement of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) through ELISA assay. Our results showed that the combination of astaxanthin and TRF exhibited inflammatory markers such as NO production. The concentration of astaxanthin ranging from 10 to 100 μg/mL and TRF at 4-25 μg/mL had no toxicity and achieved higher cell viability. The combination treatments led to more potent inhibition of NO production compared to single treatments. Combination Index (CI) was achieved from the combination treatments at IC80, resulting in synergism at a CI value of 0.81. Furthermore, ELISA showed that the combined treatment significantly further reduced the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12. Our findings suggest that the combination of astaxanthin and TRF enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in stimulated macrophages and may act synergistically to produce health effects reducing inflammation.

Key Words: Inflammation, Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction, Astaxanthin, Antioxidant, Combination, Macrophages

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.26}, author = {KA Radzun and MHH Rusmidi and Aini and I Norisam and N Iran and F Pardi and A Ismail and WRWA Razak and SRA Hafid} } @article {1937, title = {Antiparasitic effect of Psidium guajava on promastigotes and axenic amastigotes of Leishmania}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {973-977}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {973-977}, abstract = {

Background: Leishmaniasis is a stigmatic and mutilating disease due to pathogenic species of the genus Leishmania which, depending on the species and the individual{\textquoteright}s immune status, may vary clinically from a cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral form, and for which there is no suitable treatment without significant side effects. Objectives: To measure the effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Psidium guajava against axenic promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania spp. Methods: The method of [3- (3,4 -dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide] was used to study the antiparasitic effects of ethanolic (100mg/mL) and aqueous (100mg/mL) extracts of Psidium guajava on axenic amastigotes cultures (8.1 x103 parasite/mL) and promastigotes (12 x 104 parasite/mL) obtained from a patient with cutaneous\ leishmaniasis, and the percentage of parasite death was evaluated in comparison with Glucantime (300mg/mL) and untreated parasite cultures. Results: Regarding parasite death in promastigotes, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts had a percentage of 22.58\% and -45.16\%, respectively, with no significant difference between treatments (N=3) (p= 0.058). In contrast, the ethanolic and aqueous extracts had an antiparasitic percentage of 91.67\% and -70.83\%, respectively, with a significant difference between treatments (N=3) (p\<0.05). Conclusions: Our study showed high and significant effectiveness in parasite death (91.67\%) of Leishmania axenic amastigotes of the ethanolic extract (100mg/mL) of Psidium guajava, being this result promising and the basis for in vivo studies, using the ethanolic extraction of P. guajava

}, keywords = {Amastigote, Leishmania, Promastigote, Psidium guajava}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.198}, author = {Jes{\'u}s Rojas-Jaimes and Marco Mes{\'\i}a-Guevara and Maria Rojas-Puell and Luis Casta{\~n}eda- Pelaez} } @article {1850, title = {Anti-Wrinkle Activity of Clausena harmandiana Essential Oil and Development of a Bioactive Nano-Drug Delivery System for Cosmetic Applications}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {416-422}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {416}, abstract = {

Background: Clausena harmandiana (Song Fa) leaves are a source of essential oil, in which the dominant compound is trans-anethole and reported the high antioxidant activity but the inhibition of biological enzymes related to anti-wrinkle activity is limit. Objectives: The objectives of this study are to investigate the ability of Song Fa leaf essential oil (SFEO) to inhibit enzymes that cause skin wrinkles and then to develop a bioactive ingredient in a nano-drug delivery system for anti-ageing cosmetic products. Methods: Fresh leaves of Song Fa were distilled and their essential oil obtained. Then, the anti-collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase activities were investigated and compared with those of an oleanolic acid standard. Then, SFEO was developed into a microemulsion by using Tween 80 as a surfactant and ethanol as a co-surfactant in a ratio of 1:1. Results: SFEO presented the highest inhibitory activities against hyaluronidase and collagenase (IC50 10.94{\textpm}1.06 and 19.06{\textpm}0.06 μg/ml, respectively), which were close to those of oleanolic acid (IC50 7.43{\textpm}0.58 and 16.75{\textpm}0.14 μg/ml), followed by elastase (IC50 121.47{\textpm}2.80 μg/ml). Two microemulsion formulas with different amounts of essential oil, 1\% and 5\% w/w, were formulated and evaluated for their enzyme inhibitory activities. The results showed that 5\% Song Fa microemulsion inhibited collagenase and elastase (35.78\% and 99.35\%, respectively) by more than 1\% Song Fa microemulsion (34.22\% and 92.67\%, respectively) and only the 5\% Song Fa microemulsion formula exhibited anti-hyaluronidase activity. Conclusion: This information will benefit the development of essential-oil-based products and increase the utilization of medicinal plants in the cosmetic industry.

}, keywords = {Anti -hyaluronidase, Anti-collagenase, Anti-Elastase, Anti-wrinkle, Clausena harmandiana, Microemulsions}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.116}, author = {Napapat Rattanachitthawat and Sirichet Rattanachitthawat and Nichakan Peerakam} } @article {1783, title = {Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-like Effects of Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {425-431}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to determine the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of the essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts and seeds. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, an experimental trial was conducted, where 117 participants were divided into three groups, comprising a waiting list control group and two experimental groups treated with essential oils. The anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated by Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results: chemical analysis showed that trans- Anethole was the main component, both in the essential oil from aerial parts (35.5\%) and seeds (79.2\%). Anxiety and depression scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in all experimental groups (p\<0.05), except for depression scores in the group treated with essential oil from aerial parts (p\>0.05). Small changes were found in the case of anxiety for group treated with essential oils from aerial parts (d = 0.41; Δ= 0.40) while moderate (d = 0.86; Δ = 0.85) and small (d = 0.38; Δ = 0.39) changes were found for anxiety and depression respectively, in the group treated with essential oil from seeds. Conclusion: The essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare seeds is more effective to relief anxiety than depression while the essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts only exhibit small changes for anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Foeniculum vulgare}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.54}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Lurdes Tuesta-Collantes} } @article {1948, title = {Aquaporine 4 Expression on End Feet Astrocyte Before and After Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage of Hydrocephalus Mice Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1054-1060}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1054}, abstract = {

Background: Aquaporin (AQP) is a family of integral membrane proteins that function as water channels. AQP facilitates the transport of water across the plasma cell membrane. AQP lining the periventricular wall in the presence of edema may impair the function of the AQP to prevent or facilitate proper movement of water. Result: We analyze the effect of hydrocephalus and CSF drainage on the expression levels of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) end feet astrocytes in a hydrocephalus mice model. The test was carried out using a mice model of hydrocephalus induced with kaolin, then CSF drainage was performed on the 7th and 14th day, and compared the levels of AQP4 expression in each group. Data showed an increase in AQP4 excretion levels in astrocyte end feet along with the duration of hydrocephalus (p = 0.001) in comparison between hydrocephalus mice on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days. AQP4 before and after CSF drainage, comparison of the hydrocephalus group on day 21 with the group of mice undergoing CSF drainage (p\<0.05). The results showed that the CSF drainage treatment was proven to reduce the level of AQP4. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe immunohistochemical distribution of AQP4 after drainage hydrocephalus model in mice end feet astrocyte. The AQP4 expression and distribution in after drainage hydrocephalus model was comparable 14th and 21st day of hydrocephalus but 7 days after drainage. Larger studies are needed to substantiate the influence of breed and ageing on AQP4 expression after drainage of hydrocephalus model.

}, keywords = {AQP4., Aquaporin 4, CSF, Drainage, Hydrocephalus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.209}, author = {Mustaqim Apriyansa Rahmadhan and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Wihasto Suryaningtyas and Dyah Fauziah and I Ketut Sudiana and Budi Utomo} } @article {1794, title = {Azadirachta indica Hexane Extract: Potent Antibacterial Activity Against Propionibacterium acne and Identification of its Chemicals Content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {489-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {489}, abstract = {

Background: Acne is a skin surface disease that appears when the excessive fat deposits clogged the skin pores, causes the growth of acne-causing bacteria and stimulates inflammation. Propionibacterium acnes is one of common acne-causing bacteria which usually manage by synthetic chemical-based drug. However, the presence of its long- used side effects pointed the urgent need of new anti P. acne drug discovery. Azadirachta indica is a medicinal plant which empirically used as antibacterial. A. indica leaves has been reported to exhibit activity against P. acne but limited to ethanol extract. Thus, the evaluation of other extract- and identification of active compound(s) against P. acne is needed to be explore. Methods: First, the microscopic morphology of A. indica leaves were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The leaves were then extracted sequentially by hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvent using the ultrasonic assisted extraction method, followed by its in vitro anti- P. acne activity evaluation. The most active extract was further evaluated for its chemical(s) content by LC-MS. Results: Scanning Electron Microscope identified the presence of oxalate in the leaves of A. indica. Evaluation of the anti-P. acne activity showed that the hexane extract had highest anti-P. acne compared to others. Further chemical identification showed that hexane extract contains three steroids, one saturated acids and one phenolic compounds. Conclusions: A. indica hexane extract leaf is prospective to be developed as an acne antibacterial.

}, keywords = {Anti-Propionibacterium acne, Azadirachta indica, Chemical content., Hexane extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.62}, author = {Annysa Ellycornia Silvyana and Ratika Rahmasari and Berna Elya} } @article {1803, title = {Azasterol Inhibition and Pharmacokinetic Effects on Thymidylate Synthase-Dihydrofolate Reductase from T. gondii: In Silico Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {571-575}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

Toxoplasmosis is a disease that causes health problems and can be found worldwide with a percentage of more than 60\%, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. Pyrimethamine-resistant strains of T. gondii have been found, and it may contribute to reducing therapeutic failure in the future. Azasterol is a synthetic analog of solacongestidine, which can potentially be used as a new anti-toxoplasma drug. Resistance to the anti-toxoplasma drug, Pyrimethamine, makes Azasterol a very profitable discovery as a new anti-toxoplasma drug. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory and pharmacokinetic effects of Azasterol compounds on the development of T. gondii based on in silico studies. This oneshot experimental study analyzed the predicted inhibitory effect of Azasterol on Thymidylate synthasedihydrofolate reductase (TS-DHFR) from T. gondii to observe the pharmacokinetic prediction and toxicity test of the Azasterol compound. Besides, this one-shot experimental study utilized the in silico method. According to the results of molecular docking, Azasterol had an interaction with the TS-DHFR protein in the same binding area as the Pyrimethamine {\textendash} TS-DHFR and Sulfadiazine {\textendash} TS-DHFR complexes. Azasterol binding energy was higher than that of Pyrimethamine and Sulfadiazine. Azasterol had a good pharmacokinetic effect and had minimal toxic effects on the body.

}, keywords = {Azasterol, in silico, Toxoplasmosis, TS-DHFR.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.73}, author = {Alan Dharmasaputra and Risma and Annisa Ullya Rasyida} } @article {1740, title = {Bioactive Compounds from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an Antiviral Agent via Dual Inhibitor Mechanism against SARSCoV- 2: An In Silico Approach}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {85-90}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {85}, abstract = {

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus that causes COVID-19 which is responsible for respiratory illness infection in humans. The virus was first identified in China in 2019 and later spread to other countries worldwide. This study aims to identify the bioactive compounds from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an antiviral agent via dual inhibitor mechanisms against two SARS-CoV-2 proteases through the in silico approach. The three-dimensional structure of various bioactive compounds of mangosteen from the database was examined. Furthermore, all the target compounds were analyzed for drug, antiviral activity prediction, virtual screening, molecular interactions, and threedimensional structure visualization. It aimed to determine the potential of the bioactive compounds from mangosteen that can serve as antiviral agents to fight SARS-CoV-2. Results showed that the bioactive compounds from mangosteen have the prospective to provide antiviral agents that contradict the virus via dual inhibitory mechanisms. In summary, the binding of the various bioactive compounds from mangosteen results in low binding energy and is expected to have the ability to induce any activity of the target protein binding reaction. Therefore, it allows various bioactive compounds from mangosteen to act as dual inhibitory mechanisms for COVID-19 infection.

Key words: Antiviral agent, COVID-19, Garcinia mangostana L., In silico approach, SARS-CoV-2.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.12}, author = {ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and AA Parikesit and FA Dian and RT Probojati and M Rebezov and P Scherbakov and P Burkov and G Zhdanova and A Mikhalev and Y Antonius and MRF Pratama and NI Sumantri and TH Sucipto and R Zainul} } @article {1897, title = {Comparison of Powdered Active Compounds Made from Tender Coconut Water Fortified with Vitamin E, Processed by Spray Drying and Freeze Drying}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {682-686}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {682}, abstract = {

Background: Tender coconut water contains antioxidants vitamin C, amino acids, L-arginine, polyphenols, selenium, and minerals that prevent oxidative stress, anemia, and inflammation. It also lowers lipid profiles, increases enzyme antioxidant status, and controls lipid peroxidation. Previous investigations have shown that tender coconut water provides health benefits but is difficult to store. This is due to its short shelf life, which can be extended by drying to obtain a dry or powdered form. A special drying method to acquire dry materials and maintain the characteristics of the raw materials is spray or freeze drying. Objective: This study aims to develop tender coconut water into a powder fortified with vitamin E and to differentiate the active compound content of the powder processed by spray and freeze drying. Method: This study used a randomized block design and the sample used was green tender coconut water (Viridis variety) aged about 5-7 months from the Bogor area. The procedures include the purchase of tender coconut water, followed by spray and freeze drying, while the content of active compounds that are beneficial to health was also analyzed. Drying was carried out at the Seafast Center Laboratory of Research and Community Service Institute, Bogor Agricultural Institute (IPB), while the active compound content was analyzed at the Integrated Research and Testing Laboratory, Gadjah Mada University (UGM), Yogyakarta. Result: The active compounds analyzed from powder made from tender coconut water fortified with vitamin E were vitamin C, phenol, L-Arginine, L-Histidine, L-Lycine, L-Phenylalanine, L-Isoleucine, L-Leucine, L-Valine, and minerals consisting of Cu (Copper), Fe (Iron), Mg (Magnesium), Zn (Zinc), Na (Sodium), K (Potassium), and P (Phosphor). Conclusion: There are differences in the content of active compounds in tender coconut water powder fortified with vitamin E between freeze and spray-drying methods.

}, keywords = {Freeze drying., Spray drying, Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.154}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Ratnawati Ratnawati and Atina Hussaana and Tjahja Muhandri} } @article {1913, title = {Correlation of the Presence of Non Structural-1 (NS1) Antigen Dengue Virus with Severity of Dengue Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {813-816}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Dengue is a major public health threat worldwide, affecting approximately 3 billion people. More than 100 countries in the world located in tropical and subtropical areas, there are at least 100 to 400 million people infected with the dengue virus which causes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Soluble Non Structural Protein (sNS1) DENV is a soluble NS1 protein that is secreted and found in the serum of patients during acute infection. Because of its presence early in infection, sNS1 is used as a diagnostic indicator of acute dengue infection. NS1 can directly activate platelets through TLR4 and can further increase platelet aggregation, endothelial cell adhesion, and phagocytosis by macrophages that can cause thrombocytopenia so that high sNS1 levels are associated with disease severity. From the results of the study showed p \<0.05. This indicates that there is a correlation between the presence of NS1 and the severity of dengue infection.

}, keywords = {Dengue virus, NS1 antigen, Thrombocytopenia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.172}, author = {Ichwan Baihaki and Beti Ernawati Dewi and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Pavel Burkov and Marina Derkho and Pavel Scherbakov and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina AR Tasakka and Tengku Siti Hajar Haryuna} } @article {1925, title = {Differences in interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 expression in covid-19 post-mortem lung tissue biopsy compared with noncovid- 19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {887-892}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Objective: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients.

}, keywords = {Biopsy, COVID-19, IL-17, IL-6, Post mortem lung tissue.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.184}, author = {Etty Hary Kusumastuti and Priangga Adi Wiratama and Grace Ariani and Stephanie Natasha Djuanda and Alphania Rahniayu and Nila Kurniasari and Dyah Fauziah and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Isnin Anang Marhana and Alfian Nur Rosyid and Dwi Wahyu and Gilang Muhammad Setyo Nugroho and Adhitri Anggoro and I Komang Rusgi Yandi and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Jilientasia Godrace Lilihata and Ummi Maimunah and Supriadi and Achmad Lefi and Lalu Galih Pratama Rinjani and Edi Suyanto and Ricardo Ardian Nugraha} } @article {1755, title = {The Effect of Curcumin and Virgin Coconut Oil Towards Cytokines Levels in COVID-19 Patients at Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {216-225}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {216}, abstract = {

Introduction: To date, no specific therapeutic drug has been approved to target SARS-CoV-2. Hence, it remains a major challenge to decide what potential therapeutic regimens to treat COVID-19 patients. This study aims to investigate curcumin and virgin coconut oil (VCO) effects on cytokine levels (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, and IFN-β) in COVID-19 patients. Methods: This study was a single-center, controlled trial with a parallel Arm or a Randomized Clinical trial design. A total of sixty COVID-19 patients admitted to the Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital, Surakarta, Indonesia, were divided into two groups. The first group, consisting of 30 patients, was treated with Azithromycin 500 mg + Oseltamivir 2{\texttimes}75 mg + Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day for 5 days. The second group, comprising 30 patients, was treated with Azithromycin 500 mg + Oseltamivir 2{\texttimes}75 mg + Hydroxychloroquine 400 mg/day for 5 days, added with VCO 30 mL and curcumin 3{\texttimes}1 g/day for 21 days. The cytokine profiles of the serum samples were analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on days 1, 14, and 21. Results: Our study showed that the second group had a significant reduction in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-β levels after being treated with standard therapy added with curcumin and VCO on day 21 (p\<0.05). Conclusion: These results suggested that curcumin and VCO might benefit the treatment of COVID-19 patients.

Key words: COVID-19, Curcumin, Cytokines, Virgin coconut oil.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.27}, author = {Hartono and B Suryawati and Y Sari and A Avicena and Maryani and C Sukmagautama and H Apriningsih and L Shofiyah and RGH Novika and NJ Wahidah and NY Rahmawati and ANM Ansori and L Sumarno} } @article {1927, title = {Effect of Pomegranate Extract On N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Asymmetric Dimetylarginine Levels in Children with Pulmonary Artery Hypertension in Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {898-904}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {898}, abstract = {

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is one of the complications due to acyanotic congenital heart disease. New treatment approach using natural ingredients from plants has been demonstrated in vitro to prevent and improve vascular remodeling in PAH. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of pomegranate extract on N-terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide (NT pro BNP) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels in children with PAH in acyanotic CHD. Method: This study is a double-blind, quasi-experimental text with pre-test, post-test, and control group approach to children aged one month to 10 years old in Outpatient Department of Pediatric Cardiology Department/Pediatrics Department RSUD Dr. Soetomo in the period of February-October 2022, alongside met the inclusion criteria. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test with 95\% CI. Result: The study cohort included 15 subjects in the placebo group and 15 subjects in pomegranate extract group. The study was predominantly female (53,3\%) with a mean age of each group, i.e., placebo group was 49 months, and pomegranate extract group was 58 months. The mean level of NT pro-BNP in the pomegranate extract group was 29.31 {\textpm} 33.55 ng/L (p= 0.008) and its mean ADMA level was 5619 {\textpm} 6166 ng/L (p= 0.173). As for the difference of NT pro-BNP and ADMA level changes after the intervention did not show a significant difference (p-0,330; p=0,885, respectively). Conclusion: No significant effect towards NT pro- BNP and ADMA levels found with giving pomegranate extract to children with PAH due to acyanotic CHD.

}, keywords = {Asymmetric dimetylarginine, Congenital heart disease, Pulmonary artery hypertension, Punica Granatum., Terminal pro brain natriuretic peptide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.186}, author = {Sari Yunita Sukmawati Noer and Mahrus A Rahman and Budi Utomo} } @article {1834, title = {Effects of Golden Sea Cucumber Extract (Stichopus hermanni) on Hyphae, Neutrophils and TNF-α in BALB/c Mice Inoculated with C. albicans Intravaginally}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {278-285}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Introduction: Candidal vaginitis is an inflammatory disease that caused mainly by Candida albicans. Yeast transitions to filamentous hyphae considered the most important virulence factor. Neutrophils are the first line of defense of the immune system, but in patients with Candidal vaginitis the recruitment of neutrophils into the vaginal lumen is positively correlated with symptoms of the disease. This is supported by the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Standard treatment is considered less effective in relieving symptoms, so other alternative/adjunctive treatments are needed. Golden sea cucumber (Stichopus hermanni) extract has been widely studied, especially for anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory. This study aims to analyze the mechanism of decreasing number of hyphae and neutrophils, and proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in BALB/c mice inoculated intravaginally with C. albicans after administration of golden sea cucumber extract (S. hermanni). Methods: Experimental research uses a post-test only control group design. The experimental unit consisted of 36 BALB/c mice that were inoculated intravaginally with C. albicans and divided into 4 groups, group that did not receive treatment (K-), group that received standard treatment fluconazole (K+), group that received treatment with golden sea cucumber extract (S. hermanni) (P1) and group that received standard treatment with fluconazole plus extract of golden sea cucumber (S. hermanni) (P2). The hyphae and neutrophils number were seen microscopically on vaginal mucosal tissue. Cytokine levels of TNF-α were seen from the ELISA blood samples. Results: Results showed from the vaginal mucosal tissue of mice, there was significant difference in the number of hyphae (p = 0.001) between groups and no significant difference in the number of neutrophils (p = 0.070) between groups. From the blood serum of mice, there were significant differences in TNF-α levels (p=0.001) between groups. From the path analysis obtained a significant relationship from the number of hyphae to the number of neutrophils (p = 0.034) and the number of neutrophils to TNF-α levels (p = 0.021). The strength of the pathway from number of hyphae to number of neutrophils (β= 0.354) and number of neutrophils to TNF-α levels (β= 0.382) with positive interactions all. Conclusion: In summary, the administration of S. hermanni extract was able to reduce the number of hyphae, neutrophils and TNF-α levels through the hyphae, neutrophil and TNF-α pathway.

}, keywords = {Candida vaginitis, Hyphae, Neutrophils, Stichopus hermanni extract, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.97}, author = {Varidianto Yudo and Widjiati and Harianto Notopuro and Yulianto Listiawan and Budi Utomo and Purwo Sri Rejeki and Prawesty Diah Utami and Aryati} } @article {1949, title = {Effects of Pomegranate Extract Supplementation (Punica granatum L.) on Clinical Manifestations of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Children with Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1061-1066}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1061}, abstract = {

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in congenital heart disease (CHD) mechanism includes vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. In Indonesia, sildenafil as a vasodilator is the only standard treatment for PAH. Research on pomegranate extract showed its potential as an anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative agent that could work synergically with sildenafil in reducing pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) Objective: To investigate the effect of pomegranate supplementation in the clinical manifestation of PAH in children with acyanotic CHD. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial that compared the clinical manifestation of PAH in children with acyanotic CHD who received standard therapy for PAH and pomegranate extract supplementation with the placebo group. Observations were carried out over three months, and pre-and post-test evaluations were conducted to assess changes in PAP, functional classification of PAH, body weight, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation in both groups. Statistical analysis was undertaken using the Wilcoxon, Mann-Whitney, and Spearman correlation tests. Results: There was no significant difference in PAP reduction between the pomegranate and placebo groups (p = .44) and no significant difference in the functional classification of PAH in the placebo and pomegranate groups (p = .55). There was a considerable reduction in the respiratory rate in the pomegranate group (p = .017). Respiratory rate was positively correlated with the functional classification of PAH (p = .011). Conclusion: There was a significant reduction in the respiratory rate in the pomegranate group that correlated with the functional classification of PAH.

}, keywords = {Heart disease, Pomegranate, Pulmonary hypertension, Sildenafil.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.210}, author = {Audylia Hartono and Mahrus A. Rahman and Budi Utomo} } @article {1903, title = {Effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on coping premenstrual syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {728-735}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {728}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 61 participants were divided in two groups, comprising an experimental with essential oils and a control group with no treatment. Main psychological symptoms were assessed with the used of Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) as well as total score of premenstrual syndrome was evaluated with Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Results: chemical analysis showed that linalool (17.6\%) was the main component. All variables showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was observed for anxiety (d = 1.25; Δ = 1.35). Besides, moderate changes were found for depression (d = 0.79; Δ= 0.81) and premenstrual syndrome total score (d = 0.62; Δ = 0.56). Conclusion: The essential oil of Satureja brevicalyx exerts a potencial use, especially for the treatment of psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Premenstrual syndrome, Satureja brevicalyx}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.160}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Olga Gessy Rodr{\'\i}guez Aguilar and Ana Mar{\'\i}a Honores Alvarado and Elsa Roc{\'\i}o Vargas D{\'\i}az and Lesly Alexandra Cabrera Cabrera and Klersy Almendra Truyenque Rom{\'a}n and Edwar Guido Brice{\~n}o Esquivel} } @article {1916, title = {Erlenmeyer-shaped Heart in a Patient with Giant Left Atrium due to Mixed Mitral Valve Pathology: A Neglected Case in a Rural Area in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {829-832}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {829}, abstract = {

Giant left atrium (GLA) is a rare condition typically found in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease. On chest radiographs, this condition often mimics another cause of cardiomegaly. A 52-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with complaints of shortness of breath and orthopnea. Mid-diastolic and grade IV pansystolic murmurs could be heard at the apex radiating to the axilla on cardiac auscultation. The electrocardiogram showed a junctional tachycardia rhythm, while the chest radiograph displayed extreme cardiomegaly with Erlenmeyer-shaped heart. Massive pericardial effusion was suspected. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was then performed, revealing GLA with a left atrial volume index (LAVi) of 1101 ml/m2. Meanwhile, transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed calcification of P2 and P3 extending to the border of the mitral leaflet up to one third of the chordae tendineae, with moderate mitral stenosis and eccentric mitral regurgitation jet due to prolapse of A2. The patient was treated with optimal medical therapy while awaiting cardiac surgery. GLA is a rare complication of mitral valve disease and an almost forgotten cause of cardiomegaly. Diagnostic imaging procedures with echocardiography are a less invasive and readily available modality to establish the diagnosis of cardiomegaly.

}, keywords = {Erlenmeyer-shaped heart, Giant left atrium, Junctional tachycardia., Mitral regurgitation, Mitral stenosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.175}, author = {Aprilia Romdiyana and R. Mohammad Budiarto and Evelyne Chandra} } @article {1860, title = {Functional Beverages from Blends of Ficus Deltoidea Leaves and Brown Rice Powders: Physico-Phytochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activities, Sensory Evaluation and Acute Toxicity Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {477-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {477}, abstract = {

Background: Ficus deltoidea (Ficus: Moraceae) has great potential as a functional food. Administration of F. deltoidea has been reported to reduce hyperglycemia, oxidative stress and increase insulin secretion in diabetic rats and humans. However, the poor bioavailability and intestinal absorption of F. deltoidea impede its therapeutic effectiveness at a lower dosage, thus integrating F. deltoidea into brown rice will provide additional advantages. This study aimed to examine the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant properties, consumer acceptance, and safety of beverages formulated from fine powder mixtures of F. deltoidea leaves and brown rice. Methods: The new beverage formulations were prepared by mixing the fine powders of F. deltoidea leaves with brown rice at ratios of 1:6 and 1:13, respectively. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidant analyses were performed to characterize the prepared beverages. Consumer acceptance was assessed utilising a 9-point hedonic scale and an acute toxicity study was employed to determine the safety of F. deltoidea-added formulations. Results: F. deltoidea decreased the pH and increased the moisture content, ash, and viscosity of a brown rice beverage. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content as well as antioxidant activities increased significantly in both F. deltoidea-added formulations. The oral LD50 of the F. deltoidea-added formulation was higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Conclusions: These results suggest that adding F. deltoidea leaves to brown rice beverages is safe to consume and improves the phyto-physicochemical profile, antioxidant activities, and consumers{\textquoteright} acceptance of the formulation.

}, keywords = {9-point hedonic scale., Animal study, DPPH assay, FRAP assay, Functional beverages}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.125}, author = {Nur Ain Sabrina Azmi and Nurdiana Samsulrizal and Siti Aimi Sarah Zainal Abidin and Noor Syaffinaz Noor Mohamad Zin and Norol Hamiza Zamzuri and Yong Meng Goh and Ana Sharmila Shafie and Rohaizad Abdul Raoof} } @article {1846, title = {Genetic Diversity in Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul): An Assessment of Populations in Conservation Sites of Kachchh Region (Gujarat) of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {379-387}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {379}, abstract = {

Introduction: Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (Guggul) is native to semi-arid to arid zones. Its oleoresin gum is used for both medicinal and non-medicinal applications. Reportedly, the species faces high degree conservation threats. A network of Four Medicinal Plants Conservation Areas (MPCA) was carved out in Kachchh region- under financial support from National Medicinal Plants Board. The species also occurs in sanctuary and protected by default. It is considered important to assess genetic diversity of these conserved populations. Methods: A total of 38 accessions of Guggul leaves were collected from five study sites and the whole genomic DNA was extracted for each sample. Genetic study was carried out using ISSR technique. Scorable bands were obtained for 14 out of 40 primers tested. A total of 49 bands were obtained of which 20 were polymorphic in nature. UPGMA dendrograms were constructed for individual sites and also a collective dendrogram for all the study sites. Results: All the 8 accessions of Tharawada MPCA were observed to share a high similarity coefficient. Among rest of three sites, genetic diversity was seen to be narrow. The accessions obtained from NSWS displayed good diversity. These accessions were also noted to be distant to the populations captured in the MPCA sites. Conclusions: Established MPCA sites capture the available gene pool of Commiphora wightii of Kachchh region. Since NSWS populations are distant to rest of the region, it is suggested to create another site for this purpose. It is desirable to assess the genetic diversity in rest of the MPCA sites.

}, keywords = {Gene Pool, Guggulu, In-situ conservation, Medicinal Plants Conservation Area, MPCA, UPGMA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.111}, author = {Narasimha Baba Brindavanam and Gurinderjit Singh Goraya and Santosh Pal Singh and Amandeep Kumar and Ankita Tiwari and Badari Narayan Sarvepalli and Pankaj Prasad Raturi} } @article {1733, title = {Green and Optimum Extraction of Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves using Microwave- Assisted Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {29-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {29}, abstract = {

The current study mainly aims to apply and optimize the microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction (MANDESE) method of total polyphenol content from Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil leaves using response surface methodology (RSM) and its extraction mechanism using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The extraction process was performed using the maceration and MANDESE method. Total polyphenols content was examined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The extraction mechanism was performed using SEM imaging. The extraction condition as experimental design variable factors for optimization using RSM included NADES composition ratio, the liquid-solid ratio, extraction time, and microwave power. The results show that the MANDESE with some different combinations of NADES composition is more effective than a maceration. SEM imaging result shows that the levels of damage of cells and cell walls were more severe after extraction. The optimum extraction condition has obtained the NADES composition ratio of 3 g/g (choline chloride/sorbitol) and the liquid-solid ratio of 20 mL/g for 20 min extraction time with 60\% Watts microwave power. The scale-up confirmation test was obtained the total polyphenols content of 526.12 μg GAE/g sample. This finding demonstrated the optimum condition of the MANDESE method and performed efficiently, rapidly, safely, and environmentally friendly.

Key words: Microwave-assisted natural deep eutectic solvent extraction, Mitragyna speciosa (Kort.) Havil, Response surface methodology, Total polyphenols content.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.5}, author = {Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo and Risna Agustina and Yuspian Nur and Ramila Hidayati and Dewi Rahmawati and M. Arifuddin and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Reza Yuridian Purwoko and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1745, title = {Herbal Medicines Intended for Correction of Digestive System Diseases}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {128-132}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {128}, abstract = {

Purpose: Studying the assortment of herbal medicines (HMs) available in the Russian Federation, and generalizing the use experience of them in gastroenterological practice. Methods: Information and analytical. Results: The analysis of the State Register of Medicines Permitted for Use in Medical Practice, as well as foreign and domestic publications from authoritative international databases, has been carried out. The limited range of drugs prescribed for diseases of the digestive system was revealed. The advantages of using complex drugs in comparison with monopreparations are shown. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop new multicomponent HMs of high therapeutic efficacy and low toxicity for prevention and treatment of digestive system diseases.

Key words: Herbal medicines, Digestive system diseases, Correction.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.17}, author = {EV Ferubko and TD Rendyuk and TD Dargaeva and SM Nikolaev} } @article {1840, title = {Immunostimulating Study of Active Agent Fraction from Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) Leaf from SARS-COV-2 Virus Antigen Exposure to NK and CD8+T Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {344-351}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {344}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) plant had been used as an immune system enhancer. Aim: In this study, the effect of Sungkai leaf extracts from 4 different fractions, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and residual water with 3 variations in doses of 1,10 and 100 mg/kg bw on the activity of NK and CD8+T cells in male white mice that have been exposed to SARS-Cov-2 virus antigen was investigated. Methods: The experimental animals used were 60 animals divided into 12 groups with 14 days of treatment which had previously been induced with SARS-Cov-2 virus antigen (Moderna) and given with Sungkai leaf extracts for 14 days and evaluated on day 15. The evaluation results of NK cells concentrations sequentially were 2.96; 4.66; 5.38; 5.43; 4.05; 2.89; 3.56; 4.21; 2.88; 1.99; 2.07; 4.40; 3.21; 3.40; and 6.93 ng/ml. On the other hand, the evaluation results of CD8+T cells concentrations sequentially were 27.47; 28.96; 29.19; 27.90; 21.85; 25.79; 27.98; 23.50; 23.39; 26.56; 22.62; 25.19; 23,55; 26,75; and 29,69 ng/ml. One-way ANOVA and Duncan test were used for the data analysis. Results: The results showed significant increase of concentration (p\<0.05) towards concentration of NK cells in the butanol fraction at a dose of 1 mg/kg BW and CD8+T cells in the residual water fraction at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. Conclusion: It can be concluded that fraction from sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) at doses of 1,10 and 100 mg/kg bw shows immunostimulatory activity.

}, keywords = {CD8+T Cells, NK Cells, Peronema canescens Jack., SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.105}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Dachriyanus and Yohanes Alen and Salman Umar and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1813, title = {In silico Analysis of the Polyphenolic Metabolites of Zea mays L. "Purple Corn" on HMG-CoA Reductase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {549-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {549}, abstract = {

This research aims to identify the polyphenolic metabolites, reported in ears and grains of Zea mays L. "purple corn" according to the current literature, with more significant interaction on HMG-CoA reductase, through in silico assays. Using the keyword combination {\textquotedblleft}Zea mays L{\textquotedblright} AND {\textquotedblleft}polyphenols{\textquotedblright}, a search was made in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases, identifying 22 polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic ligands and control molecules were prepared with the OpenBabel program and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. In addition, the crystallized structure of HMG-CoA reductase (1DQA) was downloaded from the Protein Data Bank database, then prepared in PyMOL and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. Molecular docking was performed in AutoDock Vina with a 100-time repetition for each ligand-target interaction. The results show that the hydrogen bonds with amino acids of importance in HMG-CoA reductase are ASN 658, ARG 590, and GLU 559. Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid presented lower affinity energy (ΔG{\textdegree}). The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the molecules with the best pharmacodynamic interaction were analyzed with the SwissADME and pkCSM servers, showing that protocatechuic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, p-coumaric and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids have the best physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, this study gives us a clearer idea of the action of polyphenols on HMG-CoA reductase, which will allow obtaining new drug candidates for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, HMG-CoA reductase., in silico, Polyphenols, Zea mays L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.70}, author = {Horna-Rodriguez Alexsandra M and L{\'o}pez-Gamboa July A and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1735, title = {In Silico Modelling, Regulation of Cell Viability and Anti Atherosclerotic Effect in Macrophage by Decaffeinated Coffee and Green Tea Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {46-55}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {46}, abstract = {

Background: The evidence of decaffeinated coffee and green tea extract (DCGTE) in amelioration of atherosclerosis through foam cell formation inhibition has not been established. This study tried to predict the potential role of coffee and tea in foam cell inhibition through in silico modelling and to investigate the effect of DCGTE on the viability and regulation of foam cell inhibition effect in macrophage cell. Methods: Prediction of physicochemical properties of secondary metabolite of coffee and tea was computed with Swiss ADME. Simulation of molecular docking was performed using PyRx Autodock Vina. Prediction of biological activities was done with PASS SERVER and analyzed the suitability with KEGG Pathway: lipid and atherosclerosis. The effect of DGCTE on macrophage viability was assessed with WST-1 assay then synergistic score was calculated with Synergy Finder. The effect of DCGTE in foam cell formation was examined with light microscope after stained with ORO on oxLDL-stimulated Raw264.7. Results: Molecular docking analysis revealed a strong affinity binding between all active compound of tea or coffee with CD36, but not with PPARγ. Except EGCG, the active compound of tea and coffee fulfil the criteria of drug-likeness. The online prediction function demonstrated that secondary metabolites of coffee and tea potentially inhibit foam cell atherosclerosis. No cytotoxicity effect was obtained after the 24 hours treatment of serial dose of DGCTE 10-640 μg/ml (p=0.000). Moreover, the DGCTE (320/320 μg/ml) had a synergistic effect (Loewe score = 17.26417) and significantly reduced the foam cell number in oxLDL-stimulated Raw264.7 compared to control (p=0.000). Conclusion: The DCGTE exhibit potential benefit as candidate agent for the prevention of atherosclerosis-based diseases.

Key words: Atherosclerosis, Coffee polyphenol, Foam cells, Molecular docking, Tea flavonoid.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.7}, author = {Ermin Rachmawati and M Saifur Rohman and Lintang Widya Sishartami and Djanggan Sargowo and Umi Kalsum} } @article {1873, title = {In Silico Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Garcinia mangostana L. Against SARS-CoV-2 via Tetra Inhibitors}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {575-579}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {575}, abstract = {

The global COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been the resulted of massive human deaths since early 2020. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an inhibitor of RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp activity of SARS-CoV-2 with an in silico approach. The samples were obtained from PubChem and RCSB PDB. Analysis of the similarity of the drug was carried out with the Swiss ADME on the basis of Lipinski rule of five. Prediction of antivirus probabilities was carried out using PASS Online. Molecular screening was performed using PyRx through molecular docking. Discovery Studio was used for visualization. The bioactive compounds with the highest antiviral potential were indicated with the lowest binding affinity to the targeted proteins RBD spike, helicase, Mpro, and RdRp of SARS-CoV-2. The results indicated that mangiferin has the greatest potential as a potential antiviral. However, more research is required to validate the results of these computational predictions.

}, keywords = {Antiviral agent, Garcinia mangostana L., in silico, SARS-CoV-2}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.138}, author = {Nur Sofiatul Aini and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Rasyadan Taufiq Probojati and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Elsa Yuniarti and Saddam Al Aziz and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Riso Sari Mandeli and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Devi Purnamasari and Budhi Oktavia and Amalia Putri Lubis and Fajriah Azra and Fadhilah Fitri and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1872, title = {In Silico Study of Entry Inhibitor from Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 Infection}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {565-574}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {565}, abstract = {

The aim of this study is to screen the content of bioactive compounds of Moringa oleifera and to identify its potential as an antiviral against COVID 19 through an entry inhibitor mechanism using bioinformatics tools. The sample was obtained from PubChem database. Amino acis sequences were obtained from the NCBI. Protein modeling is made through the SWISSMODEL site. The target proteins for this study were SARS-CoV-2 Mpro and RdRp. The protein-inhibitory interaction of the drug from M. oleifera bioactive compounds to SARS-CoV-2 was predicted by molecular docking with PyRx software. The result shows that M. oleifera was a potential antiviral candidate for SARS-CoV-2 with an entry inhibitor mechanism through a compound, especially quercetin. The RFMS value of both interactions between Mpro and quercetion and RdRp with quercetin were not higher than 1.05. This result still needed further research to prove this prediction.

}, keywords = {Active site, COVID-19, Moringa oleifera, Mpro, RdRp}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.137}, author = {Nala Mawaddani and Ekris Sutiyanti and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Syamsurizal and Bayu Ramadhani Fajri and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Amalia Putri Lubis and Dony Novaliendry and Dwi Hilda Putri and Fadhilah Fitri and Devni Prima Sari and Alexander Patera Nugraha and ANM Ansori and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1773, title = {An In Silico Study of Examining Bioactive Compounds from Azadirachta indica Juss. (Neem) as Potential Death Receptor 5 Inductor in Hepatoma Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a disease that occurs due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal hepatocytes. While cancer cells will not die by itself, due to resistance to death receptors 5 (DR5)-mediated apoptosis. This study is aimed to investigate Azadirachta indica Juss. leaves compound, such as gedunin and nimbolide, in binding DR5 and stimulated the TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL), native ligand binding to DR5, which has a role of pro-apoptotic by docking simulation. The ligand and protein preparations were done using Discovery Studio 2016 and Hex 8.0.0 for docking. Visualization was done using Discovery Studio 2016. The docking studies revealed that nimbolide has a lower binding energy with the DR5-TRAIL complex than gedunin. According to the findings, nimbolide is a more effective DR5-TRAIL binding inducer than gedunin and has a higher binding affinity for DR5-TRAIL. This interaction has the potential to significantly reduce DR5-TRAIL binding resistance. Nimbolide and gedunin can be considered as drugs that can sensitize TRAIL binding to DR5 and increase the activation of one of hepar cancers signaling apoptosis pathways.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Azadirachta indica Juss., Cancer, Death receptor 5, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.44}, author = {Ricadonna Raissa and Anna Safitri and Masruri Masruri and Ma Asuncion Guiang Beltran5 and Aulanni{\textquoteright}am Aulanni{\textquoteright}am} } @article {1912, title = {In Silico Study of the Potential of Endemic Sumatra Wild Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma Sumatrana: Zingiberaceae) As Anti-Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {806-812}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {806}, abstract = {

Cancer is one of the diseases that is the highest cause of death in humans. Most human cancer cells are formed as a result of over-expression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Thus, the activation of these proteins can inhibit pro-apoptotic proteins, then apoptosis will be inhibited so that other apoptotic pathways need to be activated to prevent cancer cells from developing. Current cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy using synthetic compounds, have various side effects, so research on natural based therapies can be used as an alternative in cancer treatment. Curcuma sumatrana is one of the plants of the Zingiberaceae family which is an endemic plant from Sumatra which is found along the Bukit Barisan. The research was carried out in silico by analyzing the potential bioactivity of the compounds, testing the bioavailability, toxicity, and molecular docking of the bioactive compounds from the ethanol extract of the rhizome of C. sumatrana which had been previously identified through gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS) analysis. The results obtained that the compound 9-Acetyl-S-octahydrophenanthrene and 3-Oxoandrosta- 1,4-dien-17.beta.-spiro-2{\textquoteright}-3{\textquoteright}-oxo-oxetanecontained in C. sumatrana has the potential to be developed as an anticancer where the compound has good bioavailability value and is not toxic and potentially can trigger apoptosis. However, the results of this study need to be analyzed further with an in vitro or in vivo approach.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, C. sumatrana, in silico}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.171}, author = {Aldi Tamara Rahman and Rafia and Aiken Jethro and Putra Santoso and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and ANM Ansori and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Vikash Jakhmola and Maksim Rebezov and Maksim Rebezov and Rahadian Zainul and Kiran Dobhal and Tarun Parashar and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Deffi Ayu Puspito Sari} } @article {1914, title = {An In Silico Study to Explore the Role of EGFR in Ovarian Cancer}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {817-821}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {817}, abstract = {

EGFR is a tyrosine kinase receptor that has a role in the tumorigenesis of many types of solid tumors. Aberrantly phosphorylated or overexpressed EGFR is associated with cellular proliferation, prevention of apoptosis, activation of invasion and metastasis, and stimulation of tumor-induced neovascularization. EGFR{\textquoteright}s hyperactivity has been observed in ovarian cancer. Although conventional chemotherapy and surgery for advanced ovarian cancer have improved over the years, still there is a critical need for the development of molecular targeted therapies. The major challenge for this approach is the complete understanding of the protein structure of this mega receptor. In this study, we explored this receptor using in silico tools. The protein structure of the EGFR kinase domain (PDB ID: 1M17) and co-crystal containing EGFR and PTP1B kinase domain fragment (PDB ID: 3I7Z) were obtained from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. We performed protein-protein docking using BioLuminate. It was found in this study that the DADEYL segment of EGFR (position 988-993) which includes autophosphorylated tyrosine at position 992, is the segment that is responsible for the overexpression of this receptor in ovarian cancer. There are currently two main classes of clinically-approved drugs which downregulate EGFR activity; tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). However, treatment with both type of therapies has been met with shortcomings. Therefore, there is a need for further studies to explore the suitable ligands that can downregulate its activity.

}, keywords = {EGFR, In silico study, Protein-protein docking, Tyrosine kinases}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.173}, author = {Vikash Jakhmola and Tarun Parashar and Pallavi Ghildiyal and ANM Ansori and Rajeev Kumar Sharma and N. G. Raghavendra Rao and Kapil Kalra and Nishan Singh and Nidhi Nainwal and Rajeev Kumar Singh and M. P Singh and Vishwadeepak Kimothi and Alok Bhatt and Ashish Dimri and Ravi Kumar and Amit Semwal and Nur Sofiatul Aini and Maksim Rebezov} } @article {1852, title = {Indonesian Medicinal Plants with Anti-inflammatory Properties and Potency as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Herbal Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {432-444}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Indonesia is a tropical country with mega-biodiversity. Several medicinal plants locally have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and are traditionally used to help treat respiratory diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the diseases known as the high cause of death globally, and one of the treatment efforts is by using anti-inflammatory drugs. In developing alternative remedies for COPD, this review summarizes the potential of Indonesian medicinal plants and their ingredients known to have an anti-inflammatory activity to develop alternative remedies for COPD. Primarily, we focus on the medicinal plants that have been scientifically proven to pose some biological activities, such as legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia), celery (Apium graveolens), pegagan (Centella asiatica), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), and kersen (Muntingia calabura). This review is expected to provide more information about Indonesian medicinal plants and their potencies to be developed as COPD herbal medicine and, further, as a treatment to help patients suffering from coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, Biological activity, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Indonesian medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.119}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Trivadila and Dyah Iswantini and Hiroshi Takemori and Mamoru Koketsu and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ahmad Sjahriza and Betty Marita Soebrata and Armi Wulanawati} } @article {1844, title = {Knowledge and Awareness about Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine Among the Students of College of Medicine, Shaqra university in Dawadmi, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {367-372}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {367}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine are the two rapidly emerging areas in medical field which will determine the drug therapy of the future. It is very important for current medical students to be aware of these medical fields and apply these principles in their medical practice. There is huge scope for research in this area, hence an awareness study was conducted among medical students of college of medicine, Shaqra university, Dawadmi. Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted among the medical students of Shaqra university, Dawadmi by self-administered questionnaire. 150 students participated in the study. Results: Out of the 150 students participated in the study Pharmacogenomics is relevant to my education 25\% strongly agree. 45\% agreed to recommend pharmacogenomic testing. Familiarity with genetics is only 16\% and only 14\% are familiar with interpreting results of pharmacogenomic tests. Knowledge testing showed overall less percentage. Only 16\% can identify drugs that require pharmacogenomic testing. But 36\% are confident to use the results of pharmacogenomics tests to make an appropriate adjustment to a patient{\textquoteright}s drug therapy. Knowledge about personalized medicine is 31\% with scale of 3 out of 7.40\% of students agreed to undergo genetic testing. 52\% of the participants agreed to know about their risk for developing genetic based chronic diseases. Conclusion: There is genuine interest and awareness about Pharmacogenomics and Personalized medicine among the medical students but the knowledge is lacking. Hence including these areas in the undergraduate medical curriculum will impart valuable knowledge to the future medical students.

}, keywords = {Personalized medicine, Pharmacogenetic testing, Pharmacogenomics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.109}, author = {Inbaraj Susai Domnic and Faisal Fahad Al Otaibi and Noureldaim Elnoman Elbadawi and Prasanna Mohana Bhaskaran and Mohammad Azhar Rashikh and Dinesh Dimri} } @article {1736, title = {Liposome Preparation of Tekelan Leaf (Chromolaenaodorata L.) Extract: Manufacturing and Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {56-62}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Background: Liposomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic due to their phospholipid composition which is similar to cell membranes. Active chemicals that are contained in liposomes preparation has a goal in improving solubility, minimizing adverse effects, extending release, protecting drugs, targeting drugs, and increasing efficacy. Objective: The purpose of this study was to formulate the ethanol extract of tekelan leaves into liposome preparations and to determine differences in particle size, polydispersity index (PI) and stability. Materials and Methods: This research begins with making extract by maceration. The extract formed was then formulated into liposome preparations with the composition of F1 (30 mmol), F2 (40 mmol) and F3 (50 mmol) ingredients. The formulation was carried out by thin layer hydration with variations in sonication time of 10 minutes, 20 minutes and 30 minutes. Evaluation of liposomes was carried out organoleptically, testing pH, particle size, polydispersity index (PI), and physical stability at room temperature. Data analysis was carried out statistically using SPSS 20.0 One Way ANOVA method to see if there were differences in each group. The average pH test results of the three formulations were 6.2{\textpm}0.3. The particle size results in the 30th minutes obtained particle sizes of F1 (293.63{\textpm}1.6 nm), F2 (201.9{\textpm}1.5 nm) and F3 (143.17{\textpm}0.6 nm). Results: The results of the polydispersion index (PI) were F1 (0.307{\textpm}0.03), F2 (0.275{\textpm}0.06) and F3 (0.229{\textpm}0.02). The results of the observation of room temperature stability obtained that the organoleptic results formed two layers, namely a clear layer and a cloudy layer. In the One-Way ANOVA test, a significance value of p\>0.05 (0.068) was obtained. Conclusion: Liposomes produced from ethanol extract of tekelan leaves are stable when stored at low temperatures (4{\textpm}0.5oC) with an organoleptic state of odorless, dark green color and thick consistency.

Key words: Liposomes, Tekelan, pH, Stability, Particle size.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.8}, author = {S Rahmi and Rosidah and T Widyawati and Sumaiyah} } @article {1814, title = {Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.): Evaluation of In Vitro Antioxidant Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {633-640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {633}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.), is an evergreen of the Guttiferae family that carries antioxidant activity. Objectives: to examine the antioxidant activity of the leaves, branches and rinds of the mangosteen using DPPH and CUPRAC methods, total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), analyze the correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity, the correlation between two methods, and found the levels of flavonoid compounds. Methods: Extraction was performed by reflux method using solvents with graded polarity, namely n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. Determination of antioxidant activity with DPPH and CUPRAC, TPC and TFC were performed by UV-visible spectrophotometer. The correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity of DPPH and CUPRAC as well as the correlation between two methods were conducted by Pearson{\textquoteright}s method. The level of flavonoid compounds was performed by HPLC. Results: Mangosteen leaves, branches and rinds extracts had antioxidant activity of DPPH in the range of 39.920 {\textendash} 489.708 mg AAE/g and antioxidant activity of CUPRAC in the range of 116.360 {\textendash} 570.400 mg AAE/g. The highest TPC was given by the ethanol leaves extract (49.525 {\textpm} 4.263 g GAE/100 g) and the highest TFC was given by the n-hexane rinds extract (13.859 {\textpm} 1.451 g QE/100 g). The ethanol rinds extract contained rutin 0.0327\% and kaempferol 0.0049\%. Conclusions: TPC and TFC correlated positive and significant with the value of antioxidant activity, except for the n-hexane leaves extract using the DPPH method. The DPPH and CUPRAC methods gave linear results in determining the antioxidant activity of mangosteen extracts.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Branches, CUPRAC., DPPH, Leaves, Mangosteen, Rinds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.82}, author = {Defri Rizaldy and Nisrina Khairunnisa Ramadhita and Trishna Nadhifa and Irda Fidrianny} } @article {1848, title = {Multi Bacterial Infection in Immunocompromised Patient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {402-406}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {402}, abstract = {

Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised cancer patients due to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or anti-inflammatory therapy. Approximately 0.9\%-39\% of cancer patients with febrile non neutropenia has bacteremia and about 7.3\% of cancer patients hospitalized have positive bacterial blood cultures. Multi-bacterial infection with Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) in immunocompromised cancer patients complicates therapy and is often fatal. A 6 years old boy diagnosed with left orbital tumor intracranial infiltration. Physical examination: lump in the left eye {\textpm} 8 x 10 cm, solid, reddish in color, there was a wound on the left eye {\textpm} 12 x 10 cm; Temperature 390C. Hematology examination Hb 10.3 g / dL; PLT 156 x103 / uL; WBC 28.92 x103 / uL. Blood culture results: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) resistant to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin and Enterococcus faecium resistant to Gentamicin, Ampicillin, Cotrimoxazole, Trimetoprim, Erythromycin, and Clindamycin. Results of pus culture from the left eye wound was Staphylococcus intermedius resistant to Gentamicin, Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Oxacillin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin. Based on the results of blood and pus culture, all bacterial isolates included multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO). Multidrug resistant organisms are microorganisms, especially bacteria that are resistant to at least 1 antibiotic of three or more categories. Cancer patients are susceptible to infection with multi-drug resistant bacteria because of their decreased immune system, especially after undergoing chemotherapy. Appropriate antibiotic treatment determines patient morbidity and mortality. Infection due to multi-bacteria accompanied by multi-drug resistance in immunocompromised patients is a condition that has to be treated immediately since the onset of the disease to reduce morbidity and mortality.

}, keywords = {Immunocompromised, Multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), Sepsis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.114}, author = {Ummi Nafi{\textquoteright}atil Ilmi and IGAA Putri Sri Rejeki} } @article {1910, title = {Nano Transdermal Delivery Potential of Fucoidan from Sargassum sp. (Brown Algae) as Chemoprevention Agent for Breast Cancer Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {789-795}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Conventional chemotherapy substances are associated with mild to severe side effects that affect both healthy and cancer cells. It is presumed to improve therapeutic efficacy in coexistence reducing chemotherapy{\textquoteright}s side effects. Fucoidan is an anticancer bioactive compound derived from Sargassum sp. that has low cytotoxic activity. The purpose of this study was to explore the effectiveness of anticancer activities of fucoidan from Sargassum sp. against breast cancer then analyze the suitability of nano transdermal patch of fucoidan and blueprint the long-term research design of nano transdermal patch as a chemoprevention agent in the chemotherapeutic management of breast cancer. This research was performed through a literature study and in silico study by imposing carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) as a marker of hypoxia and metastatic state of cancer cells. The results showed that the fucoidan from Sargassum sp. effectively induced apoptosis and prevented metastasis of breast cancer cells through the Bcl-2, Bcl-w, and bad pathways. Fucoidan, in addition, was predicted to inhibit CA IX by Glu4 Glu5, Leu7, Pro8, and Asp6 residues. Therefore, the delivery of fucoidan is favored to have a local effect on the site of breast cancer cells by nano transdermal patch preparations using fucoidan nanoparticle polymer. Further nano transdermal patch development as a treatment for breast cancer is suggested through the stages of formulation optimization, optimum formula activity testing, patent filing, and distribution in health services.

}, keywords = {Anticancer, Breast cancer, Fucoidan, Nano transdermal, Sargassum sp. .}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.169}, author = {Syeftyan Muhammad Ali Hamami and Michelle Fai and Ahmad Fariduddin Aththar and M Nizam Zulfi Zakaria and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Vikash Jakhmola and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Maksim Rebezov and Nikolai Maksimiuk and Nataliya Kulmakova and Evgeniya Latynina and ANM Ansori and Rahadian Zainul and Riso Sari Mandeli and Devi Purnamasari and Oski Illiandri and Khoirun Nisyak and Ernarisa Fitri} } @article {1856, title = {Nephrotic Syndrome with Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Histological Feature: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {459-461}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome of heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia or hypoproteinemia. Renal biopsy is fundamental to assess not only the type but also the degree of disease activity. The overall prognosis and response to treatment often depend on the severity of histological lesions and their reversibility.1,2 Case Presentation: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome and planned for a kidney biopsy. This case showed a patient with swollen face (especially on the cheek). On Biopsy results showing the glomerulus proliferation of cells and mesangeal matrix, adhesions in (50\%) glomerulus, focal sclerosis in some glomeruli, erythrocyte cells visible in the urinary space and thickening of the basement membrane in some glomeruli, partially atrophic tubules, visible erythrocytes in the tubular lumen. Conclusion: An eighteen years old man with nephrotic syndrome with cushing syndrome and hypokalemia who had a renal biopsy. The histological feature from the renal biopsy was focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The underlying cause of FSGS is still unclear. Assessing the diagnosis and etiology become important to direct the subsequent clinical approach and therapy

}, keywords = {Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Nephrotic syndrome, Renal biopsy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.122}, author = {Dian Samudra and Widodo and Nunuk Mardiana and Artaria Tjempakasari and Pranawa and Aditiawardana and Anny Setijo Rahaju} } @article {1878, title = {Pharmacognostic Profile of Simplicia and Ethanolic Leaves Extract from Indonesian Piper betle var. nigra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {610-618}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Piper betle var. nigra has potency as an herbal medication. Thus it can be used as a source of medicinal raw materials. Piper betle var. nigra simplicia and extracts must be controlled to obtain unswerving quality and ensure their pharmacological effects by standardizing them through several specific and non-specific parameters. Specific parameters were analyzed organoleptically in the ethanol extract, namely having a thick consistency, brownish-green or blackish-green color, a mild peculiar odor, a bitter, cherish taste, and a slightly spicy flavor. The microscopic simplicia powder profile is as follows: the lower epidermis with idioblasts in oil cells contour and upper epidermis, sclerenchyma, covering hairs, and transport bundles ladder-type thickening, and idioblasts in oil cells contour. Extract content analysis of simplicia and black betle leaves ethanol extract showed water-soluble extract content of 2.77\% and 12.45\% and ethanolsoluble extract content of 1.38\% and 19.1\%. Secondary metabolites in the ethanol extract are flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and steroids. The non-specific parameters of the simplicia and extract are as follows; total ash content of 12.1\% and 7.43\%; acid insoluble ash content of 4.45\% and 1.57\%; drying shrinkage of 14.5\% and 15.85\%; total lead (Pb) contamination 47.5 ppm and 1.2 ppm; and the total cadmium (Cd) contamination \<0.2 ppm. The total bacterial contamination in the extract was 4.3x105 colonies/g. The total yeast contamination was 8.3x105 colonies/g and volumetric mass density of the water-soluble extract of 0.96 g/mL and the volumetric mass density of the ethanol-soluble extract of 1.01 g/mL.

}, keywords = {Black betle, Non-specific parameters, Piper betle var. nigra, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.143}, author = {Herman and Fajar Prasetya and Supriatno Salam and Hifdzur Rashif Rijai and Hadi Kuncoro and Rolan Rusli and Agung Rahmadani and Hady Anshory Tamhid and Kuswandi and Dewanto Harjunowibowo and Islamudin Ahmad and Laode Rijai} } @article {1820, title = {Phytochemical Screening, In vitro Antioxidant Activities and Zebrafish Embryotoxicity of Abelmoschus esculentus Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {690-701}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {690}, abstract = {

Background: Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (A. esculentus) commonly known as okra is being used as a medicinal plant traditionally, due to its phytochemical content that exhibits significant biological activities. Objective: The present study was undertaken to determine phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and embryotoxic effects of hexane extract (HE), chloroform extract (CE), methanol extract (ME), and aqueous extract (AE) of A. esculentus cultivated in Malaysia. Materials and Methods: A. esculentus extracts were screened for the phytochemicals while in vitro antioxidant activities were evaluated by performing 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazyl (DPPH) assay and reducing power assay. Meanwhile, the embryotoxicity were accessed by exposing zebrafish embryos to the extracts and developmental endpoint recorded with median lethal concentration (LC50). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and reducing sugars. The highest phenolic content was obtained in the CE at 143.85 μg (GAE)/mg extract. Whereas the HE depicted the highest flavonoid content at 63.76 μg (QE)/mg extract. At 1000 μg/mL, ME showed the highest free radical scavenging activity at 28.86 \% and reducing power at 0.271, in both DPPH and reducing power assay, respectively. While the CE presented a significant embryotoxic effect on zebrafish with the LC50 at 236.07 μg/mL. The morphological malformation of embryos, scoliosis and pericardial oedema were observed at 500 μg/mL of HE and ME treatment. Conclusion: As a result, with various ranges of phytochemical compounds, antioxidant capacities and lower toxic effects of A. esculentus extracts may be efficient in reducing the inflammation precursors that drive chronic inflammatory illnesses.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus, Antioxidant Capacity, Phytochemicals, Zebrafish embryotoxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.88}, author = {Veshalini K and Daryl Jesus Arapoc and Zainah Adam and Rosniza Razali and Noor Azuin Suliman and Noor Azlina Abu Bakar} } @article {1883, title = {Phytochemical Test and Acute Safety Evaluation of Oral Purple Leaves (Graptophyllum Pictum L. Griff) Extract in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {649-654}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {649}, abstract = {

Background: Purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff) is a native plant from Indonesia (Polynesia) which is empirically common used to treat hemorrhoids, diabetes, and many other diseases. Despite its massive development globally, there are few studies have written about the toxicity of this herbal medicine. Aim: The aim of this study is to describe the acute toxicity of this herbal medicine, as the basic ground of the further safe development of this medicine. Method: Each purple leaf dry powder (2 kg) was extracted with 15 L of 70\% ethanol and 15 L of hexane by maceration method for 3 days at room temperature and then filtered to obtain macerate liquid. The study was conducted on 36 male 6-8 weeks, Sprague{\textendash}Dawley (SD) rats. The result was presented as the mean value {\textpm} standard deviation (SD). Data were evaluated for homogeneity using Saphiro Wilk. The comparisons between pre dan post treatment body weight were measured by paired student t test and hematological measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Acute toxicity of ethanol and hexane extract were assessed following a single dose administered by gavage at a dose of 50, 2000 and 3000 g/kg bw. The mean body weight of rats increased from 150 {\textpm} 2.22 g to 161 {\textpm} 6.68 g during the 14 days. The difference of body weight between before and at 14 days amongs groups were significantly different with P value \<0.01. Conclusion: The present study showed that hexane extract contains more valuable components for medical treatment purposes. The acute toxicity on 50, 2000,3000 kg/BW oral ethanol and hexane extract of Graptophyllum pictum showed no significant influence on hematological blood parameters of rats. It is safe to administered orally ethanol or hexane extract of G. pictum below 3000mg/kgBW rats.

}, keywords = {Acute, purple leaves, Safety, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.148}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1729, title = {Phytochemistry, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Black-White Fungus Auricularia sp. against Breast MCF-7 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {01-07}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cancer is a non-communicable disease with over 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths annually according to WHO. Breast cancer is the number two highest count type of cancer trailing behind lung cancer. Treating cancer is expensive and have various side effects. Active components found in plants or fungi that have antioxidant and cytotoxic activity towards cancer cells, could be an alternative for anticancer. One of the fungi that is potentially developed as an anticancer, are the genus of Auricularia sp. also known as black-white fungus. This study aims to determine the phytochemicals components, antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of the Auricularia sp. towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Methods: Dried black-white fungus of Auricularia sp. grinded into a fine powder. Then, multilevel maceration is done with the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol as solvents. The extracts of black-white fungus undergo phytochemical screening and thin layer chromatography (TLC), followed by measuring antioxidant and evaluating the cytotoxic activity towards MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results: black-white fungus of Auricularia sp. contained secondary metabolites of flavonoids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids and a total of 17 other phytochemical components. Ethyl acetate extract of black-white fungus showed a weak antioxidant activity towards DPPH free radical with IC50 of 215.51 μg/mL and a very active cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 0.21 μg/mL. On the other hand, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of black-white fungus are categorized with an active cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells with IC50 of 29.28 μg/mL and 50.39 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Black-white fungus Auricularia sp. that had anticancer activity towards breast MCF-7 cells should be considered as an alternative treatment for breast cancer therapy.

Key words: Phytochemistry, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Black-white fungus Auricularia sp., MCF-7 cells.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.1}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Arfi Rabbani and Anton Bahtiar and Norma Nur Azizah and Lince Dameria Nadapdap and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin} } @article {1762, title = {The Potential Effect of Nigericin from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus Against the Syndemic of Malaria and COVID-19 through Molecular Docking Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {268-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {268}, abstract = {

Background: Malaria is a constantly challenging problem, notably in the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic. The syndemic condition, malaria-COVID-19 co-infections, had been reported. Our previous study successfully revealed several compounds from Streptomyces hygroscopicus subsp. Hygroscopicus, including nigericin that has both antimalarial and antiviral effects. In malaria infection, Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (PfCRT) is the potential target for eliminating Plasmodium. Meanwhile, for SARS-CoV-2 infection, MPro is an essential protein for SARS-CoV-2 survival. This research aims to examine the potential effect of nigericin towards Plasmodium and SARS-CoV-2 by assessing its molecular interaction with PfCRT and MPro through molecular docking study. Methods: The protein target PfCRT and MPro were obtained from Protein Data Bank. Nigericin and the control ligand (chloroquine and N3) were obtained from PubChem. The pharmacokinetic analysis was done using SwissADME. Specific molecular docking was conducted using PyRx 0.9 and was visualized using LigPlot and PyMOL. Results: Nigericin has a large molecular weight, leading to the non-fulfillment of the Lipinski rule for oral administration. Through molecular docking study, the binding affinity of the Nigericin-PfCRT complex was -8.1 kcal/mol, and Nigericin-MPro was -8.6 kcal/mol. These binding affinities were stronger than the control ligand. The interaction between Nigericin-PfCRT and Nigericin-MPro share a similar pocket-site and amino acid residues as the control ligands. Conclusion: Nigericin has potential antimalarial and anti-coronavirus effects through molecular docking perspective by assessing the binding affinity and similarity of amino acid residues compared to control. Administration of systemic route can be an option in giving nigericin.

}, keywords = {COVID-19, Malaria, Molecular docking, Nigericin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.33}, author = {Faratisha IFD and Cahyono AW and Erwan NE and Putri AM and Ariel DG and Yunita KC and Nugraha RYB and Mardhiyyah K and Fitri LE} } @article {1911, title = {The Potential of Antivirus Compounds in Gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.) in Inhibiting 3CLpro Receptor of SARS-CoV-2 Virus by In Silico}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {796-805}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

SARS-CoV-2 virus has caused pandemic disease since the end of 2019. Virus transmission occurs through droplet and infects the host{\textquoteright}s respiratory tract rapidly. Viral propagation occurs through translation process of genome +ssRNA, then it being replicated forming some new body parts of virus and assemblied into virions that ready to infect. During the replication process, the translated viral genome in the form of polyprotein will be cut into smaller components by proteases, which one is 3CLpro. The presence of the 3CLpro receptor is used in drug development through in-silico molecular docking process to minimize failures before laboratory test. The antivirus compounds that used to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor are from gletang plant (Tridax procumbens Linn.). This study aim is to determine the value of binding affinity, the interaction between compounds and receptor, and the effect of drug components. The research was conducted by in-silico through the molecular docking process of 3CLpro receptor and antivirus compounds of gletang (Tridax procumbens Linn.), including betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan. The results showed that the binding affinity of betulinic acid was -6.6 kcal/mol, kaempferol was -5.6 kcal/ mol and lignan was -5.4 kcal/mol. The interaction form of compounds and receptor was hydrogen bond, electrostatic, hydrophobic, and van der Waals. Compared to baicalein compound as a positive control with the value of binding affinity was -6.7 kcal/mol and its interaction with 3CLpro receptor, showed betulinic acid, kaempferol and lignan have smaller ability but they have the potential to inhibit the 3CLpro receptor.

}, keywords = {3CLpro receptor, Antivirus, Gletang, In-silico, SARS-CoV-2.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.170}, author = {Yuna Islamiati and Yani Suryani and Ayuni Adawiyah and Opik Taufiqurrohman and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Devi Purnamasari and Nunuk Hariani Soekamto and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Kuswati and Riso Sari Mandeli and Kawther Ameen Muhammed Saeed Aledresi and Nur Farhana Mohd Yusof and Maksim Rebezov and Shimanovskaya Yanina and Belyakova Natalia and Dmitriy Kulikov and Gulnara Mullagulova and Rahadian Zainul and Muhammad Thoriq Albari} } @article {1917, title = {Prediction of MMP-9 Polymorphism Impacts on MDR-TB by Molecular Simulation and Network Interaction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {833-841}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

MMP-9 overexpression is associated with a poor outcome in MDR-TB patients, indicating that MMP-9 is a suitable target for MDR-TB therapy. MMP-9 also includes SNPs that occur at inhibitor binding areas as well as zinc ions. As a result of polymorphisms, the usage of MMP-9 inhibitors for MDR-TB might vary. Through molecular simulation, it has been found that the mutant MMP-9 has a larger cavity and a more lipophilic surface. The docking tests revealed that EGTA had the least amount of binding energy to both wild-type and mutant MMP-9. The wildtype MMP-9 can bind zinc when EGTA is in the active site. This shows that using EGTA to chelate Zn is only partially successful. However, the binding energy of EGTA at the active site suggests that it may be a competitor to MMP-9 substrates. On the other hand, Zn is not involved in the interaction of the mutant MMP-9-EGTA complex.

}, keywords = {Gene polymorphism, Matrix metalloproteinase 9, Molecular simulation., Multidrug resistant TB}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.176}, author = {Anse Diana Valentiene Messah and Sawitri Darmiati and Cleopas Marthin Rumende and Retno Ariza Soemarwoto and Joedo Prihartono and Asmarinah and Fadilah Fadilah and Aisyah Fitriannisa Prawiningrum} } @article {1787, title = {A Review of an Important Plants: Annona squamosa Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {456-463}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {456}, abstract = {

Plants have been utilized extensively in traditional medicine by a range of nations since ancient times, and more research into their safety, efficacy, and quality value is needed. One of the plants that have been widely used by society in traditional medicine is Annona squamosa L. A. squamosa is commonly cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Based on previous research, all parts of A. squamosa including bark, leaf, and roots have proven biological activities such as antioxidant, antifungal, and anticancer, especially on the leaves. Indian people have long history used young leaves of A. squamosa for antidiabetic, besides in South China, they use seeds to decrease the cancer effect in the human body. The pharmacological activities of A. squamosa leaves are antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antidiarrheals, antiplatelet, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, and cytoprotective. Phytochemicals in A. squamosa leaves include coumarins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, carbohydrates, and saponins. Meanwhile based on nutritional analysis shows that the A. squamosa leaves are water, protein, lipids, Fiber Ash and Calcium.

}, keywords = {Annona squamosa, Medicine, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Traditional medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.58}, author = {Arifia Safira and Prasita Widayani and Dhiya An-Najaaty and Cinta Atsa Mahesa Rani and Mela Septiani and Yan Arengga Syah Putra and Tridiganita Intan Solikhah and Aswin Rafif Khairullah and Hartanto Mulyo Raharjo} } @article {1809, title = {Standardization Study of Khurtsiin deed-6 Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {610-621}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {610}, abstract = {

Introduction: Although traditional medicines are widely used, quality and safety of some of them are not ensured due to lack of suitable quality controls and inadequate labeling. he diagnostic cellular structures and cell content for all powdered ingredients in Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined by {\textquotedblleft}Novel{\textquotedblright} light microscopy. Biologically active compounds were identified by using TLC and HPLC. Main biologically active compounds contents were determined by UV spectrophotometer methods. Some quality and safety parameters of Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were determined by Mongolian National First Pharmacopoeia methods. Results: Some quality and safety parameters of the traditional medicine were determined as: moisture 9.63{\textpm}0.09\%, total ash 4.725{\textpm}0.22\%, and water-soluble extractive 21.28{\textpm}0.11\%, Alcohol soluble extractive total 46.30{\textpm}0.09\%, aerobic microbial count 5x103, total yeast and mold count 3x102. The fingerprints of TLC and HPLC to reveal gallic acid, apigenin, costunolide, E-guggulsterone were defined. The total contents were measured for phenolic compounds as 65.95{\textpm}1.05 mg/g and for flavonoids as 10.55 {\textpm}0.16 mg/g. Conclusion: The standardization criteria for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine were defined and Mongolian National Pharmacopeia Monograph{\textquoteright}s draft for Khurtsiin deed-6 traditional medicine was developed.

}, keywords = {Gallic acid, Herbal medicine, High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.79}, author = {Myadagbadam and Purevsuren S and Chimedragchaa CH and Tserenkhand G and Norovnyam R} } @article {1946, title = {Successful Intrapericardial Fibrinolysis on Acute Recurrent Purulent Pericarditis with Impending Cardiac Tamponade during Pandemic Situation: A Rare Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1033-1036}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1033}, abstract = {

Introduction: Acute recurrent purulent pericarditis is an uncommon pericardium infection that can be life-threatening due to pus production, leading to cardiac tamponade. Case presentation: We report a 36-year-old man referring to our hospital with impending cardiac tamponade who needed urgent pericardiocentesis. The patient{\textquoteright}s complaints were worsening dyspnea and palpitations in the last two days. The patient had been hospitalized for the same complaint and had pericardiocentesis due to cardiac tamponade approximately three weeks earlier. Physical exam, ECG, and CXR suggest impending cardiac tamponade. Echocardiography indicated massive right and left pericardial effusion and right atrial collapse. The Covid-19 screening test was positive; however, RT-PCR revealed a negative result. The patient was diagnosed with recurrent acute purulent pericarditis with impending cardiac tamponade requiring urgent pericardiocentesis. After the procedure, 1.5 million units of intrapericardial fibrinolytic were administered to patients. His improved hemodynamic and clinical symptoms indicate a successful procedure. Conclusion: This case highlights the challenges of managing an acute recurrent purulent pericarditis patient due to Staphylococcus A. infection in the current pandemic era, including distinguishing it from other contagious diseases due to nonspecific dyspnea, limited therapeutic options, and the effectiveness of intrapericardial fibrinolytic in improving the overall patient conditions, and reducing the mortality rate.

}, keywords = {Intrapericardial fibrinolysis, Purulent pericarditis, Rare Case Report, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.206}, author = {Muhammad Dedy Pratama and Budi Baktijasa Dharmadjati and Muhammad Rafdi Amadis and Ahmad Faisal Dwi Raharja and Muhammad Ramadhan and Dwika Rasyid Firmanda} } @article {1786, title = {Ten Commonly Available Medicinal Plants in Malaysia with Potential Sun Protection Factor and Antioxidant Properties {\textendash} A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {444-455}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {444}, abstract = {

Background: Malaysia has a diverse range of medicinal plants that utilized to make effective nutritional, folk medicine, and cosmetic preparations. Natural antioxidants obtained from medicinal plant extracts have recently gained popularity as protective ingredients in sunscreen formulations due to their safety, wide range of biological effects on skin, and environmental sustainability in absorbing Ultraviolet (UV) radiation and preventing skin damage. Prolonged exposure to UV rays may cause skin damages like sunburn, photoaging, erythema, edema, wrinkle, and skin cancer. Natural sunscreen products are becoming more popular among consumers who are becoming more aware of the risks of excessive UV and chemicals in beauty and personal care products. Objective: This review aimed to provide brief information about ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia with potential sun protection factor and antioxidant properties. Methods: In the present review, the relevant literatures were an extensive search from various scientific database including Pubmed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect and Scopus. Ten commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Graptophyllum pictum, Moringa oleifera, Mangifera indica, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Andrographis paniculata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Camellia sinensis, Morinda citrifolia, Nephelium lappaceum and Murraya koenigii were included based on its potential sun protection factor (SPF) and antioxidant properties. Results: All the ten medicinal plants reported in this review found to have potential antioxidant activities due to the presence of phenolic and flavonoid content in the extracts. All of these findings well correlated to their potential SPF. The M. indica extracts had the highest SPF value among the ten plant extracts reported in this review, with a value of >=30. This is considered high sun protection action. Extracts of A. paniculata, M. citrifolia, C. sinensis, and G. pictum have a moderate photoprotective effect (SPF value of >=15). Sun protection activity was low in M. oleifera and S. caseolaris (SPF value <= 2). Conclusion: The identification of natural antioxidant and photoprotective ingredients from medicinal plants has demonstrated as a potential natural sunscreen product in protecting UV radiation against damaging UV rays, and therefore recommended to utilize them to replace synthetic chemicals in cosmetics development in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Medicinal plants, Sun protection factor, total flavonoid, Total phenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.57}, author = {Noor Diyana Ibrahim and Lay Jing Seow and Mahendran Sekar and Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani and Pei Teng Lum} } @article {1859, title = {Tender Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera L.) Can Increase Antioxidant Enzymes and Decrease MDA Levels: Experimental Study on Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {469-476}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

Background: Cigarette smoke exposure increase free radicals in the body in the form of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Excessive levels of ROS can cause an imbalance between the amount of oxidants and antioxidants that trigger oxidative stress. The state of oxidative stress can be seen from the decrease in antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA). Tender coconut water contains a variety of substances that are beneficial to the body, including L-arginine and Vitamin C which can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of giving tender coconut water on increasing antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT and decreasing MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke. Material and Methods: Experimental research by Post-Test Only Control Group Design study used 24 rats divided into 4 groups, K1 was the control, K2 was the negative control exposed to cigarette smoke, K3 the positive control was given vitamin E and K4 the treatment group. Furthermore, sampling was continued by examining the levels of SOD and CAT using ELISA (Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay), while MDA using spectrophotometry. The SOD, CAT, and MDA data were processed using SPSS with the One Way Anova. Results: The administration of tender coconut water at a dose of 8mL/200grBW/day and vitamin E at a dose of 1.8 mg/200gBW/day for 14 days increasing SOD levels, CAT levels and reduce MDA levels. Conclusion: It can be concluded that tender coconut water can increase antioxidant enzymes and reduce MDA in rats exposed to cigarette smoke.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Cigarette smoke, Malondyaldehyde, Superoxide dismutase, Tender coconut water}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.124}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Helmia Fitri Nurul Aini and Anisa Setyo Rini and Bagus Hidayaturrahman Abiyyu and Elvita Apriska Tiara Dewi and Arrizki Azka Pratama} } @article {1795, title = {Toll Like Receptor 4 Expression Profile in Mice Infected Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Given with Miana Leaves Extract (Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth) (Tuberculosis Preventive and Curative Mechanisms)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {497-505}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {497}, abstract = {

Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. During Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, pathogens modulate TLR-4 receptor flow signaling, suggesting possible involvement of TLR-4 in the regulation of the host immune response. This study aims to determine the effect of miana leaf extract on the expression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in tuberculosis mice at the preventive and curative stages. Methods: Mice were divided into 3 groups with 7x replication. Providing 14 days of preventive treatment, 14 days of incubation and 14 days of curative treatment. Group 1 and group 3 were given Miana Leaves Extract (EDM) and placebo at all three stages. Group 2 was given EDM at the preventive and incubation stages, then they were given anti-tuberculosis drugs (OAT). Results: The results proved that EDM given as a preventive did not increase the expression of TLR-4 protein in healthy mice; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before and after curative EDM increased by 17\%, after administration of placebo increased 97\% and decreased 12\% after OAT curative administration; Changes in expression of TLR-4 protein in M.tb-infected mice before preventive administration and after EDM curative administration increased by 20\%, after administration of placebo increased 102\% and decreased by 10\% after the curative administration of OAT. Conclusions: EDM has potential as antituberculosis with TLR-4 regulatory mechanism.

}, keywords = {Antituberculosis., Miana Leaf, TLR-4}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.63}, author = {Sesilia Rante Pakadang and St. Ratnah and Alfrida Monica Salasa and Jumain and Mochammad Hatta} } @article {1800, title = {Utilization of Secondary Metabolites in Algae Kappaphycus alvarezii as a Breast Cancer Drug with a Computational Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {536-543}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {536}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is one of the worst diseases that affect female people. Long-term treatment with therapy or surgery has a detrimental impact on the patient. The algae Kappaphycus alvarezii has gotten a lot of interest as a breast cancer medication because it contains chemicals that are expected to be anti-cancer. The objectives of this paper were to see how secondary metabolites in algae interact with the Nuclear Factor- kappaB protein kinase in breast cancer. The ligands and proteins were obtained from the PubChem and PDB websites, respectively. Swiss ADME was then used to assess the Pharmacokinetics and Drug likeness Properties. The last stage involved using molecular docking with PyRx and molecular dynamics to identify the interaction and visualization between the ligand and the target protein. The findings of the test revealed that the maraniol chemical had a superior binding capacity with NF kB protein kinase because it has a chromone group that controls transport efficiently in preventing breast cancer proliferation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, K. alvarezii, Molecular Docking., NF kB protein kinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.68}, author = {AF Dibha and S Wahyuningsih and ANM Ansori and VD Kharisma and MH Widyananda and AA Parikesit and MT Sibero and RT Probojati and AAA Murtadlo and JP Trinugroho and TH Sucipto and DDR Turista and I Rosadi and ME Ullah and V Jakhmola and R Zainul} } @article {1855, title = {Viral Meningoencephalitis Patient with Comorbid Major Depression with Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {455-458}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Viral meningoencephalitis causes meninges and brain parenchyma inflammation, thus provoking significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical features include neurological and psychiatric symptoms depending on the brain involved, mild symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and confusion, or severe symptoms such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such cases are challenging to make. This case report describes an adult male patient suffering from viral meningoencephalitis with comorbid major depression with psychotic symptoms. The patient requires holistic management of meningoencephalitis with comorbid depression and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may occur in the long term.

}, keywords = {Comorbid, Depression, Viral meningoencephalitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.121}, author = {Maulana Farid Rizki and Paulus Sugianto and Margarita Maria Maramis and Soetjipto} } @article {1788, title = {Virgin coconut oil and tuberculosis: A mini-review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {464-469}, type = {Mini-Review}, chapter = {464}, abstract = {

Virgin coconut oil is widely promoted and used as healthy and beneficial oil. One of them is caused by antimicrobials. Caprylic, caproic acid, capric acid, lauric acid and tau glyceryl monolaurate are other VCO compositions. Furthermore, due to the non-heating manufacturing process, the content in VCO can reduce cholesterol levels of triglycerides, LDL, phospholipids, VLDL and increase HDL in blood serum. VCO consumption lowers the number of Mycobacterium tuberculosis colonies while increasing the conversion of BTA sputum. Until now, the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) disease was extremely high. VCO can be used as a supplement to help TB patients recover faster.

}, keywords = {Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, Virgin coconut oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.59}, author = {Fathul Djannah and Muhammad Nasrum Massi and Mochammad Hatta and Agussalim Bukhari and Irda Handayani and Muhammad Faruk and Anny Setijo Rahaju} } @article {1354, title = {Antimicrobial Effect of Different Types of Honey on Selected ATCC Bacterial Strains}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {217-225}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Honey is a complex sweet highly viscous liquid and is composed of various ingredients such as sugar, proteins, minerals, and polyphenolic compounds. Honey is used in traditional medicine systems for centuries because of its ability to inhibit the pathogenesis of various diseases through modulating various biological activities. In this study, antimicrobial potential of different types of honey was tested against selected pathogenic bacterial strains through agar well diffusion method. Four types of honey were used in the present investigation, and the potential antimicrobial activities of these varieties were further compared with that of antibiotics commonly used against targeted microbial strains. Among all of the four tested honey, three types were classified as blossom honey, being Talha (Acacia sp) honey (TH), Zahoor (mixed flower) honey (ZH), and Manuka (Leptospermum based honey) honey (MH). Both gram positive and gram negative bacterial species were used for this investigation. The pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains includedEscherichia coli ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Three gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were also used to confirm the antimicrobial activities. As reflected from our study, we found that three varieties of honey including TH, ZH, and MH (with different UMF +20, +16, +5) displayed a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against all tested microbial strains. However, all strains showed a high frequency of resistance to BF honey. Gram-positive (G+) bacteria were found to be more sensitive to all tested honey types except (BF) as indicated by significantly higher zone of inhibition (ZOI) values than those of gram-negative (G-) bacteria. As a conclusion, this study suggests that antimicrobial potential of honey types might be helpful in order to treat the pathogenic microorganisms threatening the public health and changing antibiotics into last-resort drugs.

}, keywords = {Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Talha honey, Zahoor honey and Manuka honey}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.31}, author = {Aseel Aljaghwani and Khaled S Allemailem and Lujain F Aljaghwani and Faris Alrumaihi and Rejo Jacob Joseph and Amjad Ali Khan and Mohammad aljaghwani and Arshad H Rahmani and Ahmad Almatroudi} } @article {1707, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Fractions Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1694-1701}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Methanol extract of X. moluccensis was found to be significantly effective in scavenging DPPH method. Therefore, this research is a follow-up research study from Budiarso et al (2020).. The methanol extract was then fractionated and tested for antioxidant activity. Objective: To assess antioxidants activity of methanolic fractions from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvent. The methanolic extract was fractionated using a chromatographic column were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Results: F3 Fractions IC50 of X. moluccensis exhibits the highest DPPH scavenging activity compared with F2, F3, ascorbic acis as control positif, F5, and F4, wich are 4.64, 6.79, 9.69, 10.49, and 227.44 respectively and Ferric reducing power from methanolic fraction of X. moluccensis stembark F3 exhibits higher antioxidant power compared to F2, F1, F5, ascorbic acid and F4, respectively which are 667.8 μmol/gr, 607.8 μmol/gr, and 573.8 340.48 and 309.8 μmol/gr, respectively

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., DPPH, FRAP, Kayu Sarampa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.218}, author = {Fitri Santy Budiarso and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Andy Howard Limengan and Ratika Rahmasari} } @article {1367, title = {Antioxidant, Anti-quorum Sensing and Cytotoxic Properties of the Endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 {\textquoteright}s Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {332-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {332}, abstract = {

Background: Novel bioactive compounds are in high demand to combat challenges of microbial resistance. In recent years, secondary metabolites from endophytic bacteria have drawn attention from researchers due to their novel structures and significant biological activities. Objective: This study aimed at extracting secondary metabolites from endophytic Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1 from Anredera cordifolia leaves for their biological activities. Methods: The anti-SMASH was used to predict the biosynthetic gene clusters of P. aeruginosa CP043328.1. The bacteria was resuscitated on Nutrient agar. Ethyl acetate was used to extract the secondary metabolites. Chemical composition of the secondary metabolites was evaluated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to analyze the scavenging activity. Anti-quorum sensing activity was investigated using Chromobacterium violacuem ATCC 12472 as the biological indicator. Cytotoxicity assay was performed using a tetrozolium-based columetric (MTT) assay. Results: The bacterium has 12 gene clusters that encode for secondary metabolites. The extract revealed 15 volatile constituents with diisooctyl phthalate (50.51\%) and [1, 2, 4] oxadiazole, 5-benzyl-3 (10.44\%) being the major compounds. The extract revealed scavenging capabilities with IC50 of 0.625 mg/ml for DPPH and 0.15 mg/ml for ABTS. It displayed anti-quorum sensing activity with 88\% violacein inhibition at 3.31 mg/ml. According to MTT assay, the extract was found to be safe for use up to 2000 μg/mL. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa CP043328.1 shows a potential use as a source of pharmacologically important metabolites.

}, keywords = {Anti-quorum sensing activity, antioxidant activity, Chemical composition, Cytotoxicity assay, Pseudomonas aeruginosa CP043328.1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.43}, author = {L S Ngidi and C I Nxumalo and J S Shandu and T S Maliehe and K Rene} } @article {1660, title = {Antioxidant Capacity of Chuquiraga Spinosa Less. "Huamanpinta" and Prevention of Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1287-1296}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1287}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Chuquiraga spinosa extracts and prevention of carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Methodology: Experimental design: plant species, erythrocytes and male BALB C53 mice, were considered as biological material. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated in 50\%, 70\%, 96\% and aqueous ethanolic extracts by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl reduction, malondialdehyde inhibition in oxidized erythrocytes with H2O2 and correlating with polyphenol content equivalent to gallic acid/gram dry extract. Inflammation was evaluated by inoculating carrageenan 2\% in "subcutaneous air bag" of mice: 1) White, 2) carrageenan, 3) dexamethasone 2 mg/kg, 4-6) ethanolic extract 70\% doses 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively; determining nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, total proteins, albumin, leukocytes in exudate and histological changes. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, triterpenes, steroids and sesquiterpene lactones were identified; aqueous extract presented greater reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (CI50 = 58.99 μg/mL), ethanolic extract 70\% presented greater inhibition of malondialdehyde in erythrocytes (CI50 = 16.44 nm/mL); It was observed that the higher the amount of polyphenols, the greater the reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (r=-0.909) and the greater the inhibition of malondialdehyde (r=-0.781). With 500 mg/kg of 70\% ethanolic extract there was greater anti-inflammatory effect inhibiting malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, albumin, total proteins and leukocytes in 55.55\%, 81.92\%, 41.20\%, 31.51\% and 32.45\% (p\<0.01) respectively and less infiltration of leukocytes and lymphocytes in air sac membrane. Conclusion: The extracts of aerial parts of Chuquiraga spinosa showed antioxidant capacity correlated to polyphenol content. The 70\% ethanolic extract prevented inflammation in mice in a dosedependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Leukocytes, Lipoperoxidation, Nitric oxide, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.163}, author = {Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Miriam Palomino- Pacheco and Magaly Villena-Tejada and Wilmer Atilio Segura V{\'\i}lchez} } @article {1672, title = {Anxiolytic-like Effect of Essential Oils Extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1377-1383}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1377}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils from natural plants are widely use around the world to relief mental conditions. The aim of this investigation was to determine the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora. Methods: The oil was extracted by hydro-distillation for 3 hours using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and then chemical composition was investigated by gas chromatography analysis (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Moreover, a randomized experimental trial was conducted, where 95 participants were divided into 3 groups, comprising a waiting list control group and two experimental groups treated with essential oils by inhalation. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken two times: pretest and posttest. Results: chemical analysis showed that carvone was the main component (64.5\%) for Lippia alba essential oil and geranial (39.8\%) for Lippia citriodora. State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in all experimental groups (p\<0.05). Cohen{\textquoteright}s D and Hedges{\textquoteright} G scores show a large size effect in state anxiety for experimental group treated with Lippia alba while moderate changes were found for the rest of variables in all experimental groups. Conclusion: the essential oils extracted from Lippia alba and Lippia citriodora may be useful as a mean to counteract anxiety, specifically state anxiety showing short-terms benefits.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oils, Lippia alba, Lippia citriodora}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.174}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Bertha Mirella Alfaro-Ttito and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva} } @article {1723, title = {Anxiolytic-like Effect of Luma chequen Essential Oil: A Pilot Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1607-1613}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1607}, abstract = {

Introduction: Essential oils are complex substances used widely extended in the form of aromatherapy or phytotherapy, some of them as agents to relieve anxiety and stress. In this sense this study was conducted to examine the anxiolytic-like effect of Luma chequen essential oil. Methods: The essential oil was extracted by steam distillation and the chemical composition was investigated by Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Moreover, a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted, where 48 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a control group (CG) treated with placebo, and an experimental group (EG) treated with aromatherapy based on Luma chequen essential oil. The anxiety index was evaluated by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Measures were taken at two times: pretest and posttest. Results: The chemical analysis showed that α-pinene was the main component (56.5\%). State and Trait anxiety scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group compared to placebo (p\<0.005 for state anxiety and p\<0.05 for trait anxiety). Cohen{\textquoteleft}s d score was 0.84 in State anxiety, while it was 0.52 for Trait anxiety. Percentages of change showed reductions of anxiety variable ranging between 14.94\% for State anxiety and 13.60\% for Trait anxiety. Conclusions: These results suggest that aromatherapy based on essential oil of Luma chequen was moderately effective in improving anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Essential oil, Luma chequeen.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.207}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Santiago M. Benites} } @article {1398, title = {Cardioprotective Role of Partharishtam on Isopreterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {591-595}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {591}, abstract = {

Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the key causes of high death rate globally. We report the cardio protective effect of an Ayurvedic polyherbal formulation Partharishtam on isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction on albino rats. Administration of Isoproterenol to normal albino rat triggers MI evident from the significant changes in key biomolecules tested in blood serum and cardiac tissues. The cardio protective role of Partharishtam was compared with a standard medicine, Propranolol on some of the known identifying markers of MI such as, Troponin I and T, creatine phosphokinase serum (CPK-S), creatine phosphokinase myoglobulin isozyme fraction (CPK-MB) and oxidative enzymes like super oxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase. There was an appreciable decrease in the levels of Troponin 1 and T, CPK-S and CPK-MB after the treatment of Partharishtam on Isoproterenol induced MI rats. In vivo anti-oxidative enzyme studies also revealed the increase in the levels of SOD, GSH and catalase to near normalcy after the treatment of Partharishtam in MI rats, which is very much comparable to the commonly used drug Propranolol to treat MI patients. Histopathological analysis confirmed the cardio protective properties of Partharistham in rat model. We did not find any side effects or toxicity of Partharishtam when tested on the normal rats. Thus, polyherbal formulation Partharishtam could be considered as safe medicine for MI.

}, keywords = {Catalase, Creatine phosphokinase, GSH, Isoproterenol, Myocardial Infarction, Partharishtam, Polyherbal, Propranolol, SOD, Troponin I, Troponin T}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.74}, author = {G. Narayanan and K Prabhu and Anath Bandhu Chaudhury and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and N S Muthiah and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1372, title = {Characterization and Acute Toxicity Bioactive Compound Canning Waste of Lemuru Fish Oil as Potential Immunomodulator}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {376-382}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {376}, abstract = {

Background: Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids have beneficial effects as an immunomodulator for periodontitis therapy. Lipid studies show that fish can be a unique source of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Lemuru fish (Sardinella longicep) is one of fish that abbundant in Indonesia. Purpose: This study aims to find out the characterization and acute toxicity of lemuru fish oil for using in dental treatment. Methods: characterization study was tested using capillary gas chromatography coupled method with flame ionization. Acute toxicity performed by given lemuru orally with dose 174.1-917.3mg/20g mice weight for 24 hours observation and sacrificed for histopathology, meanwhile groups 96 hours observation continued. Results: Lemuru Fish oil contains 14.5\% eicosapentaenoic acid and 13,2\% Docosahexaenoic Acid. Acute toxicity showed the percentage of death below 50\%, however, liver structure start to show an effect on dose 355.3mg/20gr Conclusion: Lemuru Fish oil had a component Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids an potential immunomodulator. There was no acute toxicity found and the maximum dose without changing the microscopic structure of the liver is 174.1mg / 20gr.

}, keywords = {Docosahexaenoic acid, Eicosapentaenoic acid, Lemuru fish oil, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.48}, author = {Damaiyanti DW and Sari RP and Muwarmanti D} } @article {1353, title = {Consumer Behavior Model Based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {212-216}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {212}, abstract = {

The growing number of food poisoning cases that occurred in Padang City in 2017-2018 shows that various regulations that have been made by the government have not been able to stop producers and traders from using hazardous substances in food. Therefore, research is needed that aims to form a model of consumer behavior that focuses on consumer awareness of the choice of food consumed through the integration of health awareness and food safety. This study is a Research and Development study using the ADDIE approach. Based on the results of the analysis conducted at the Padang city market, it shows that the behavior of vegetable consumers in the city of Padang tends not to care about the dangers of chemical residues in pesticides and fertilizers used by vegetable farmers. Based on the existing need to support the formation of an integrated consumer behavior model for food safety and health awareness, it is by providing guidance in choosing healthy vegetables and by distributing leaflets on the benefits of vegetables. And to encourage consumer awareness, motivation is given to a healthy lifestyle so that families avoid the dangers of food poisoning through social media. This study produces a Conceptual Design of Consumer Behavior Model based on Integration of Food Safety and Health Consciousness in Padang City. From the results of the model test, the F significance value of 0.000 (p \<0.05) can be concluded that the hypothesis is accepted, meaning that food selection variables, health awareness and food safety have a significant effect on consumer behavior together.

}, keywords = {Consumer Behavior, Food Safety, Pasar Raya Padang, Vegetable Consumers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.30}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Arief Muttaqiin and Rehani Ramadhani} } @article {1626, title = {Cytotoxic Activity of Eurycoma Longifolia Jack Root Extract Against Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {1014-1018}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1014}, abstract = {

Background: Eurycoma longifolia (E. longifolia) or Tongkat Ali is a tree that grows in southeast Asia, the roots of which contain bioactive components that exhibit cytotoxic properties against various cancer cell lines. However, no study has been conducted to relate the cytotoxic properties against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), a type of cancer that shows poor prognosis for metastatic disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the E. longifolia root extract exerts cytotoxic activity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell lines. Materials and Method: E. longifolia root extracts were obtained through Soxhlet extraction method and by using two different solvents; ethanol and dicholoromethane. MTS assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the root extracts against ORL-115 cell line for three different incubation time which were 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour. Results: Ethanol extract was significantly more potent compared to DCM extract. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The IC50 of ethanol extract were 232.1 μg/ml, 66.86 μg/ml and 42.6 μg/ml. Meanwhile the IC50 of DCM extract were 678.87 μg/ml, 136.71 μg/ml, 73.72 μg/ml for 24-hour, 48-hour and 72-hour incubation period respectively. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts increased as the incubation time prolonged. The cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract at each incubation time was significantly different from DCM extract except at 72 hours. Conclusion: E. longifolia root extracts exerted cytotoxic activity against the nasopharyngeal carcinoma (ORL-115) cell line. Ethanol extract exhibited lower IC50 value compared to DCM extract. The cytotoxic activity of both extracts were dose dependent and time dependent.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxic activity, E. longifolia, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.131}, author = {Nur Haseena Kajahmohideen and Siti NurSyafiqah Razi and Ghasak Ghazi Faisal and Abdelkader Elbadawy Ashour and Anisa Kusumawardani and Essam A. Makky and OE Ibrahim} } @article {1337, title = {The Effect of Giving Red-fleshed Watermelon Juice (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)) on Pregnant White Mice (Mus Musculus) Exposed by Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Orally on the Number and Morphology of Fetus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {97-102}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Introduction: Infertility can occur due to the presence of free radicals. One of the most popular of free radical is monosodium glutamate. Free radicals from monosodium glutamate can be prevented by antioxidant compounds. Red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon is a fruit that contains antioxidant compound such as lycopene. Aim: This research was conducted to see the effect of red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice on the fetus including number, morphology, visual abnormalities and body weight of pregnant white mice exposed to monosodium glutamate solution orally. Total of 25 female white mice aged around 2-3 months were used as test animals. Methods: Pregnant white mice were divided into 5 test groups. Group I and II served as negative controls (whithout treatment) and positive controls (exposed to monosodium glutamate solution orally at dose of 1g/kgBW). Group III was given a solution of monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/KgBW added red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice at dose of 1.4 g/kgBW. Group IV was given solution of monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/KgBW added red-fleshed-fleshed watermelon juice at dose of 4.2 g/kgBW. The research data were processed using the one-way ANNOVA test. Results: The result showed that mice body weight, fetal number and morphology (body weight, body length, tail length, and head diameter) did not significantly influence (p\>0.05). However, it significantly affected the weight gain of mice during pregnancy. However, it significantly affected the weight gain of mice during pregnancy day 6 to day 17 of pregnancy (p\<0.05) and found abnormalities in the fetus such as low birth weight (LBW) and haemorrhage in group II and III. Conclusion: It can be concluded that watermelon juice at dose of 2.8 g/kgBW and 4.2 g/kgBW are effective in ward offfree radicals from monosodium glutamate orally at dose of 1 g/kgBW.

}, keywords = {Fetus, Infertility, Lycopene, Monosodium glutamate, Red-fleshed watermelon}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.14}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Fitri Rachmaini and Dian Ayu Juwita and Rini Haryati} } @article {1413, title = {Effect of Soybean on Bone Health and Some Metabolic Parameters in Postmenopausal Egyptian Women}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {688-697}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {688}, abstract = {

Introduction: Great concern has been raised recently concerning the therapeutic impact of soybean. The present study aims to investigate the effects of soybean on bone health and metabolic parameters in postmenopausal women. Methods: In this clinical study, 72 healthy postmenopausal women aged between 45-65 years were given soybean bioactive fraction 2 capsules (500mg each) daily for 24 weeks. Each capsule contained 31.25 mg proteins, 3.2 mg carbohydrates and 4.84 mg isoflavones. Blood pressure, bone mineral density, plasma osteocalcin (OCN), telopeptides of collagen type I (CTX), fasting insulin and blood glucose, lipid profile, serum creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and TSH were assessed prior and after the period of the study. Insulin resistance was calculated by homeostatic model assessment-IR formula (HOMA-IR). Results: Soy ingestion resulted in a significant increase in T score of the hip and OCN; recording -1.97{\textpm}0.13/-1.76{\textpm}0.12 and 22.44{\textpm}0.60ng/ml/30.93{\textpm}0.57ng/ml before/after treatment, respectively. A marked decrease was also detected in CTX from 2.22{\textpm}0.10ng/ml to 1.48{\textpm}0.08ng/ml. With regard to metabolic parameters, there was a significant decrease in fasting insulin (5.40{\textpm}0.62uU/ml vs 4.15{\textpm}0.45uU/ ml), however, fasting glucose and HOMA-IR showed no significant alterations. Lipid profile displayed remarkable decline in total cholesterol (188.86{\textpm}7.23mg/dl vs 159.60{\textpm}4.72mg/dl, triglycerides (97.09{\textpm}5.23mg/dl vs 83.56{\textpm}4.27mg/dl), LDL-c (75.60{\textpm}3.06mg/dl vs 63.95{\textpm}1.86mg/ dl) accompanied with a significant elevation in HDL-c (53.09{\textpm}0.88 vs 65.81mg/dl{\textpm}0.80mg/ dl). A significant decrease in both TSH (1.97{\textpm}0.13 uIU/ml vs 1.40{\textpm}0.08 uIU/ml) and serum creatinine (0.82{\textpm}0.02mg/dl vs0.77{\textpm}0.02mg/dl) was also noticed. Conclusion: Consumption of soy improves bone health, reduces cardiovascular risk with no adverse effects on kidney, liver or thyroid functions.

}, keywords = {Bone health, Bone mineral density, Hypocholesterolemic effect, Insulin resistance, Metabolic parameters, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.88}, author = {Mouchira Abdel Salam and Hala M. Raslan and Doha A. Mohamed and Aliaa Elgendy and Rehab A. Hussein and Omneya Moguib and Maha Abdelhadi and Rokia Abd El-Shafy Soliman El-Banna and Karem Fouda and Safenaz Y. El Sherity and Emad N. Zikri and Nagwa M. Ammar} } @article {1423, title = {Elastase Inhibitory Activity, Determination of Total Polyphenol and Determination of Total Flavonoids and Pharmacognosy Study of Faloak Plant (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) from East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {758-764}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {758}, abstract = {

Introduction: Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) is one of the typical plants of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Faloak contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds, and show strong antioxidants activity which potentially correlated with its elastase inhibitory activity. Therefore, in this research, elastase inhibitory activity on various part of Faloak plant was investigated. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol, determination of total flavonoids, and also pharmacognosy characterization of Faloak leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. Methods: Sample of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks were extracted by 70\% ethanol using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Phytochemical screening, microscopic identification and elastase inhibitory activity testing were performed on the leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks extract. This extract with the highest elastase inhibitory activity was then determined for its total polyphenol content and of total flavonoids content. Results: UAE method with 70\% ethanol successfully extracted active compounds from leaves, stems, roots, and stem barks of Faloak. Extract of all Faloak parts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and glycosides. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the strongest elastase inhibitory activity as compared to the extract from other parts, with IC50 of 73.7 μg/mL. Alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside were detected as secondary metabolite in the extract of leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the highest elastase inhibitory activity with IC50 73.7 μg/mL. The total flavonoids and total polyphenol content of Faloak stem bark extract were respectively 28.75 mg/gram and 45.25 mg/gram extract. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol extract of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks of Faloak showed elastase inhibitory activity, and stem barks extract showed the strongest activity. Faloak stem barks extract can be considered as potential to be developed as active compound in anti-aging product, both in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

}, keywords = {Elastase inhibitory, Flavonoids, Polyphenol, Sterculia quadrifida}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.97}, author = {Sofiah Yunita Radjah and Kunia Sari Setio Putri and Berna Elya} } @article {1377, title = {Ergosterol Isolated from Agaricus blazei Murill N-Hexane Extracts as Potential Anticancer MCF-7 Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {418-426}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {418}, abstract = {

Extracts and some of the Agaricus blazrei Murill isolates have potential anticancer. Ergosterol isolate from Amaouroderma rude can also inhibit the growth of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells through apoptotic pathways by increasing FOXO3 expression, while its potency against MCF-7 cells has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to isolate, determine the structure, determine the anticancer activity of MCF-7 cells, and the isolate mechanism by apoptosis from one of isolates the n-hexane A.blazei Murill extracts. This research method includes the isolation of compounds from A.blazei Murill extract by chromatography method guided using Bioactivity Guided Isolation. The structure elucidation of structure isolates used UV, NMR and MS spectroscopy. Anticancer activity test using the MTT cytotoxic test. Eludation of UV, NMR and MS structures showed a ergostrerol. The anticancer activity test showed IC50 values of 43.10 μg/ mL with the strong cytotoxic category. The mechanism of action is to increase apoptosis induction through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase. The conclusion of the isolated compound was ergosterol with an IC50 value of 43.10 μg / mL with an increased apoptosis induction mechanism through inhibition of the cell cycle in the G2/ M phase.

}, keywords = {Agaricus blazei, Apoptosis, Egosterol, MCF-7 cells, Murill extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.53}, author = {Misgiati Misgiati and Aty Widyawaruyanti and Sentot Joko Raharjo and Sukardiman Sukardiman} } @article {1722, title = {Ethnobotany and Traditional Knowledge of Bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) in Asia and Their Applications in the Complementary and Alternative Medicine: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1751-1762}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1751}, abstract = {

Plants are considered a great source of various herbal medicines in the treatment of certain diseases and ailments. There is a growing interest in the utilization of indigenous medicinal plants as the source for complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) due to the significant contribution of plant-based materials to the pharmaceutical field. Bambusoideae is a large grass family of Poaceae, comprising approximately 119 genera and 1482 described species. About 70\% of the bamboo forests are covered throughout Asia. This study aims to provide an informative review of the ethnobotanical significance and traditional knowledge of medicinal plants belonging to the Bambusoideae. This review comprises informative data on medicinal plants, their uses, and parts used by indigenous people and native communities in Asian regions. In line with this review, bamboo has made significant contributions to the ethnobotanical field, specifically as therapeutics for specific diseases. Ethnobotanical data has also made a successful contribution to the CAM. Therefore, the present review on ethnobotany and traditional knowledge of bamboo is expected to have many benefits and could be a good starting point for future work in the pharmaceutical field, both locally and internationally.

}, keywords = {Asia, Bambusoideae, Complementary and alternative medicine, Ethnobotany, Traditional knowledge.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.226}, author = {Mohammad Amil Zulhilmi Benjamin and Shean Yeaw Ng and Fiffy Hanisdah Saikim and Nor Azizun Rusdi} } @article {1429, title = {Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) and its Active Compounds: A Review of its Effects on Human Health through Modulating Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {813-821}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Fenugreek seed are rich sources of various essential compounds and such components shows a significant role in the diseases cure and management through its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective and anti-microbial activity. Moreover, fenugreek seed is a rich source of antioxidant and such potentiality inhibit the pathogenesis of diseases through free radical scavenging activity. Besides, fenugreek and its active compound shows role in tumour inhibition through modulating various genes activity including induction of apoptosis, tumour suppressor gene and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of fenugreek seeds in health management through modulating various physiological and biochemical activities, along with special emphasis on in vitro and in vivo study.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer activity, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Fenugreek, Health management, Trigonella foenum-graecum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.103}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1432, title = {Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff. (Syn: Justicia picta Linn.) and its Effectiveness: A Well-Known Indonesian Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {835-838}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {835}, abstract = {

Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., a shrubby stove plant, has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. This review summarizes the up-to-date data about its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties and provides a perspective and direction for future research. The phytochemical analysis of G. pictum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycoside, tannins, saponin, chlorophyll, nontoxic alkaloid, and anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the pharmacological analysis revealed that this plant possessed various activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-analgetic, woundhealing, anti-hemorrhoid, anti-diabetic, and estrogenic effects. However, most of its pharmacological activities were based on the crude extracts and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. A further detailed investigation in phytochemistry to identify the bioactive compounds and to investigate the mechanism action of its bioactivities is required. Moreover, a toxicology study is also needed to develop a standardized formulation of G. pictum preparation and to fulfill the requirements of modern phytomedicine.

}, keywords = {Activities, G pictum, Indonesia, Pharmacological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.106}, author = {Feda Makkiyah and Eldiza Puji Rahmi and Rika Revina and Tiwuk Susantiningsih and Yuni Setyaningsih} } @article {1364, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Cordia lutea Lam Flower Extracts Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {309-316}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {309}, abstract = {

Background: Paracetamol or acetaminophen overdose leads to hepatotoxicity. This study evaluates the effect of Cordia lutea extract on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Methods: Three different doses of dry fluid extract of C. lutea (200, 400 and 600 mg / Kg) were evaluated and compared with Silymarin 200 mg / Kg. Biochemical parameters such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, total bilirubin, albumin, globulin and total proteins were evaluated, and histopathological changes in the liver were studied and evaluated. Results: C. lutea reduced the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increases proteins significantly, although the reduction of bilirubin was not significant, the extract at 400 mg / Kg reduced the levels better than the extract at 600 mg / Kg. The histopathological evaluation suggested that C. lutea extract reduced paracetamol-induced liver necrosis. Conclusions: The extract of C. lutea has a marked hepatoprotective effect, significantly reducing the levels of ALT, AST and ALP, in addition to increasing the levels of albumin, globulin and total proteins, in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. C. lutea extract is an excellent candidate for use in paracetamol-induced liver diseases.

}, keywords = {Acetaminophen, Biochemical parameters, Cordia lutea, Hepatoprotection, Histopathology, Paracetamol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.40}, author = {Ruiz-Reyes SG and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz William Antonio and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Venegas Casanova Edmundo A and Miranda-Leyva Manuel and Valdiviezo Campos Juan Ernesto and Cuellar-Cuellar Armando} } @article {1375, title = {In vitro Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis-inducing Activity of Quercus infectoria Extracts in HeLa Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {401-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {401}, abstract = {

Background: Quercus infectoria galls (QI) extracts were previously reported to have cytotoxicity effects towards human cervical cancer cells, HeLa. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the extracts have been poorly determined. Objective: The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of ethyl acetate extracts of QI (EAQI) on cell cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in HeLa cells. Materials and Method: The in vitro cytotoxicity was investigated by using the MTT [3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] assay and the OD values were read at 570 nm. Meanwhile the induction of apoptosis was measured by using acridine orange and propidium iodide (AO/PI) staining, flow cytometry analysis of annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle distribution. Results: MTT assay showed that EAQI exhibited cytotoxicity effect on HeLa cells with IC50 of 11.50 {\textpm} 0.50 μg/ml. HeLa cells underwent apoptosis in response to EAQI treatment, demonstrated by an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cell stained with AOPI from 1.00\% to 10.33\% compared to untreated cell population (p\<0.05) at 72 hours of treatment. The evidence of early apoptosis in treated cells were also observed in annexin V/PI staining. Furthermore, an increase of cell population in sub G0/G1 phase revealed that apoptosis as the mode of cell death in HeLa cells treated with EAQI. Conclusion: These findings indicated that EAQI significantly inhibits HeLa cell growth through induction of apoptosis. Further studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of cell death by expression of apoptotic cascade in HeLa cells treated with EAQI.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Cell cycle, Cytotoxicity, HeLa cells, Quercus infectoria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.51}, author = {Illyana Ismail and Rapeah Suppian and Habsah Mohamad and Siti Aisha Mohd Radzi and Hasmah Abdullah} } @article {1657, title = {In Vivo Antimammary Tumor Effects of Soybean Extract with Targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1269-1276}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1269}, abstract = {

Background/Objective: Lunasin is a peptide, consist of 44 amino acids which have anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The price of commercial Lunasin was very expensive due to the high cost of lunasin synthesis and the lack of methods to obtain the pure lunasin weight from plant sources, involving time-consuming analytical instruments. To overcome these problems, the soybean extract with targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun) was made. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-cancer properties of ET-Lun in breast cancer models in vivo. Methods: Effect of ET-Lun was evaluated in 7,12-Dimetilbenz[a]antrasen (DMBA) induced breast cancer rat model. Tumor Mass, volume, and number were measured. The expression of HER2 and EGFR from each treatment group in DMBA-induced rat was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: The results shown that ET-Lun could reduced tumor volume (p=0,021). ET-Lun decreased EGFR expression compared to negative control DMBA (p=0,012). Conclusions: These results indicated that the ET-Lun has anti-breast cancer activity in vivo.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, EGFR, HER2, In-vivo, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.160}, author = {Numlil Khaira Rusdi and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Berna Elya and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1610, title = {Inhibitory activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase by phenolic compounds of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and ca{\~n}ihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) from the Andean region of Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {896-901}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {896}, abstract = {

Background: Chenopodium quinoa Willd. and Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen are grains from the Andean region of Peru, which in addition to having a high nutritional value, have health-promoting properties related to the prevention of chronic diseases such as diabetes. Objetive: The present study aimed to identify phenolic compounds associated with an inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: Two varieties of quinoa and two varieties of ca{\~n}ihua from the Puno Region in Peru, were evaluated. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, identification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in vitro were measured by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, HPLC-DAD and DPPH radical scavenging assay, respectively. In vitro hypoglycemic activity was evaluated through the inhibition of the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Results: Gallic acid, rutin and chlorogenic acid were identified by HPLC-DAD in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua. The latter showed significantly higher levels of chlorogenic acid compared to quinoa varieties (p\<0.05). Both Andean grains exhibited inhibition of key-enzymes linked to type 2 diabetes, presenting IC50 values of 7.99 to 34.05 and of 8.07 to 1158 μg/mL for α-amylase and α-glucosidase, respectively. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, DPPH radical scavenging assay, gallic acid and chlorogenic acid showed the greatest contribution to the inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the phenolic compounds present in the varieties of quinoa and ca{\~n}ihua could modulate the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes associated with type 2 diabetes.

}, keywords = {Andean grains, DPPH radical scavenging assay, HPLC-DAD, in vitro antidiabetic activity, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.115}, author = {Jorge Coronado-Olano and Ritva Repo-Carrasco-Valencia and Oscar Reategui and Emily Toscano and Elisa Valdez and Mirko Zimic and Ivan Best} } @article {1430, title = {Peppermint, (Mentha {\texttimes} piperita): Role in Management of Diseases through Modulating Various Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {822-827}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {822}, abstract = {

Peppermint, (Mentha {\texttimes}piperita), aromatic perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is a natural hybrid of Mentha spicata and Mentha aquatica and is found wild with its parent species in central as well as southern Europe. It holds various types of ingredients including menthol, menthone and cineol. Menthol, which is extracted from peppermint, play an important role in the inhibition of various types of pathogenesis. Peppermint oil also acts as a mild carminative agent and used for disorder of the large intestines that causes stomach pain. Moreover, experimental studies have confirmed its role in health management through anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotection and hepatoprotective effects. its topical application shows relief from cold, muscle pain, and headache. The health promoting role of Peppermint has gained a noteworthy scientific attention, but the exact mechanism of its action still remains not clear. The current review mainly emphases on the pharmalogical effects of peppermint in the inhibition of pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of peppermint in the management of various types of diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial, Antioxidant, Mentha {\texttimes}piperita, Pathogenesis, Peppermint}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.104}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Ahmad Almatroudi and Amjad Ali Khan and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1343, title = {Pesticide Residue Measurement in Commonly Used Vegetables Using the QuEChERS Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {142-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

The aim of current study was to measure the pesticide residues level in vegetables in the Unaizah city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 40 samples including tomato, cucumber, zucchini and red pepper were analysed for various types of pesticides using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. The results show that 65\% of samples of supermarket and farms contained 14 types of pesticides but pesticides residue level was below the maximum residue levels (MRL) whereas 30\% samples were free from pesticides. A total 05\% of the vegetables samples were found to exceed the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Moreover, the results indicate that the tomato samples with residue \< MRL were 100\%. A total of 20\% of the zucchini samples were with residue \< MRL and 80\% of the red pepper samples were with residue \< MRL. Cucumber sample from farms showed insecticides were found to exceed the MRL and none of the fungicides detected exceeded the MRL. However, the concentration of acetamiprid was 0.078 mg kg-1 in cucumber was exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs) which was 0.03 mg kg-1 and residues of carbofuran that exceeded the MRLs was 0.026 mg kg-1. Acetamiprid was the most commonly detected pesticides and followed by imidacloprid. The results designated that most of the vegetable samples were contaminated with different types of pesticide residues. The high levels of pesticide residues could be a public health problem including pathogenesis because most of the tested vegetables are commonly used as without cooking.

}, keywords = {GC{\textendash}MS/MS, LC{\textendash}MS/MS, Maximum residues limit, QuEChERS, Vegetables}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.20}, author = {Waad Hamad AlSaikhan and Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1340, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification and Rotenone Content in Derris elliptica Stems}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {124-132}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: Derris elliptica (Wall.) Benth. (Leguminosae) is the tropical plant which has been used as natural poison as well as veterinary medicine due to its best-known phytochemical compound, rotenone to kill invertebrates and fish. However, there is no report on pharmacognostic specification and quantification of rotenone content from D. elliptica stems. Objective: This present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic parameters as well as to conduct the validated methods to quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems following WHO guideline. Methods: Dried D. elliptica stems from 15 different areas in Thailand were examined for pharmacognostic secification. Their rotenone contents were quantitatively analyzed by TLC densitometry using winCATS software as well as TLC-image analysis using ImageJ free software. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic characteristics, TLC fingerprint and physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The water content, loss on drying, total ash content and acidinsoluble ash content were determined to be 8.81{\textpm}1.30, 5.77 {\textpm}0.92, 7.35{\textpm}0.63, 1.221{\textpm}0.20\%, respectively. The ethanol, and water-soluble extractive values were found to be 4.07{\textpm}1.23 and 11.31{\textpm}1.68\%, respectively. Additionally, the validation method for quantification of rotenone content was developed. The contents of rotenone in D. elliptica stem ethanolic extract evaluated by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 0.2870{\textpm}0.1242 and 0.2844{\textpm}0.1209\% by dried weight, respectively. The result between these two analytical methods were shown no significant difference. Conclusion: The validated methods were able to effectively quantify rotenone content in D. elliptica stems from various locations in Thailand which could be used for the specification of this raw material with reference to its chemical marker. Thus, this study provides the necessary and adequate information for authentication and standardization of D. elliptica stems.

}, keywords = {Quality evaluation, TLC-densitometry, TLC-image analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.17}, author = {Krittapat Phairoh and Parichart Hongsing and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1649, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, RP-HPLC Analysis of Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Morus alba Linn. Leaves in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1186-1194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1186}, abstract = {

Background: Morus alba Linn. leaves have been widely used as herbal medicine with therapeutics and contain chlorogenic acid as a bioactive phenolic compound. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic specifications of M. alba leaves and the method validation for quantification of chlorogenic acid content. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic- and microscopic characteristics, physicochemical parameters combined with quantification of chlorogenic acid in M. alba leaves collected from 15 sources throughout Thailand and their antioxidant activity were reported in this study. Results: The physicochemical parameters of M. alba leaves were determined by indicating water content (7.97 {\textpm} 0.35\%), loss on drying (4.55 {\textpm} 0.21\%), total ash (14.38 {\textpm} 0.25\%), acid-insoluble ash (6.21 {\textpm} 0.37\%), water-extractive value (16.14 {\textpm} 0.50\%) and ethanol-extractive value (8.61 {\textpm} 0.39\%). In addition, the chlorogenic acid contents in M. alba leaves were found to be 0.4159 {\textpm} 0.1958 g/100g dry weight. The ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited their antioxidant activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (326.09{\textendash}467.55 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study showed the establishment of pharmacognostic study of M. alba leaves and validation of the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) quantitative analysis of their chlorogenic acid contents, which are applicable to be a reference for quality control and standardization of M. alba leaves.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Chlorogenic acid, Morus alba, Pharmacognostic specification, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.152}, author = {Phimkun Aiyarakanchanakun and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi and Anuchit Phanumartwiwath} } @article {1641, title = {Phytochemical and Biological Characterization of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Parthenium hysterophorus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1122-1133}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1122}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parthenium hysterophorus is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat health issues and which could be a source of phytochemicals with possible antioxidant activity without causing cytotoxic effects. Hence, this work was designed to evaluate its phytochemical profile, cytotoxicity, and antioxidant activity. Methods: The aqueous (AE) and ethanolic (EE) extracts of P. hysterophorus flowers were obtained by decoction and ultrasound, respectively. Their phytochemical composition was determined by colorimetric tests and RP-HPLC-MS analysis. Their cytotoxic activity was tested by a hemolysis assay. The antioxidant activity was evaluated with the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical (-OH) scavenging assays. In addition, the effect of the extracts on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) from human erythrocytes, was evaluated. Results: The phytochemical screening of the AE and EE by colorimetric test showed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, triterpenes, saponins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, tannins, and carbohydrates. In addition, the RP-HPLC-MS analysis identified some phenolic compounds such as flavonols, methoxyflavonols, flavones, methoxyflavones, and hydroxycinnamic acids. The hemolysis assay showed non-cytotoxic activity by AE, but EE exhibited a hemolytic effect. Furthermore, the AE and EE showed significant antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals in the TEAC, DPPH and -OH scavenging assays. Moreover, the SOD activity only showed a significant increase by AE. However, the two crude extracts increased the CAT activity, at the highest concentrations. Conclusion: P. hysterophorus has phytochemicals with antioxidant activity to inhibit radicals and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in vitro.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Cytotoxicity, Parthenium hysterophorus, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.145}, author = {MA Alfaro Jim{\'e}nez and A Zugasti Cruz and SY Silva Belmares and JA Ascacio Vald{\'e}s and CA Sierra Rivera} } @article {1419, title = {Phytochemicals A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Control Oral Biofilm}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {730-736}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Humans and micro-organisms have co-evolved having a synergetic relationship with their resident microbiome. The mouth features a diverse microbiota that grows on oral surfaces as functionally and structurally organized biofilms. The oral biofilms are accountable for causing a wide range of chronic diseases and owing to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria it has really become tough to treat with efficacy. Operative control of oral biofilm and the resulting infectious diseases epitomizes a significant universal challenge. For this kind of therapeutics, natural herbal products are perfect candidates because of their unique properties. The current review presents a novel approach to control and eradicate oral biofilm by the phytochemicals. Research on phytochemicals is zealously focused on health promotion, disease prevention, and also on the development of novel therapeutic interventions.

}, keywords = {Dental plaque, Medicinal herbs, Microbial resistance, Oral biofilm, Phytochemicals, Plant extracts, Quorum sensing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.93}, author = {Mruthunjaya Kenganora and Sushma Rudraswamy and Jai Shankar Puttabuddi Hombarvalli and Nagabhushana Doggalli} } @article {1381, title = {Phytochemicals Screening, GC/MS Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {450-455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450-}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Methods: The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was α-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85\%. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC50) was 12.60 ppm. Conclusion: F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Falcataria moluccana, GC/MS, Methanolic extract, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.57}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha and Endah Sulistyawati} } @article {1666, title = {Potential of Ethanolic Extract from Ripe Musa balbisiana Colla Fruit Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction as An Antioxidant and Anti-Gout}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1332-1340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1332}, abstract = {

Plant extracts or their secondary metabolites have functioned as antioxidants in phytotherapy drugs which function as protection against various diseases related to oxidative stress and free radicals. Free radicals play an important role in the initiation and development of various diseases, one of which is uric acid. Hhis study aims to obtain ethanolic extract from the ripe fruit of Musa balbisiana Colla using the UAE method and obtain information about secondary metabolites and their bioactivity as antioxidants and anti-gout. The results showed that antioxidant activity test using the DPPH and FRAP methods gave IC50 values of 150.24 {\textpm} 0.0348 mg/L and 227.80 {\textpm} 0.0986 mg / L, respectively. The total phenolic content value of 625.64 {\textpm} 0.36 mg GAE/g ethanolic extract is thought to have a role in high antioxidant activity. In addition, ethanol extract with a concentration of 50 mg / L has activity in reducing uric acid levels by around 9\%. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract produced by UAE has potential as a source of anti-oxidants and anti-gout.

}, keywords = {Anti-gout, Antioxidant, Musa balbisiana Colla, Phenolic content, UAE}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.168}, author = {Candra Irawan and Andita Utami and Erna Styani and Imalia Dwi Putri and Ratna Komala Putri and Avisani Dewanta and Annisa Ramadhanti} } @article {1335, title = {Preclinical Trial of Propolis Extract in Prevention of High Salt Diet- Induced Hypertension}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {89-96}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {89}, abstract = {

Background: Propolis has been widely reported as having various biological activities. However, Indonesian propolis seems to be less explored. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the antihypertensive activity of Indonesian propolis in rats. Materials and Methods: Hypertension was induced by high-NaCl (8\%) diet for 3 weeks. A total of 36 rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group (SD), high-NaCl diet group (NaD), high-NaCl diet group + captopril (25 mg/ kg) (PD), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago (NaDP1), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung (NaDP2) and high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi (NaDP3). Propolis was daily administered at dose of 200 mg/ kg on hypertensive rats for 1 week. Blood pressure and body weight were weekly measured. Moreover, routine urine analysis, haematological parameters and lipid profiles at week 4 were determined. Results: The results showed that high-NaCl diet successfully induced hypertension in rats after 3 weeks of intervention. However, the diet did not cause weight gain (p\>0.05). All Indonesian propolis samples significantly reversed either systolic or diastolic blood pressure of hypertensive rats. From urine analysis, propolis from Riau Archipelago and Lampung showed diuretic effect. The haematological analysis mainly showed no significant difference compared standard diet group. Furthermore, LDL and HDL concentrations were significantly improved by propolis from Lampung and South Sulawesi, respectively (p\<0.05). In addition, we only found significant decrease in relative weight of liver in all groups administered with high-NaCl diet (p\<0.05). Conclusion: The present study suggests that all Indonesian propolis possessed antihypertensive activity.

}, keywords = {antihypertension, Blood pressure, High-NaCl diet, Stingless bee propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.13}, author = {Ade Heri Mulyati and Ahmad Sulaeman and Sri Anna Marliyati and Mohamad Rafi and Al Mukhlas Fikri} } @article {1366, title = {Production of Secondary Metabolites and its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity During the Growth Period of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Gall Rust Sengon Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {325-331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {325}, abstract = {

Introduction: In our previous study, secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi isolated from gall rust sengon showed their bioactive activity against antibacterial and antioxidant, but only gave little effect to antifungal activity. Endophytic fungal culture extracted from gall rust of sengon (Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes) has the ability on inhibiting Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. To increase the production of bioactive compounds, this research was focused on isolates which produced the highest activity compounds, and sought the optimal fermentation conditions in the production of bioactive compounds. Methods: The fermentation process was carried out on PDB liquid media for 21 days, under shaker conditions, at room temperature, and sampling measurements were hold every 3 days. Bioassay were carried out against B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli. Results: The early stages fungal growth was adaptation stage, continued by 1-6th days of exponential growth period. Day 6-12th was stationary growth and day 15-21th were cell death periode. The highest secondary metabolite production was achieved at stationary periodes, that was occured at days 9-15th\ and high antibacterial activity was produced on days 9-12th. Conclusion: The best production secondary metabolite that has high activity was at day 9-12th.

}, keywords = {Antibacteri, Antioxidant, Endophytic fungi, Gall rust, Secondary metabolite}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.42}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and Noor Rahmawati and Sopandi Sunarya} } @article {1696, title = {Protective Potential of Canthium dicoccum Methanolic Extract Against Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1648-1655}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1648}, abstract = {

The methanolic extract of leaves of C.dicoccum was evaluated for its hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity since it is reported to cause oxidative stress in the animal thereby altering the enzymatic levels. Fresh leaves were collected, shade dried and extract was prepared by cold maceration followed by drying in a rota-vapour using methanol to obtain MECD as a sticky semi-solid mass. Thirty rats were taken and divided into 5 equal groups where, Group I, II, and III served as Normal Control, Negative control (PCM 3g/kg), and Positive control (Silymarin 200mg/kg) respectively; whereas, Group IV and V served as test groups where the rats were pre-treated orally with MECD 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively for six days before administering PCM. On the 8th day all groups except Group I was administered with PCM (3g/kg). 48 hours post PCM induction, the animals were anesthetized, blood samples were obtained via retro-orbital sinus plexus and then the rats were sacrificed. The serum was assessed for the evaluation parameters like AST, ALT, ALP, and bilirubin levels. Apart from these; SOD, CAT, and MDA levels were also evaluated and it was concluded that treatment with MECD restored the levels to normal thereby exhibiting hepatoprotective activity. Moreover, histopathological evaluation was carried out to assess the liver for inflammation, infiltration, or necrosis where the MECD treated rats showed promising results.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Canthium dicoccum, Hepatoprotective activity, Liver markers, Paracetamol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.212}, author = {Ravi Kumar Vakkalagadda and Parameshwar Ravula and Kondapuram Parameshwar and Kaspa Saraswathi and P Sindhuri and Rajala Srikala and Kosika Sandeep} } @article {1352, title = {Reconstruction and Scientific Explanation of Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) From West Sumatra as Ethnomedicine and Source of Science Learning}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {206-211}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {206}, abstract = {

Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest land in the world, this makes Indonesia rich in diversity of flora and fauna. This diversity produces a variety of cultures, traditions and local wisdom. One of the local wisdoms of the people of West Sumatra is the use and utilization of the biodiversity around it as a medicine for various diseases. The type of medicinal plant that is the focus of this research is the type of Akar Kuning plant (Arcangelisia flava Merr.). This research is an educational research conducted using an ethnoscience approach, meaning that it is based on the indigenous knowledge of the local community. This study aims to reconstruct knowledge from a cultural / community perspective in the health sector. which later will become a knowledge with scientific explanation. The data were obtained through direct observation to the research location regarding indigenous knowledge about the Akar Kuning plant and also based on laboratory test data on antibacterial activity carried out in the biology laboratory of Semarang State University. All data obtained will be analyzed and also strengthened by various sources. The analysis concluded that the Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.) Plant contains bioactive compounds that act as antibacterials, thus inhibiting bacterial growth. This is evidenced by the inhibition zone diameter data produced during laboratory tests showing the results that the Yellow Root plant extract (Arcangelisia flava Merr.)

}, keywords = {Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava Merr.), Ethnoscience, Reconstruction, Scientific explanation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.29}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Sudarmin and Annisa Efendi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Biomechy Oktomalioputri and Rehani Ramadhani} } @article {1639, title = {Single Factor Effect of Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent Citric Acid-Glucose Based Microwave-Assisted Extraction on Total Polyphenols Content from Mitragyna speciosa Korth. Havil Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1109-1115}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1109}, abstract = {

Applying green chemistry principles in the exploration of an active secondary metabolite from natural products has continued to experience a significant increase in the last decade, mainly natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) usage. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil (Rubiaceae family) is a native of East Kalimantan, which is traditionally used as an herb to treat headaches and inflammation by drinking boiled water a few leaves. On the other hand, this plant has an addictive effect. This study aims to determine the single factor effect of NADES citric acid{\textendash}glucose-based microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to obtain the yield of total polyphenols content (TPC) from M. speciosa leaves. Dried powder of M. speciosa leaves was extracted using NADES citric acid-glucose based MAE method with some different conditions such as NADES (citric acid-glucose) ratio (4:1, 5:1, 6:1 g/g), solid-liquid ratio (10:1, 15:1, 20:1 mL/g), microwave power (90, 270, 450 Watts), and extraction time (15, 20, 25 min). The determination of TPC was performed using Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and gallic acid as a standard with different concentration levels. The absorbance measured using spectrophotometer UV-VIS at 746 nm to obtain a regression formula of Y = 0.0022X{\textendash}0.00095, where R2 = 0.9977. Based on the result, the best of single factor condition effect was obtained the TPC value including NADES ratio of 248.69 mg GAE/g sample (5:1 g/g citric acid-glucose), a solid-liquid ratio of 146.93 mg GAE/g sample (15:1 mL/g solvent-sample), microwave power of 192.20 mg GAE/g sample (270 Watts), and extraction time of 358.59 mg GAE/g sample (15 min). The single factor effect of NADES citric acid-glucose-based MAE shows a difference in TPC value based on various conditions of this method.

}, keywords = {Citric acid-glucose, Microwave-assisted extraction, Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Total polyphenols content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.143}, author = {Herman and Arsyik Ibrahim and Bakti Puji Rahayu and M Arifuddin and Yuspian Nur and Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo and Maryono and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Laode Rijai and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1675, title = {Study of Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack) Leaf Extract Activity as an Immunostimulators With In vivo and In vitro Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1397-1407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1397}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack.) contains polysaccharides, terpenoids, alkaloids, and polyphenols which have pharmacological activity as immunostimulants. Objective: This study aimed to see how the effect of Sungkai extract as an immunostimulant agent was carried out in vitro and in vivo. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using two methods, namely in vivo and in vitro. In vivo research method was conducted to test the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, the percentage of leukocytes, and the total number of leukocytes. This study used 30 male white mice as the test animals that were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups. Each group was consisting of 6 mice which were given different treatments. The negative control group was given with the 0.5\% NaCMC suspension, the mice test substance group was given with the suspension of Sungkai ethanol extract with various doses of 800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW, and lastly the comparison group was given with the Stimuno in a dose of 50 mg/kg orally for 7 days. On day 8, blood was taken from the mice{\textquoteright}s vein to count the number and percentage of its leukocytes, then followed by the intraperitoneal injection of a Staphylococcus aureus bacteria suspension. After 1 hour of administration of the bacterial suspension, the peritoneal fluid was taken to be observed for its activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells. The in vitro research method was used to test the viability and immunostimulatory activity of RAW 264.7 cells with the Sungkai extraction at the concentration of 1.10, 100 g/m. This cell viability test using the microtetrazolium (MTT) method aims to see whether the Sungkai sample used is safe and not toxic to RAW 264.7 cells by observing at the cell viability value that should exceed \>90\%. The concentration of Sungkai extraction at 1.10, 100 g/mL was found to be safe and non-toxic to RAW 264.7 cells with a viability value of \>90\%. Thus, this concentration of Sungkai extraction can be performed for its immunostimulatory activity test on LPS induced of RAW 264.7 cells by observing their levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. (proinflammatory cytokines) were compared with the LPS alone as a control using the sandwich ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) method. Results: The observations were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Duncan{\textquoteright}s follow-up test (significance was taken at p\<0.05). The results showed that variations in concentration increased significantly (p\<0.05) on the activity and phagocytic capacity of macrophage cells, along with the total leukocyte cells. The percentage of leukocytes showed that the cells had a significant increase (p\<0.05). It was found that the Sungkai extraction on 1.10, 100 g/mL could significantly increase the concentration of TNF- and IL-6 (p\<0.05) which were tested by one-way ANOVA and followed by Duncan{\textquoteright}s post hoc test. Conclusion: Sungkai leaf extract (Peronemacanescsens Jack.) in a dose of800, 400, and 200 mg/kgBW has an immunostimulant effect both in vivo and in vitro.

}, keywords = {Cell viability, immunostimulant, Jack), LPS (lipopolysaccharide), Macrophages, MTT (Microtetrazolium), Phagocytosis, RAW 264.7 cells, Sungkai (Peronema canescens, total and percentage of leukocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.177}, author = {Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Rauza Sukma Rita and Dachriyanus and Salman Umar and Harrizul Rivai} } @article {1617, title = {Subchronic Toxicity of Ethanol Extract of Bitter Melon PULP (Momordica Charantia L.) on Liver Function and Histopathological Changes in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {949-957}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {949}, abstract = {

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) is a plant that used as herbal medicine. It contains bioactive components which have hypoglycemic activity, immunomodulators, cancer chemoprevention, antiviral, antimicrobial, and inhibits oxidative stress and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree of liver damage by macroscopic and microscopic examination. The sample consisted of 40 rats divided into 4 groups, Group 1, control group, was only given aquadest and pellets. Group 2-4 were treated with ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw during 28 days. On the 29th day, the termination was carried out, aspartate and alanin aminotransferase (AST/ALT) being measured, the liver being observed for the macroscopic and microscopic morphology. Kruskal-Wallis test showed there was no significant difference in relative organ weight (p = 0.177), liver macroscopy morphology (p = 0.207). Microscopic observation for liver fibrosis using Metavir scoring system showed highest mean liver fibrosis score in dose 1000 mg/kgbw. Kruskal-Wallis test for microscopic changes showed significantly difference in male rats (p = 0.001) and female rats (p = 0.002). Based on these study, we conclude that ethanol extract of bitter melon pulp at a dose of 250 mg/kgbw, 500 mg/kgbw, and 1000 mg/kgbw affect liver function significantly. But there{\textquoteright}s no subchronic toxicity effect on relative organ weight and macroscopic changes in liver morphology. Otherwise there was subchronic toxicity effect on changes in the microscopic structure of the liver characterized by the formation of fibrosis in the liver portal triad of experimental animals.

}, keywords = {Histopathological changes, Liver function, Momordica charantia L., Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.122}, author = {Welly Ratwita and Maman Djamaludin and Hindun Sa{\textquoteright}adah and Salsabilla Maharani} } @article {1673, title = {Subchronic Toxicity of Lunasin Targeted Extract (ET-Lun) from Soybean Seed (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): Perspective from Liver Histopathology, SGOT, and SGPT Levels in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1384-1388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1384}, abstract = {

Background: Lunasin Targeted Extract (ET-Lun) has a pharmacology effect in inhibiting inflammation by decreasing COX-2 and iNOS expression. ET-Lun could increase apoptosis and decrease dysplasia (p \> 0,05). In addition, ET-Lun could decrease EGFR expression in breast cancer rats. The acute toxicity showed ET-Lun has LD50 more than 5000 mg/kg BW and was practically non-toxic. Objective: this study aimed to determine the subchronic toxicity of ET-Lun. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n=40) were divided into 4 groups, the control group and treatment group ET-Lun dose of 250 mg/Kg BW, 500 mg/kg BW, and 750 mg/kg BW. The ET-Lun was administered for 90 days. On the 91st day, the animals were dissected and examined for SGOT-SGPT levels, liver histopathology, and diameter of the central vein. Results: The SGOT-SGPT levels showed no significant difference between the treatment group and the control group (p \> 0.05). On microscopic observation, there was no change or damage to the liver of rats in each group. The diameter of the central vein of the rat liver shows no significant difference between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: The ET-Lun does not produce adverse effects in liver rats after subchronic treatment.

}, keywords = {Liver, Lunasin, SGOT, SGPT, Soybean, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.175}, author = {Numlil Khaira Rusdi and Weri Lia Yuliana and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1676, title = {Syzygium Cumini Leaves Extract from West Sumatra Indonesia Alleviate Oxidative Stress by Decreasing Malondialdehyde Level and Enhancing Catalase Activity in Rat Induced by Lead Acetate}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1408-1412}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1408}, abstract = {

Introduction: Lead is one of the most dangerous heavy metals in the environment. Contaminated drinking water, battery manufacturing, lead paints, and industrial pollutants are all sources of lead exposure. Lead exposure can cause oxidative stress and is related to many health problems. To prevent oxidative stress caused by lead, the body needs additional antioxidants from the outside body. Syzygium cumini leaf is abundant in antioxidants, which help to minimize oxidative stress caused by lead. Methods: The rats were divided into three groups: negative control, positive control (lead acetate 40 mg/kg BW, 30 days), and treatment (lead acetate 40 mg/kg BW and Syzygium cumini leaves extract 150 mg/kg BW, 30 days). At the end of the experiment, blood was collected and prepared to measure malondialdehyde and catalase activity. Results: The leaf extract of Syzygium cumini reduced serum malondialdehyde levels while increasing catalase activity. Conclusion: Lead exposure induces oxidative stress, which can be reduced by Syzygium cumini{\textquoteright}s leaves.

}, keywords = {Catalase activity, Lead acetate, Malondialdehyde, Rat, Syzygium cumini{\textquoteright}s leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.178}, author = {Rauza Sukma Rita and Elmatris Sy} } @article {1146, title = {Ameliorative Effect of the Oral Administration of Chuquiraga spinosa in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Induced with 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {562-568 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {562}, abstract = {

Objective: To determine the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats. Methods: 36 female Holztman rats were divided into 6 groups. I) The negative control group received physiological saline (PS). II) ChS-200 group received 200 mg/kg of ChS. III) DMBA group was induced with DMBA (20 mg/Kg) dissolved in PS and administrated orally for 15 weeks. IV) DMBA + ChS-50 group, V) DMBA + ChS-250 group, and VI) DMBA + ChS-500 group, which received the extract orally for 15 weeks after DMBA induction. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test was carried out to compare the mean value of different groups Histopathological analysis was evaluated by using Image J software. Results: Hematology showed that the triglyceride level was significantly lowered (P\< 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased (P \<0.01) in groups III, IV and V. Also, ChS extract significantly lowered the C reactive protein (CRP) level (P \<0.01) and malondialdehyde level (P\<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the frequency of DMBA-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (P\<0.01). Conclusions: Chuquiraga spinosa showed an ameliorative effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats as well as antioxidant, antitumor and antigenotoxic properties.

}, keywords = {Anticarcinogenic agent, Antioxidant, Breast tumor, Phytochemical, Preventive medicine, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.85}, author = {Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Abdur Rauf and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Linder Figueroa-Salvador and Victor Fern{\'a}ndez-Guzm{\'a}n and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas} } @article {1133, title = {Anti-arthritic Property of Sahacharadi Kashayam Against Freund{\textquoteright}s Complete}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May2020}, pages = {459-464}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Introduction: The available modern molecular drugs for the therapy of Rheumatoid arthritis are beset with several side effects and alternative drugs are urgently needed. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the anti-arthritic activity of Sahacharadi Kashayam (SK), an Ayurvedic formulation, against Freund{\textquoteright}s complete adjuvant (CFA) - induced arthritis in rats. Methods: In this experimental trial, SK was administered at doses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml/kg body weight orally to adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritic rats. The anti-arthritic activity was evaluated by using paw volume, haematological parameters and arthritic biomarkers. The efficacy of the Kashayam was compared with the standard Leflunomide (10 mg/kg) drug. Results: Significant reduction in paw volume and thickness by SK (0.5 ml dose) has been found and there was considerably improvement in haematological parameters and arthritic markers in CFA rats till 14 days. After 14th day SK treatment with doses (1.0 and 1.5ml), however, reoccurrence of inflammation and pathological changes were observed in rats. Conclusion: The study clearly indicated the anti-arthritic role of SK. Future studies, however, are warranted to provide a new approach in relation to the therapeutic dose and treatment period of SK which may eventually lead to the development of a new category of the anti-arthritic agent.

}, keywords = {Anti-arthritic activity, Arthritis, Biomarkers, Sahacharadi Kashayam}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.71 }, author = {P Praveen Kumar and K Prabhu and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and Mallika Jain and K Kalaivani and Shruthi Dinakar and Sampad Shil and N Vijayalakshmi} } @article {1111, title = {Anticholesterol Activity of Okra Fruit Extract (Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench) and Its Nanoemulsion in vivo}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {316-320}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {316}, abstract = {

Background: Okra fruit has phytosterol, pectin that has the potential as an anticholesterol. Objective: The purpose of this study was to obtain 70\% (v/v) ethanol extract of okra fruit and its nanoparticles and to evaluate their anti-cholesterol activity in vivo. Material and Methods: Okra fruit was extracted by kinetic maceration and the produced extract was tested for phytochemical screening and anti-cholesterolemi activity in vivo. The nanoparticles was prepared using a cosolvention method. In this study, DDY white mice was divided into 5 groups, namely normal control, negative control, positive control (simvastatin), the extract (400 mg /kg BW), and the nanoparticles (~ 400 mg /kg BW) group. All groups except normal were fed for 14 days with high cholesterol diet. After 14 days, the induction of hypercholesterolemia was stopped and simvastatin was administrated to positive control and the test groups were treated with the extract and the nanoparticles for 7 days. Measurement of total cholesterol level was carried out by cholesterol stripe test method. Results: The nanoparticles used demonstrated particle size of 134.7 nm and zeta potential of -26.72. The results showed a decrease in total cholesterol levels in positive control, the extract and the nanoparticles group as many as 48.68\%; 32.44\% and 42.95\%, respectively. Conclusion: The nanoparticles can increase the activity of the extract.

}, keywords = {Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench, Hypercholesterolemia, Nanoparticles, Okra fruits, Total cholesterol level}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.50}, author = {Ratna Djamil and Deni Rahmat and Sarah Zaidan and Maya Nur latifah} } @article {1102, title = {Antidiabetic Constituents from Helminthostachys zeylanica (L) Hook (Ophioglossaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {223-226}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {223}, abstract = {

Background: The roots of tunjuk langit (Helminthostacshys zeylanica) have been used traditionally in some villages in Indonesia, particularly in Riau Province. Objective: In this study we reported two flavonoids and their antidiabetic activity. Material and methods: Isolation of the metabolites was based on polarity fractionation method. Purification processes were conducted by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC). Chemical structures were elucidated based on spectroscopy characteristics, including FTIR and 1D/2D NMR. Results: The isolated compounds were identified as ugonin J and K. The antidiabetic activity was measured by α-glucosidase inhibitor assay. The antidiabetic activity of ugonin J was found at IC50 273,13{\textpm}0,402 ppm and Ugonin K was found at IC50 138,21{\textpm}0,263 ppm (moderately active). Conclusion: Therefore this plant can be used traditionally as antidiabetic medicine.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Helminthostacys zeylanica, Ophioglossaceae, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.33}, author = {Fania El Ridhasya and Novia Rahim and Muhammad Almurdani and Rudi Hendra and Hilwan Yuda Teruna} } @article {1312, title = {Antihypertensive, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Indonesian Traditional Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1623-1629}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1623}, abstract = {

Background: Indonesian people have long used herbal medicine (jamu) to overcome various diseases, including hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are two diseases that are directly related and require proper and thorough management. Objectives: The present study investigated the antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and cytotoxic activities ethanol extracts of Indonesian traditional medicine (jamu). Material and Methods: Jamu was extracted by maceration using ethanol. Antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity investigated by measurement of ACE inhibitor, an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and antioxidant activity at a concentration ranging from 125-1000 μg/mL, respectively, by in vitro method. Cytotoxic evaluation of the extract was carried out using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Results: measurements of ACE inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor and antioxidant activity showed that herbal extracts had ACE inhibitors, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, and antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 292.15 μg/mL, 36.13 μg/mL, and 24.43 μg/mL respectively. Ethanol extract of herbal medicine (jamu) exerts a cytotoxic effect on larvae of shrimp Artemia salina with an IC50 value of 215.04 μg/mL. Conclusion: Jamu extract has antihypertensive and antidiabetic activity in vitro and cytotoxic effects.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitors, Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Jamu}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.222}, author = {Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff and Hermanus Ehe Hurit and Sri Teguh Rahayu and Muhammad Unggul Januarko and Putu Gita Maya WM} } @article {1294, title = {Antihypertensive Assay-Guided Fractionation of Syzygium polyanthum Leaves and Phenolics Profile Analysis Using LCQTOF/ MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1670-1692}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract that contains gallic acid as the major phenolic compound has shown significant antihypertensive effect, however the amount of gallic acid was inversely-related with magnitude of this effect. This study aimed to conduct bioassay-guided fractionation of S. polyanthum leaves with gallic acid as a reference compound, and to screen for other possible compounds responsible for the antihypertensive effect. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The most active crude extract was fractionated using column chromatography and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) (n=3). Crude extracts and the derived fractions were intravenously administered into pentobarbital-anaesthetized Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (n=5) for recording of blood pressure parameters. Liquid Chromatography-Quadruple Time-Off-Flight/Mass Spectrometry was used for determination of chemical composition. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis using GraphPad{\textregistered} PRISM Version 6. Results: Fractionation of aqueous S. polyanthum leaves extract (ASP) afforded nine fractions, later combined into three fractions (F1ASP, F2ASP, and F3ASP) based on the thinlayer chromatography profiles. ASP has the highest TPC while F2ASP has the lowest TPC. All fractions exhibited significant antihypertensive property, but F2ASP was the most active fraction. Few phenolics with related antihypertensive effects such as 1-galloyl glucose (a gallic acid-derivative majorly found in F2ASP and F3ASP), and other compounds such as polydatin, sesamol, brazilin, eugenol, ellagic acid, kukoamine A, and cyclocurcumin were found across all active fractions. Conclusion: These phenolics may partly contribute to the antihypertensive effect of S. polyanthum leaves, thus further isolation study is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Bioassay-guided, LCMS, Syzygium polyanthum, Total phenol content (TPC)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.227}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Erlena Nor Asmira Abdul Rahim and Muhammad Nor Omar and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {1183, title = {Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Quantitative Analysis of Major Compounds of the Mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) Formula}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {828-834}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: The mixtures of Derris scandens (DZSS) formula is a Thai traditional medicine, which consists of 4 medicinal plants, including Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. (D) Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. (Z), Suregada multiflora Baill. (S) and Siphonodon celastrineus (S). The DZSS formula has been used in an oral dosage form for the treatment of muscle pain. However, the phytochemical profiles and the pharmacological activities of the combined DZSS formula have not been clearly investigated. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical profiles and the anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extracts of the formula (50\% and 95\% ethanolic extracts) were prepared by using soxhlet extraction and which were analyzed by using HPLC. The anti-inflammatory activity of the DZSS formula was tested for its inhibitory effect against nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells macrophage.The cytotoxic effect of the formula was determined by using the MTT assay. Results: The 95\% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula exhibited a pronounced anti-inflammatory activity with the IC50 of 40.08 {\textpm} 2.78 μg/mL. The 95\% ethanolic extract possessed a more potent anti-inflammatory activity than that of the 50\% ethanolic extract and with no cytotoxicity. HPLC analysis indicated that the 95\% ethanolic extract also had a higher yield of genistein and compound D, which are obtained the amount of 0.71 {\textpm} 0.00 and 18.89 {\textpm} 0.24 mg/g extract, respectively. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the 95\% ethanolic extract of the DZSS formula possessed a significant anti-inflammatory activity but which is still required to investigate about biological activity in vivo and clinical study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory activity, Compound D, Derris scandens, genistein, HPLC, Nitric Oxide (NO)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.119}, author = {Orapan Ayameang and Ruchilak Rattarom and Catheleeya Mekjaruskul and Wanida Caichompoo} } @article {1254, title = {Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect of Arrow Root Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1363-1367}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1363}, abstract = {

Nanoparticles serve to reduce toxicity, enhance bioactivity and improve targeting. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are explored because of it{\textquoteright}s unique characteristics and various known therapeutic benefits such as antioxidants activities and reducing risk of cancer. In this study, arrow root which is a starch obtained from tapioca or cassava is mediated with SeNPs and studied for it{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effect. The plant extract of arrow root was prepared and mixed with the sodium selenite solution. The solution is kept in a magnetic stirrer while being observed for any colour change. The synthesis of nanoparticles is observed using UV-vis spectrophotometry. Then the anti-inflammatory activity is observed using albumin denaturation assay and cytotoxic analysis conducted on brine shrimp nauplii. The results showed that there was a lower toxicity rate of SeNPs and significant anti-inflammatory activity which concludes that these nanoparticles can be used in various drug designing aspects in future.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Brine shrimp, Green synthesis, Selenium nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.188}, author = {Twinkle Francis and S Rajeshkumar and Anita Roy and T Lakshmi} } @article {1089, title = {Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Momordica Charantia: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {213-222}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Momordica charantia L. (bitter melon) is a plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas around the world, mainly in Asia, India, China and Brazil, where it is traditionally used as a medicinal plant, and the fruits of some varieties of M. charantia are consumed as food. Studies have determined that this plant contains a great diversity of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential like charantin, α-momorcharin and MAP30, and highlighting its properties as antidiabetic, antiulcer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, antihyperglycemic and anticancer. Review shows the complete botanical description of the plant (fruits, leaves, stem, etc.), the bioactive chemical compounds reported in the plant species, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts or fractions of M. charantia, emphasizing the antibacterial and antifungal activities, with respective values of MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) reported according to the methodology used in each study. The review seeks to update the phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge of M. charantia, which would be useful for researchers in their search for new chemical compounds of the plant, studies of its safety and efficacy, as well as the evaluation of its possible synergistic action in combination with other antimicrobials, in order to find new therapeutic alternatives against bacterial resistance.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Charantin, Cucurbitaceae, Cucurbitane, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.32}, author = {V{\'\i}ctor Eduardo Villarreal-La Torre and William Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Carmen Silva-Correa and Lizardo Cruzado- Razco and Ra{\'u}l Siche} } @article {1161, title = {Anti-microbial and Phytochemical Studies of Mussaenda frondosa Linn. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {630-635}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {630}, abstract = {

Mussaenda frondosa L (Rubiaceae) has been traditionally used in the treatment of White leprosy, eye troubles, skin infections, tuberculosis, jaundice, ulcers, wounds, cough and Bronchitis. The current study investigated antimicrobial effects of Mussaenda frondosa L against bacteria and fungus. In addition, Phytochemical profiling of the methanol extract of Mussaenda frondosa was done using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC). The antimicrobial activity of Methanol (MEMF), Ethyl acetate (EEMF), Chloroform (CEMF) and Hexane (HEMF) extracts of Mussaenda frondosa leaves were tested against nine bacterial and four fungal strains. The Methanol extract showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activity than hexane, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate extracts which could be attributed to the presence of phenols, flavonoids and the other bioactive compounds identified through phytochemical screening. The findings in the present study offer a scientific support to the ethno medicinal use of the plant by the traditional healers.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Extract, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Mussaenda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.94}, author = {S. Shanthi and R. Radha} } @article {1074, title = {The Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Properties and Phytochemical Profile of Clusia latipes Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {144-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {144}, abstract = {

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes has increased more rapidly in low and middleincome countries than in high-income countries. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2), which is the most common form of diabetes, is caused by the inefficient use of insulin in the body and is characterized by disrupted insulin action or secretion. Also, oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of disease. The goal of this study is to identify the antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of Clusia latipes, an endemic species of Central and South America. Methods: The antioxidant and hypoglycemic capacity of the extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) of the leaves and stems of Clusia latipes were evaluated. From the most potent extract, the phytochemical study was carried out and fractionated. Antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), while hypoglycemic capacity was measured by alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Results: The extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity are the extracts with the highest α-glucosidase inhibition activity. Inhibitory activity increased in samples extracted with medium polar (ethyl acetate) and polar (methanol) solvents. Phytochemical screening of these extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids/xanthones, quinones, saponins, and tannins. The highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was detected in the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from leaf methanol extract, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.90 μg/ml. The major constituent isolated from the same fraction was isoquercitrin.

}, keywords = {DPPH, Phytochemical screening, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.21}, author = {Ronald Silva-Rivas and Natalia Bailon-Moscoso and Luis Cartuche and Juan Carlos Romero-Benavides} } @article {1166, title = {Assessment of the Impact of Wild Stinkhorn Mushroom Extracts on Different Cancer Cell Proliferation and Study of Primary Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {699-708}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Objective: Present study aims to evaluate the efficacy of methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of wild mushroom Phallus sp. on cell proliferation of both normal and cancer cells. This study also looked at anti-oxidant potentiality of methanolic extract and also unravels the phytochemical profiling of both extracts. Methods: Anti-proliferative activity was assessed by MTT assay on different human cancer cell lines such as MCF-7, MOLT-4, REH and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMC isolated from a healthy donor. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was used for comparative assessment of phytochemical constituents of both extracts. The anti-oxidant profile of methanolic extract was also evaluated by DPPH and ABTS{\textbullet}+ assays. Results: Results indicated that the both methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of Phallus sp. showed appreciable anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell line MCF-7 with IC50 of 8.544{\textpm}2.812 μg/mL and 35.279{\textpm}2.863 μg/mL respectively. Both of the extracts also showed its moderate impact on human B cell precursor leukemia cell line (REH) with IC50 of 25.987{\textpm}2.696 μg/mL for methanol and 51.484{\textpm}1.480 μg/mL for ethyl acetate extract respectively. No effect was observed in MOLT-4 cell line. Methanolic extract was selected as better anti cancer extract over ethyl acetate extract. No significant anti-proliferative activity was observed in normal PBMC by both extracts. GC-MS analysis indicated that 43 and 114 compounds were identified from methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. Among them nine compounds shared its existence in both of the extracts. Different derivatives of ergosterol and several fatty acid esters ware identified as major components from both of the extracts. Methanolic extracts of the Phallus sp. showed its effectiveness on both of DPPH and ABTS{\textbullet}+ free radical, and result indicated that it contain more flavonoid content than phenol. Conclusion: The methanolic extract of Phallus sp. show very specific anti-proliferative effect on MCF-7 with moderate anti-oxidant activity and holds a great promise for isolation of bio molecules for treating Breast Cancer. Several derivatives of ergosterol identified as probable anti-cancer compound.

}, keywords = {ABTS{\textbullet}+, GC-MS, MCF-7, MTT Assay, Phallus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.102}, author = {Ribhu Ray and Amrita Pal and Santanu Paul} } @article {1256, title = {Black Horehound (Ballota nigra Linn) Induces Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells (PC-3) Through Intrinsic Signalling Cascade}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1377-1382}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1377}, abstract = {

Background: Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men. The disease varies widely in its clinical aggressiveness. Ballota nigra Linn (Black horehound) is a three-foot, perennial herb of the family Lamiaceae and it has been shown to have various pharmacological properties such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, neuro-sedative, antibacterial, insecticidal and anticholinesterase activities. However, the elucidation of B.nigra for its anticancer activity in prostate cancer has not been studied so far. Methodology: Prostate cancer PC3 cells were treated with different concentrations of B.nigra (50, 100, 200 \& 400μg/ml) for the analysis of Bcl-2, Phosphorylation of Bcl2 (p-Bcl2) and tumor suppressor protein p53, Case pase-3 and caspase-9 in PC3 cells. Results: The B.nigra ethanolic leaf extract reduced the levels of anti apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, p-Bcl2) and increased the level of tumor suppressor protein p53, caspase-3 and 9 significantly (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Results of the study show that B.nigra has potential anticancer activity by modulating intrinsic activity of apoptotic signaling in PC-3 cells. Thus, B.nigra may have a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Ballota nigra, Intrinsic pathway, PC3, Prostate cancer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.190}, author = {Selvaraj Jayaraman and Ponnulakshmi Rajagopal and Vishnupriya Veeraraghavan and Poonguzhali Sivagnanam and Divya Ravikumar and Sumetha Suga Deiva Suga and Kavin Mozhi James and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1129, title = {Chemometric Analysis of Arbutin Derivatives from Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {436-441}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {436}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera were reported to have antioxidant activities due to their polyphenolic phytochemical contents. Arbutin may be included as active compounds in the plants. The chemometric analysis is used to identify the similarity of functional groups found in arbutin and that are in Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera. Materials and Method: The ethanol extracts of Paderia foetida and Vitis vinifera were subjected to compound partition and characterization. Then a liquid-liquid partition is carried out using n-hexan and water solvents, followed by ethyl acetate and water partitions. This procedure is carried out continuously until the top layer is cleared. Partitioned compounds were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy to identify functional groups. Furthermore, it was analyzed using the chemometric method (Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis). Results: From the results of FTIR spectroscopy, functional groups in Paederia foetida and Vitis vinifera were identical to functional groups found in arbutin. PCA Analysis was achieved using principal component accounting an eigenvelue about 99,3 \% of the total variance. Conclusions: CA analysis showed that compounds in Paederia foetida (Euclidean distance 0.537) and Vitis Vinifera (Euclidean distance 1.157) may be similar with arbutin.

}, keywords = {Arbutin, Chemometrics, Paederia foetida, PCA, Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.67}, author = {Yusnita Rifai and Mukhriani and Yulia Y Djabir and Gemini Alam} } @article {1257, title = {Chemopreventive Action of Garcinia Mangostana Linn. on Hepatic Carcinoma by Modulating Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1383-1388}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1383}, abstract = {

Ornithine decarboxylase and alpha -L- fucosidase over-expression is associated with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. The objective of this study was to elucidate the action of Garcinia Mangostana fruit extract (GME) on these overexpressed enzymes and apoptotic proteins in diethyl nitrosamine (DEN) induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats. The cancer was induced using DEN to the experimental rats and treated with GME (400 mg/ kg) to find its anticancer property. The lysosomal enzymes such as alpha-L-fucosidase, beta- D-glucosidase, ornithine decarboxylase activity (ODC), apoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bax and Bcl-xl and H3 thymidine incorporation assay were done to prove GME{\textquoteright}s chemo preventive property. DEN induction caused significant increase in the activities of ornithine decarboxylase; lysosomal enzymes and increased cell proliferation with decreased apoptosis were observed. In contrast, the groups with GME treated rat{\textquoteright}s elicited significant (P \< 0.001) reduction in ornithine decarboxylase, lysosomal enzymes and decreased cell proliferation with increased apoptosis. GME has effective chemo preventive property and can serve as an anticarcinogenic therapeutic drug against hepatocellular carcinoma.

}, keywords = {Diethyl nitrosamine, G. Mangostana extract, Hepatocellularcarcinoma, Ornithine decarboxylase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.191}, author = {Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Sardar Hussain and Janardhana Papayya Balakrishna and Gayathri Rengasamy and Surapaneni Krishna Mohan} } @article {1086, title = {Diversity of Pteridophyta in Lubuak Mato Kuciang Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {180-185}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {180}, abstract = {

Padang Panjang city located at an altitude of 650 to 850 meters above sea level, so that weather cold and cool. Temperatures range from 17 {\textdegree}C to 26.1 {\textdegree}C and with 3,295 mm/ year of rainfall. This area is rich in the diversity of flora and fauna. Pteridophyta is one of the flora that has a unique diversity of species and has the potential for tremendous utilization such as ornamental plants, medicines and vegetable plants. The study was conducted in the Lubuak Mato Kuciang area of Padang Panjang City, West Sumatra, which is currently being developed for tourism. The aim of this study obtain collect data and information about the diversity of ferns in Lubuk Mato Kuciang. The activities of the study are conducted to collect species as much as possible. Identification of fern species was carried out in the Laboratory of Educational Science. Mathematics and Science Faculty. Padang State University. The identification of flora was analyzed descriptively. The identification species results were obtained through descriptive analysis. The results of this study obtains that there were 21 species of fern that include 11 families. They were namely; Selaginellaceace including Selaginella sp, Selaginella plana Hieron and Selaginella wildenowii; Lomariopsidaceae family including Neplholepisbiserrata; Pterisvittata L; Adiatumpedatum; Cyatheaceae family, including Cyatheacontaminans; Gleicheinaceae including Gleichenialinearis; Marrattiaceae family including Marrattiafraxinea; Lindsaeaceae family including Sphenomeris chinensis; and Dryopteridaceae family including Nephroletis cordifolia.

}, keywords = {Diversity, Identification, Lubuk mato kuciang, Pteridophytha}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.27}, author = {Skunda Diliarosta and Rehani Ramadhani and Dewi Indriani} } @article {1151, title = {Effect of Phaleria macrocapa on Atrophy and Apoptosis of Intestinal Mucous Cell and Phalerin Concentration at Portal Vein and Systemic Circulation in Adenocarcinoma Mice following Adriamycine and Cyclophosphamide Treatment}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {603-610 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chemotherapy has been proven capable of reducing breast cancer cell progression; however the adverse effect also emerging. Thus, diminish those adverse effects with botanical product Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) as adjuvant therapy is necessary. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of PM treatment in combination with adriamycine and cyclophosphamide (AC) on intestinal apoptosis and their correlation with phalerin concentration in systemic circulation. Methods: In the experimental study, 30 female mice with adenocarcinoma were assign into 5 groups: Neg-G, only given aquadest; Portal vein group (PMV-G) and systemic circulation groups (PMC-G), were administered PM 0.146mg/day; Portal vein group (PMACV-G) and systemic circulation group (PMACC-G), were administered Phaleria macrocarpa 0,146 mg orally, Adriamycine 0,013 mg and Cyclophosphamide 0,0156 mg singgle dose intravenously. Phalerin concentration was measured by HPLC methods at minute 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 after treatment. At the end of study, intestinal mucous cell apoptosis was identified by TUNEL methods. Results: independent t test analyses showed that index of apoptosis of intestinal mucous cell were significant higher in PMAC-G compared to that of Neg-G and PM-G, p \< 0.05. In contrary, phalerin concentration in PMAC-G was significant lower compared to that of PM-G, p \< 0.05. The Pearson analysis indicated the inverse correlation (r= -736, p\>0.05) between apoptosis index with phalerin concentration. Conclusion: Treatment of PM in combination with AC has been proven able to increase intestinal mucous cell apoptosis and decrease phalerin concentration. However, the inverse correlation didnot exist.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Atrophy, Concentration, Phalerin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.90 }, author = {Titik Sumarawati and Ignatius Riwanto and Soeharyo Hadisaputro and Edi Dharmana and Taufiqurachman Nasihun} } @article {1097, title = {Effects of Beta-Carboline Alkaloids of Peganum Harmala on Induced Rat Ileum Contractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {260-265}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Peganum harmala L., Zygophyllaceae popularly known as Wild Syrian rue, a well-known plant in folk medicine for many pharmacological uses including antispasmodic activity. Chemical composition of the plant showed that the most important constituents of this plant are betacarboline alkaloids such as harmalol, harmaline, and harmine. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the effects of these three major harmala alkaloids on induced rat ileum contractions, induced by acetylcholine, BaCl2 and KCl. Of these three harmala alkaloids, harmalol and harmaline produced a concentration-dependent spasmolytic activity, which was found to be reversible (i.e. disappeared after tissue wash-up. Both alkaloids inhibited acetylcholine and KCl-induced ileum contractions but BaCl2 -induced contractions were only inhibited by harmalol but not harmaline. Harmine did not show any inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Harmaline, Harmalol, Harmine, Ileum, Peganum Hermala L, Rat, Spasmolytic, β-Carbolines alkaloids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.40}, author = {Amjad T Shatarat and Sawsan Abuhamdah and Eman Alefishat and Mohamed K Al-Essa and Rima Altaweel R and Faisal Mohammed and Darwish Badran and Hanan Jafar} } @article {1113, title = {Establishment of Simple Cell-based Screening Assay and the Identification of Potent Antiviral Activity of a Plant Extract against HSV-1}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {251-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {251}, abstract = {

Backgrounds: Drug screening is a time-consuming and costly process confronted with low productivity and challenges in using animals, which limits the discovery of new drugs. The cellbased assay allows the minimization of using the animal models and can provide more relevant in vivo biological information than biochemical assay. Objective: We aimed to establish a simple cell-based screening assay for the discovery of lead extract against HSV-1. Materials and Methods: Assay setting up was performed by optimization of the cell, incubation time, virus titer, and determination of Z value. Results: We have successfully established reproducible methods, by setting up assay plate including determination: 1) Vero cells as a model for HSV-1 infection, 2) Incubation for 5 days as sufficient time for CPE endpoint at monolayer cells, 3) 100 TCID50/well HSV-1 as infection titer which caused high percentage of cell detachment, 4) determination of Z value of 100 TCID50/well infection \> 0.5. In addition, the established system was tested using ACV as the most common anti-HSV drug. Furthermore, we demonstrated the current system to screen extracts from Acacia nilotica, Uncaria gambir and Aspalathus linearis against HSV-1. It was observed that the alkaline extract of Uncaria gambir exhibited the highest SI (12.5) compared to other extracts. Conclusion: We demonstrated current cellbased screening system was reproducible and able to identify lead extracts against HSV-1 infection.

}, keywords = {HSV-1, Natural product activity, Simple cell-based screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.39}, author = {Ratika Rahmasari and Takahiro Haruyama and Muhareva Raekiansyah and Farhana Mossadeque and Marina Ika Irianti and Ayun Erwina Arifianti and Nobuyuki Kobayashi} } @article {1285, title = {Extraction of Quercetin from Nothopanax scutellarium Leaves via Ionic Liquid-based Microwave-assisted Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1512-1517}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1512}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nothopanax scutellarium leaves have been used in Indonesian traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Previous studies used conventional extraction methods with large volumes of organic solvents, long extraction times, and low levels of quercetin content. This study was aimed to identify the optimal solvent among different ionic liquids that has the highest quercetin content. Methods: Ionic liquids including 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, for extracting quercetin from N. scutellarium leaves using microwave-assisted extraction under the following conditions: ratio, 1:10; operation time, 10 min; and power, 10 W. Then, quercetin was fractionated using ethyl acetate and separated using 0.01 mol/L sodium bocarbonate, dipotassium phosphate or sodium cloride. The total flavonoid content was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and quercetin content was determined using HPLC. Results: Extraction with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride using NaCl as the separation salt was associated with the highest total flavonoid (360.57 mg/g) content among the ILs, whereas 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate combined with sodium chloride generated the highest quercetin content (26.13 mg/g). Conclusion: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate is the optimal solvent for extracting quercetin from N. scutellarium leaves.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid, Green extraction, Green technology, Ionic liquid, Mangkokan Leaf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.207}, author = {Ika Aulia Rahmi and Mahdi Jufri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1266, title = {Grapes and their Bioactive Compounds: Role in Health Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1455-1462}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1455}, abstract = {

Grape is one of the important plant and its implication in health management has been proven. Grapes are used in the production of grape juice, food products and in other form. The fruits leaves and seeds of the plant are confirmed its role in diseases management based on in vivo and in vitro study. Leaves, fruits and seeds of grape are rich source of bioactive compounds and such compound play role in diseases cure and management. Grapes leaves, fruits and seeds shows therapeutic implications as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective effect and antimicrobial. Grapes leave, fruit and seed and their active compounds play significant role in inhibition of cancer. Its bioactive compound has designated its role in tumour management through modulating genes activity. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of grapes fruits, seeds and leaves in diseases management through modulating different biological activities based on in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour, Antioxidant, Proanthocyanidins, Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.200}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahman} } @article {1252, title = {Healing Capacity of Leaves Stalks Extract of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack.) on Incised Wounds of Mice Skin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1351-1356}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1351}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pasak bumi is a medicinal plant commonly used as herbal medicine by Indonesian people. This study aims to examine the healing capacity of mice skin incised wounds by using pasak bumi leaves stalks ethanol extract ointment. Materials and Methods: This study used twenty-five male mice Balb/ c strains, grouped into five groups, divided into three treatment groups (ointment with 20\% extract concentration, ointment with 35\% extract concentration, and ointment with 50\% extract concentration), a positive control group using Betadine{\textregistered}, and the negative the negative control group using an ointment base. The back of the mouse was slashed 1.0 cm long with a depth of 0.2 cm. Then, the wound was smeared twice a day for 21 consecutive days. Results: The application of 20\%, 35\%, and 50\% of ointment extract had the effect of healing the incised wounds after 21 days just as Betadine{\textregistered}. From the description score of the wound on the twenty-first day, it can be seen that the applied ointment with 35\% of extract concentration shows the same healing capacity as Betadine{\textregistered} (p\> 0.05), unlike the administration of ointment base (p \<0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that pasak bumi leaves stalks has the potential effect to heal incised wounds.

}, keywords = {Eurycoma longifolia Jack., Incised wound, Ointment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.186}, author = {Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan and Astrid Maulidya and Anita Restu Puji Raharjeng and Shovon Chakma} } @article {1229, title = {Hepatoprotective and Nephroprotective Activity of Artemisia absinthium L. on Diclofenac-induced Toxicity in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1032-1041}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1032}, abstract = {

Background: Artemisia absinthium L. is known for its antimalarial activity however, hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extracts has also been reported but, nephroprotective activity not yet evaluated. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of A. absinthium against diclofenac-induced toxicity on rats. Materials and Methods: Three different doses of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day) were evaluated and compared with silymarin 100 mg/kg. Rats received these doses for 5 days and on the 3rd and 4th day diclofenac (50 mg/kg i.p.) was administered 1 h after treatment. Animals were sacrificed 48 h after the last injection of diclofenac. Biochemical blood parameters like aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea and creatinine, and histopathologic changes of liver and kidney were studied and evaluated. Results: A. absinthium reduced the elevated blood levels of ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine with the methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day being more effective. The histopathologic evaluation suggested that A. absinthium decreased hepatic and renal necrosis induced by diclofenac. Conclusions: Hepatoprotective and nephroprotective activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. absinthium were demonstrated, being methanol extract to 200 mg/kg/day the most effective. This provides scientific support for the use of medicinal plants such as A. absinthium in the treatment of liver and kidney disorders.

}, keywords = {Artemisia absinthium, Biochemical parameters, Diclofenac, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology, Nephroprotective}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.146}, author = {Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E and Cruzado-Razco Jos{\'e} L and Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a Abhel A and Aspajo-Villalaz Cinthya L and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Ruiz-Reyes Segundo G and Ch{\'a}vez-Flores Juana E} } @article {1314, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Bioactive Fraction of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Bark Against Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Liver Toxicity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1630-1640}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1630}, abstract = {

Background: The phenolics and flavanoid enriched bioactive fraction of L. speciosa bark were reported for its medicinal value in various illness however hepatoprotective activity against monosodium glutamate-induced liver toxicity yet to be reported. Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of L. speciosa bark extract fraction against monosodium glutamate-induced liver toxicity. Methods: The phytochemical constituent of ethyl acetate fraction of L. speciosa bark extract (LSE) were identified by GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity of LSE were analyzed with in-vitro antioxidant assay and subjected to evaluate hepatoprotective activity against monosodium glutamate induced liver toxicity in rat. Results: LSE evaluated as rich in phenolics and flavonoid content along with potent hepatoprotective activity. GC-MS analysis of bioactive fraction exhibits Palmitic Acid, Octadecanoic acid, 5-methyluridine, catechine, epigallocatechin, and norgestrel as major biologically active phytocompounds. Oral administration of LSE (100 and 200 mg/kg.) declined the elevated levels of the biochemical marker as well as interleukins while enhanced the enzymatic antioxidant activity and reduced the increased level of stress marker (MDA) in monosodium glutamate-induced rats. It also restored the altered expression level of proapoptotic genes, but there is no significant change in the expression level of the anti-apoptotic gene. LSE improved histopathology of the liver through the improvement of hepatocellular architecture, inflammation, and attenuation of vascular and cellular degeneration. Conclusion: The bioactive fraction of L. speciosa bark was found to exhibit strong antioxidant and hepatoprotection in monosodium glutamate induced liver toxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Apoptosis, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Monosodium glutamate, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.223}, author = {Lal Chand Pal and Anil kumar and Veena Pande and Ch V Rao} } @article {1145, title = {Hypoglycemic Effect of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers. Leaf Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {557-561}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {557}, abstract = {

Introduction: Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam) Pers (Crasulaceae) is a succulent ornamental plant. In Costa Rica, the leaves are used as a coadjuvant treatment for Diabetes Mellitus based on traditional knowledge of natural remedies. Moreover, there are some studies mentioning its use for Diabetes Mellitus as medicinal plant in several countries. This research aimed to demonstrate the antidiabetic properties of hydroalcoholic extracts of K. pinnata leaves through phytochemical screening, alpha amylase inhibition and rodent models. Methods: Crude extracts of K. pinnata leaves were prepared by infusion and decoction using water:ethanol (70:30) as a solvent. The extracts prepared by decoction (LAED, lyophilized-water:ethanoldecoction) and by infusion (LAEI, lyophilized-water:ethanol-infusion) were analyzed by FolinCiocalteu, HPLC and capacity of inhibition of α-amylase activity. To determine hypoglycemic activity in rats, extracts were administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/Kg and blood sugar levels were monitored over a four hours period using a glucometer. Results: A significant reduction (p \< 0.05) in blood glucose was observed after one hour in rats treated with 500 mg/Kg of LAED extract. Treatment with 750 mg/Kg LAEI induced a statistically significant reduction in blood sugar at 90, 180 and 240 min, showing that the glucose-lowering effect of this extract was greater at a higher concentration. Conclusions: This study confirmed the hypoglycemic effect of K. pinnata extracts in the acute phase in rats and supports the use of this Crassulaceae as a home remedy.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, Diabetic, Extract, Kalanchoe pinnata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.84}, author = {Ana L Ag{\"u}ero-Hern{\'a}ndez and Catalina Rosales-L{\'o}pez and Cristina Herrera and Andr{\'e}s Vargas-Picado and Rodrigo Mu{\~n}oz and Ana Abdelnour-Esquivel} } @article {1301, title = {Immunosuppressive Activity of Goat Kefir in a Rat Model with Bleomycin-induced Pulmonary Fibrosis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1594-1599}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1594}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the immunomodulatory capacity of goat kefir on pulmonary fibrosis rat model. Material and Methods: Twenty-five male rats were randomly divided into five groups: one group only received induction with bleomycin (0.3 mg/rat) to induce pulmonary fibrosis; three groups were treated with different doses (2.5, 3.5, and 4.5 mL/200 g BW) of goat kefir, following the induction with bleomycin, for 30 days; and one group served as negative control, did not receive bleomycin induction as well as kefir. On day 30, all the animals were sacrificed. Plasma levels of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y were measured using the ELISA method, and the expression of α-SMA in myofibroblast cells was examined with the help of immunohistochemistry assay. Results: Induction with bleomycin significantly elevated the expressions of TGF-β, IL-4, and IFN-y in comparison to the control group. Following the administration of kefir (3.5 and 4.5 mL/200 g BW), the concentration of TGF-β was significantly decreased (p\<0.05); whereas, the concentration of IFN-y increased slightly (p\<0.05) only in the group that received the 4.5 mL/200 g BW dose of kefir. In contrast, IL-4 exhibited increasing levels with higher doses of kefir (p\<0.05). The expression of α-SMA in myofibroblasts showed a tendency to decline following the administration of kefir, although this decline was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Goat kefir caused a reduction in the TGF-β levels in fibrosis conditions; however, the kefir elicited an immunosuppressive effect during the progression of the pulmonary fibrosis.

}, keywords = {Bleomycin, Cytokine, Immunomodulator, Kefir, Pulmonary fibrosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.218}, author = {Tias Pramesti Griana and Tri Yudani Mardining Raras and Karyono Mintaroem and Iin Noor Chozin and Catur Saptaning Wilujeng} } @article {1239, title = {In vitro Assay and Study Interaction of Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. as Anti-fibrotic Activity Against A549 Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1232-1240}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1232}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of this study is to finding inhibitor potential from several compounds in gambir plant by using in vitro MTT assay and study interaction with molecular docking. The interaction of amino acids on the binding site with substances in the gambir plant was analyzed to determine its potential as a herbal-based therapy candidate for pulmonary fibrosis. Material and Methods: Protein target using TGFβ1 and NF-κB and compounds from gambir plant ((+)-Catechin. Epigallocatechin gallate, (+)-Epicatechin, Gambiriin A1, Gambiriin A2, Gambiriin B1, Gambiriin B2, Gambiriin C, Procyanidin B1, Procyanidin B3). Result: The results from docking analysis observed that compounds from gambir fruit contain anti-fibrotic activity which act by inhibiting DNA transcription of NF-κB and TGF-β1receptors. The compound Procyanidin B3, an essential amino acid, contains a hydrogen bond with the greatest NF-κB inhibitory activity on Gly214 and Lys337. Compounds from Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. can be an inhibitor to TGFβ1, all the compounds are on the active site of TGFβ1, and use native ligand which is an inhibitor of TGFβ1 (Naphtyridine). The positive compound catechin has the highest inhibitory activity. Gambiriin B1 and Gambiriin A2 are the most identical compounds with similar affinity binding value. Uncaria gambir (Hunter) Roxb. is already a proven antifibrotic which is further confirmed by (IC50: 19,255 {\textpm} 1.08 μg/ml, p \< 0.05) in A549 cell line. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that Gambiriin have cytotoxic effects and was found potentially as anti-fibrotic by MTT assay and in silico evaluation.

}, keywords = {Gambiriin compounds, Inhibitor of p50 NF-κB, Molecular docking, Pulmonary fibrosis, TGF-β1 receptors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.172}, author = {Desdiani Desdiani and Iris Rengganis and Samsuridjal Djauzi and Agus Setiyono and Mohamad Sadikin and Sri Widia A Jusman and Nuryati Chairani Siregar and Suradi and Putri C Eyanoer and Fadilah Fadilah} } @article {1310, title = {Isolation and Structural Characterization of Phytoconstituents from Strobilanthes kunthianus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1605-1611}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1605}, abstract = {

Background: Strobilanthes kunthianus T Anders (Neela kurinji) is well known for its medicinal properties and reported to possess many biological activities. However, so far there is no phytoconstituents are isolated and reported in S. kunthianus. Objective: The present study aimed to isolate and characterize the chemical constituents present in various parts of S. kunthianus. Methods: The successive petroleum ether root and stem extracts, chloroform stem extract, macerated and crude methanol flower extracts were subjected to column chromatography for the isolation of constituents. All the isolated compounds were characterized based on their physical and spectral data analysis. Results: Ten compounds were isolated and being reported for the first time from S. kunthianus. Except lupeol (1 and 2), betulin (3), α-amyrin (5) and β-sitosterol (7), other five compounds including of 3,5-bis-(dimethylcarbamoyl)methyl)-4-(11- cyclohexylundecyl)-4-heptyl-N1,N1,N7,N7 tetramethylheptanediamide (4), 4-amino-tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-3,5-diol (6), 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl-4-((E)-3,6-dimethylundec-4-enyl)cyclohexyl propionate (8), flavone glycoside (9) and decahydro-1,1,4a,8-tetramethylphenanthren- 2(1H,3H,4bH)-one (10), isolated from S. kunthianus were novel. Conclusion: The novel compounds need to be further investigated for ascertain pharmacological activities which will be useful for further drug development.

}, keywords = {Column chromatography, Flavone glycoside, Neela kurinji, Phytoconstituents, Strobilanthes kunthianus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.220}, author = {Geetha Balasubramaniam and Mahendran Sekar and Subban Ravi and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {1291, title = {Lutein: A Comprehensive Review on its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1769-1778}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1769}, abstract = {

Background: Lutein is a naturally occurring carotenoid found in high amounts in flowers, grains, fruits and green vegetables with green leaves include spinach, kale and carrots. The market for lutein encompasses pharmaceutical, dietary supplement, food, animal and fish feed industries. Objective: The present review aimed to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of lutein, including its chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials. Methods: Relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, include Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect between 2000 to till date. Following a detailed inclusion and exclusion screening process, the information obtained was summarized. Results: Information on the sources, chemistry and biological properties including antioxidant, anti-arthrisits, antiinflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, anti-cataract, antidiabetic, anticancer and bone remodelling activities, as well as food industry processing for lutein were tabled. Lutein can be considered powerful antioxidants along with multifaceted molecular targets, such as NF-ҡB, PI3K/Akt, Nrf-2, HO-1 and SIRT-1 signaling pathways in various pathological conditions. Conclusion: The present review observe the chemical, pharmacological properties, in addition to the therapeutic potentials of lutein. It is hoped that the information can provide a good reference to aid in the development and utilization of lutein in phytopharmaceuticals and food industries.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Inflammatory cytokines, Lutein, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Transcription factors}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.239}, author = {Nurul Iman Nurul Fuad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1082, title = {Morpho-anatomical, Phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC Studies on Whole Plant of Plectranthus vettiveroides (Jacob) N.P. Singh and B.D. Sharma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {58-65}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: Plectranthus vettiveroides is an aromatic perennial herb, which belongs to family Lamiaceae. The whole plant of P. vettiveroides is aromatic, bitter, cooling, febrifuge, diaphoretic, stimulant, diuretic, useful in vitiated conditions of pitta, burning sensation, leprosy, skin diseases, leucoderma, fever, vomiting, diarrhoea, ulcers, stomachic and emmenagogue. In the present investigation morpho-anatomical, preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and TLC/HPTLC fingerprint of the whole plant of P. vettiveroids were carried out and reported. Objective: To carry out morpho-anatomical, phytochemical and TLC/HPTLC studies on dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides for authentication/identification. Methods: The morphology, microscopy and phyto-chemical investigation were carried out by following standard methods. Results: Microscopically spiral, reticulated, scalariform and pitted vessels, libriform and septate fibres, multicellular branched covering trichomes, glandular trichomes and silica crystals are the unique diagnostic characteristics in whole plant of P. vettiveroides. The preliminary phyto-chemical, physico-chemical parameters and number of spots and Rf values of TLC/HPTLC are found to be unique diagnostic characteristics of the plant for identification. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of whole plant of P. vettiveroides as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/ identification of dried whole plant of P. vettiveroides.

}, keywords = {Morpho-anatomy, P. vettiveroides, Phytochemistry, standardization, TLC/HPTLC finger print}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.10}, author = {Velvizhi D and Nartunai G and Susikumar S and Ilavarasan R} } @article {1065, title = {Nanoparticle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. Extract to the Growth of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {109-114}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {109}, abstract = {

Breast cancer is the most common cancer worldwide and in Indonesia. Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. is a herbal plant from South-East Asia which is known for its ability to inhibit the growth of Estrogen Receptor (ER) + breast cancer cell line from the former study. However, its effect on ER- breast cancer cell lines had not been studied. Therefore, we want to examine the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. on ER- breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231). Nanoparticle is a form of preparation that optimizes the activity of any compound to the targeted cell. Therefore, it is expected that it can increase the effectivity of anticancer in Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. In this study, the rhizome of K. pandurata Roxb. trituration was dried and extracted with n-hexane solvent. Nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. was synthesized with CaCl2, chitosan, and alginate by stirring with a magnetic stirrer, adjusting pH, and centrifugation. Then, nanoparticle was analized by UV/VIS spectrofotometry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The cytotoxicity of K. pandurata Roxb. extract and nanoparticle were examined with MTT assay. The result of this test is data of inhibition percentage and IC50 value. The result showed that n-hexane extract of K. pandurata Roxb. is synthesized into nanoparticle form with 99,43\% yield percentage (entrapment value). Anticancer activity of n-hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. is moderate with IC50 value of the extract is 87,23 μg/ml and the nanoparticle is 24,23 μg/ml. The nanoparticle{\textquoteright}s activity is better than the extract. n-Hexane extract and nanoparticle of K. pandurata Roxb. has cytotoxicity effects towards MDA-MB-231 cell line. Nanoparticle can increase the cytotoxicity effect of K. pandurata Roxb. extract because its hydrophobic feature and nanometer size.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, Kaempferia pandurata Roxb., MDA-MB-231 cells, Nanoparticle, Temu Kunci}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.17}, author = {Risya Amelia Rahmawanti and Fadilah Fadilah and Brenda Cristie Edina and Lowilius Wiyono and Rafika Indah Paramita} } @article {1063, title = {Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {6-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {6}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological illnesses like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro degenerative diseases like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third group of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuroprotective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth group of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuroprotective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurvedic medicine, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuroprotection, Piracetam, Saraswatharishtam, Scopolamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.2}, author = {Jai Prabhu and K Prabhu and Anathbandhu Chaudhuri and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and VS Kalai Selvi and TK Balaji and Sruthi Dinakar} } @article {1134, title = {Neuro-protective Effect of Ayurveda Formulation, Saraswatharishtam, on Scopolamine Induced Memory Impairment in Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {465-472}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {465}, abstract = {

Introduction: In the management of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, memory loss remains very challenging. Saraswatharishtam (SWRT) is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for several neurological ailments like acute anxiety, partial memory loss, slurred speech, neuro-degenerative diseases like Parkinson{\textquoteright}s, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s etc. Methods: Present study explores the possibilities of curative effects of SWRT on Scopolamine induced memory impairment and to compare the effects of commonly used drug Piracetam. Adult Wistar Swiss albino mice were used for this experiment and divided into five different groups for the treatments of the drugs in various combinations. The first group was vehicle treated control while the second group was treated with scopolamine to induce memory impairment. The third groups of animals were treated with Scopolamine where the mice were pretreated with standard neuro-protective drug Piracetam, while the fourth and fifth groups of animals were treated with scopolamine and the animals were pretreated with SWRT at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively to compare with the effect of Piracetam. Scopolamine was administered on day eight, only for 45 minutes in all the cases (Group I- Group V). Several neurobehavioral parameters were examined to confirm the neuro-protective effects of SWRT. Results: Saraswatharishtam significantly reversed the memory loss in mice model as revealed from elevated plus maze, radial maze and rectangular maze experiments justifying its neuroprotective potential as observed in usually used synthetic Piracetam. SWRT was found to be nontoxic and very promising antioxidant recorded from acute and chronic toxicological studies. Conclusions: It is suggested that SWRT, could be used as safe and easily available Ayurveda medicine to treat neurological dysfunctions without any side effects. Further translational research is needed to explore its neuro-protective potential.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ayurvedic, Elevated Plus Maze, Neuro-protection, Piracetam, Saraswatharishtam, Scopolamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.72 }, author = {Jai Prabhu and K Prabhu and Anathbandhu Chaudhuri and Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao and V S Kalai Selvi and T K Balaji and Shruthi Dinakar} } @article {1206, title = {Noni Juice (Morinda citrifolia) to Prevent Cancer Progression in Mice Induced DMBA and Cigarette Smoke Exposure}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {946-951}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {946}, abstract = {

Introduction: Accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the body commonly lead to degenerative disease such as cancer. This study aims to investigate the potential of Morinda citrifolia to maintain the immune system against toxic exposure. Materials and Methods: This study used Five weeks old male Balb/C mice as animal model. The 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was administrated for six weeks following with 3 days cigarette smoke (CS) exposure then treated with noni juice (M. citrifolia) for two weeks. Experimental animals were divided into six groups. Normal control (N); DMBA+CS; Cisplatin; D1; D2; and D3. Profil of CD4+TNFα+, CD11b+IL6+, CD11b+IFNγ+, CD4+CD25+ IL10+, NK+IL6+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and data was analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Post Hoc Tukey HSD test with a significance of p-values \< 0.05. Results: This study show that DMBA+CS induction increasing level of CD11b+IL6+, CD4+CD25+ IL-10+ and NK+ IL-6+ meanwhile decreasing CD4+TNFα+significantly (P\<0.5) than Normal group. Noni juice in dose 90 mg/Kg BW decrease cytokine pro-inflammation (IL-6 and IFNγ) both in macrophage and NK cell profile significantly (P\<0.05). Noni juice in 30 mg/Kg BW could improve the activation CD4+TNFα+ significantly (P\<0.05). Noni juice also has efficacy to control T regulator activation to prevent tumor escape. Conclusion: These results suggest that noni juice has anti-cancer potencies by maintain homeostasis of immune system and could be immune herbal supplement.

}, keywords = {Homeostatic, Immunotoxin, Inflammation, Noni juice, Tumor progression}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.134}, author = {Didin Wahyu Agustina and Mulya Dwi Wahyuningsih and Sri Widyarti and Aris Soewondo and Hideo Tsuboi and Muhaimin Rifa{\textquoteright}i} } @article {1217, title = {Ocimum sanctum: Role in Diseases Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activity }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1198-1205 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = { 1198}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants are used commonly by traditional medical practitioners in their daily practice for the treatment of various diseases. The treatment based on natural products are preferred because they are more economic and have lesser side-effects. In this regards, Ocimum sanctum commonly known as holy basil or tulsi is used in the diseases cure and treatment since ancient time. Ocimum sanctum has been proven health promoting effect through modulation of various biological activates. Ocimum sanctum shows therapeutic role through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and wound healing effects. Besides, the constituents of holy basil have been confirmed to have a noteworthy effect in cancer management through inhibition of cancer development and progression. Further, the synergistic effect of Ocimum sanctum component with anti-cancer drugs has been proven as it reduces the growth of cancer. Molecular mechanism and human clinical trials based should be performed to avail its role in diseases cure and management. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of holy basil in disease management through in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-oxidant effect, Health promoting effect, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.168 }, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Ahmad Almatroudi and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1159, title = {Pharmacognostical Investigations of Hedysarum Caucasicum Bieb. (Fabaceae) - An Ethnomedicinal Plant of Northern Caucasus, Russia, Determination of Mangiferin and Antibacterial Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {510-518 }, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {510 }, abstract = {

The main active component of members of the genus Hedysarum is xanthone C-glycoside - mangiferin which was found in the above-ground part of 17 species of Hedysarum. Mangiferin is contained in plants of the genus Hedysarum can serve as a chemotaxonomic marker of this genus, it has antiviral activity against DNA-containing viruses: Herpes simplex virus, Varicella zoster, Cytomegaloviruses, also has immunostimulatory properties (stimulates cellular and humoral immunity). We have prepared the morphological and anatomical studying, phytochemical research availability of tannines, flavonoids, xanthones, the free organic acids, the sugars and amino acids among which in the significant amount glutamic acid, aspartic acid and an arginine collect is established. The maintenance of the sum of xanthones made 7.12\%. As a result of a research of amino-acid structure of a grass of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. presence at the significant amount of glutamic acid (13.58 g/kg), aspartic acid (13.61 g/kg), an arginine (14.99 g/kg) is revealed. In a grass of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. The quantitative maintenance of the sum of xanthones in terms of a specific indicator of a mangiferin is established. The technology of receiving a liquid extract by means of 80\% of ethanol is developed, standardization is carried out it. It is established that extract of Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb. shows the antimicrobial activity concerning Shigella sonnei, Bacillus subtilis and B.anthracoides.

}, keywords = {Hedysarum, Hedysarum caucasicum Bieb., Mangiferin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.78 }, author = {Serebryanaya Fatima К and Imachueva Djavgarat R and Guseynova Ziyarat A} } @article {1189, title = {Phytochemicals, Antioxidants and Anti-tyrosinase Analyses of Selected Ginger Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {872-883}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {872}, abstract = {

Background: Some of Zingeberaceae are not widely used for medicine of food, although in Thailand have been used them for many reasons about health or the diet. This study evalued the phytochemicals and anti-tyrosinase activities of 16 plant species of Alpinia, Amomum, Curcuma, Etlingera and Kaemferia (Zingiberaceae). Methods: The extractions of dried powdered rhizomes were performed using n-hexane, ethylacetate and ethanol. Percentage extract yield of the samples varied among species and solvent extracts. Chemical groups (alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, steroids and terpenoids) were identified using phytochemical screening. The total phenolic contents (TPC) were analyzed using the Folin-Ciocalteu{\textquoteright}s reagent, while antioxidant activities were detected using 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the 2,2{\textquoteright}-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothizoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS.+). The anti-tyrosinase was expressed to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (mg/mL). Results: The ethyl acetate extract of Amomum showed the highest value of TPC. The strongest antioxidant activity were found in Amomum and Kaemferia extracts, while ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of all samples have a better antioxidant properties than the n-hexane extracts. On the other hand, the n-hexane extracts have the highest anti-tyrosinase potential in all samples and of these, Curcuma extracts were the best group. Conclusion: Our research indicated that plants of the Zingiberaceae would be new sources of antioxidants and anti-tyrosinase for further natural product developments in cosmetics, food or nutraceuticals.

}, keywords = {ABTS assay, Anti-tyrosinase, DPPH assay, Phenolic content, Phytochemicals, Zingiberaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.125}, author = {Apinya Rachkeeree and Kuttiga Kantadoung and Ratchadawan Puangpradub and Ratchuporn Suksathan} } @article {1260, title = {Prebiotic Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber and Development of Prebiotic Granules}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {Research Article}, pages = {1402-1411}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1402}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jerusalem artichoke tubers (JA) contain non-digestible carbohydrates, especially inulin-type fructans, which have been found to possess various benefits on human health, including the prebiotic effect. Although many studies established the prebiotic property of inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, there are less information of the prebiotic potential of JA crude extract. This study aimed to investigate prebiotic effect of the JA extract and develop prebiotic granules from JA extract. Material and Methods: Crude polysaccharide extract of JA was obtained using hot water and freeze-dried method. The selected probiotics, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve were used in this study. The prebiotic effect of the JA extract was indicated by bacterial growth and acid production. Parallelly, JA extract granule formulation was developed to be a prebiotic food product. Results: The JA extract at the highest concentration tested (2\%) caused a significant increase in the growth and acid production of every probiotics tested, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve. The growth promoting effects of the 2\% JA extract were detected as early as 12 hour-incubation, and this action was maintained throughout the observed incubation period. Conclusions: The developed JA extract granules possessed desirable properties with the moisture content of 4.00{\textpm}0.20\%. The formulated granule was soluble in water and produced a brown and clear solution with slightly sweet taste. Nonetheless, in vivo experiments on the prebiotic effect of the developed preparation should be performed further.

}, keywords = {Granule, Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem artichoke, Prebiotic effect, Probiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.194}, author = {Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Pawitra Pulbutr and Wanwisa Khunawattanakul and Bunleu Sungthong and Kritsanee Saramunee} } @article {1177, title = {Protection of Erythrocytes against Lipoperoxidation and Antiinflammatory Effects of Ethanolic Extract of Encelia canescens Lam Leaves in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {798-804}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Background: Encelia canescens Lam is a plant traditionally used in Peru for medicinal purposes, and is attributed antioxidant properties, indicating that it could be used in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the protection of erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanolic extract of E. canescens leaves in mice. Materials and methods: Protection from lipoperoxidation was evaluated by inhibition of hemolysis and quantifying malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration against oxidative stress induced with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 200, 150, 100, 50 and 25 μg/mL E. canescens concentrations. The 1\% carrageenan-induced air pouch model was used for evaluated inflammation, where albumin, total proteins, MDA, number and leukocyte differentiation were determined in the exudate, and a histopathological evaluation was performed. The concentrations evaluated were 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of E. canescens Results: All the concentrations evaluated protected protected erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation (p\<0.05), being E.D. value 200 μg/mL. Regarding anti-inflammatory effect, the albumin, total proteins and MDA values of the treatment groups were lower than carrageenan 1\% group (p\<0.05), but, due to less leukocyte migration and presence of macrophages and the histopathological evaluation, the E.D value was 500 mg/kg. Conclusion: Ethanolic extracts of E. canescens leaves protect erythrocytes from lipoperoxidation and have dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects maybe for presence of p-hydroxyacetophenone-derived, and these could be new safer anti-inflammatories.

}, keywords = {Antiinflammatory, Carrageenan, Encelia canescens Lam, Hemolysis, Lipoperoxidation, Malondialdehyde}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.114}, author = {Fern{\'a}ndez-Flores N and Rojas-Cardenas NF and Vásquez-Quispe AD and Chávez-Flores Juana E and Justil-Guerrero Hugo J and Parre{\~n}o-Tipian JM and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1292, title = {Resveratrol: Latest Scientific Evidences of its Chemical, Biological Activities and Therapeutic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1779-1791}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1779}, abstract = {

Background: Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol possesses many biological properties with great potential to develop into various products. In order to cure a wide variety of diseases, resveratrol has attracted a great deal of attention for medicinal purposes. Objective: The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive literature summary of latest scientific evidences on the chemistry, biological properties and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol. Methods: To complete this review, relevant literatures were collected from several scientific databases, including Google Scholar, Pubmed and ScienceDirect, using keywords {\textquotedblleft}source{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}chemistry{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}bioavailability{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}pharmacokinetics{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}isolation{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anticancer{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}analgesic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiinflammatory{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antidiabetic{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}nephroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}neuroprotective activity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antiobesity{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}cardioprotective effects{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}antioxidant{\textquotedblright}, {\textquotedblleft}anti-aging{\textquotedblright} with resveratrol. After a detailed screening process for inclusion and exclusion, the information obtained was summarised. Results: The information on the source, chemistry, bioavailability, biological and therapeutic potentials of resveratrol were tabled. In various pathological conditions, resveratrol can be considered as powerful antioxidants along with multidimensional molecular targets such as NF-ҡB, MAPK, AMPK, SIRT-1, Nrf-2, m-TOR, PI3K/Akt and PPAR-γ signaling pathways. Conclusion: Based on the existing knowledge, we may believe that resveratrol has a significant therapeutic potential for the treatment of various diseases. To accelerate the development and utilization of resveratrol as promising products, in-depth studies should be focused on exploiting its properties and developing phytopharmaceuticals.

}, keywords = {Bioavailability, Inflammatory cytokines, Molecular targets, Pharmacology, Resveratrol, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.240}, author = {Nur Mursyida Saad and Mahendran Sekar and Siew Hua Gan and Pei Teng Lum and Jaishree Vaijanathappa and Subban Ravi} } @article {1202, title = {A Review on Phaseolus vulgaris Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1160-1164}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1160}, abstract = {

Medicinal herbs have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since antiquated times. Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. (Family-Fabaceae) commonly known as French bean, is a most consuming carbohydrate and protein rich food crop having medicinal values. This plant having diverse compounds like carbohydrate, proteins, flavonoids, Saponins, tannins and phenolic acid. The seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. Possess having anti-urolithiatic activity and anti- obesity activity. This review provides a summary of phytochemistry and pharmacological effect of Phaseolus vulgaris Linn., The plant can be further investigated for other pharmacological activities as it contains variety of chemical constituents and it is a commonly using food crop and medical remedies of this plant are sync with nature.

}, keywords = {Food crop, Obesity, Phaseolus vulgaris Linn, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.163}, author = {M Devi and S Dhanalakshmi and GE Thillai Govindarajan and BA Tanisha and Talluri Sonalika and JE Ruth and T Avinash and C Jethendra Sri and K Logeswaran and M Nithish Ramasamy} } @article {1127, title = {Standardization of Indonesian Traditional Antihypertensive Medicines (Jamu) through the ACE Inhibitor Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {422-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {422}, abstract = {

Introduction: Herbal medicine (jamu) is a traditional Indonesian drug that has been used by the community in efforts to overcome health problems. One of the herbs that are frequently used by the public is antihypertensive jamu. This study aimed to determine the standardization parameters of 8 antihypertensive jamu in the form of specific and nonspecific parameters, antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) activity. Materials and methods: Jamu were extracted using ethanol. Nonspecific parameters that are water content, ash content, ash insoluble acid content, level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water, Coliform microbial contamination, and mold/yeast numbers. Determination of specific parameters including determining organoleptic (color and texture), chemical content, identification of infrared spectrum, in-vitro antioxidant activity, and ACE inhibitor activity. Results: nonspecific parameter such is the average water content of 5.92-8.1 v / w; total ash content of 5.85-7.2 w / w, levels of ash insoluble acid content were 0.45-0.55 w/w and the level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water were 24.22-54.21 and 24.22-54,21, respectively. The eight extracts were uncontaminated with coliform, mold, and yeast microbes. Antioxidant and ACE inhibitor activity test showed that all eight extracts had antioxidant activity in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 9.31 - 157.9 ppm and ACE inhibitor activity with the IC50 value is in the range of 18.37-740.8 ppm. Conclusion: The eight antihypertensive jamu met the standard of extract parameters both the specific and nonspecific and have potential in-vitro activities as ACE inhibitors.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitor, Antihypertensive, Antioxidant, Herbal medicine (jamu)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.65}, author = {Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff and Sri Teguh Rahayu and Putu Gita Mahayasih and Muhammad Unggul Januarko} } @article {1104, title = {Study of Quality Medicinal Plants Bark Walnuts and Extract from it}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {282-286}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {282}, abstract = {

Objective: The bark of walnut is currently poorly understood and is not represented in the Russian State Pharmacopeia. The purpose was to study the quality indicators medicinal plants walnut crust and extracts therefrom were studied: moisture content, total ash, ash insoluble in 10\% hydrochloric acid feedstock walnut crust; content of tannins and juglone in walnut crust; GC-mass spectrometric study of the composition petroleum extract from the bark of a walnut. Materials and Methods: Microscopy was prepared by the pharmacopoeial method. The chemical composition of the petroleum extract was investigated by chromatomass spectrometry. Results: The content of glycosides amount in terms of gidroyuglone glucoside and absolutely dry RL was 5.30 {\textpm} 0.15. Humidity was 9,41\% {\textpm} 0,21. total ash content was 10,18\% {\textpm} 0,1. The ash content insoluble in 10\% hydrochloric acid was 4.8 {\textpm} 0.16. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method in petroleum extraction from the bark of walnut were identified following compounds: oktadetsilgeksanoat (28\%) of 4-isopropenyl- 1-methyl-2-cyclohexenol-1 (38\%), cineole (1,6\%), thujone (0.7\%), camphor (16.6\%), 2 - benzamidoantrahinone (0.45\%), 4,5 - dihydroxy - 3,4 - dihydro - 1 (2H) - naftalenon (6.4\%) ethyl ester of palmitic acid (8.25\%) Toxic effects petroleum extract was TD50 = 2,5. Chronic absent. All mice in the experimental group had diarrhea. It was established that the extraction has petroleum anthelmintic properties at askaridioze. Conclusions: The analysis of petroleum extraction from walnut partitions was carried out, the content of basic biologically active substances was revealed. The main anatomical and diagnostic signs of walnut bark walls were studied.

}, keywords = {Juglans regia, Total ash, Toxic effect}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.44}, author = {Strelyaeva AV and Lezhava DI and Luferov AN and Kuznetsov RM and Bobkova NV and Lazareva YuB and Kostikova EN} } @article {1123, title = {Study of the Effect of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) Planting Condition toward the Alpha-glucosidase Inhibition Activity in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {377-385}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {377}, abstract = {

Background: The quality of a medicinal plant is influenced by agronomic conditions and harvesting time. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of planting method (openair (OA) and shedding house (SH)) and harvesting time (2, 4, 6 months) of Lampeni (Ardisia humilis Vahl.) toward the inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase. Methods: The Lampeni seedling were placed under controlled light conditions (SH) and on direct sun exposure (OA). Harvesting of the leaves was carried out at the age of 2, 4, and 6 months after plantation (2m, 4m, and 6m). Each leaves dry powder was refluxed with methanol 70\% and followed by liquid-liquid partition using n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and water. All samples were evaluated toward inhibition of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme in vitro. Total phenol levels were determined using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Results: The results showed that EtOAc fractions of both plantation techniques exhibited the highest inhibition of alpha-glucosidase. The highest activity was demonstrated by the 4m-OA-EtOAc fraction (IC50, 93.50 ppm) and followed by the 6m-OA-EtOAc fraction (IC50, 98.13 ppm). Based on the kinetic study, the inhibition type of the two most active samples were categorized as a non-competitive type. Total phenolic contents were decreased in the following order: 6m-SH-EtOAc \> 4m-OA-EtOAc \> 6m-OAEtOAc \> 4m-SH-EtOAc fraction. It was shown that there was no positive correlation between the strength of inhibition with total phenolic content. Conclusions: This study concluded that Lampeni at open-air plantation harvested on fourth months demonstrated the highest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, although there was no positive correlation between the inhibition activity and phenolic content.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase, Ardisia humilis Vahl., Lampeni, Open-air, Shedding house, total phenolic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.59}, author = {Sri Ningsih and Fifit Juniarti and Idah Rosidah and Adam Arditya Fajriawan and Kurnia Agustini and Syofi Rosmalawati and Agung Eru Wibowo and Erliana Sasikirana and Wahono Sumaryono} } @article {1242, title = {Wound Healing Activity of an Ointment from Solanum tuberosum L. "Tumbay Yellow Potato" on Mus musculus Balb/c}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1268-1275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1268}, abstract = {

Background: Solanum tuberosum L. is an Andean tuber that is mainly characterized by its antioxidant properties. Objective: To evaluate the healing activity of an S. tuberosum-based ointment on wounds induced in mice. Material and methods: Ethanolic extracts of peel and pulp of tubers of S. tuberosum "Tumbay yellow potato" were prepared, which were incorporated into 1\% and 2\% ointment formulations. Mus musculus Balb/c with induced wound were distributed in the following working groups: Group I (Negative Control), Group II (Positive Control: Neomycin, Polymyxin B and Bacitracin Ointment) and Groups III and IV (Ointment at 1 \% and 2\% of S. tuberosum extract, respectively), daily administration of topical treatments were carried out for 07 days. Wound closure was determined during the experimentation time, then euthanized with sodium pentobarbital 60 mg/kg b.w. (i.p.) to obtain skin samples for histopathological analysis. Results: Groups III and IV showed that better evidence of wound closure and scarring in the histopathological analysis, the greatest effect being in Group IV. Conclusions: S. tuberosum ointments show healing activity in induced wounds in mice, the most effective treatment being the 2\% ointment formulation.

}, keywords = {Histology, Skin, Solanum tuberosum, Wound Healing, Yellow potato}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.175}, author = {Galy P Rosas-Cruz and Carmen R Silva-Correa and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L. Cruzado-Razco and Jorge Del Rosario-Ch{\'a}varri and Juan C Rodr{\'\i}guez-Soto and Orlando E Pretel-Sevillano and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz and Anabel D Gonz{\'a}lez-Siccha} } @article {1094, title = {Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {335-341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

The objective of the present study was to determine wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris on rats. The whole plant of S. bryopteris Linn. was collected from Andhra Pradesh, India and extraction was done using ethanol. GC-MS analysis was performed to determine active metabolites present in the extract followed by determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents. In vivo wound healing activity of ethanolic extract was evaluated using excision wound model. The extract was applied topically on animals by preparing ointment in two concentrations (5\% and 10\%) where soframycin (10\%) was taken as positive control. Antioxidant activity of S. bryopteris extract was observed by measuring oxidative enzymatic levels i.e. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), reduced Glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in animal tissues. Histopathological studies of excised skin were carried out after the experimental period. The contraction rate of the wound was higher and dose-dependent in rats treated with 5\% and 10 \% ointment of extract in comparison to untreated control group. The drug treated groups showed recovery phase and the percentage of healing was more in 10\% at the end of experimental period. Results exhibited sufficient insights on the healing process with normal recovery stages and restored oxidative enzymatic levels. Histopathological findings provided additional positive results; the dermis with proliferating capillaries and skeletal muscle were replaced by cellular fibrous tissue and collagen fibers. Overall, the results showed that ethanolic extract of S.bryopteris was an interesting traditional agent that possess significant wound healing activity.

}, keywords = {Flavonoid content, Oxidative stress, Selaginellabryopteris, total phenolic content, Wound Excision Model}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.53}, author = {Shravan Kumar Paswan and Sajal Srivastava and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {758, title = {Alpha Mangostin and Xanthone Activity on Fasting Blood Glucose, Insulin and Langerhans Islet of Langerhans in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {64-68}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: This research elaborated role of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet in alloxan induced diabetic mice. Methods: Fasting blood glucose, insulin and langerhans islet test were conducted using male Mus musculus mice, divided into 10 groups randomly, which were normal, control (alloxan induced only), glibenclamide, various doses of α-mangostin and xanthone (5, 10, 20 mg/kgbw). Mice were treated for 21 days. Overnight-fasted mice (12 h) were sacrificed by cervical decapitation on day 21st, following the ethical norms granted by the ethics committee. Fasting blood glucose and insulin plasma were checked. Pancreatic tissues were excised from sacrificed animals, and then fixed in 10 \% (v/v) neutral buffered formalin. Histologic observations for Langerhans area were performed after staining using Gomori staining method. Results: The effects of alpha mangostin and xanthone on fasting blood glucose different significantly to control, and were not significantly different from glibenclamide and metformin. Increasing alpha mangostin/xanthone dose from 5 mg/kgbw to 20 mg/bw also did not cause significant differences, although the best results were obtained at a dose of 20 mg/kgbw. Insulin plasma analize showed that there were no significant difference between alpha mangostin/xanthone to normal group, except xanthone 10 mg/kgbw. Langerhans area showed significant difference between alpha mangostin/xanthone to control group. But there{\textquoteright}s still had significant difference if we compare to glibenclamid/metformin group. Conclusion: Alpha mangostin and xanthone are two substances that showed antidiabetic effect on fasting blood glucose level, insulin plasma and Langerhans islet.

}, keywords = {Fasting blood glucose, Insulin plasma, Langerhans, Xanthone, α-mangostin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.12}, author = {Welly Ratwita and Elin Yulinah Sukandar and I Ketut Adnyana and Neng Fisheri Kurniati} } @article {883, title = {Anatomical and Histochemical Characterization of Leaves of Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {511-514}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {511}, abstract = {

Background: Luffa cylindrica (L.) M. Roem. (Cucurbitaceae) is an herbaceous plant used for food as compose salads and do sweets and also used in traditional medicine as treat parasitic infections and intestinal diseases. Although this information, there are not many relates about anatomic characters for use in your quality control. Objective: The aim was investigating the anatomical characters of petiole and leaf blade and characterizing the metabolites in the leaf blade of L. cylindrica. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical microscopy. Histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical study revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. It was also identifying, for the first time, the presence of two types of trichomes in both of leaf blades faces. The histochemistry allowed determining which metabolites are in the leaf blade and also their location. Conclusion: The study described new characters for L. cylindrica and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Cucurbitaceae, Histochemistry, Luffa cylindrica, microscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.81}, author = {La{\'\i}s Emanuelle Bernardo Vieira and Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {856, title = {Antibacterial Activity of Carica papaya Leaves and Allium sativum Cloves Alone and in Combination against Multiple Strains}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {600-602}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {600}, abstract = {

Aim: Screening of natural extracts is a focused intensive study that aims to find active principles sorted from plant resources both safe and environmental friendly. The present study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of direct crude extracts of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum cloves alone and in combination against multiple drug resistant strains. Methods: Two Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and three strains of Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carica papaya leaves and Allium sativum using Agar Disk Diffusion Method. Results: The results of this study showed that both extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against the test bacterial strains and the potency of the extracts was increased when these two extracts were combined. Conclusion: These extracts directly can be used as natural alternative preventives to control various food poisoning diseases and preserve food stuff avoiding healthy hazards of chemically antimicrobial agent applications.

}, keywords = {Allium sativum cloves, Antibacterial activity, Bacillus cereus, Carica papaya leaves, crude extract, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.95}, author = {Srividya Lonkala and A. Rama Narsimha Reddy} } @article {930, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Cumin Oil Mediated Silver Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {787-789}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {787}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the study was to employ cumin oil in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and check the antioxidant activity of the cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles. Background: The introduction of Nanoparticles (NPs) has revolutionized every field including medicine, nutrition and energy. The use of nanotechnology in medicine especially for drug delivery is shown to have various benefits. Nanoparticles are being used to reduce toxicity and side effects that drugs may impose to the patient. Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is a common spice used for its distinct aromatic effect. Plant mediated biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been gaining importance due to its simplicity and eco friendliness. This study therefore was aimed to synthesize cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles and assess its antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Cumin oil mediated silver nanoparticles were initially synthesised and characterised by UV-Visible spectrophotometer and TEM. Further the cumin oil mediated AgNPs were subjected to DPPH assay to determine the antioxidant activity. Results: Cumin oil mediated AgNPs were biosynthesised with ease and showed good antioxidant activity compared to standard. Conclusion: This study conclude that cumin seed oil mediated silver nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antioxidant. Hence, it may be employed in large scale production and may be used in many medicinal applications where there is a need for antioxidant.

}, keywords = {AgNP, antioxidant activity, Biosynthesis, Cumin oil, Nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.125}, author = {Nagarajan Keerthiga and Roy Anitha and S Rajeshkumar and Thangavelu Lakshmi} } @article {894, title = {Antioxidant Activity of the Germinated Seed of Four Varieties of Amaranthus Caudatus L. from Peru}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {588-593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {588}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of four varieties of germinated seeds of Centenario, Cristalino, Oscar Blanco and Taray of Amaranthus caudatus L. compared to non-germinated seeds. Material and Methods: The determination of total phenols was carried out by using Folin-Ciocalteu, total flavonoids by the method of aluminum chloride and the antioxidant activity by the methods of DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Results: Cristalino variety had the highest germination (3.0 cm of height) and all varieties had a 50\% germination rate. Cristalino and Taray varieties had the highest content of total phenolics (GAE 32.92 and 35.00 mg/g sample), Cristalino variety had higher content of flavonoids (580.95 mg QE/g) (P \< 0.05); Cristalino and Taray varieties showed greater scavenging activity of DPPH radical (151.85 and 151.38 mg TE/g sample), ABTS (178.09 and 180.18 mg TE/g sample); and reducing capacity of the ferric ion (FRAP) (132.75 and 136.42 mg TE/g of sample). Conclusion: Sprouts of Cristalino and Taray varieties had higher antioxidant activity than non-germinated seeds and they are directly related to higher content of total phenols and flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Amaranthus caudatus L., antioxidant activity, Germinated seeds, Phenolics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.93}, author = {Enrique Javier Aguilar-Felices and Marta Romero-Viacava and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Pablo Com{\'u}n-Ventura and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas and Luz Chacaltana-Ramos and Bertha Pari-Olarte} } @article {787, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. (Fabaceae) on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {37-42}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial activities of Bauhinia ungulata L. Method: A flavonoid-rich fraction was obtained from the Bauhinia ungulata L stem, called the ethyl acetate fraction of Bauhinia ungulata (FABU). The total antioxidant capacity of the FABU was determined through the phosphomolibdenium reduction method. For the evaluation of its antioxidant activity on a cell culture model, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with different concentrations of FABU and the reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production levels were measured. For the analysis of its immunomodulatory capacity, TNF-α, TGF-β and IL-10 levels were determined in the culture supernatant. In order to determinate the antimicrobial activity of FABU, antifungal and antibacterial susceptibility testing was performed against Candida albicans, methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Result: The FABU demonstrated neither significant antimicrobial activity nor immunodulatory capacity; on the other hand, its potential antioxidant activity was demonstrated by the phosphomolibdenium reduction assay. Also, FABU treatment inhibited the ROS, NO, H2O2 and TBARS levels in the supernatant of LPS-stimulated cells. Conclusion: A significant reduction in the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) was observed, in addition to lipid peroxidation inhibition. Our data suggest that the FABU is a natural antioxidant complex that may interfere in the cascade of cell damage caused by free radicals and a promising potential drug in chronic disease models in which immunopathogenicity involves high levels of RONS.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia ungulata; RAW 264.7 cells; Lipopolysaccharide; Free radicals; Antioxidant activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.7}, author = {Raphael de Oliveira Rodrigues and Juliana Navarro Ueda Yaochite and Milena Aguiar Braga and Amanda Ribeiro de and Sousa and Greyce Luri Sasahara and Said Gon{\c c}alves da Cruz Fonseca and Thiago Dias de Vasconcelos Ara{\'u}jo and Gilvandete and Maria Pinheiro Santiago and Le{\^o}ncio Mesquita de Sousa and Jarbas Lima de Carvalho and Francisca Bruna Stefany Aires and do Nascimento and H{\'e}lio Vitoriano Nobre J{\'u}nior and Aparecida Tiemi Nagao-Dias} } @article {801, title = {The Anti-proliferative and Anti-bacterial Activity of Argan oil and Crude Saponin Extract from Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {26-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {26}, abstract = {

Introduction: Argan oil is a well-known cosmeceutical that is commercially available. It is traditionally used for the treatment of acne and skin inflammation among others. The objective of this study was to assess the anti-proliferative and antibacterial activities of argan oil and a crude saponin extract from the argan tree (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) that is endemic to Morocco. Materials and Methods: The anti-proliferative activity of argan oil and the crude saponin extract was assessed by the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium- 5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay on A431; HaCat; HeLa; MCF-7 and UCT-Mel 1 cells. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method against two species of bacteria: Cutibacterium acnes and Prevotella intermedia. Results: The results of this study indicated that the argan oil sample did not inhibit the cell growth of the specified cell lines up to 1000μg/ml, while the crude saponin extract had low anti-proliferative activity. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for both the argan oil and the crude saponin extract were found to be 500μg/ml against Cutibacterium acnes. No antibacterial activity from the argan oil or the crude saponin extract was evident against Prevotella intermedia up to a concentration of 12.5mg/ml. Conclusion: The results of this study indicated that argan oil and the crude saponin extract might have direct inhibitory effects on the growth and proliferation of Cutibacterium acnes. This finding supports the use argan oil as a treatment for acne vulgaris.

}, keywords = {Acne, Broth microdilution method, Cutibacterium acnes, Prevotella intermedia, XTT assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.5}, author = {Namrita Lall and Marco Nuno De Canha and Karina Szuman and Zoubida Charrouf and Lester M. Davids and Sunelle Rademan} } @article {859, title = {Antiulcer Property of Mussaenda philippica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {603-607}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {603}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mussaenda philippica (Rubiaceae) is a shrub distributed in all the planes of India, Philippines and South-East Asia. Its synonyms are M. grandiflora, M. acutifolia, M. frondosa etc. The plant is preferred as medication for the treatment of jaundice, dysentery, stomachache and influenza. The current study was based on the evaluation of antiulcer property of M. philippica leaves extract. Methods: The methods used were pylorus ligated, ethanol induced and 0.2(M) NaOH induced ulcer in rats. Results: In pylorus ligation model, aqueous extract (200 mg/kg) produced a substantial reduction in ulcer index followed by decrease in gastric volume, total acidity associated with a raise in pH, which, confirmed that tested extract of the plant act by altering the mucosal barrier Thus, the gastro protective effect of this extract may be due to the presence of flavonoid in the plant. In the same way, aqueous extract of the plant showed significant effect against ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rat as compared to methanol-treated group, which, may be due to leukotriene antagonistic effect or the inhibition of 5-lipooxygenase pathway. In NaOH induced ulcer model, aqueous extract of M. philippica revealed significant antiulcer effects on the basis of pH effect and ulcer index in rats. The anti-ulcerogenic and anti-secretory effect of the tested M. philippica leaves extracts point out its possible cyto-protective effect. Conclusion: In conclusion the aqueous extract of M. philippica leaves possess potential antiulcer activity in experimental rat models.

}, keywords = {Anti-secretory, Gastric volume, Methanol extracts, Mussaenda philippica, Pylorus ligation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.96}, author = {Rasmita Jena and Durga Madhab Kar and Diptirani Rath and Kaushik Sur Roy and Goutam Ghosh} } @article {888, title = {Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Effect of Mentha rotundifolia Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aim: This report was aimed to investigate both the chemical composition and the antioxidant activity of two extracts from Mentha rotundifolia aerial parts. Methods: Aqueous and acetonic extracts were obtained by decoction and Soxhlet apparatus, respectively. Total polyphenols contents were determined using Folin- Ciocalteu reagent whereas flavonoids were evaluated by AlCl3 method. LC-MS/MS method was carried out to reveal the phytochemical composition of extracts. Some tests were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of extracts such as DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ABTS+ radical cation decolorization assay, OH{\textbullet} radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion chelating, reducing power and β-caroten/linoleic acid bleaching assay. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract was richer on polyphenols and flavonoids comparing to the acetonic extract. The analysis by LC-MS/MS allowed to identify many phenolic compounds in extracts, predominated by rosmarinic acid. In addition, the extracts were found to possess a significant antioxidant activity. Conclusion: Accordingly, it can be concluded that M. rotundifolia is quite rich in phenolic compounds and has a good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Extraction, LC-MS/MS, Mentha rotundifolia, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.83}, author = {Ferdjioui Siham and Belhattab Rachid and Raed M Al-Zoubi} } @article {973, title = {Chemical Standardization of Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam-An Antidiabetic Siddha Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1106-1113}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Belief of general public on herbal drugs led to the stable growth of herbal drug industry thereby necessitated the standardization of herbal drugs and pharmacopoeial standards for their quality control. Aims: Thetran Vithai Kutinir Chooranam (TVKC) is a Siddha polyherbal formulation used for type II diabetes. Aim of the present study is to standardize the drug chemically. Methods and Material: Drug was prepared as per the literature, stored in air tight container and subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis, physico-chemical, thin layer chromatographic photo documentation, high performance thin layer chromatographic finger printing along with chemical markers such as emodin, chrysophanol and gallic acid, quantitative assay of marker compounds, heavy metal analysis, pesticide residue, aflatoxin and microbial load analysis. Results: The results revealed that the drug contains emodin in minor quantity and gallic acid in considerable quantity. The drug is free from microbial, heavy metal contaminations, aflatoxin and pesticide residues. Conclusion: The derived results could serve as a ready reference for quality control assessment of the drug.

}, keywords = {Anthraquinone, Katukkai, Thetranvithai, Vilam Pisin Alkaloid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.173}, author = {Elankani P and Murugammal S and Shakila R and Pitchiahkumar M and N.Kabilan} } @article {830, title = {Combating Diabetes and its Emerging Complications Utilizing Natural Phytochemicals}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {445-449}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {445}, abstract = {

Introduction: Natural phytochemicals are considered a primary health care measure for many chronic diseases and for assurance of urban health and wellbeing. Diabetes and its related complications are major chronic diseases increasingly threatening human health and wellbeing. Till date, these diseases are not fully managed by the current therapies. Thus, there is an increasing need to find more safe and efficient therapies for diabetes and its related complications. Methods: An evidence-based review of the novel phytotherapies to diabetes and its related complications and discussing their main mechanisms of actions are the main aims of the current study. Data collection were done for the phytotherapies that were extracted, chromatographically standardized, fractionated and the main effective compounds were isolated and evaluated for their potentials against diabetes and its related complications. Special emphasis was given for the extracts and their isolated phytochemicals that had significant hypoglycemic and antinociceptive effects towards diabetes and its related complications, particularly diabetic-neuropathy. Results: The phytochemicals main mechanisms of action were found to be mainly due to their insulin secretagogue, beta-cells regeneration, anti-oxidant potentials. Conclusion: Therefore, clinicians should consider natural phytochemicals when treating chronic diseases and when reassuring better urban health and wellbeing.

}, keywords = {Combating Diabetes, Complementary medicine, Emerging Complication, Natural Phytochemicals Mechanism of action}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.69}, author = {Karim Raafat} } @article {974, title = {Comparative Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf, Bark and Flower of Tecoma stans with Ibuprofen- An In vitro Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1088-1092}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1088}, abstract = {

Background: Endodontics has always been indebted to pharmaceutical sciences to provide it with necessary analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. More specifically, there has always been a need for anti-inflammatory phytotherapeutic agents as the commercially available synthetic anti inflammatory drugs have their own limitations due to undesirable side effects. Hence, novel potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs without considerable side effects from the natural sources are under evaluation. Tecoma stans (Bignoniaceae) is an ornamental plant found throughout India. It has been shown to have variety of medicinal properties. In the present study, we have shown that potential anti inflammatory activity of different parts of Tecoma stans (T.stants) and compared with standard drug. Aim: To evaluate the in vitro anti inflammatory potential of different parts of T.stans ethanolic extract and to compare the anti inflammatory activity with standard drug ibuprofen. Methodology: The ethanolic extraction of T.stans{\textquoteright}s bark, leaves and floweres was done as per the standard method. Different concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 μg/ml) of the extracts were used for anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of albumin denaturation. All samples were analyzed in triplicate. The results were statistically analyzed. Results: All the three parts of the plant extract have shown to have anti inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner. However, the leaf and flower extracts of T.stans were found to have 100 percent anti-inflammatory pontential than standard drug ibuprofen. Conclusion: It is concluded from the present findings that T.stants possess anti-inflammatory properties which could be due to presence of active constitutents presen in the plant extracts. Hence, T.stans may serve as one of the anti inflammatory herbal durgs for Endontic infection-induced inflammation and related to dental diseases. Further studies on the identification of the active principles present in the leaf and flower extract are warranted to assertatin its potentials.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Bark, Flower, Leaf, Tecoma stans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.170}, author = {Swarna SK and Nivedhitha MS and Vishnu Priya V and Gayathri R and Selvaraj J and Madhan K and Shyamala Devi B} } @article {793, title = {Comparative Studies Between Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata belong to the family Arecaceae and are widely found in Brazil. Aim: In this work were evaluated: the phytochemical profile of the secretion popularly known as M. flexuosa wine, antioxidant activity of leaf, root and petiole hydroethanolic extracts of the two species, as well as the quantification of flavonoids and the chromatographic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Material and Methods: The chromatographic profile was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, quantification of flavonoids and antioxidant activity, were performed by spectrophotometric method. Results: Antioxidant activity and presence of flavonoids were observed in the extracts of all the analyzed structures of the two species. The phytochemical profile of the wine evidenced the presence of secondary metabolites reported in other structures of M. flexuosa. In the chromatographic analysis, it was observed that the extracts evaluated have between three and nine compounds. Conclusion: Further studies should be performed to identify the active compounds in the two species.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Arecaceae, Flavonoids, Phytochemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.6}, author = {Vanessa de Andrade Royo and Juliana Almeida Rocha and Kamylla Teixeira Santos and Jeane Ferreira Leal Freitas and Clarice Avelar Almeida and Bianca Ribeiro and Elytania Veiga Menezes and Dario Alves de Oliveira and Murilo Malveira Brand{\~a}o and Afranio Farias de Melo J{\'u}nior} } @article {1015, title = {Comparison of Extraction Methods, Antioxidant Activities, Total Phenol in Seeds and Seed Shells of Kabau (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielsen) From Lampung and South Sumatra}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1278-1284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1278}, abstract = {

Background: Kabau is one of the famous plants in Lampung and South Sumatra. Kabau is usually used as an ingredient to increase the aroma of cooking. Kabau is a plant belongs to the same genus with Archidendron pauciflorium (Benth.) IC. Nielsen and in the same family with Leucaena leucocephala L. Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity between seed and fruit carp (shell) of kabau grown in Lampung and South Sumatra. Method: Kabau seeds and the shells were obtained from Lampung and South Sumatra. Extractions were conducted by maceration and a continuous extraction using Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as the solvent. Phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of the extract were then measured. Results: The antioxidant activity and high phenol levels were found in kabau shell extract obtained by maceration method with IC-50 value of seed shell from Lampung 17.61 μg/mL and 44, 7 μg / mL for those from South Sumatra. Phenol content of seed shell from Lampung 11.74 g GAE / 100 g and South Sumatra 5.88 g GAE / 100 g. Conclusion: Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that high antioxidant activity and high levels of total phenol were found in shell extract obtained by maceration of shell from Lampung and South Sumatra.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) Nielsen, Phenols, Seed shell, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.198}, author = {Hesti Riasari and Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Rika Hartati and Kusnandar Anggadiredja and Sukrasno} } @article {815, title = {Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiling and RBC Membrane Stabilization Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia) Seed Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {200}, type = {Corrigendum}, chapter = {200}, keywords = {Nil}, author = {Suchita Dubey and M.V. Ramana and Anuradha Mishra} } @article {916, title = {Cytoprotective Effect of the Eryngium foetidum "Sacha Culantro" Methanolic Leaf Extract Versus Sodium Fluoride Exposed Mice using the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {461-465}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {461}, abstract = {

Introduction: Eryngium foetidum, commonly known as sacha culantro, is a plant that grows in the Peruvian Amazonian jungle, studied for its high concentration of antioxidant substances and various ethnopharmacological properties. The main goal of the study is to observe the cytoprotective and antioxidant effect of the extract from its leafs in Mus musculus previously administered with Sodium fluoride (NaF) using the Micronucleus test and the Comet assay. Methods: The extract was administrated orally in four different concentrations: 180, 360, 720, 1440 mg/Kg for ten days, at the 11th day a single dose of NaF was administrated via intraperitoneal at 20 mg/Kg. The genotoxicity study was made with mice from the strain BALB/c, using the Micronucleus test on bone marrow and the Comet assay on peripheral blood according the OECD guides 474 and 489 respectively. The statistical analysis was made by the media{\textquoteright}s analysis with ANOVA. Results: Significant differences were found in Micronucleus frequency between the highest concentrations of Eryngium foetidum and NaF. The Comet assay showed significant reduction in NaF induced damage according to different concentrations of the extract. Conclusion: The Eryngium foetidum extract has cytoprotective activity against oxidant substances such as NaF.

}, keywords = {Comet assay, Cytoprotective, Eryngium foetidum, Genotoxicity, Micronucleus test, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.72}, author = {Paola Raunelli and Danae Liviac and Rafael Alvis and Silvio Puente and Ivan Best and Oscar Reategui} } @article {1027, title = {Detailed Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Screening of Stem and Stem Bark of Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. Ex sm. - An Extra Pharmacopoeial Drug of Ayurveda}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1303-1311}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1303}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stem bark of Bhumi udumbara (Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) is used traditionally in the treatment of leprosy, ulcer, dysentery, wound, pregnancy, complaints of gastric, liver, bladder and various disorders. In present study, stem and stem bark of F. semicordata are explored for their microscopic including powder microscopy, physiochemical and preliminary phytochemical aspects. Materials and Methods: Stem and stem bark of the plant, after proper authentication by BSI Kolkata, were evaluated following standard procedures. Results: Stem is hard, cylindrical, cut pieces measures about 10 - 25cm in length and 0.4 {\textendash} 0.8 cm in diameter. Diagrammatic transverse section of stem shows outer cork followed by wide parenchymatous cortex with prismatic and rhomboidal crystals, starch grains and tannin content. Powder light brown in colour; odour woody; taste tasteless to astringent; texture fibrous. Stem bark is hard, single quilled after drying, outer dark reddish brown in colour with presence of lenticels, longitudinal cut fibres, rough in surface. Diagrammatic section, of the bark, shows outer several layered cork followed by cortical region along with medullary rays. Powder tortilla(brown) in colour; odour slightly aromatic; taste astringent; texture fibrous. Loss on drying at 110{\textdegree}C was found to be 7.41\% and 8.60\% of stem and stem bark respectively. HPTLC results shows 3 peaks and 0 peak at 254 and 366 nm of stem and 3 peaks at 254 and 366 nm of stem bark respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Woody stem and presence of brown content, tannin, rhomboidal and prismatic crystals in stem and stem bark are the diagnostic characters.

}, keywords = {Anukta Dravya, Bhu-udumbara, Bhuindumer, Extra-pharmacopoeial, Ficus semicordata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.202}, author = {Gupta Shashi and Acharya Rabinarayan and Harisha CR and Shukla Vinay} } @article {932, title = {Effect of Diallyl Disulphide (DADS) on Gluconeogenesis: A Study in Isolated Alloxan Induced Diabetic Liver}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {777-781}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {777}, abstract = {

Background: Coordinated regulation between cellular glucose uptake and endogenous glucose production is indispensable for maintenance of constant blood glucose concentrations. Liver contributes significantly by altering levels of hepatic glucose release, through controlling gluconeogenesis. Objective: To assess effect of Diallyldisulphide on hepatic gluconeogenesis by assessing gluconeogenic substrates and activity of regulatory enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase and to compare the Diallyldisulphide effect on gluconeogenesis with Metformin. Methodology: Wistar albino rats were categorized into four groups; group Inormal control. Group II, III and IV rats were administered single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate 150 mg/kg body weight. Rats were maintained on rat diet and water adlibitum for 30 days. On 31st day rats were sacrificed and procured liver tissues. Each liver tissue cut into small slices and group-III and group-IV liver tissues were separately incubated with Diallyldisulphide 4 mg/g liver tissues and Metformin 4 mg/g liver tissues for 60 minutes at 37oC. The total amino acids and total keto acids levels were estimated after exposure. And post exposure effect on activity of glucose -6-phoshatase and transaminases were also estimated. Results: Alloxan induced diabetes resulted significant raise in total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose -6-phosphatase and transaminases activities. Whereas incubation of liver tissues with diallyldisulphide significantly reduced total amino acids, total ketoacids, glucose-6-phosphatase, transaminases activities and ratio of total amino acids and ketoacids as compared to diabetic control rat liver tissues. Conclusion: Study suggested that diallyldisulphide suppressed gluconeogenesis as liver glucose-6-phosphatase activity is significantly decreased and precursors for gluconeogenesis were significantly reduced. Suggesting Diallyldisulphide has role in gluconeogenesis and can hold potentials for glucose homeostasis.

}, keywords = {Alloxan, Diabetes mellitus, Diallyldisulphide, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose-6-phosphatase, Total amino acid, Total keto acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.123}, author = {Prashanth kumar Goudappala and Ethirajan Sukumar and C V Yogaraje-Gowda and Kashinath RT} } @article {810, title = {Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Some Pharmacological Properties and Microbial Activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon Linn.) Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {177-182}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {177}, abstract = {

Background: Ionizing radiation, such as gamma irradiation, serves as a useful approach to inhibit spore germination and to control pathogens in postharvest seeds. Recently, its application on phytochemical sources and its influence on antioxidant activity of various phytochemical compounds has become an interesting topic to be explored. Objective: The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of gamma irradiation as sterilization method on the resveratrol content and its antioxidant, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activities of Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) seeds. Methods: In this research, melinjo seeds were irradiated by 0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0 kGy with gamma irradiation and then extracted with ethanol. The extracts were tested for resveratrol content with HPLC, antioxidant activities by DPPH assay, HMG-CoA inhibitory activity using HMG-CoA reductase assay kit and DPP-4 inhibitory activity using DPP-4 Inhibitor Screening Assay Kit. Gamma irradiation has effect on resveratrol content, antioxidant activity, HMG-CoA reductase inhibition and DPP-4 inhibitory activity. Results: From the research, the highest value of resveratrol content is 0.18{\textpm}0.004 mg/g seeds powder found in 5.0 kGy gamma irradiation treatment with IC50 94.64{\textpm}0.236 μg/mL, while the highest HMG-CoA reductase inhibition is shown in 2.5 kGy irradiation dose. Melinjo seeds irradiated by 2.5 kGy gamma irradiation also shown a significant increase of DPP-4 inhibition activity. Conclusion: This study suggests that 2.5-5 kGy radiation is the effective gamma irradiation dose to improve the quality of melinjo seeds.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dipeptidyl peptidase-4, Gamma irradiation, Gnetum gnemon, HMG-CoA reductase, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.29}, author = {Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Aditya Sindu Sakti and Agung Kristiyanto and Riky Redmawati and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1037, title = {Effect of Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) on Genotoxicity in Mice (Mus musculus) and Subchronic Toxicity in Goldfish (Carassius auratus)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1549-1557}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1549}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plukenetia volubilis is known as Sacha Inchi (SI) is originary from the peruvian amazone and it has been cultivated and consumed since the pre and Inca{\textquoteright}s time. Objective: Sacha inchi oil was assessed for genotoxicity in Balb C albino mice and subchronic toxicity in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Material and Methods: The genotoxicity was assessed in Mus musculus Balb C (n = 25) separated into five groups randomly selected of twenty-five each one. Groups were 10 mL / kg normal saline (NS), 40 mg / kg cyclophosphamide group (CP) and the three other groups received cyclophosphamide and sacha inchi oil of concentrations 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg respectively. The substances were administered three times during 24 hours. The genotoxicity in mice was evaluated determining micronucleus levels in blood and bone marrow. The subchronic toxicity was assessed in goldfish (Carassius auratus) (n = 48) separated into four groups randomly selected of six each: normal saline group (control) and three groups that received doses of 10, 100 and 1000 μg sacha inchi oil per litre of water respectively for 45 days. Results: The values of weight, length, growth rate, condition factor (K) and number of survivors were recorded. CP group showed higher micronuclei levels in blood and bone marrow compared with sacha inchi oil 10, 100 and 1000 mg / kg groups (ANOVA Test p \<0.01 Scheffe{\textasciiacute}s Post Hoc p \<0.05, p \<0.01 and p \<0.001 respectively). The subchronic toxicity assessment in goldfish showed isometric growth, a decline in "K" and a similar specific percentage growth rate per day in all groups (ANOVA test p\> 0.05). Conclusion: Sacha inchi oil was not toxic under experimental conditions.

}, keywords = {Genotoxicity, Plukenetia Volubilis, Sacha Inchi Oil, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.237}, author = {Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez-Asmat and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Victor Chumpitaz Cerrate and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Luz Chacaltana-Ramos and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas} } @article {985, title = {Effects of the Ethanolic Extracts of Guava Leaves, Licorice Roots and Cloves on the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus mutans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1029-1036}, type = {Original Research Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is a major causative pathogen of dental caries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum against cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. These medicinal plants have been used traditionally as the ingredients in the herbal mouthwash for the management of dental caries. Methods: The 95\% ethanolic extracts of these medicinal plants were prepared and their phytochemical contents were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography-densitometry. Antibacterial activities of the extracts against S. mutans were evaluated according to broth dilution method. The effects of the extracts against cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which are surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production, were also investigated. Results: The biological active constituents, quercetin, glycyrrhizic acid and eugenol, were found in P. guajava, G. glabra and S. aromaticum, respectively. The three extracts possessed anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans with the MICs of 1.562, 0.195 and 1.562 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts at every concentration tested (at lower than their MICs) significantly inhibited cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which included inhibitions against surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production. Conclusion: The ethanolic extracts of guava leaves, licorice roots and cloves produced anti-bacterial and anti-cariogenic activities against S. mutans. These plant extracts thus can potentially be developed as a product for the prevention of dental caries in the near future.

}, keywords = {Cariogenic properties, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Psidium guajava, Streptococcus mutans, Syzygium aromaticum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.162}, author = {Nalita Phaiboon and Pawitra Pulbutr and Bunleu Sungthong and Sakulrat Rattanakiat} } @article {1049, title = {Ethanol Extract of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. Flowers Produces Sleep Improvement in Rat Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1449-1454}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1449}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sleep disorder may have detrimental consequences on health and one of the treatments is the use of hypnotics. Unfortunately, hypnotics treatment may also be accompanied by side effects and lead to dependence. The present study aimed to investigate the sleep improving effects of ethanol extract of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. flowers in rat model. Methods: Rats were assigned into group receiving the extract (at 0.9 or 1.8 g/kg), the reference drug crocetin (at 0.9 mg/kg) or vehicle, once a day orally for 15 days. Results: Tested on day 1 and 14 of treatment, the rats receiving 1.8 g/kg of the extract showed improvements in sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep efficiency, wake episodes, and sleep cycle, which were significantly different from crocetin. Furthermore, tested on day 2 and 15 of treatment, the rats treated with 1.8 g/kg extract demonstrated superior sedative rating scale compared to crocetin. Conclusions: Results of the present study indicates the potential of Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr. flower extract to be used as an adjunct treatment for sleep disorder.

}, keywords = {Flowers, Gardenia augusta (L.) Merr., Improvement, Rats, Sleep}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.224}, author = {Kusnandar Anggadiredja and I Ketut Adnyana and Dewi Safitri and Siti Farah Rahmawati and Tomi Hendrayana} } @article {984, title = {Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Lemongrass Oil Against Oral Clinical Isolates {\textendash} An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1023-1028}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1023}, abstract = {

Background: There are 1,200 oral species out of which 400 are potentially important and 20 organisms are periopathic. Periodontal flora plays the important role in initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. There are various conservative and surgical procedures to treat and prevent periodontal diseases. Local drug delivery agents reduce microbial burden, blocks collagenase activity and inhibits bone loss; out of which tetracycline is common in use. Unwanted side effects and resistance of microorganisms towards antibiotics due to their widespread use have modified the general prescription about their efficacy. Various researches elucidate that herbal extracts exhibit wide range of antibacterial activity. In recent years, Lemongrass essential oil gains scientific interest as it targets even the periodontal pathogens. The purpose of this study is to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with that of tetracycline. Aim and objective: To comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of lemongrass essential oil with tetracycline against Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus and to determine the minimal inhibitory concentration of lemongrass essential oil. Study design: In vitro. Materials and Methods: It is an in vitro study done to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of lemongrass against the oral microbes. Based on their involvement in various clinical conditions Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Lactobacillus were selected for the study. These organisms were inoculated to a solid media and incubated overnight aerobically at 37{\textdegree}C to obtain a pure culture. The culture was made as a suspension in sterile saline with the turbidity matching 0.5 Macfarland standard. This is used to make a lawn culture on the Mueller Hinton Agar. Antimicrobial effect of tetracycline was tested using standard disc of doxycycline 30 mcg (Himedia, SD012) and sterile disc was used to prepare lemongrass essential oil which contained 10 μl, 15 μl and 20μl. In each category 5 discs were tested to get a mean zone of inhibition. After 24 hours of incubation the zone of inhibition was measure in mm using a scale. The measured zone size was tabulated and compared among the groups. Results: The minimal inhibitory concentration of lemon grass essential oil was estimated to be 10μl. Statistically significant zone of inhibition and antibacterial zone was greater in lemongrass essential oil than tetracycline for Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus epidermis. Conclusion: Lemongrass essential oil showed higher antibacterial activity than tetracycline. Hence, it can be used as a good alternative to tetracycline or adjunctive in the treatment of periodontitis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Lemongrass essential oil, Minimal inhibitory Concentration, Tetracycline}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.161}, author = {Paavai Ilango and Vasugi Suresh and Ayswarya V Vummidi1 and Vanessa Ravel and Veejai Chandran and Arulpari Mahalingam and Vineela Katam Reddy} } @article {941, title = {Evaluation of Anti-diarrheal and Anti-nociceptive Activity of Methanolic Unripe Fruit Peels Extract of Masua ferrea Linn. on Mice Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {828-835}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Though traditionally the plant Masua ferrea has been used by south east Asian people in inflammation and septic conditions, the present study was designed to investigate the anti-diarrheal and anti-nociceptive activities of unripe fruit peel of Mesua ferrea on animal models. Methods: Various methods were employed for investigating these activities such as castor-oil induced diarrhea, castor-oil induced enteropooling and gastrointestinal motility test, acetic acid induced writhing test, tail immersion and hot plate methods. Results: From the experimental data it was found that the diarrheal episode was inhibited by 39.68\% and 49.21\% for methanol extract at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively. The extract significantly lessened the intestinal volume for methanolic extract at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.54 {\textpm} 0.01 ml (p \< 0.05) and at 200 mg/Kg dose 0.47 {\textpm} 0.02 ml (p \< 0.01) compared to control 0.65 {\textpm} 0.03 ml in castor-oil induced enteropooling and also decreased intestinal transit 29.07 {\textendash} 48.54\% for methanolic extract comparable with standard (loperamide 5 mg/kg). Mesua ferrea peels significantly (P \< 0.05, P \< 0.01 and P \< 0.001) reduced the number of writhing, increased latency to flick tail in tail immersion method and elevated the mean basal reaction time in hot plate method respectively. Besides, no delayed toxicity was observed in given doses. Conclusion: The methanolic extract exhibited highly significant anti-diarrheal and antinociceptive activity in a dose-dependent manner, which supports its use in traditional herbal medicine.

}, keywords = {Anti-diarrheal, Anti-nociceptive, Castor oil, Intestinal transit, Mesua ferrea, Tail immersion method}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.133}, author = {Kishor Mazumder and Ziku Chandra Dey and Suparna Dey and Md. Fazlul Kabir and Minhazur Rahman and Sadiur Rahman Sajon} } @article {1056, title = {Evaluation of Anti-proliferative Potential and Antioxidant Activity of a Wild Edible Mushroom Macrocybe crassa (Sacc.) Pegler and Lodge}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1504-1510}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1504}, abstract = {

Objective: This study aims to quantify the anti-oxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa and its anti-proliferative activity on normal and cancer cells. Methods: The anti-oxidant potential of the extract was determined by several in vitro assay system like DPPH radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion scavenging activity, percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity. Anti-proliferative activity was tested by MTT assay on breast cancer cell line MCF7, Human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemic cell MOLT-4 and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells or PBMC isolated from a healthy donor to check its cytotoxic effect on normal cells. Results: Results indicated that the methanolic extract of Macrocybe crassa shows appreciable anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell line MCF7 and negligible effect on MOLT4 cells. In contrast no significant anti-proliferative effect has been observed in normal PMMCs. Moderate anti-oxidant activity was recorded in methanolic extract. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of of Macrocybe crassa with moderate anti-oxidant activity and specific anti-proliferative effect on MCF7 holds a great promise can be used for isolation of bio molecules for treating Breast Cancer.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Macrocybe crassa, MCF7, MOLT-4, MTT Assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.231}, author = {Amrita Pal and Anirban Chouni and Arpan Das and Ribhu Ray and Santanu Paul} } @article {857, title = {Evaluation of Anti-psoriatic Potential of the Fruit Rind of Punica granatum L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {466-468}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {466}, abstract = {

Background: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is universally known for its therapeutic properties due to its potential bioactive compounds. However, there is no established scientific study on antipsoriatic activity of pomegranate fruit rind. The aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-psoriatic activity of the isolated compounds and the extract from the fruit rind of P. granatum. In our previous study, the isolated compounds were evaluated for antioxidant potential. In continuation to the previous investigation, the present study is taken up to evaluate the extract and compounds for in vitro anti-psoriatic activity. Methods: Chromatographic techniques were employed to isolate the compounds from the aqueous acetone extract and in vitro anti-psoriatic activity was determined by thymidine phosphorylase inhibition assay. Results: From previous phytochemical investigation, three compounds were identified as Punicalagin, 2,3(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-D-glucose and Punicalin. In the present study, the extract and the compounds were evaluated for anti-psoriatic activity. The results reveal that the isolated three compounds showed inhibitory activity of 89\% to 95\% against thymidine phosphorylase. Aqueous acetone extract also exhibited 87\% inhibition. Conclusion: Punica granatum is an ideal plant for further investigation to prove its anti-psoriatic activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-psoriatic activity, Punica granatum, Thymidine phosphorylase inhibition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.73}, author = {Janani Jacob and Gopalan R and Lakshmanaperumalsamy P and Ramanaiah Illuri and Damaji Bhosle and Gopala Krishna Sangli and Deepak Mundkinajeddu} } @article {892, title = {Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry Analysis of Methanol Extracts from Marine Red Seaweed Gracilaria corticata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {547-554}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {547}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of the work is to analyse the methanol extract of marine red macro algae species Gracilaria corticata using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to reveal the presence of various secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds present in the algae and study its diverse properties. Methods: Gracilaria corticata was collected along the shore of Mandapam and was identified and authenticated. The methanol extract of the algae was prepared and analysed using GC-MS Perkin-Elmer, Clarus 680 model to reveal the various bioactive present in the algae. Results: The analysis revealed several bioactive compounds:undecane; 2-decyloxirane (2.023\%); Methy n-tridecanoate;n-hexadecanoic acid (74.198\%); eicosanoic acid (2.262\%); nonanoic acid (2.084\%); oleic acid (6.609\%); oleic acid (4.156\%); pentadecanoic acid (2.176\%); bicycle [3.2.1] oct-3-en-2-one,3,8-dihydroxy- 1-1methoxy-7-(7-methoxy-1, 3 benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-methyl-5 (2.901\%);N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl) dodecanamide (2.048\%); and cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol,4-methyl (1.542\%). The bioactive compounds from methanol extract of algae after GC-MS analysis and their essential medicinal properties were studied in this research work. Conclusion: Gracilaria corticata has potential against bacteria, fungi, free radical scavenging, etc and can used in the drug discovery and development sector.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, GC-MS, Gracilaria corticata, Medicinal properties, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.87}, author = {Venkataraghavan Ragunathan and Jayashree Pandurangan and Thiruchelvi Ramakrishnan} } @article {904, title = {In vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs by Glucose Uptake Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {674-677}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {674}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants play a key role to cure many diseases from time immemorial. The usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal system is the vital process of India. Diabetes Mellitus is a systemic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, abnormal elevated levels of lipid and fat in blood and hypoinsulinaemia. The current epidemic of diabetes indicates the need of proper and effective medications that are limited in their potency to have many side effects. Thus, introduction of alternative and complementary medicine is now in picture. Objective: The main objective of this work is to evaluate the in vitro anti diabetic activity of methanolic extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs in skeletal muscle cell line. Methods: The in vitro cytotoxicity was performed for leaf extract (Methanol) on L-6 (Rat skeletal muscle) cell line to find toxic concentration of the leaf extract by MTT assay. Glucose uptake activity of test substance was determined in differentiated L-6 cells. Results: In Glucose uptake assay, Methanol Extract exhibited moderate toxicity to skeletal muscle cell line and glucose uptake assay it shows dose dependent glucose uptake. Glucose uptake rate increased with the increasing concentration of the leaf extract. Conclusion: The results of the current study clearly demonstrated the antidiabetic potency of methanolic leaf extract obtained from Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. under in vitro model.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic activity, In vitro cytotoxicity, Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs, L-6 cell line, Methanolic leaf extract, MTT Assay, Skeletal muscle Cell Lines, Therapeutic agents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.106}, author = {Sangeetha DN and S. Rajamani} } @article {1006, title = {In vitro Antioxidant Properties and α-Glucosidase Inhibition of Combined Leaf Infusions from Psidium guajava L., Syzygium polyanthum L., and Annona muricata L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1269-1277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1269}, abstract = {

Introduction: Guava (P. guajava), bay (S. polyanthum), and soursop (A. muricata) known as natural medicine. Limited report is available on their antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf infusion. The aims of this research were to compare the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of leaf infusion from guava, bay, and either as individual or combined infusions, and to analyze the chemical composition of the leaf infusion. Methods: Air dried leaf powder of guava, bay and soursop were infused separately with boiled aquadest. The infusions were analyzed for their antioxidant activity against DPPH. The α-glucosidase inhibitory assay was conducted against α-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Then the infusions scanned with UV-Vis spectroscopy and analyzed with LC-MS. The synergism activities of the combined infusion were measured. Results: Antioxidant activities of leaf infusions of guava and bay showed a comparable result IC50 12.53 {\textpm} 0.55 and 10.76 {\textpm} 0.20 μg GAE/mL, but the infusion of soursop showed lower (IC50 19.77 {\textpm} 0.35 μg GAE/mL) than BHT as positive control (11.6 {\textpm} 0.31 μg GAE/mL). If soursop infusion was not added, then the mixture of the guava and bay infusion showed an antioxidative synergistic effect. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the guava, bay and soursop infusion (0.083 {\textpm} 0.01; 0.025 {\textpm} 0.007; 0.533 {\textpm} 0.039 μg GAE/mL, respectively) were stronger than acarbose (1285 {\textpm} 148 μg/mL). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of the combined infusions showed a synergistic effect. The main constituents of the guava infusion were identified tentatively as chrysin and caffeoylquinic acid, for the bay infusion it was caffeoylquinic, and for the soursop infusion it was luteolin. Conclusions: There is a significant synergism of antioxidant activity of Guava and Bay mixture. The combined infusion of Bay and Soursop or Guava and Soursop showed antagonistic effect.

}, keywords = {Anonna muricata, Leaf infusion, Psidium guajava, Synergism, Syzygium polyanthum, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.197}, author = {Ika Rahayu and Pamela Hendra Heng and Kris H Timotius} } @article {1023, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Sangketan (Achyranthes aspera L.) Roots Extract on Arginase Activity and Determination of Its Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Contents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1231-1234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Background: Achyranthes aspera, or commonly called as Sangketan in Indonesian is a wild plant that is used as a traditional medicine. The roots of Sangketan can be used as a wound healer by involving the role of arginine and its metabolites, nitric oxide, that directly affect the wound healing process itself. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the potential of Sangketan roots extract in inhibiting arginase activity. Methods: The roots were extracted using multistage ultrasound-assisted extraction method with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol solvent. Each extract from different solvents was tested for the inhibition of arginase activity using a microplate-based colorimetric method, followed by determination of total phenolic concentration and total flavonoid concentration. Results: The results of inhibition test of arginase activity by n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts were 9.56; 17.58; and 29.77\% sequentially/respectively at concentration of 100 μg/ml; the total phenolic concentration were 3.91; 4.83; dan 11.18 mgGAE/g of sample respectively; and the total flavonoid concentration are 0.29; 0.80; and 0.88 mgQE/g of sample respectively. Conclusion: From this research, it can be concluded that Sangketan roots extract had low potency of arginase inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera, Arginase, Inhibitory effect, Sangketan, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.191}, author = {Dieah Siti Rahmawati and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {818, title = {Investigation on Pharmacognostic Parameters of Sirunagapoo (Mesua ferrea L): A Traditional Indian Herbal Drug}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {225-230}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {225}, abstract = {

Introduction: Flower buds of Sirunagapoo (Mesua ferrea) are used in Siddha system of medicine as carminative, astringent and anti-vatha. It is traditionally used to treat various diseases like cough, venerial, white discharge, diarrhea, over-bleeding and peripheral neuritis. It is one of the major ingredients in Amukkara choornam, Inji choornam and Elathi choornam which are used for indigestion, loss of appetite and gastritis. Methods: Pharmacognostic characters of M. ferrea flower bud were studied through powder microscopy. Both ethanol and aqueous extracts were investigated for phytochemical screening, total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and the ethanolic extract was subjected to GC-MS analysis. Results: Powder microscopy of flower buds of M. ferrea revealed the presence of brachysclereids, macrosclereids, starch grain, crystals and parenchyma cells. The powdered material exhibited 6.07\% of loss on drying, 2.93\% of total ash, 11.34\% of water-soluble extractive and pH value 5.35. Data showed the presence of sterols only in ethanol extract and phenols, flavanoids, saponins and coumarins in both ethanol and aqueous extracts. Ethanolic extract was found to contain higher concentration of total phenols (1030 mg GAE/L) when compared to aqueous extract. Totally forty compounds were detected in GC-MS analysis and the major compound is eugenol (61\%) and cinnamaldehyde (15\%). In vitro studies revealed antioxidant in terms of DPPH free radical scavenging property (IC-50 = 229.7 mg/ml) remarkable anti-inflammatory activity using RBC membrane stabilization assay (70.27\%) were noted. Conclusion: This study provides the pharmacognostic standards, phytochemical profile, major volatile compounds and in vitro properties of Mesua ferrea flower bud.

}, keywords = {GC-MS, In vitro studies, Mesua ferrea, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.35}, author = {Perumal Rajalakshmi and Vellingiri Vadivel and Natesan Ravichandran and Pemaiah Brindha} } @article {885, title = {Macro-Microscopic Identification of Dried Flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. and its Differentiation from Adulterant Rhododendron arboreum Sm.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {613-616}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {613}, abstract = {

Background: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. (Fam.Malvaceae) is a small evergreen shrub cultivated in gardens throughout India. The decoction of flowers is used in Indian system of Medicine for bronchial inflammation, urinary astringent and cardio tonic, to promote growth and to prevent graying of hair. The dried flowers of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. (Fam.Ericaceae) are morphologically looking similar to Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and used as adulterant in the market. Hence, the morphological, Micro-morphological and powder microscopical studies on dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum was carried out and reported. Objective: To identify the dried flowers of Hisbiscus rosa-sinensis macro-microscopically and to differentiate it from adulterant Rhododendron arboreum. Methods: The morphology and powder microscopy were observed following standard methods and photographed. Results: The colour, taste, arrangement and appearance of calyx, corolla and stamen, trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, sclereids, oil globules and pollen grains are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in raw drug/powdered form of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Rhododendron arboreum. Conclusion: The finding of present study is helpful in standardization of formulation consists of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis as ingredient in their powdered form and also for authentication/identification of dried flowers of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

}, keywords = {Adulteration, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Macro-microscopy, Rhododendron arboreum, Semparathai}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.98}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Narayanan Kannan and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {935, title = {Medicinal Plants in Basic Care: A Study of Clinical Practice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {796-802}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {796}, abstract = {

According to World Health Organization, 80\% of world population uses traditional practices for primary health care, and 85\% of this shares the use of medicinal plants or plants-based preparations. Thus, the present work had as objective to investigate the profile of herbal medicine use as well as the conditions to the alive pharmacy implementation in four basic health units in the city of Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil. For such, 84 family health professionals were interviewed about the use of medicinal plants. Concerning the indication of medicinal plants, 41.67\% of the health staff prescribes medicinal plants, 55.95\% reported never having prescribed medicinal plants and 2.4\% abstained from responding. Despite the intention to use phytotherapy as a therapeutic practice, this practice is not yet fully inserted in the analyzed units due to factors such as lack of training and specific protocols to assist professionals in the use of medicinal plants and phytotherapics.

}, keywords = {Brazilian Unified Health System, Healthcare Unit, Phytotherapy, Traditional and Complementary Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.127}, author = {Carlos A.S. Souza and Wesley M.G. Andrade and Tha{\'\i}s S. Ramos and Alex J. S. Filho and Anderson L. Freitas and Tamires C. Lima and {\^A}ngelo R. Antoniolli and Wellington B. Silva and Francilene A. Silva} } @article {1010, title = {Momordica Charantia L. Variety from Northeastern Brazil: Analysis of Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Components}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1312-1324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1312}, abstract = {

Introduction: Momordica charanthia L., Curcubitaceae, is a pantropical food and medicinal plant. The plant is included in the Official List of Brazilian Medicinal Plants of interest to the Brazilian Unified Health System. The study aimed to perfom microbiological studies with extracts of Momordica charanthia L. including chemical characterization of the active extracts. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was evaluated with the hydroalcoholic and acetone extracts of M. charantia leaves, fruits and seeds from northeastern Brazil using microdilution broth technique on the selected clinical bacterial and fungal strains. Extracts that presented antimicrobial were subjected to ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF-ESI-MS). Results: The in vitro antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the leaves extracts presented good antibacterial effect against four Staphylococcus aureus strains, and a weak antifungal activity agaist Candida albicans. Fourteen compounds were identified in the hydroalcoholic extract, while 12 were found in the acetone extract. The most important compounds were kaempferol, quercertin and triterpenoids like cucurbitacins. Conclussion: The present study demonstrated the potential antibacterial activity of M. charantia L. from northeastern part of Brazil, in addition to important phytochemical metabolites known to possess antibacterial activities, particularly against microrganisms of clinical importance. The UPLC phytochemical profile of the Brazilian variety is reported here for the first time. The phytochemical profile of the LHE and FAE demonstrated the presence of biologically and pharmacologically active compounds. There is lack of biological and pharmacological studies to support the medicinal uses of this important plant. The Brazilian variety of M. Charantia could be a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of infections.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Ethnopharmacology, in vitro activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.203}, author = {William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui Guarniz and Kirley Marques Canuto and Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Ribeiro and Hilania Valeria Dodou and Karla Nascimento Magalhaes and KellenMiranda S{\'a} and Patr{\'\i}cia Georgina Garcia do Nascimento and Karine Lima Silva and Gleilton Weyne Passos Sales and Mirian Parente Monteiro and Nadia Accioly Pinto Nogueira and Sikiru Olaitan Balogun and Mary Anne Medeiros Bandeira} } @article {846, title = {Morpho-anatomical Observations on Homoeopathic Plant Drug Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {286-291}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {286}, abstract = {

Background: Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine synonym Hygrophila spinosa T. Anderson is used in the homoeopathic system of medicine belongs to the family Acanthaceae. Plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids and is traditionally known as an aphrodisiac, renal tonic and for its health-promoting properties, this drug is most popularly used by homoeopathic practitioners for the treatment of urticaria, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, nausea etc. Complete morphological characterization of whole plant has not been reported so for. This study may provide complete information on the basis of morphological, anatomical and powdered studies. That will assist to differentiate between adulterants and authentic raw drug to maintain the quality of drugs. Objective: The aim of the present study is to examine the morpho-anatomical, powder and fluorescence analysis of whole plant i.e. root, stem, and leaf of the plant used in homoeopathy. Material and methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and powdered analysis of drug was performed. For morphological study simple observational methods applied while for anatomical and bio-statistical parameters microscopy including powder microscopy was performed by using different methods. Results: The drug was in form of dried pieces of leaves, small quadrangular pieces of stem with spines and roots. Microscopy showed few features like aerenchymatous cortex in the middle region of root; semi-quadrangular outline, four vascular bundles at each corner in young stem and developing fascicular vascular bundles between them, in mature stem 6 vascular bundles viz. 4 vascular bundles at corner and 2 vascular bundles present in between opposite to each other; broad cortical aerenchyma in mature stem, leaf amphistomatous, anomocytic stomata, crescent-shaped meristele in leaf. Conclusion: Present study can assist the diagnostic characters of Hygrophila spinosa may be taken as pharmacognostical standards for the identification of plant drug.

}, keywords = {Drug, Homoeopathy, Macroscopy, microscopy, Organoleptic}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.44}, author = {Digvijay Verma and Shilpi Singh and Renu Arya and Soundararajan Rajan and Bhopal Singh Arya and Anil Khurana and Raj Kumar Manchanda} } @article {988, title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma curtisii Polysaccharides After Kainic Acid-Seizure Induced}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1046-1054}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1046}, abstract = {

Background: Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders affecting world population. Although, some Ganoderma species have shown neuroprotective activities, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma curtisii on epileptic seizures have not been reported. Objective: The aims of the present study were to determine whether treatment with a polysaccharide fraction (GCPS-2) from a Mexican Ganoderma curtisii strain can reduce seizures, and the increases in the levels of apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in kainic acid-induced seizure mouse model. Materials and Methods: Rats were separated in groups: Control group received 2.5\% Tween 20 solution; GCPS-2 groups were administered GCPS-2 (10, 40, or 80 mg/kg); KA group received KA 10 mg/kg; GCPS-2+KA received GCPS- 2 and 30 min later KA. Pathological changes in neuronal morphology, expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin1-β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the rat hippocampus and cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides (GCPS-2) inhibited convulsions in rats. Moreover, treatment with GCPS-2 reduced the increased levels of apoptotic signaling molecules (Bcl-2) and proinflammatory mediators (in the kainic acid-treated hippocampus and cortex). Conclusion: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides have a neuroprotective potential against epilepsy, partially through its ability to inhibit neurotoxic events in the in vivo hippocampus and cortex.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticonvulsant, Ganoderma curtisii, Neuroprotective, β-glucan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.164}, author = {Ismael Leon-Rivera and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Maria Yolanda Rios and Samuel Estrada-Soto and Angelica Berenice Aguilar and Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Jazmin Mendez-Miron and Victoria Campos-Pena and Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa and Eva Hernandez and Gerardo Hurtado} } @article {795, title = {Niacin Regulates Glucose Reactive Protein (GRP78), Protein Carbonyl Content (PCC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the Hyperglycemic Human Lens Epithelial Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {8-11}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Introduction: Niacin is part of the chemical structure of coenzymes nicotinamide adenine nucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). Previous studies suggested that a high niacin intake could decrease the prevalence of cataracts, which may delay the onset of diabetic cataract. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of niacin on the hyperglycemia-induced osmotic stress and oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells. Materials and Methods: Human lens epithelial cells were cultured in a high glucose condition. Oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl content (PCC) and glucose reactive protein (GRP), were measured using TBARS analysis (MDA) and ELISA (PCC and GRP) after 72 h incubation. Results: The MDA levels increased after high glucose administration relative to that in the control group (p \<0.05). Further, the groups that were co-treated with niacin showed decrease in the MDA levels for all doses of niacin and the lowest mean MDA level was obtained with 100 μM niacin. There was a decrease in the PCC levels for all doses, whereas the lowest mean PCC level was observed at a 100 μM niacin dose. The GRP levels increased after high glucose administration as compared with the control group. Also, the groups that were co-treated with niacin exhibited statistically significant reduction. Conclusion: These results suggest that niacin can inhibit the osmotic stress and oxidative stress which may lead to the progression of a diabetic cataract. Also, it may maintain lens transparency by acting as a precursor for glutathione biosynthesis and an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Diabetic cataract, Glucose, GRP78, MDA, Niacin, Oxidative stress, PCC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.2}, author = {Nina Handayani and Hidayat Sujuti and Nur Permatasari and Achmad Rudijanto} } @article {957, title = {Optimization Method for Determination of Swelling Factor Linum usitatissimum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {936-943}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {936}, abstract = {

Aim: Aspire of the investigation is to amend the method for determination of swelling factor of seeds, so it can be determined to optimize the minimum errors which will be reproducible. Swelling factor is play key role if the phytoconsitituent rich in mucilage and polysaccharide which constitute a diverse class of biological macromolecules. Background: Sugar molecules play a broad range of physiochemical properties which are widely used for applications in Pharmacy and the present investigation work is related to determine the effect of parameters such as quantity of seed, volume and nature of solvent, time interval of agitation, time of measurement of result, Effect of quantity of seeds on swelling factor determination. Solvent Optimized technic gives superlative results over IP method. Methods: The swelling factor of Linum usitatissimum was evaluated by using different polar to non-polar solvents by using the standard procedure. During the determination, the role of physical parameter were calculated by comprising the swelling factor with agitation and temperature. Results: According to the observations, the lower concentration levels of swelling index used as an alternative binder to starch. keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant, it was observed that the swelling index of gives better results using the solvents plain distilled water, seeds moistened with alcohol. It was also observed that agitation at every three hours till the process of 24 hours is maintained would give better results, keeping one parameter as variable while all other parameters constant.

}, keywords = {Formulation parameter, Seed, Swelling index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.149}, author = {S Dhanalakshmi and C N Hemalatha and Sai Ramya Bharathi and C Dhivya and S Vanishree and V Rekha and V Vijayalakshmi and A Hari priya and Sai Monisha} } @article {994, title = {An Overview of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Potentials of Punica granatum L}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1167-1171}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1167}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is considered as {\textquotedblleft}A pharmacy unto itself{\textquotedblright} in Ayurvedic medicine and also used in several other systems of medicine. The plant belongs to the family Lythraceae containing pomegranate as a predominant species. Various parts of the plant exhibits significant pharmacological activities due to its wide range of potential bioactive compounds. Many biological activities proved its antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti- athersclerotic, antidiabetic actions and many more. This article provides a review of phytoconstituents of Punica granatum and its diverse array of biological properties.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Lythraceae, Pharmacological activities, Phytoconstituents, Punica granatum, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.181}, author = {Janani Jacob and Rajiv P and Gopalan R and Lakshmanaperumalsamy P} } @article {873, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and Antimicrobial Activity of Root of Careya arborea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {608-612}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {608}, abstract = {

Background: Careya arborea is known for its traditional medicinal properties and reported for potent antitumor, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and many other activities. Its stem bark, leaves and fruits were studied biologically, but so far its root has not been studied. Aim: The aim of the present study is to standardize the root of Careya arborea and its extracts pharmacognostically and also to screen its extracts for their antimicrobial activities against several bacteria and fungi using standard procedures. Materials and Methods: Loss on drying, extractive and ash values, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis of the root and its extracts were studied using standard procedures. Antimicrobial activity was carried out by determining minimum inhibitory concentration. Results: Among all the extracts, the successive ethyl acetate extract was found to be the most active with lowest MIC values against L. acidophilius, S. aureus, C. freundii, P. aeruginosa and M. luteus. The successive chloroform extract was also found to be highly active against P. aeruginosa and fungi, M. furfur and C. albicans. Conclusion: The results are helpful in standardizing the root of the plant and since several of the root extracts possess antimicrobial properties, there is a need to isolate its constituents.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antifungal, Careya arborea, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.97}, author = {Bandenawaz Ramadurga and Rakesh Kumar Jat and Shrishailappa Badami} } @article {802, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, Quercetin and Quercitrin Quantification in Bauhinia malabarica Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {155-160}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. is a tropical tree that found throughout Thailand. Leaves have a sour taste and have been used in Thai remedies for wound healing, diuretic, dysentery and emmenagogue. Objective: This study aimed to focus on pharmacognostic specification and quantitative analysis of quercetin and quercitrin in B. malabarica leaves. Methods: Various methods such as macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of B. malabarica leaf were studied along with physico-chemical parameters and quantitated quercetin and quercitrin using RP-HPLC. Results and Conclusion: Whole plant, structures of dried powder crude drug, cross section of midrib and leaf measurement were established. Paracytic stomata and multicellular trichome were found on lower epidermis. B. malabarica leaves from 15 sources throughout Thailand were examined the pharmacognostic specification according to WHO guideline. Physico-chemical parameters showed that loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water content should not be more than 8.00, 7.08, 1.79 and 8.28 \% of dry weight while ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be less than 13.78 and 16.47 \% of dry weight respectively. Quercetin and quercitrin were the markers for quantitative analysis using RP-HPLC with diode array detector in B. malabarica ethanolic extract. Quercetin and quercitrin contents were found to be 0.18 g and 0.38 g in 100 g of dried crude drug. Method validation was determined according to ICH guideline. All results were in the acceptable range and could be used for identity, safety, efficacy and quality of B. malabarica leaves in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia malabarica Roxb, HPLC, Leaf measurement, Pharmacognostic specification, Quercetin, Quercitrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.26}, author = {Paphitchaya Thetsana and Chayanon Chaowuttikul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {963, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation of Cordia sebestena L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1100-1105}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1100}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia sebestena L. belongs to family Boraginaceae is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}Geiger Tree{\textquotedblright} in Indonesia, it is generally found in Indonesia included Jakarta, and many other countries. Some researchers have revealed the presence of several pharmacology activities. Thus this study is an attempt to present an overview of pharmacognostic and phytochemical evaluation reported on this plant. Objective: In the present investigation, various pharmacognostic standards have been investigated to prove the authenticity of the plant for the claimed traditional uses. This will help in the identification of powder drug prior to using in medicine. Methods: Macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical evaluation, of the drug was performed using standardized procedures as mentioned in the WHO and Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia guidelines.Thin layer chromatography profile was done using some different mobile phase system to the identification of the drug. Results: The physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, ethanol- and water-soluble extractive, total ash, acidinsoluble ash value, were determined. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, tannins, steroids, terpenoids in the ethanolic extracts of leaf of this plant. The TLC profile of n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extract were carried out 5, 7 and 2 spots respectively. Conclusion: The present study on pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical standards could be useful information for authentication and preparation monograph for C.sebestena.

}, keywords = {Boraginaceae, Chromatography Profile, Fluorescence, Microscopic, Physicochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.172}, author = {Endang Hanani and Sri Harsodjo Wijono Soewandi and Hayati and Nellysa Revita} } @article {840, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, In vitro Antioxidant Capacity and Toxicity Assessment of Copaifera paupera Oleoresin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {374-378}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {374}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was taken to determine the phytochemical analysis, the antioxidant activity in vitro (FRAP and TBARS methodologies), the oral acute toxicity and antigenotoxicity of the oleoresin Copaifera paupera. Methods: The oleoresin was tested for in vivo cytoprotective capacity using the Micronucleus Test and the Comet Assay in mice bone marrow cells and mice erythrocytes cells, respectively. Results: The oleoresin had low levels of total flavonoids and phenol content and also of antioxidant capacity. Orally, the LD50 appeared to be \> 5000 mg/kg (no toxic or low toxic). The results showed all the doses evaluated (180 360, 720 and 1440 mg/kg) antigenotoxic effect by reduce the DNA damage induced by cyclophosphamide, being a 100 \% DNA damage reduction at the highest dose evaluated. Conclusion: According to the Micronucleus test, the oleoresin Copaifera paupera had the ability of increase the cell proliferation despite the exposition of cyclophosphamide. (abstract is not arranged properly, improper sentences)

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Comet assay, Copaifera paupera, Micronucleus test, Oleoresin, Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.57}, author = {Danae Liviac and Paola Raunelli and Rafael Alvis and Silvio Puente and Ivan Best and Oscar Reategui} } @article {822, title = {Phytochemical Compounds Of Cichorium intybus by Exploring its Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {248-257}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

Introduction: The current study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Cichorium intybus n-hexane extract on diabetes mellitus and its antioxidant effect in vivo in alloxinated animals. Diabetic neuropathy improvement was also tested as well as insulin levels and histology of the pancreas were performed. Methods: The chromatographic standardization of C. intybus extract was performed using isocratic HPLC, which indicated the presence of numerous phyto-constituents. The hexane extract was studied for its effect on blood glucose levels and painful diabetic neuropathy (DN) in diabetic mice. Hyperalgesia and mechanical-allodynia were evaluated using thermal stimuli, pain response to radiant energy experiments and a mechanical sensitivity test respectively. Subsequently, after eight weeks of being alloxinated, BGL, body weight, antioxidant activity, insulin levels and glycated hemoglobin were recorded to evaluate antidiabetic potential and the DN. Results: The administration of Cichorium intybus extract (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg) and a combination of Cichorium intybus extract and Camellia sinensis (50 + 200 mg/kg, respectively) have revealed an acute hypoglycemic effect ranging from 14.15\% and 42.4\%. The sub-chronic anti-diabetic effect ranged from 23.41\% and 44.8\%. They diminished hyperalgesia and tangible allodynia significantly (p\<0.05), (n=7 per group). The powerful neuroprotective properties might serve as potential lead-compounds for further analysis. Conclusion: The histological study and the potent antioxidant effect showed that they could assist in the management of diabetes mellitus and DN by amelioration of insulin levels and regeneration of pancreatic beta cells.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic effects, Antioxidant, Cichorium Intybus, Phytochemical analysis, Serum insulin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.39}, author = {Dina Kanj and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Safaa Baydoun and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {926, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {848}, type = {Corrigendum}, chapter = {848}, abstract = {

In principle, this figure represents non-toxic effect of TP. As all the treatment groups are non-toxic, we have optimistically represented the figure. Due to the manual error while copying the figure 4, BE image was taken from different group instead of actual one. This has been rectified in the corrected image of figure 4. In ground reality, however, the present modifications in the figure do not alter the scientific meaning of the figure or the outcome of the study conclusions. Read more...

}, keywords = {Nil}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {852, title = {Phytochemical, in vitro Antioxidant and in vivo Safety Evaluation of Leaf Extracts of Tragia plukenetii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {338-345}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {338}, abstract = {

Objective: To investigate the phytochemical properties, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo safety profile of leaf extracts of Tragia plukenetii (TP). Methods: TP leaves were obtained from the south part of India (Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh) and it was extracted with different solvents (benzene extract (BE), chloroform extract (CE) and methanolic extract (ME)). These TP extracts were analyzed for the in vitro antioxidant activity by DPPH reducing power, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays followed by in vivo acute oral and dermal toxicities using Swiss mice and Wistar rats respectively. Results: The present study results revealed ME exhibited an effective and powerful antioxidant activity when compared to a standard antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). ME was found to be effective in DPPH, β-carotene-linoleic acid complex and iron chelation assays respectively. In vivo acute oral toxicity study revealed that mice treated with up to 5000 mg/kg of BE, CE and ME did not show any signs of toxicity. Furthermore, similarly, acute dermal toxicity study demonstrated that BE, CE and ME did not exhibit any signs of dermal toxicity up to 1000 mg/kg in rats. Conclusion: TP extracts possess an excellent antioxidant activity with a devoid of any signs of acute oral and dermal toxicities.

}, keywords = {Dermal toxicity, DPPH assay, Iron chelation, Oral toxicity, Tragia plukenetii., β-carotene-linoleic acid complex}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.50}, author = {Srinivasa Reddy Bonam and Sathish Kumar Manoharan and Vijayapandi Pandy and Anji Reddy Raya and Rama Rao Nadendla and Manjunathan Jagadeesan and Ankem Narendra Babu} } @article {922, title = {Phytochemical Screening, HPTLC Fingerprinting and Invitro Antioxidant Activity of Root Extract of Asparagus racemosus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {818-823}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {818}, abstract = {

Background: Asparagus racemosus is a climber shrub used in Indian medicine for centuries. It has been used as galactogogue and nerve tonic in folk medicine. The recent research on A. racemosus has revealed its disease fighting properties such as anti-bacterial, immunomodulatory, cardio protective, anti-stress, etc. Phytochemicals present in the plants are associated with their therapeutic capabilities. Hence, phytochemical screening of a therapeutic plant is essential. Materials and Methods: A preliminary qualitative screening of phytoconstituents present in the ethanol and aqueous extract of the plant was done. high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) was used to create a phytochemical fingerprint of the plant extract. Further, a series of antioxidant assays, i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical, Nitric oxide (NO) radical, Superoxide (SO) radical and 2,2{\textquoteright}-azinobis( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assays were done. Results: The phytochemical screening and the HPTLC fingerprint showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids, saponins etc. They also showed free radical scavenging property and hence can be used as potential primary antioxidant. Conclusion: A preliminary screening created a phytochemical profile of A. racemosus extracts. These phytoconstituents may be linked to the various known therapeutic applications of the plant. This may aid in further extensive studies for identifying and isolating compounds with potential therapeutic value in A. racemosus.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Asparagus racemosus, Chromatography, Phytochemistry, Phytoconstituents, Therapeutics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.131}, author = {Kalaivani Selvaraj and Girija Sivakumar and Aruthra Arumugam Pillai and Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan and Srinivasa Rao Bolla and Geetha Royapuram Veeraraghavan and Gayathri Rengasamy and Joel P Joseph and Janardhana PB} } @article {853, title = {Protective Effect of Terminalia catappa Leaves and Terminalia chebula Fruits on the Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Anti-oxidant Levels in the Doxorubicin Induced Toxicity Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {346-349}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Background: Oxidative stress plays an important role in chronic complications of diabetes, cancer, liver disorder etc. The free radicals such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxides are causing the oxidative stress and it involves the cellular damage. Evidences recommended that the natural medicines from plant sources are treated to overcome the oxidative stress complications. Objective: The aim of the present is to find the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of Terminalia catappa leaves and Terminalia chebula fruits in the doxorubicin (DOX) induced toxicity rats. Methods: Oxidative stress is induced with a single dose of doxorubicin and then the animals were treated with a dose of various concentration of ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits (200, 300 mg/kg/b.w) for 21 days. After the treatment, lipid peroxide (LPO), reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, vitamin E, glutathiones- transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase levels are determined. Propranolol 25mg/kg is used as standard drug. Results: In the present study, after the treatment of doxorubicin the levels of SOD, CAT, GSH, GST, GPX, vitamin C, vitamin E levels are decreased and LPO level is increased. After the treatment of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits the levels were returned to the normal level. Conclusion: The results proved that the ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and T. chebula fruits may protects the cells from oxidative stress induced by the doxorubicin induced toxicity rats.

}, keywords = {Doxorubicin, Enzymatic antioxidant, Non-enzymatic antioxidant, Oxidative stress, Termianlia catappa, Terminalia chebulla.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.51}, author = {Panneerselvam Punniyakotti and Rengasamy Lakshminarayanan Rengarajan and Shanmugam Velayuthaprabhu and Kalaiyarasan Vijayakumar and Ramasamy Manikandan and Arumugam Vijaya Anand} } @article {944, title = {Protective Effect of the Ethanolic Extracts of Leaves of Chuquiraga spinosa Less and Baccharis genistelloides on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {858-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {858}, abstract = {

Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting middle-aged men, with oxidative stress postulated as an important factor in its development. Objective: To evaluate the protective effect of the association of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) and Baccharis genistelloides (BaG) on benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Materials and Methods: Sixty-six male rats were randomized into groups: 1) Inductor Group: Testosterone enanthate (ET) 25 mg/Kg on days 8 and 14 intramuscularly. 2) Group P80: Polysorbate-80 3\% 10 mL / Kg. 3) Positive Group: ET + Dutasteride (DU) 0.5 mg / Kg, 4) ET + ChS 250, 5) ET + ChS 500, 6) ET + BaG250, 7) ET + BaG 500, 8) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 250, 9) ET + ChS 500 + BaG 500, 10) ET + ChS 250 + BaG 500, 11) ET + ChS 500 + BaG250. PSA, nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), prostate dimensions by ultrasound and histopathological findings were quantified as main markers. Results: Lower levels of NO, MDA and PSA were observed in all groups treated with extract compared to the Inductor group (p \<0.01), with the reductive capacity of the mixture ChS 250 + BaG 500 and ChS 500 + BaG 250 compared with Dutasteride (p \<0.05). The volume of the prostate was lower in the Dutasteride, P80 and ChS250 + BaG500 groups compared to the inducer (p \<0.05). Regarding the histopathological study, it was observed that the association of variable doses (ChS250 + BaG500 and ChS500 + BaG250) had a better protective effect. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, the association of the extracts of Chuquiraga spinosa and Baccharis genistelloides has an effect in the protection of BPH induced with testosterone, which could be linked to its antioxidant capacity of the extracts.

}, keywords = {Baccharis genistelloides, Benign prostatic hyperplasia, Chuquiraga spinosa, Dutasteride, Testosterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.138}, author = {Robert Palomino-De-La-Gala and Hugo Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Rojas-Armas and Cristian Aguilar-Carranza and Jaime Mart{\'\i}nez-Heredia and Edwin Cieza-Macedo and Carlos Garc{\'\i}a-Bustamante and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Edwin Enciso-Roca and Roberto Ch{\'a}vez- Asmat and Lester Dominguez-Huarcaya} } @article {813, title = {Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) aqueous stem bark extract extenuates oxidative damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {183-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {183}, abstract = {

Context: Pteleopsis suberosa Engl. and Diels (Combretaceae) is an ethnomedicinally valued deciduous shrub with significant therapeutic application against diabetes in West Africa. Aims: This study evaluated the hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activity of its aqueous stem bark extract (PSAE) over a 15-day experimental period in streptozotocin (STZ)-challenged diabetic rats. Methods and Material: STZ-induced diabetic rats were administered 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of the extract once daily and the blood glucose levels were monitored for 15 days. The bioactive constituents of PSAE were analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. Results: Treatment with PSAE markedly (p\< 0.05) ameliorated the concentrations of blood glucose and improved the lipid metabolism imbalance in the diabetic animals. Also, while PSAE significantly (p\<0.05) improved glycogen and glutathione (reduced) levels as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, the concentrations of glucose and malondialdehyde coupled with the activity of α-amylase were significantly reduced in the liver of PSAE-administered diabetic animals when compared with those of the normal control and untreated diabetic groups. The observed improvements could be associated with the phytoconstituents of PSAE as evident from the results of the GC-MS analysis. Put together, the elicited effects compared favorably well with metformin (a standard hypoglycemic drug) and are suggestive of antidiabetic and antioxidant capabilities of the extract. Conclusion: The scope of the data presented in this study indicates that the extract ameliorated streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats and it is suggested to be mediated via antioxidant and concerted blood glucose lowering actions.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arjunglycoside, Diabetes, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, Hyperglycaemia, Pteleopsis suberosa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.30}, author = {Aladodo Abimbola Raliat and Sabiu Saheed and Sulyman Olarewaju Abdulhakeem} } @article {964, title = {Quantitative Analysis of Hispidulin Content in Clerodendrum petasites Roots Distributed in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1093-1099}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1093}, abstract = {

Introduction: Clerodendrum petasites (Lour.) S. Moore (locally known as Mai-Thao-Yaai-Mom), belonging to the Verbenaceae family, is widely formulated into multi-herb remedy, Ben-Cha- Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, possessing antipyretic activity. C. petasites exhibits many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, etc. The flavonoid hispidulin is one of the main active compounds present in C. petasites, containing anti-atheromatous, antitumor and antispasmodic effects. Objective: The present study aimed to determine the hispidulin content in the dried roots of C. petasites using HPLC technique. Methods: C. petasites dried roots, collected from twelve different areas, were extracted with ethanol using Soxhlet apparatus, and then subjected to HPLC-PDA to quantify hispidulin content. The quantitative method using HPLC-PDA technique was validated. Results: The optimized HPLC coupling with PDA detector (HPLC-PDA) was validated for the quantitative analysis of hispidulin content in C. petasites roots in terms of linearity (y = 210,200,536.6667x {\textendash} 448,756.2667; R2 = 0.9997), accuracy (88.82-107.69\% recovery), precision (0.66\% RSD for repeatability precision; 1.17\% RSD for intermediate precision), limit of detection (2.30 μg/mL), limit of quantitation (7.00 μg/mL), specificity (peak purity index = 1.0000) and robustness (\% RSD \< 1). The amount of hispidulin content in the extracts of C. petasites roots conducted from the validated method was found to be 0.0182 {\textpm} 0.0109 g/100 g crude drug. Conclusion: The HPLC-PDA analysis was able to effectively determine hispidulin in C. petasites roots. The hispidulin contents in C. petasites dried roots from various areas in Thailand were revealed which could be used for the specification of this crude drug with reference to its chemical marker.

}, keywords = {Ben-Cha-Lo-Ka-Wi-Chian remedy, Clerodendrum petasites, hispidulin, HPLC-PDA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.171}, author = {Thanyathorn Tangsongcharoen and Somchai Issaravanich and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1005, title = {Screening of Nasal and Hands Carriage of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Colonization among Lebanese Nutraceuticals Handlers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1336-1341}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1336}, abstract = {

Introduction: Poor personal hygiene of the nutraceuticals handlers could be a potential source of diseases due to the high occurrence of bacterial contamination. Methods: A cross sectionnal study was conducted among Lebanese nutraceuticals handlers. A pretested structured questionnaire was used for collecting information on age, sex, marital status, service years, educational status, status of training of nutraceuticals-handlers. Results: Nasal and hands swabs were investigated for S. aureus, MRSA, CoNS and MRSE.Among 144 nutraceuticals handlers, 41\% and 69\% exhibited no bacterial growth in their nasal and hand swabs.The carrier rate of S. aureus was 11.8 and 5.6\% for nose and hands in nutraceuticals handlers.The nasal and hands carrier rate of MRSA is 6.3\% and 2.1\%, respectively.MRSE presented a rate of 10.4\% and 7.6\% for the nasal and hands carriage. Conclusion: The findings showed that the Lebanese nutraceuticals handlers are a vehicle of different resistant bacterial strains in their nasal and hands carriage,which poses a significant risk to the Lebanese consumer.

}, keywords = {Carriage, Hands, Nasal, Nutraceuticals handlers, Resistant, S.aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.206}, author = {Nada El Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El-Ghazzawi} } @article {909, title = {Studies on an in-vitro Investigation of Anti Diabetic Property of a Hemiparasitic Taxa Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh (Loranthaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {699-704}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh, belong to the family Loranthaceae an unique hemiparasitic taxon, spreads almost all the entire forest in South West Bengal. It is generally stem hemi parasitic taxa and habitat mostly on aerial part of host plant having strong in spite of common root system. It is depend on the host plant for mainly water and to some extend carbon. It synthesizes its own food. The haustoria have penetrated to the vascular bundle mainly in the xylem tissue of the host plants. It has numerous medicinal values with a long history of its use in Chinese traditional medicines. Objectives: The present work deals with the anti-diabetic property medicinal aspect. Methods: The leaves extract mixed with the amylase enzyme then add the starch solution and allow the reaction for few minutes after that the reaction mixture interrupted with DNS. Results: The responsible enzyme i.e. Alpha-amylase breaks the large starch molecules which produces free glucose and simultaneously increases the blood sugar level and as a result hyperglycemia occurs. In this experiment increase the concentration of leaves extract which has decreased the activity of this potent enzyme. Conclusions: This study also reveals that, the plant{\textquoteright}s leaves extracts have inhibitory activity on this key enzyme viz. alpha amylase which is very crucial data for drug preparation and other research purposes.

}, keywords = {Alpha-amylase, Dendrophthoe falcata, Loranthaceae, Medicinal value}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.111}, author = {Ayan Kumar Naskar and Souradut Ray and Sanjukta Mondal Parui and Amal Kumar Mondal} } @article {785, title = {Triterpenes and Sterols from Leaves of Hoya meliflua Merr}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {48-52}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {48}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hoya plants are also called wax plants due to the waxy appearance of their leaves and flowers. Most species are cultivated as ornamental plants. In the Philippines, there are at least 109 species of Hoya; 88 of these are endemic to the country. One of the endemic species is Hoya meliflua often confused with H. diversifolia, which can also be found in other countries. This study is part of our research on the chemical constituents of Philippine native Hoyas. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract from the leaves of Hoya meliflua afforded squalene and mixtures of β-amyrin (1a), α-amyrin (1b) and lupeol (1c) in about 1:1:0.25 ratio; oleanone (2a), ursenone (2b) and lupenone (2c) in about 1:1:0.3 ratio; β-amyrin cinnamate (3a), α-amyrin cinnamate (3b) and lupenyl cinnamate (3c) in about 0.5:0.3:1 ratio; and β-sitosterol and stigmasterol in about 5:1 ratio. Conclusion: The results of our study indicate that Hoya meliflua shares similar chemical characteristics with other members of the genus Hoya. The triterpenes and sterols obtained from H. meliflua were also identified from other Hoya species. It is interesting to note that although most Hoya plants have no known biological activity and medicinal property, the compounds isolated from H. meliflua possess diverse bioactivities.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Hoya meliflua, Lupenone, Lupenyl Cinnamate, Lupeol, Oleanone, Squalene, Stigmasterol, Ursenone, α-amyrin, α-amyrin Cinnamate, β-amyrin, β-amyrin Cinnamate, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.9}, author = {Vincent Antonio S. Ng and Raymond S. Malabed and Fernando B. Aurigue and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {951, title = {Validation of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Bromelain in Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr) Water}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {901-906}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {901}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to validate HPLC method for analysis bromelain levels in pineapple water and application that method to determine the storage time of pineapple water. Methods: The reversed phase of HPLC method was tested and optimized before it is validated. The composition and the flow rate of the mobile phase is the optimized parameter. The analytical parameters validated were detection limits, linearity, accuracy and precision. Pineapple water was stored for 8 h at 10{\textordmasculine}C and bromelain was determined using the validated HPLC method. Result: The optimum mobile phase composition was methanolwater (70:30) with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The detector concentration-response was linear with coefficient of determination of 0.993. The accuracy of HPLC method at a recovery of 1 and 2\% bromelain was 106.37 {\textpm} 1.94\% and 98.12 {\textpm} 1.29\% (n = 5), respectively. The precision, expressed as the coefficients of variation (CV), at 1 and 2\% bromelain were 1.83 and 1.32\% (n = 5), respectively. Bromelain level at zero time was 81.53\%. After storage for 8 h at 10{\textordmasculine}C, bromelain levels in pineapple juice appeared to decrease not statistically significant (p \> 0.05), with to mean value of 78.46 {\textpm} 2.88\%. Conclusion: The HPLC method developed was valid to analyze accurately concentrations of bromelain in pineapple water and it can be used to study the shelf life of pineapple water based on bromelain content. The bromelain content in pineapple juice was not statistically significantly different after 8 h storage at 10{\textdegree}C.

}, keywords = {Bromelain, HPLC, Pineapple water, Storage}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.144}, author = {Novi Yantih and Alfadella Methananda and Yahdiana Harahap and Wahono Sumaryono and Lestari Rahayu} } @article {976, title = {Wound Healing Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Selaginella Bryopteris on Rats (Retracted)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {984-990}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {984}, abstract = {

This Article has been retracted due to Authors{\textquoteright} request.\ 

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.155}, author = {Shravan Kumar Paswan and Sajal Srivastava and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {616, title = {Acute and Sub-Acute Antihypertensive Effects of Syzygium polyanthum Leaf Extracts with Determination of Gallic Acid using HPLC Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {663-671}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {663}, abstract = {

Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial- preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance- liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/ kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until 3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 \± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 \± 10.30 ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP\’s effect was more prominent than ADSP

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Gallic acid, HPLC, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.109}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/647}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Nurul Syahida Ramli and Mahaneem Mohamed and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {702, title = {Anatomical Study and Characterization of Metabolites in Leaves of Momordica charantia L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {823-826}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {823}, abstract = {

Background: Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), is an herbaceous plant used for food and traditional medicine. It presents a proven antidiabetic activity in the literature, being a promising species for the development of phytotherapics. Objective: The objective was performing an anatomical study and characterizing the metabolites in leaves of M. charantia. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Maceration and histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical characterization revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the idioblasts and tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. The histochemistry allowed determining the location of the metabolites and, along with the chemical microanalyses, to identify the type of crystal in the leaf blade. Conclusion: The study described new characters for M. charantia and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Bitter melon, Crystals, Histochemistry, Mel{\~a}o-de-S{\~a}o-Caetano}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.140}, author = {Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Jos{\'e} Ribeiro Padilha and Luiz Carlos Alves and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {562, title = {Antimicrobial Potential of Crude Extracts of Thespesia populnea L. Flower on Multiple Drug Resistant Opportunistic Pathogens in HIV/AIDS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {590-597}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {590}, abstract = {

Background: Thespesia populnea L. commonly known as tulip tree or \‘portia\’ tree has been traditionally used for different illnesses. Thespesia populnea L. is considered to have high tannin content and have high therapeutic value. Purpose: The antifungal and antibacterial potential of T. populnea L. should be checked on multiple drug resistant opportunistic pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans in HIV/AIDS patients. Methods: In order to check the effect of antibiotics antibiogram was studied with antibiotic sensitivity discs. To study the major factor affecting resistance test on formation of biofilm was done by tube and plate methods. The dried flower powder was subjected to sauxlaut hot extraction and the crude extract was analysed by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrophotoscopy. Antimicrobial potential of the ethyl acetate extract of the flower was checked by well agar diffusion, UV Spectrometry for growth rate and docking of selected compounds on the microbes of our study by the application of a software. Results: The tested extracts and the selected compounds have showed significant results in the antimicrobial activities against the opportunistic pathogens in human. Higher the concentration of the extracts better is the inhibition of microbes. Conclusion: The study provides a scientific rationale for the traditional use in the management of opportunistic pathogens which are multidrug resistant.

}, keywords = {Antibiogram, Antimicrobial, Biofilm, Docking, Inhibition, Multidrug Resistant, Opportunistic Pathogens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.97}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/530}, author = {Jancy Varghese and S. Rajamani and Betty Daniel} } @article {743, title = {Antioxidant Activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Asparagus racemosus Roots}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1129-1132}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1129}, abstract = {

Background: Asparagus racemosus (AR) is commonly known as shatavari, satawar or satmuli in India and in Thailand it is call sam-sib or rak-sam-sib. The dried root of AR is used in Ayurveda as an antiulcerous and antiinflammatory and has medicinal/pharmacological value. Objective: To investigate the antioxidant activities of Asparagus racemosus root extracts via total phenolic and total flavonoid contents of ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Methods: Antioxidant capacity measurements were carried out by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. Results: The ethanolic extract possessed higher antioxidant capacities than the aqueous extract in the three antioxidant assays (p\<0.05).These results have shown high phenolic and flavonoid contents. The ethanolic extract of AR root possessed higher amounts of phenolic and flavonoid contents than the aqueous extract. Conclusion: The antioxidant capacity of the ethanolic extract was higher than that in the aqueous extract.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Asparagus racemosus, Flavonoid, Phenolic compound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.192}, author = {Ladachart Taepongsorat and Surapong Rattana} } @article {678, title = {Antioxidant and Anti-Collagenase Activity of Sargassum Plagyophyllum Extract as an Anti-Wrinkle Cosmetic Ingredient}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {932-936}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {932}, abstract = {

Background: Sea algae are widely used as food and cosmetics in the world. There are several algae including brown algae which are us for human used to maintain health and skin care. Brown algae have various potential biological activities because contain substantial phytochemical constituent. Numerous report has identified phytochemical compound of Sargassum sp. extract but the activity as anti-collagenase almost none. Objective: To study the antioxidant, and anti-collagenase activity of Sargassum plagyophyllum extract as active pharmaceutical ingredient for anti-wrinkle cosmetics. Methods: Sargassum plagyophyllum obtained from Pasauran Beach, Banten, West Java, Indonesia. The extract Sargassum plagyophyllum extracted with three concentration ethanol-water: (E1) ethanol 25\%, (E2) ethanol 50\% and (E3) ethanol 75\%, by using maceration extraction method for 24 h, thrice. The extract was evaluated include total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and the best extract was tested for the anti-collagenase activity. Results: Total phenol in the extract were 0.588 \± 0.01 (E1), 0.272 \± 0.01 (E2), and 0.220\± 0.03 (E3) mg PGE/ 100 g extract, respectively. Antioxidant activity of the extract (50 mg/mL) was 41,61\±0,02\% (E1), 39,16\±0,01\% (E2), 37,58\±0,03\% (E3) and ascorbic acid 78.03\±0,65 \% (22.44 \μg/mL) as a standard. The best extract (E1) had inhibited the activity of collagenase by 54.46 \± 0.37\%. Conclusion: The brown seaweed (Sargassum plagyophyllum) extract can be used as an active pharmaceutical ingredient for anti-wrinkles cosmetic

}, keywords = {Anti-collagenase, Anti-wrinkle, Antioxidant, Sargassum plagyophyllum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.157}, author = {Mansauda Karlah Lifie Riani and Effionora Anwar and Tati Nurhayati} } @article {763, title = {Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Myrcia guianensis (Aubl.) DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s135-s140}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s135}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ethnobotanical studies report that Myrcia guianensis (Myrtaceae), belonging to a group of plants known as pedr\á-ume-ca\á or insulin plant, is used as a tea to treat various diseases, including diabetes, a metabolic disorder that leads to the constant production of free radicals. The objective of this work was to determine the antioxidant capacity and the cytotoxicity of the AEMg. Methods: The content of phenolic compounds in AEMg was determined by colorimetric assays. In vitro tests of the antioxidant capacity of AEMg, in the sequestration of DPPH radicals, in \β-carotene bleaching, in the FRAP, as well as in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, were performed. The cytotoxic activity of AEMg was evaluated in assays with eukaryotic cells from yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and in PBMC. Results: The results showed that the AEMg is rich in phenolic compounds, presenting high antioxidant potential in all the tests carried out, including in human fibroblast cells of the MRC-5 lineage, besides not being toxic to eukaryotic cells. Conclusion: The AEMg, rich in antioxidant compounds and no toxicity, can be used as source of natural antioxidant in the treatment of metabolic diseases to combat free radicals.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Myrtaceae, Oxidative stress, Pedra-ume-ca{\'a}, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.25}, author = {Regiane Sablina Almeida Bernardes and Sandra Layse Ferreira Sarrazin and Flaviana Alves dos Santos and Moacyr Jesus Barreto de Melo R{\^e}go and Maira Galdino da Rocha Pitta and Marina Ferraz Cordeiro and Patr{\'\i}cia Danielle Oliveira de Almeida and Ricardo Bezerra de Oliveira and Leoneide {\'E}rica Maduro Bouillet and Jos{\'e} Guilherme Soares Maia and Rosa Helena Veras Mour{\~a}o} } @article {761, title = {Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s83-s88}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s83}, abstract = {

Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya\’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its nutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51\±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49\±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67\μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15\μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125\±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5\±25.77ppm) and (122.75\±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidants, Aqueous extract, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.16}, author = {Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Bisma Malik and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {542, title = {Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Two Buckwheat Species from Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Background: Buckwheat in the past had been the staple food for many regions in the Himalaya\’s and its utilization has declined with time. In recent times buckwheat gained a lot of attention as it has been placed in the list of underutilized crops by FAO. There is a strong sentiment and realization for buckwheat revival because of its neutraceutrical properties due to which it provides the consumers with extra choice for his food basket. In this context the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential and mineral element analysis of two buckwheat species grown in Kashmir region. Methods: To achieve this goal, antioxidant potential of two buckwheat species was done by using standard protocols. For ionomic analysis, atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) was done to unravel the macro-and micro-nutrient composition. Result: Aqueous extract of Fagopyrum tataricum exhibits higher TPC (159.51\±10.3 mg gallic acid equivalent g-1 DW) and TFC (79.49\±9.76 mg rutin equivalent g-1 DW). The F. tataricum samples exhibit high radical scavenging activity (RSa50=26.67\μg ml-1) as compared to F. kashmirianum (RSa50=34.15\μg ml-1). Elemental analysis revealed that calcium (Ca) was found high in F. tataricum (5125\±56.76ppm) while as the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were found in high concentration in F. kashmirianum (1122.5\±25.77ppm) and (122.75\±12.34ppm) respectively. Conclusion: These findings suggested that buckwheat extract possess excellent antioxidant property and is rich source of minerals indispensable for human health. Thus, buckwheat could be a promising alternative in functional food sector for improving the social well-being and diminishing malnutrition especially for the impoverished community.

Key words: Aqueous extract, Antioxidants, AAS, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidants, Aqueous extract, Buckwheat, DPPH, FRAP.}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Bisma Malik and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {480, title = {Anti-Staphylococcal and Antioxidant Properties of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Macrofungi Collected from the Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {106-109}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {106}, abstract = {

Introduction: Macrofungi have been used in the Philippines as source of food and traditional medicines. However, these macrofungi in the Philippines have not yet been studied for different biological activities. Thus, this research determined the potential antibacterial and antioxidant activities of crude ethanolic extracts of seven macrofungi collected in Bataan, Philippines. Methods: Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion assay and broth microdilution method were used to screen for the antibacterial activity and DPPH scavenging assay for the determination of antioxidant activity. Results: F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum and P. pinisitus exhibited zones of inhibition ranging from 6.55 \± 0.23 mm to 7.43 \± 0.29 mm against S. aureus, D. confragosa, F. rosea, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus and P. pinisitus showed antimicrobial activities against S. aureus with an MIC50 ranging from 1250 \μg/mL to 10000 \μg/mL. F. rosea, G. applanatum, G. lucidum, M. xanthopus exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with F. rosea having the highest antioxidant activity among all the extracts tested (3.0 \μg/mL). Conclusion: Based on the results, these Philippine macrofungi showed antistaphylococcal activity independent of the antioxidant activity. These can be further studied as potential sources of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Mushrooms, Philippines, Staphylococcus aureus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.19}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/405}, author = {Christine May Gaylan and John Carlo Estebal and Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {495, title = {Cell-free Supernatant from Exiguobacterium acetylicum Isolated from Water Cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) Roots Inhibits Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {198-201}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {198}, abstract = {

Introduction: The study was carried out to isolate and identify potential antibiotic-producing bacteria associated with water cabbage (Pistia stratiotes) roots collected from Pampanga River, Pampanga, Philippines. Seven (7) bacterial colonies were randomly chosen at the 10-6 dilution factor. Antibiotic sensitivity test using agar well method revealed that only one isolate out of 7 selected colonies can inhibit the growth of the test organisms. Specifically, the isolate (namely T4) supernatant inhibited E. coli and B. subtilis but not S. aureus. T4\’s ability to inhibit E. coli was comparable with that of Tetracycline (positive control). Surprisingly, its inhibition of B. subtilis is significantly higher than that of Tetracycline. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis using NCBI Basic Local Alignment Search Tool revealed 99\% similarity of the isolate (T4) with Exiguobacterium acetylicum, a gram-positive, antibiotic-producing bacterium previously isolated from an apple orchard rhizosphere.

}, keywords = {Antibiotic, Cell-free supernatant, Exiguobacterium acetylicum, Pistia stratiotes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.34}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/420}, author = {Ashok Kumar Ranganathan and Renato A Dela Pe{\~n}a Jr and Marilyn T Malison and Oscar V Punzalan Jr and Christian R Pangilinan and Daniel E Gracilla} } @article {603, title = {Chemical Constituents of Cymodocea rotundata Asch. and Schweinf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {620-621}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {620}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cymodocea rotundata Asch. and Schweinf, a widespread seagrass with reported antimicrobial activity, was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: This study has led to the isolation of \β-sitosteryl-3\β-glucopyranoside-6\′-O-fatty acid esters (1), chlorophyll a (2) and a mixture of \β-sitosterol (3a) and stigmasterol (3b) in about 1:1 ratio from the dichloromethane extract of C. rotundata. Conclusion: This is the first report on the isolation of 1-3b from C. rotundata. Compounds 2-3b were reported to exhibit antibacterial activity and may be partly responsible for the reported antimicrobial activity of the C. rotundata extract.

}, keywords = {Chlorophyll, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodoceaceae, Stigmasterol., β-sitosterol, β-sitosteryl-3β-glucopyranoside-6'-Ofatty acid esters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.101}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/639}, author = {Judy D. V. Perez and Chien Chang Shen and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {774, title = {Chemicals and Bioactivity Discrimination of Syconia of Seven Varieties of Ficus deltoidea Jack via ATR-IR Spectroscopic-Based Metabolomics}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s147-s151}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s147}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ficus deltoidea is one of the common Malaysian medicinal plants and currently commercialized as raw ingredients in some local food products. However, those products do not discriminate the varieties of Ficus deltoidea used. Methods: FTIR-based metabolomics coupled with chemometric technique was applied to discriminate chemical components in ethanolic extracts of syconia of seven varieties of Ficus deltoidea namely; var. deltoidea, var. trengganuensis, var. kunstleri, var. angustifolia, var. bilobata, var. intermedia and var. motleyana. Unsupervised multivariate data analysis (MVDA) including principal component analysis (PCA) was used as to evaluate chemical variability among the seven varieties. For discrimination, orthogonal partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied, while partial least square (PLS) was used to evaluate the relationship between the alpha-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant activity and Ficus deltoidea varieties. Results: As a result, OPLS-DA successfully discriminated the seven varieties. The FTIR fingerprints which were responsible for the discrimination includes 1729, 1705, 1448, 1095, 453, 443 cm-1. In addition, PPLS model demonstrated the correlation between var. kunstleri, var. deltoidea and var. intermedia respective chemicals fingerprints and their bioactivity (DPPH, FRAP and \α-glucosidase inhibition). Conclusion: The findings revealed that FTIR spectroscopy, in combination with MVDA, can be used for structural functional discrimination in relation to the sample bioactivity.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase Inhibition, antioxidant activity, Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy, Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis, Principal Component Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.27}, author = {Alkasim Kabiru Yunusa and Zalilawati Mat Rashid and Nashriyah Mat and Che Abdullah Abu Bakar and Abdul Manaf Ali} } @article {463, title = {Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing: A Medicinal Plant for Gastric Cancer Induced By N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-Urea (NMU)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent diseases in human population: Many plants from Peruvian flora is used to treat cancer as alternative treatment. Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing (ChS) is a species with high potential therapeutic due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect as well as protective against prostate cancer. Objective: The main objective was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Chuquiraga spinosa extract on NMU (N-methyl-N nitrosourea)-induced gastric cancer in rats. Methods: Gastric carcinogenesis was induced in 30 male Holtzman rats by providing NMU 50 \μg/Kg by oral administration for 16 weeks. Ethanolic extract of ChS aerial parts was administered at doses 50, 250 and 500 mg/Kg per oral. The protective effect was determined through weight controls, biochemical and hematological parameters; the antioxidant capacity by superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and anti-inflammatory capacity by the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). The tumors were monitored by using histological examinations. Results: Oral administration of Chuquiraga spinosa extract significantly decreased superoxide dismutase malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein levels (p\<0,01, p\<0,01, p\<0,01 and p\<0,01 respectively compared with Inductor group). There was a significant increase in the weights of animals (P\<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Chuquiraga spinosa extract, we conclude that it has a protective effect on NMU induced gastric cancer in rats.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Chuquiraga spinosa, NMU}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.4}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/359}, author = {Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe} } @article {524, title = {A Comparative study on Internet Of Things (IoT) and its applications in Smart Agriculture}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {260-264}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {260}, abstract = {

Agriculture plays a vital role in country\’s economy and it has an extensive contribution towards human civilization. Due to the growing expansions in sensor devices, RFID and Internet protocols the architecture of Internet of Things (IoT) has been made to support agriculture by making a Smart agriculture. This paper describes the implementation of various IoT techniques and intelligent decision support systems used in agriculture. It provides a wide review on methods and technologies like ANFIS and PLSR Model predictions, experiences in various challenges as well as further work are discussed through the review article.

}, keywords = {ANFIS and PLSR, Internet of things, RFID-radio frequency Identification}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.46}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/476}, author = {A. Srilakshmi and Jeyasheela Rakkini and K. R. Sekar and R. Manikandan} } @article {577, title = {Detection and Quantification of Major Phytochemical Markers for Standardization of Talinum Portulacifolium, Gomphrena Serrata, Alternanthera Sessilis and Euphorbia Heterophylla by HPLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {439-446}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background: High-performance liquid chromatography is one of the major analytical techniques used in the quality control of phytochemicals. Objective: This research article presents the development of HPLC method to detect and quantify the major marker components, kaempferol, and quercetin from four plant species. Materials and Methods: HPLC method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant extracts by using orthophosphoric acid and methanol (95:5) at 370 nm for kaempferol, methanol and orthophosphoric acid (60:40) at 262nm for quercetin. Results: Kaempferol was detected from the hydro alcoholic extracts of Talinum portulacifolium leaves (RT 13.720, concentration 1.08 mg/ml) and flowers of Gomphrena serrata (RT 13.758, concentration 2.13mg/ml). Kaempferol was reported for the first time from Gomphrena serrata. Quercetin was separated and identified from the hydro alcoholic extracts Alternanthera sessilis stems (RT 6.503, concentration 0.01mg/ml). The hydroalcoholic extract of Euphorbia heterophylla stems (RT 6.588, concentration 0.01mg/ml) was also evaluated for the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The method developed is very useful tool for qualifying and quantifying the plant specimens as well as their extracts.

}, keywords = {Extracts., HPLC, Kaempferol, Marker, Plant specimens, Quality control, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.72}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/505}, author = {Mamillapalli Vani and Shaik Abdul Rahaman and Avula Prameela Rani} } @article {555, title = {Effect of Gynura procumbens Extracts on Anti-Proliferative Activity and its Associated Morphological Changes of Human Glioblastoma multiforme Cell Line (U-87)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Objective: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr is a well-known traditional herb and is widely used for traditional medicine by human. Previous clinical studies have shown the benefit effect of this leaves with inflammation, high blood pressure and others. This study aims to investigate the effect of methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Gynura procumbens on U-87 cell line, human glioblastoma multiforme cell line. Methods: In the present study, effect of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on U-87 cell line was determined by MTT-based anti-proliferative assay and any significant changes to the cells towards apoptotic changes was observed under a light microscope. Results: The ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens was found to have high anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line with IC50 less than 20\μg/ml. By comparing IC50 value, ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens had high potential for anti-proliferative effect on U- 87 cell line. Therefore, ethanol and methanol extracts can be a potential anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of exploring the effect of Gynura procumbens extracts using three different polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) effect on U-87 cell line, Human glioblastoma multiforme cells.

Key words: Gynura procumbens, Ethanol, Methanol, U87 cell line, Antiproliferative.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative., Ethanol, Gynura procumbens, Methanol, U87 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin and Mimie Noratiqah Jumli and Norhaslinda Ridzwan and Atif Amin Baig and Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif and Norhayati Abd Hadi} } @article {586, title = {Effect of Gynura procumbens Extracts on Anti-Proliferative Activity and its Associated Morphological Changes of Human Glioblastoma multiforme Cell Line (U-87)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {492-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {492}, abstract = {

Objective: Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr is a well-known traditional herb and is widely used for traditional medicine by human. Previous clinical studies have shown the benefit effect of this leaves with inflammation, high blood pressure and others. This study aims to investigate the effect of methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Gynura procumbens on U-87 cell line, human Glioblastoma multiforme cell line. Methods: In the present study, effect of methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts on U-87 cell line was determined by MTT-based anti-proliferative assay and any significant changes to the cells towards apoptotic changes was observed under a light microscope. Results: The ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens was found to have high anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line with IC50 less than 20\μg/ml. By comparing IC50 value, ethanol and methanol extracts of Gynura procumbens had high potential for anti-proliferative effect on U- 87 cell line. Therefore, ethanol and methanol extracts can be a potential anti-proliferative effect on U-87 cell line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of exploring the effect of Gynura procumbens extracts using three different polarity (methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate) effect on U-87 cell line, Human Glioblastoma multiforme cells.

}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, Ethanol, Gynura procumbens, Methanol, U87 cell line}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.81}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/514}, author = {Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin and Mimie Noratiqah Jumli and Norhaslinda Ridzwan and Atif Amin Baig and Ahmad Zubaidi Abdul Latif and Norhayati Abd Hadi} } @article {699, title = {Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {859-870}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {859}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study documented the species of medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes, preparations, mode of administration of these medicinal plants were determined. The most important species based on use values and informant consensus factors were also calculated. Methods: A total of 26 informants were interviewed regarding the plants they utilize for medicinal purposes. Free and prior informed consents were obtained from the informants. Taxonomic identification was done in the Botany Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. Informant consensus factor (FIC) and use values (UV) were also calculated. Results: Ayta communities listed a total of 118 plant species classified into 49 families used as herbal medicines. The Family Fabaceae was the most represented plant family with 11 species. Leaves were the most used plant part (43\%). Majority of medicinal preparations were taken orally (57\%). It was found that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the three communities with the use value of 0.814. Conclusion: This documentation provides a catalog of useful plants of the Ayta and serves as a physical record of their culture for the education of future Ayta generations.

}, keywords = {Ayta, Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Philippines, Traditional medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.145}, author = {Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco and MARLON LIAN C. CONDES and Hanna Hasmini T. Estadilla and Elena M. Ragragio} } @article {749, title = {Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Pterocarpus marsupium: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s1-s8}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {s1}, abstract = {

Pterocarpus marsupium is an important therapeutic and medicinal plant belonging to family Fabaceae and commonly named as Indian Kino tree, Bijasal, Venga or Vijayasara. It is a huge deciduous plant and widely distributed in the Central, Western and Southern regions of India. Role of P. marsupium is found in Ayurveda, Homeopathic and Unani systems of medicine. It is a decent source of tannins and flavonoids hence, used as influential astringent, anodyne, cooling, regenerating agent and also used for the treatments of leprosy, leucoderma, toothache, fractures, diarrhea, passive hemorrhage, and dysentery, bruises and diabetes. It is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, gout, diabetic anemia, indigestion, asthma, cough, discoloration of hair, bronchitis, ophthalmic complications, elephantiasis and erysipelas. Researchers have been stated the presence of several phytoconstituents in P. marsupium and also their pharmacological activities. The current review aimed to define the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of P. marsupium which will have been help in the researchers for further qualitative research.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Epicatechin, Indian Kino, Pharmacology, Phytochemistry, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tannin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.1}, author = {Mohd Saidur Rahman and Md. Mujahid and Mohd Aftab Siddiqui and Md. Azizur Rahman, and Muhammad Arif and Shimaila Eram and Anayatullah Khan and Md Azeemuddin} } @article {516, title = {Evaluation of Chemoprotective Effect of Quercetin from Argyreia speciosa against N-methyl-N-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-Induced Gastric Carcinomas in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the chemo protective potential of Quercetin, an isolated compound from Argyreia speciosa, on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-induced gastric carcinomas in Wistar rats. Methods: The rats were fed with a diet supplemented with 8\% NaCl and simultaneously given N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. After administration of the carcinogen, quercetin was administered. The whole stomach and a part of duodenum were sampled, cut open and tumors were recorded. The specimens were histopathologically investigated and the expression of surviving was examined with immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Conclusions: The treatment with quercetin significantly increases body weight in the rats after N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration. Survivin expression in glandular stomachs of normal rats, of rats in adenocarcinomas and quercetin at dose dependent manner treated rats were 0\%, 90\%, 75\%, 33.3-25\%, respectively. Compared with the survivin expression in negative rats, the differences were significant. Compared with the survivin expression in normal rats, the differences were significant. Histological observations of stomach tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings indicated that the Quercetin treatment could stimulate immunity activity in rats with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced gastric carcinoma and have pronounced effect on survivin which is an attractive target for gastric cancer therapy.

}, keywords = {Argyreia speciosa, Gastric carcinoma, Immunochemistry, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.37}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/467}, author = {Lubna Azmi and Ila Shukla and Shyam Sundar Gupta and Aniruddh Chaudhary and Padam Kant and Narayan Prasad Yadav and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {725, title = {Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Potential of Amaranthus caudatus L. Grown in Kashmir Region}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1119-1124}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1119}, abstract = {

Background: Plants have a well-developed defensive machinery for minimizing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated damages in the form of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. The in-vitro mechanism of antioxidant action of plant extracts may involve direct inhibition of the ROS generation or ROS scavenging. The antioxidant activity of the extracts may be due to active constituents alone or the combination of constituents. However, the amount of constituents are known to vary according to the change in environment. Method: In our study, antioxidant activity of Amaranthus caudatus L. from two different sites (elevation sites) was investigated at three stages, (vegetative, pre flowering and post flowering) using ethanolic extract (EtOH). Result: The phenolic and flavonoid content increased at all stages from site 1 to site 2. The total reducing power, Ferrous reducing antioxidative power (FRAP), diphenyl picryl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, superoxide dismutase scavenging (SOD) assay and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity increased from site 1 to site 2 at all the three stages. Conclusion: The results reveal that the altitude and the growth stage have a significant effect on antioxidative potential of Amaranthus.

}, keywords = {Amaranthus, Ethanolic extract, Hydrogen peroxide, Phenolics, Reactive Oxygen Species, Superoxide dismutase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.190}, author = {Asiya Ramzan and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {560, title = {Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {x}, pages = {XX-XX}, type = {x}, chapter = {XX}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance.

Key words: Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols.}, doi = {10.5530/jppcm.2018.2s.xx}, author = {Shaswat Ojha and Adarsha Raj and Alokesh Roy and Sudipta Roy} } @article {594, title = {Extraction of Total Phenolics, Flavonoids and Tannins from Paederia foetida L. Leaves and their Relation with Antioxidant Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {541-547}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Paederia foetida L. is a climbing shrub that possesses several ethnomedicinal uses with immense pharmacologic relevance. Objective: The study aims to determine an efficient extraction condition for phenolic compounds with substantial antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Solvent (aqueous, methanol, ethanol and acetone) extracts were made from fresh leaves (FL) and shade dried leaves (SDL) of P. foetida with different durations (12, 24, 36 and 48 h). Quantitative estimations of all extracts were made for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC) along with their total antioxidant activity (TAA). The phenolic contents of different extracts were correlated with their TAA. Extracts with highest phenolic yield and TAA estimates for each solvent were assessed by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2ˊ-azinobis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS), superoxide (SO) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Results: Methanol exhibited the highest extraction ability for TPC, TFC and TAA while aqueous extractions are superior for TTC. The maximum estimates of all the studied components are noted at 48 h. Mostly, extracts of SDL are superior to FL. TPC and TFC are interrelated between themselves as well as showed positive and significant correlation with TAA. The antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, SO and FRAP) reveal higher antioxidant activity with methanolic extracts compared to other studied solvents. Conclusion: The study highlights antioxidant properties of phenolics, particularly flavonoids in P. foetida, which can be further explored for its pharmacological importance.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Extraction conditions, Fresh and shade dried leaves, Paederia foetida, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.88}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/521}, author = {Shaswat Ojha and Adarsha Raj and Alokesh Roy and Sudipta Roy} } @article {600, title = {Ficus religiosa Tree Leaves as Bioindicators of Heavy Metals in Gorakhpur City, Uttar Pradesh, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {416-420}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {416}, abstract = {

Objective: The present work investigates the metal uptake of the plant Ficus religiosa leaves collected from nine experimental sites in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The concentration of lead in leaves was determined with help of atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The level of the lead in leaves of Ficus religiosa was much higher than the limits recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The bioaccumulation of lead was highest in site 2 (Gayatri nagar) i.e. 14.1 mg kg-1 dry weight of F. religiosa. To determine the relationship between the lead concentration in leaves and traffic density the Pearson\’s correlation analysis has been performed. Conclusion: The value of Pearson\’s correlation coefficient was positive indicating that the traffic density plays an important role in the lead pollution in plants.

}, keywords = {Atomic absorption spectroscopy, Lead, Metal}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.68}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/501}, author = {Pooja Agrahari and Richa R and Kumari Swati and Supriya Rai and Vinay Kumar Singh and Dinesh Kumar Singh} } @article {606, title = {Functional and Morphological Studies of Organic and Inorganic Tomatoes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {715-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {715}, abstract = {

Aim: To study the functional and morphological characteristics of organic and inorganic tomatoes. Methodology: UV treated, and untreated organic and inorganic tomato powdered samples were assessed using an analytical technique FT-IR and SEM. Results: FT-IR spectra of organic control samples showed peaks at (3290.12, 2924.72 and 1611.61 cm-1) while, organic treated samples revealed some peaks at (3287.11, 2925.66 and 1612.91 cm-1), inorganic control tomatoes confirmed the peaks at (3289.47, 2925.76 and 1619.26 cm-1) and in inorganic treated tomatoes peaks was at (3289.42, 2925.34 and 1619.31 cm-1) respectively, on confirming the presence of O-H, C-H, C=C, C=O and C-OH functional groups. However, results confirmed slight changes in functional groups of organic and inorganic samples and UV treatment helps in decreasing the effect of fluoride, chloride and other synthetic chemicals level by disinfecting the samples. SEM micrographs showed non-significant changes with minimal effect of UV in all samples. Conclusion: The outcome of the study helps in effective understanding of functional and microstructural differences between organic and inorganic tomatoes.

}, keywords = {FT-IR, Inorganic, Organic, SEM, Tomatoes, UV treatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.119}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/657}, author = {Shwetha M S and Sinija V R and M Durgadevi and B K Yadav and S Shanmugasundaram} } @article {513, title = {GC-MS Analysis and Anti-Microbial Activities of Volatile Oil of Nardostachys Jatamansi D.C. Rhizomes Obtained from Haridwar Region, Uttrakhand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {230-234}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {230}, abstract = {

The Rhizomes of Nardostachys jatamansi D.C (Family Valerianceae) were collected from Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Aim: To identify the various volatile constituents of Nardostachys jatamansi D. C. Rhizomes and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Method: The essential oil was collected by hydro distillation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC- MS). Volatile oil constituents, antimicrobial potential of Nardostachys jatamansi D. C. Rhizomes have been studied using different concentrations of the volatile oil against some micro-organisms. Results: A total of 10 compounds were identified from their fragmentation pattern. The Identified compounds were Calarene (20.4\%), Vardiflorene (12.3\%), \α- Panasinsen (9.7\%), \α- Santalene (4.6\%), \γ-Himachelene (17.1\%), Jatamansone (7\%), Ionol 4 (9.9\%), 2,2,7,7- Tetramethyl tricyclo[6,2,1,0 (1,6)] undec-4-ene 3-one (1.7\%), Epiglobulol (1.9\%) and Resibufogenin (8.4\%). Among them major constituents characterized was Calarene (20.4 \%) and followed by \γ-Himachelene (17.1\%) and Vardiflorene (12.3 \%). The volatile oil showed significant activity against all tested microorganisms. The maximum antibacterial activity was shown with 1\%v/v of volatile oil on Staphylococcus aureus (12.8 mm) followed by Escherichia coli (12.4 mm), whereas maximum anti-fungal activity was shown by 1\% v/v of volatile oil on Candida albicans (12.3 mm) followed by Aspergillus niger (11.9 mm). Conclusion: All identified constituents showed antibacterial activity and antifungal activity. Thus, the constituents should be further identified and analyzed by other spectrosopical techniques.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial activity, GC GC-MS analysis, Hydro distillation, Nardostachys jatamansi DC, Volatile oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.40}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/470}, author = {Vijender Singh and Neha Rana and Mohd Ali} } @article {482, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds in Syzygium polyanthum Leaves Extracted using Ultrasound-Assisted Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {110-119}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {110}, abstract = {

Context: Syzygium polyanthum has been traditionally formulated by the folklore for the treatment of diseases including diarrhea, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, gastritis and hyperuricemia. Normally, its phytochemicals are always extracted using solvent, maceration and steam distillation methods, but the use of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is still not well documented. Aims: This study aims to extract the phytochemical compounds present in S. polyanthum leaves using UAE and to identify them by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Methodology: The leaves were consecutively soaked with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol in a bath sonicator to derive n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) extracts of S. polyanthum leaves and then the extracts were subjected to GC-MS analysis. Mass-spectral databases of peaks were compared with database from Wiley, NIST and FNSCC libraries for compound identification. Results: GC-MS analyses of HSP, EASP and MSP showed the presence of 21, 27, and 31 peaks, respectively. The major compound for HSP (31.912\%), EASP (27.042\%), and MSP (22.386\%) were unknown compounds which were detected at retention time between 61.980 and 62.29 min, thus requires further characterization. Squalene and phytol were among the other major compounds present in all three extracts. Several identified compounds in the extracts such as squalene, phytol, hentriacontane, palmitic acid, \α-pinene, nerolidol, linalool, \α-tocopherol and \β-tocopherol were known bioactive compounds. Conclusion: GC-MS analyses of n-hexane (HSP), ethyl acetate (EASP), and methanol (MSP) of S. polyanthum leaves extracts have revealed the presence of some known bioactive compounds with therapeutic importance.

}, keywords = {Bioactive compound, GC-MS, Sonication, Syzygium polyanthum, Ultra-sound-assisted}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.20}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/406}, author = {Erlena Nor Asmira Abd Rahim and Azlini Ismail and Muhammad Nor Omar and Umi Nadhirah Rahmat and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {623, title = {High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis for the Simultaneous Quantification of Two Polyphenolic Biomarkers in Methanolic Fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. Floral Buds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {773-777}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {773}, abstract = {

Objectives: A high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of caffeic acid and quercetin in methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds was developed for the first time. Method: For achieving good separation, a mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:3:0.5, v/v/v) was used. The densitometric determination was carried out at 366 nm in reflection/absorption mode. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 100-600 ng per spot for caffeic acid and quercetin. Results: During the analysis methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds showed the pres\¬ence of caffeic acid (0.02\%) and quercetin (0.018\%). Conclusion: The proposed method is simple, precise, specific, accurate, less time consuming and cost effective. The statistical analysis of data obtained proves that the method is reproducible and selective and can be used for routine analysis of reported phenolic compounds in crude drug and extracts. The simultaneous quan\¬tification of these compounds has not yet been reported in floral buds of Bauhinia tomentosa which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the plant.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia tomentosa, Caffeic acid, HPTLC, Quercetin, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.130}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/668}, author = {Abhishek Gupta and Harinath Dwivedi and AKS Rawat} } @article {518, title = {Impact of Regularly Supervised Training of Pranayama and Omkar Meditation on the Cardio-Respiratory Parameters and Short-Term Memory of Persons with Special Needs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {366-370}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {366}, abstract = {

Background: Yogic practices are known to affect the cardiac, respiratory and mental status of people. Objective: To investigate if the regularly supervised training of pranayama and meditation affects the basic cardio-respiratory parameters and short-term-memory (STM) of mentally challenged young adults. Material and methods: 80 mentally challenged young adults attending a special school were randomly divided into the control group and Yoga group. Yoga group performed Naadishodhan, Kapalbhati pranayama and Aum Chanting under total supervision for 30 min daily for 3 weeks, except on Sundays. Control group was involved with the regular school curriculum. The parameters were measured twice, before (baseline) and after (follow-up) the study period. STM was evaluated under two subcategories, first by the ability to repeat the numbers in reverse order and second, repeating the words in the same order. Respiratory rate, pulse, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured as cardio-respiratory parameters. Results: Both groups had similar baseline scores. At follow-up, highly significant improvements were observed in Yoga-group as compared to control. In the Yoga-group scores of both the sub-categories of STM were higher, respiratory-rate and heart-rate were lower but was within normal range. However, both systolic and diastolic blood pressures of Yoga group showed no changes as compared to control. Conclusion: The pranayama and meditation has beneficial influences on heart rate, breathing rate and STM of mentally-challenged people.

}, keywords = {Meditation, Mental retardation, Pranayama, Short term memory, Yoga}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.61}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/491}, author = {Kunal and Subbalakshmi Narasajjana Krishnadasa and Pai Sheila R and Rashmi Kaup Shiva and Nayanatara Arunkumar and Vinodini Nithyananda Anantharaya and Pratik Kumar Chatterjee} } @article {680, title = {Improved Bioactive Metabolite Production by Saccharopolyspora halotolerans VSM-2 Using Response Surface Methodology and Unstructured Kinetic Modelling}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {833-840}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {833}, abstract = {

Background: This study targets to optimize and analyse the interactive effects of process variables for improved bioactive metabolite production using RSM and unstructured kinetic modelling by S. halotolerans VSM 2. Materials and Methods: RSM was applied to optimize the interactive effects of five variables, viz., time of incubation, pH, temperature, concentration of maltose and meat extract on bioactive metabolite production and its effect against the five responses viz., S. flexneri, S. marcescens, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Models of Logistic and Luedeking-Piret were used to simulate the cellular increase and bioactive metabolite production. Results: RSM optimal conditions for the bioactive metabolite production recorded were incubation time (12days), pH (8), and temperature (250C), concentrations of maltose and meat extract (1 \% w/v) (each). The effect of the bioactive metabolite produced (zone of inhibition) against the responses were found to be 17 mm for S. flexneri, 17 mm for S. marcescens, 16 mm for P. vulgaris, 17 mm for P. aeruginosa and 18 mm for E coli. The data obtained from experimental values are in close agreement with the predicted values of RSM. Model adequacy was evaluated using ANOVA variance where the quadratic effect of p\<0.0001 which imply the significance of the model. The unstructured-, mathematical- kinetic models provided a better approximation of profiles of S. halotolerans VSM 2 growth, optimized media utilization and bioactive metabolite production. Conclusion: Optimization of the independent variables for the production of the bioactive metabolite using RSM by S. halotolerans VSM 2 and its effect against the five responses were documented. The predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values. Unstructured models provided a better approximation of kinetic profiles for bioactive metabolite production by S. halotolerans VSM 2.

}, keywords = {Bioactive metabolites, Kinetic Modelling, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Saccharopolyspora halotolerans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.142}, author = {Ushakiranmayi Managamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Mani Deepa Indupalli and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {502, title = {Improvement of Immune System Analyzed through Various Cluster Techniques {\textendash} A Survey}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {256-259}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {256}, abstract = {

The world health organization report says the immunity deficiency is the biggest problem in the all over the world. Immune system can be improved through many fruits, especially grape is inevitable fruit that provides high neutrinos. The grape contains phytonutrients, Phenols and Poly phenols in rich amount. It is used for constipation, indigestion, fatigueless, kidney disorder, Macular degeneration and cataracts. The grape seed reduces swelling, Eye disease caused by diabetics and acting as antioxidants. In the research article, plenty number of classifiers were used to identify good type of grapes that provides the above said. The methodology applied in the work were Ada Boost and Machine learning Meta algorithm. The above areas were reviewed to the core.

}, keywords = {Ada boost classifier, Color components, Grape detection, Immune systems, Phytonutrients, Segmentation techniques}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.45}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/475}, author = {M Veronica Arokia Mary and K R Sekar and R Manikandan and K S Ravichandran} } @article {559, title = {In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Mangrove Fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {598-601}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mangrove fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L) from Sonneratiaceae family known with local name \“Pidada Merah\” has bioactive components. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this plant. Method: The sample was macerated using methanol, the antimicrobial activity assay was performed using agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli ATTC9637, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC6538, and Candida albicans ATTC10231. Results: Antimicrobial activity of Mangrove fruit methanol extract were obtained the optimum concentration of S. aureus of 80\%, E. coli of 15\%, and C. albicans of 30\%. Conclusion: based on the results, the sample has antimicrobial properties, and this is a preliminary data for further study.

Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris L, Mangrove fruit, Antimicrobial activity, Agar disc diffusion method.

}, keywords = {Agar disc diffusion method, Antimicrobial activity, Mangrove fruit, Sonneratia caseolaris L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.98}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/531}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Arif Lukman and Muhammad Amir Masruhim and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {640, title = {Indonesian Herbal SGLT2 Inhibitor Discovery through Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {803-807}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {803}, abstract = {

Objective: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor had been evaluated in clinical trials as the basic strategy of hyperglycemia handling in diabetes. However, because of SGLT2 inhibitors is the new class of oral antidiabetic, it is rare to be found in Indonesia, and it is costly. This study was intended to find compounds from Indonesian herbal database that show capability to be used as SGLT2 inhibitors through a pharmacophore-based virtual screening approach. Methods: The SGLT2 inhibitor pharmacophore models were made from 10 training sets of SGLT2 ligand inhibitors using the Ligand Scout 4.1.5. Ten pharmacophore models which had been made were validated using test set and decoy set methods to know how the performance of pharmacophore model worked. Virtual screening were then applied to the best pharmacophore model. Results: The model-1 pharmacophore was the best model, with values of 0.9080, EF1\% = 56.5, EF5\% = 56.5 and AUC100\% = 0.87 which served as model for virtual screening. Model-1 consisted of one hydrophobic interaction, one aromatic ring, four hydrogen bond donors and five hydrogen bond acceptors. Virtual screening showed three compounds (Hits) with best pharmacophore fit scores according to model-1 among 1377 compounds, they were vitexin = 113.62; cucumerin A = 112.62; and cucumerin B = 113.51. Conclusion: These results showed that vitexin, cucumerin A, and cucumerin B potentially have activity as an SGLT2 inhibitor.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Pharmacophore, SGLT2 Inhibitor, Virtual Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.136}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/674}, author = {Rezwendy R and Rezi Riadhi Syahdi and Arry Yanuar} } @article {772, title = {Inhibitory Actions of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts against Carbohydrate-digesting Enzymes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s113-s118}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s113}, abstract = {

Context: The leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. (banaba) have been consumed traditionally in several Southeast Asian countries for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The plasma glucose lowering actions of this medicinal plant were proposed to be linked with several mechanisms of action. However, its inhibitory actions against \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase, which play a major role in the regulation of postprandial plasma glucose, have not been clearly established. Aims: This study thus aimed to investigate the effects of Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts (LSA and LSE extracts, respectively) on in vitro carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activities and enzyme kinetics. Settings and Design: In vitro carbohydrate-digesting enzyme activity assay. Materials and Methods: The activities of \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase were indicated by the amounts of maltose and p-nitrophenol generated in the reactions, respectively. Statistical analysis used: The data were analysed by using one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Results: The LSA extract significantly inhibited both \α-amylase and \α-glucosidase enzymes with the IC50s of 1.21\±0.16 and 49.71\±0.86 \μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the LSE extract selectively inhibited \α-amylase activity (IC50 = 22.21\±4.00 \μg/mL) with no apparent inhibition against \α-glucosidase activity. Both LSA and LSE extracts inhibited \α-amylase enzyme in a mixed inhibition manner whilst the LSA extract also acted as a mixed inhibitor against \α-glucosidase enzyme. The extracts possessed higher binding affinities toward the enzymes, indicated by the lower Ki values, when compared to acarbose (positive control). Conclusion: These results suggest the potential use of the extracts for a control of postprandial plasma glucose.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers., α-amylase, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.22}, author = {Wanwisa Khunawattanakul and Passakorn Boonma and Ronnarit Kampetch and Achida Jaruchotikamol and Benjamart Cushnie and Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Pawitra Pulbutr} } @article {526, title = {Investigation of Immunomodulatory Potential of Whole Plant of Boerhavia erecta Linn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {241-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The present study was designed to investigate immunomodulatory activity of aqueous extract of whole plant Boerhavia erecta. The concept of immunomodulation has been gaining much significance worldwide as people started realizing the indispensible role of the immune system in maintaining a disease-free state. Natural products have been considered a plentiful source in the search for new chemical entities that modulate the immune system with reduced adverse effects. Pharmacological evaluation of the crude ethanolic extract of Boerhavia diffusa roots has shown to possess anti proliferative and immunomodulatory properties but not reported from Boerhavia erecta. Due to that, immunomodulatory activity was carried out for the aqueous extract of Boerhavia erecta (Family: Nyctaginaceae). In this present study, aqueous extract of whole plant of Boerhavia erecta exhibited phagocytosis stimulation of human neutrophils against Candida albicans in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Boerhavia erecta, Candida albicans, Phagocytosis stimulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.42}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/472}, author = {Vasuki K and Murugananthan G and Banupriya C and Ramya R and Mohana priya C and Shenjudar D} } @article {744, title = {In-vitro Cytotoxic Activity of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.)Suksathan and Borchs. On A549, A431, CaCo2, U87 and L929 Cell Lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1216-1220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1216}, abstract = {

Introduction: Medicinal plants play a key role to cure many diseases from time immemorial. The usage of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal system is the vital process of India. Cancer is one of the killing diseases and causes severe defects on human being. There are many types of cancer diseases in human beings affects the different organs. There is no proper medicine to cure such kind of cancer diseases. Objective: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the test substances for their cytotoxicity against selected cell lines. Methods: In the present study the in-vitro cytotoxicity potential of chloroform and methanolic leaf extract of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. Was carried out against five cell lines, four of which were cancerous and one normal cell line i.e., A549, A431, CaCo2, U87 and L929. Results: The results revealed that the cytotoxicity potential of the leaf and rhizome increased with the increase in concentration of leaf and rhizome extracts. The chloroform leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against A549 cell line. The methanol leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against A431 cell line. The chloroform leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against CaCo2 cell line. The chloroform rhizome extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against U87 cell line. The methanolic leaf extract showed highest percentage of growth inhibition against L929 cell line .This shows that for different cell lines the highest percentage growth of inhibition was shown by different extracts. Conclusion: The present study has suggested that the leaf and rhizome extracts of Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs. , Possesses potent anticancer property which can be used to prepare anticancer drug with proper standardization methods.

}, keywords = {Anticancer activity, Cancer Cell Lines, Indianthus virgatus (Roxb.) Suksathan and Borchs, Medicinal plant}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.208}, author = {Sangeetha D N and S Rajamani} } @article {731, title = {Larvicidal and Pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer Leaf Extracts against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1137-1142}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1137}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate the larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Clerodendrum philippinum leaf extracts against disease causing vectors Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Methods: Five different concentrations (200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 ppm) of leaves were prepared by using aqueous (distilled water), ethanol, methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and tested for both the activity. The LC50 and LC90 values of leaf extracts were determined with the help of probit analysis. Results: Among the different extracts of leaf screened, the ethanol extract of C. philippinum was recorded the highest larvicidal and pupicidal activity of 100 \± 1.9 \% (1st instar) and 58 \± 0.8 \% at 600 ppm concentration for controlling An. stephensi, respectively. Similarly for Ae. aegypti, 97 \± 1.2 (1st instar) and 51 \± 0.5 (pupa) percentage of inhibition were achieved for the same solvent extracts of the leaf which were maximum than others. Moreover, the values of LC50 and LC90 clearly indicate that the activity of both larvicidal and pupicidal are not only solvent extracts dependant but also depend on their concentration. Conclusion: The obtained data highlight the potential role of ethanolic extracts of C. philippinum for controlling An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes at their larval and/ pupal stages of development.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Clerodendrum philippinum, Larvicidal activity, Pupicidal activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.194}, author = {Pranati Dhal and Jyoti Ranjan Rout and Preeti Krishna Dash and Sagorika Panda and Pallabi Pati and Chandi Charan Rath and Chinmay Pradhan and Santi Lata Sahoo} } @article {612, title = {Macro-Microscopic Atlas on Heartwood of Santalum album L. (Sandalwood)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {730-733}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {730}, abstract = {

Background: Santalum album L. (Fam. Santalaceae) is a small evergreen tree distributed in South India mainly on the Deccan plateau, especially in Mysore and Tamil Nadu. The heartwood is highly prized and medicinally useful; Santalum album is one of the ingredients in many Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations. Objective: The present study brings out macro-microscopic atlas on heartwood of medicinal plant Santalum album L. Materials and Methods: Sections and powder were observed and photographed under different magnifications with the help of Olympus BX51 Microscopic unit fitted with Olympus Camera. Results: Macroscopically odour and taste, microscopically tyloses, fibres, tailed pitted vessels, uni and biseriate medullary rays, brownish content and oil globules are the unique diagnostic characters reported. Conclusion: The finding of the present study is believed to be helpful in identifying the correct botanical source of the plant in crude form and also standardization of herbal formulation containing sandalwood as ingredient.

}, keywords = {Chandana, Macro-microscopic atlas, Pharmacognosy, Sandalwood, Santalum album}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.122}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/660}, author = {Susikumar Sundharamoorthy and Nartunai Govindarajan and Arunachalam Chinnapillai and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {762, title = {Microscopic Leaf Constant Numbers of Chromolaena odorata in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s95-s99}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s95}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M. King and H. Rob. (syn. Eupatorium odoratum L.), commonly known as Siam Weed, Christmas Bush, or Common Floss Flower, is a species in family Asteraceae. It has been widely used as medicinal plants for a long time. In Thailand, C. odorata is locally used to treat skin diseases and insect bites. Leave juice from the crushed leaves can be used as a haemostatic and anti-inflammatory in the treatment of skin wounds. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the leaf constant values of microscopic characters of leaf in term of stomatal number, stomatal index, epidermal cell number, trichome number, trichome index and oil gland number of C. odorata in Thailand. Method: Microscopic evaluation of leaf constants are frequency used for the medicinal plant samples. Leaf constant numbers used to identify between some closely related species. Light microscope (LM) attached a digital camera and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used in this study. Results and Conclusion: The results showed anomocytic stomata and multicellular non-glandular trichomes on both upper and lower epidermis of C. odorata, while oil glands were found on only lower epidermis of the leaf. The microscopic leaf constant numbers of C. odorata were established and could be used for the species identification of C. odorata in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Chromolaena odorata, Epidermal cell number, Oil gland number, Stomata number, Trichome number}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.18}, author = {Yamon Pitakpawasutthi and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {568, title = {Nephroprotective Effect of Aqueous Extract of Pimpinella anisum in Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {403-407}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {403}, abstract = {

Background: Pimpinella anisum known for its various medicinal properties is also a natural antioxidant and a free radical scavenger with no documented evidence as a nephroprotective agent. Objective: To evaluate the nephroprotective activity of aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds in a rodent model of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Wistar albino rats of either sex, weighing 150\–200 g was divided into 5 groups; normal saline, gentamicin 80mg/kg, intraperitoneally for 8 days, aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum seeds at 1, 2, and 4g/kg, per oral for 8 days, the test extract administered 3 days prior and concurrently with gentamicin for 5 days. Blood urea, serum creatinine, uric acid and blood urea nitrogen analyses and microscopic examination of kidney were performed. Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in serum urea, serum uric acid, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (107.5\±16.92mg/dl, 0.8\±0.09 mg/dl, 3.05\±0.29 mg/dl, 47.8\±9.07 mg/dl) respectively when compared to the saline treated groups. Co-administration of Pimpinella anisum extract with gentamicin decreased the rise in these parameters in a dose dependent manner. Histopathological analysis revealed epithelial loss with intense granular degeneration in gentamicin treated rats, whereas aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum mitigated the severity of gentamicin-induced renal damage. Conclusion: To conclude, our data suggest that aqueous extract of Pimpinella anisum exhibits renoprotective effect in gentamicin induced renal damage and further studies on its mechanism of action are warranted.

}, keywords = {Aniseed, Drug induced nephrotoxicity, Gentamicin, Nephroprotective, Pimpinella anisum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.66}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/532}, author = {Nair Aiswarya and Rao Rashmi R and Shenoy Preethi J and Vinod Chandran and S Teerthanath and Pai Sunil B and KB Rakesh} } @article {469, title = {Oral Glucose Tolerance Activity of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr.) Bulbs Extract Based on the Use of different Extraction Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {49-54}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {49}, abstract = {

Background: Bulbs of Bawang Dayak (Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr; Synonym: Eleutherine americana L. Merr) from family Iridaceae is widely found and grown in Kalimantan island. The local tribe \“Dayak\” commonly consume this plant and become a traded commodity in traditional markets. This plant is trusted to treat various diseases. Objective: The present study aims to determine the effect of blood glucose reduction from bulbs of Bawang Dayak based on the use of different extraction methods using oral glucose tolerance test. Method: Dried sample was extracted with methanol using maceration, reflux, and Soxhlet method, respectively. The measurement of blood glucose reduction was performed using oral glucose tolerance test in vivo method and was analyzed using statistical comparison (Two-Way-ANOVA). Results: Based on the each extraction results was obtained yields of as 8.636\% (reflux method), 11.87\% (maceration method), and 14.023\% (soxhlet method). While the results of blood glucose lowering effect on each extract were used, there were significant differences in statistical tests and organ index. Conclusion: This result is a preliminary stage and the information is invaluable for further research.

}, keywords = {Bawang Dayak, Bulbs of plant, Eleutherine palmifolia L. Merr, Extraction method, Oral glucose tolerance test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.10}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/365}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Niken Indriyanti and Yurika Sastyarina and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {511, title = {Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Piperine on Gliclazide in Animal Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {221-225}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {221}, abstract = {

Back Ground: The objective of the present study was to find out the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions of piperine on gliclazide in rats and rabbits. Methods: Influence of piperine on the activity of gliclazide was determined by conducting single- and multipledose interaction studies in rats (normal and diabetic) and diabetic rabbits. Blood samples collected at predetermined time intervals from experimental animals were used for the estimation of glucose and insulin levels by using automated clinical chemistry analyzer and radioimmunoassay method, respectively. \β-cell function was determined by homeostasis model assessment. Additionally, serum gliclazide levels in rabbits were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography. Results: Gliclazide showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and rabbits. Similarly, piperine also showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels in animals. Additionally, , samples analyzed from all time points in combination with piperine showed peak reduction in blood glucose in diabetic rats and rabbits. The pharmacokinetics of gliclazide was also altered by single- or multiple-dose piperine treatments in rabbits. Conclusion: The interaction of piperine with gliclazide upon single and multiple-dose treatment was pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic in nature, indicating the need for periodic monitoring of glucose levels and dose adjustment as necessary when this combination is prescribed to diabetic patients.

}, keywords = {Diabetes, Drug interaction, Gliclazide, Piperine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.38}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/468}, author = {Umachandar Lagisetty and Habibuddin Mohammed and Sivakumar Ramaiah} } @article {521, title = {Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical Analysis on Leaves of Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Objective: Kakhara, Dhanimari or Kakhda is one of the folklore plant of Odisha, which has been identified as Homalium ceylanicum (Gardn.) Benth. (Syn. H. zeylanicum) belonging to family Salicaceae (Flacourtiaceae). The leaves and bark of the plant is used in rheumatism, diabetes and wound healing. Review of literature revealed that the scientific evaluation on various parts of the plants has not been carried out, hence the present study has been designed to study leaves of Homalium ceylanicum Benth. For its morphology, anatomy, physiochemical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The leaves samples were collected from Gandhamardana hills, Odisha, in month of September 2016, herbarium was provided with herbarium reference no. phm/6216/2016-17 and also certified by BSI Kolkata. Macroscopic observations were made with naked eyes and centimeter scale was used to measure the leaf size. Microscopy of leaf, Stomatal index and powder microscopy was done as per standard protocol. Physicochemical and qualitative analysis were done following standard API protocols. Results: Leaves are simple, alternate, with crenate margin and petiole is pubescent. T.S. of petiole shows boat shaped with two protruding arms supported by 2 meristele. The schematic diagram of T.S. of petiole shows somewhat orbicular to boat shaped with two arms protruding supporting two meristele in each arm. Stomatal index is 15.94-16.91, powder is bitter with leafy aroma, microscopic shows paracyctic stomata key character of genus. LOD is 8.66 \± 0.72 and carbohydrates are present in both extracts. Conclusion: the anatomical characters and values obtained from analytical study can help in standardization.

}, keywords = {Anukta Dravya, Flacourtiaceae, Homalium ceylanicum, Leaf, Salicaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.48}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/478}, author = {Acharya Rabinarayan and Jani Switu and Chinappa Rudrappa and Shukla Vinay} } @article {608, title = {Pharmacognostical-physico-chemical Evaluation and Development of HPTLC Finger print for Cichorium intybus L. fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {694-699}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many herbal medicines are lacking pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data even though used widely for medicinal purposes. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) \– chicory is an ancient folklore medicine. Various parts of these plants are in use for a wide range of ailments including those affecting liver and kidney. The aim of the current study is to standardize the fruit of C. intybus for macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, TLC photo documentation along with development of HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Methods: Following standard pharmacopoeial procedures, detailed macro-microscopic characterization along with preliminary phytochemical features of the drug has been recorded from the current study. Results: Macro-microscopic study has revealed the authenticity of this medicinal achene type fruit. Physico-chemical and HPTLC studies revealed constants for identification and authentication of fruits of C. intybus. Conclusion: The current study will serve as a reference tool for quality maintenance, authentication as well as scientific validation of chicory fruits.

}, keywords = {Chicory fruits, Monograph, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.115 }, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/653}, author = {Achintya Kumar Mandal and Shakila Ramachandran and Kallingilkalathil Gopi Divya and Mattumal Rubeena and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {637, title = {Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Screening of some Plant Derived Medicine to Treat Dysmenorrheal Pain by the Rajbanshi Community}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {738-746}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {738}, abstract = {

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea is a sort of painful menstrual disorder. Several plants like Allium sativum L., Areca catechu L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Crinum amoenum Ker Gawl. Ex Roxb, Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Nymphaea rubra Roxb. Ex Andrews, Piper nigrum L., Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck were used in appropriate ratio to make herbal formulation to cure dysmenorrheal pain by the traditional healers of Rajbanshi community. Objective: By semi-structured questionnaires in the course of scheduled interviews with the local herbal practitioners, four herbal formulations (coded as DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4) were recorded. Pharmacognostic characterization was carried out for the authentication of the powder drugs which includes powder microscopy, fluorescence analysis and physicochemical evaluation. The presence of any therapeutic potential in DYS1, DYS2, DYS3 and DYS4 was determined by qualitative evaluation of phytochemicals of various successive solvent extracts based on their polarity. Thin layer chromatography was performed for screening various phyto-active compounds like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside, etc. Results: Powder microscopy revealed the presence of calcium oxalate crystal, stone cells etc. Various fluorescence colors were exhibited by these herbal drugs under UV after reacting with chemical reagents. Physical analyses values were also obtained in a satisfactory way. TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis showed the presence of active phytoconstituents like arbutin, alkaloids, coumarins, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: The results support the use of plants as a traditional medicine for the prevention disorders like Dysmenorrhea. Further evaluation is required for determining the efficacy of those herbal drugs and the active phytoconstituents involved in Dysmenorrheal therapy.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Dysmenorrhea, Pharmacognostic evaluation, Successive solvent extraction, Thin layer Chromatography., Traditional healer}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.124}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/662}, author = {Priyankar Roy and Palash Mandal and Subhasis Panda and Sonia Mitra Roy and Arunika Subba} } @article {620, title = {Pharmacophore Modelling of Brassicaceae Members as Potent HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factor) Inhibitors Involved in Cancer Angiogenesis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {798-802}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Angiogenesis is considered as an essential pathological feature of cancer due to its interplay between cancer and other diseases. Natural products found to act as antiangiogenic agents that mediate the angiogenic switch between pro and anti angiogenic factors. Among the different targets, HIF is an important and critical factor that stands as a key mediator between angiogenesis, inflammation and cancer. In our study different phytochemicals of Brassicaceae were analysed for their drug like properties and mapped for pharmacophore development. The developed pharmacophore was virtually screened and further subjected to Lipinski and ADMET filters. The molecular interaction studies of the 10 retrieved compounds were studied by binding with HIF. Among the compounds 1stdrug like molecule HTS 0115 (C15H21BrN2O3) was found to have best docked score and its interaction was further validated using dynamics simulation. The compound found to share the pharmacophoric features with progoitrin a biochemical form of glucosinolate with reported anticancer and anti thyroid activities. Thus the drug like compound HTS 0115 can be further optimised as a putative HIF inhibitor in tumor angiogenesis.

}, keywords = {Angiogenesis, Brassicaceae, HIF, Molecular docking, Pharmacophore, Simulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.135}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/673}, author = {Jeyavel Renukadevi and Ganesan Nandhinidevi and Muthiah Bavanilatha and Hemanath Tharani and Rajarajan Sathiyabama and Subramani Vasumathi} } @article {522, title = {Physicochemical Analysis of Sumbul-al {\textendash}Teeb (Nardostachys jatamansi D.C.) Rhizome along with its HPLC Profile}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {278-284}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {278}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sumbul-al\–Teeb (Nardostachys jatamansi) is a well known traditional medicinal plant used for therapeutic effect in Unani and Ayurvedic System of Medicine. It has been reported to have many therapeutic activities like antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and cardioprotective properties. It is also useful in the management of insomnia and CNS disorders. The present study aims towards the evaluation of the parameters involved in the determination of the quality and purity of Nardostachys jatamansi rhizome and its standardization. Methods: Organoleptic characters, extractive values, ash values, phyto-chemical analysis, TLC, fluorescence analysis and HPLC profile etc. were the parameters used for the standardisation of the test drug. Result: Total ash values, water and alcohol soluble extractive values, moisture contents and volatile oil percentage was found to be 7.08\%, 3.54\%, 2.5\%, 8.6\% and 02\% respectively. TLC profile of N. jatamansi shows 04, 08 and 10 spots in UV short and long wavelength and exposure to iodine vapours respectively. The HPLC pattern shows 34 peaks and the peak no. 01 and 08 are major peaks having area concentration and retention time as 25.974\% at 2.8 min. and 29.967\% at 4.399 min. respectively. Conclusion: The study will provide referential information for the good quality, purity and identification for the future batches of Nardostachys jatamansi.

}, keywords = {Phyto-chemical analysis, Quality, standardization, Unani}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.49}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/478}, author = {Mohammad Rashid and Aziz ur Rahman and Qazi Zaid Ahmad and Tajuddin and Syed Shariq Mian} } @article {688, title = {Physicochemical Standardization of Polyherbal Powder Formulation: Safoof-e-Makhana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {899-906}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {899}, abstract = {

Introduction: Safoof-e-Makhana (SM) is a Unani polyherbal powder formulation used to treat Sexual disorders. Formulation consists of following herbs Orchis latifolia, Hygrophila auriculata, Asparagus racemosus and Elettaria cardamomum. The main aim of this study was to standardize Safoof-e-Makhana (SM), on the basis of organoleptic characters and physico-phytochemical analysis. Methods: The drugs were cleaned, dried in shade and powdered by passing through sieve $\#$ no. 80 as per the method described in UPI / National Formulary of Unani Medicine. This Safoof formulation was evaluated using physicochemical tests: powder characterization, extractive value, alcohol and water soluble matter, Ash value, LOD at 1050C, pH and HPTLC fingerprinting. Statistical analysis used: Mean \± SEM. Results: Organoleptic characters of the formulation are light brown colour, characteristic odour, sweet taste and moderately fine texture. Physicochemical parameters displayed water soluble extractive (21.83 \± 0.08), alcohol soluble extractive (7.87 \± 0.09), total ash (4.76 \± 0.08), acid insoluble ash (3.36 \± 0.01), water soluble ash (0.89 \± 0.25), LOD at 105oC (11.38 \± 0.34), pH of 1\% and 10\% solution were 6.6 \± 0.1 and 6.0 \± 0.1 respectively. Phytochemical qualitative analysis displayed presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavanoids, steroids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, volatile oil. HPTLC fingerprinting data was also set in. Conclusion: The standardization of this formulation was done and the data obtained would be used as a standard for future reference.\ 

}, keywords = {Formulation, Physicochemical, Polyherbal, Powder, Safoof-e- Makhana, standardization, Unani Medicine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.151}, author = {Gazi Jahangeer Rather and Hamiduddin and Mohd Ikram, Shaista Fatima and MD Naquibuddin} } @article {477, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing GC-MS Exploring its Antimicrobial Effects against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {99-105}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {99}, abstract = {

Introduction: The alarming increase in bacterial strains resistant to existing antimicrobial agents has demanded alternative strategies. Medicinal plants are now considered as an alternative treatment because of their secure choice in several diseases. Among them, Nigella sativa is a promising traditional herb having rich medical background. The aim of the study is to perform phytochemical analysis of Nigella sativa L. Utilizing Gas chromatographic\–mass spectrometric (GC/MS) exploring its antioxidant and antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant (MDR) gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: Total phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid content of N. sativa seed extracts and its commercially available oil were determined. Their radical scavenging activity using DPPH was also tested. The antibacterial activity of N. sativa seed extracts and its oil against MDR gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains was studied using disc diffusion test and the biofilm formation assay. GC-MS studies were also performed. Results: Among the different preparations used, N. sativa oil showed the highest antioxidant and antibacterial activity against highly resistant gram-positive bacteria with the greatest suppression of biofilm formation, which was attributed to its high bioactive contents. Conclusion: This study indicates that N. sativa extracts and its oils can be used as natural antibacterial agents to treat infections caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Multidrug resistant bacteria, Nigella sativa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.18}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/404}, author = {Fatima A. Saleh and Nada El-Darra and Karim Raafat and Iman El Ghazzawi} } @article {473, title = {Phytochemical Composition and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Calendula suffruticosa subsp. suffruticosa Vahl}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {64-70}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Aim: Calendula suffruticosa ssp. suffruticosa Vahl, Medicinal and Aromatic plant, spontaneous and widespread in the Mediterranean region and in the Northeast of Algeria, is widely used by the local population for its medicinal properties. Methods: The chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Calendula suffruticosa was established for the first time using GC / MS. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract was evaluated in vitro by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) test, the FRAP assay and \β-carotene bleaching assay. Results: sixty-four compounds are identified by GC/MS analysis, six are predominant: \α-linoleic acid (24.20\%), linoleic acid (23.58\%), Stigmasterol (8.53\%), 2-Metyl-Z-4-tetradecene (6.62\%) And \α-Bisabolol (1.70\%). The free radical scavenging by DPPH method indicated that the ethanolic extract of C. suffruticosa showed a very high antioxydant activity with an IC50 = 0.017 \± 1.00 mg / ml. This extract also showed an ability to reduce very high iron with a maximum optical density of 1.157 at a concentration of 0.5 mg / ml and an antioxidant activity compared to the \β-carotene / linoleic acid test of order of 75 \± 1.02\%. Conclusion: These results show for the first time the richness of phytochemicals and the strong antioxidant activity of the species Calendula suffruticosa endemic to north-east of Algeria.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Calendula suffruticosa, DPPH, FRAP, GC / MS, Phytochemical composition}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.13}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/368}, author = {Sofiane Ismahene and Seridi Ratiba and Cortes Martinez Diego Miguel and Cabedo Nuria} } @article {652, title = {Phytochemical Investigation of Psoralea bituminosa L. and its Anti-Diabetic Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {July/2018}, pages = {73-85}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Introduction:Psoralea bituminosaL. (Fabaceae), is a very important medicinal plant, used in traditional medicine in Europe, Asia, and America, and in Africa for, its antiseptic, antihyperglycemic and anti-oxidative potentials. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of Psoralea bituminosa (Pbt.) in the management of diabetes and diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia. Moreover, this study aimed also to investigate the volatile oil constituents of Pbt. growing in Lebanon utilizing GC-MS method. Methods:Blood glucose level (BGL) was measured using gluco-meter while diabetic-induced thermal hyperplasia of Pbt. growing in Lebanon was measured using tail flick and hot plate methods. Antioxidant was measured using DPPH free radicals method. Volatile oil of fresh and dried aerial parts of Pbt. was analyzed using GC-MS. Results: The result of study conducted on Lebanese Pbt. revealed that acute anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. in the 3 extracts subjected a decrease in BGL ranging between 34\% to 38.5\%. In subchronic anti-diabetic activity of Pbt. BGL dropped in range 19\% to 44\%. Moreover, Pbt. extract showed 1.7\% to 13.6\%increase in body weight at all doses with respect to 8th day. On the other hand, alloxan diabetic induced mice reported melioration by 63.8\% to 86.3\% on the 8th week alloxan after injection in diabetic \– induced thermal hyperalgesia hotplate latency method. Nevertheless, a marked improvement in tail flick latency on the 8th week after alloxan injection by 22.7 \% to 48.6 \%. Pbt. extract revealed DPPH radical decreases at 82.6\% at concentration of 100 mg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content measured of Pbt. was 135.83 mg/g while total phenolic content showed 217.48 mg/g. Conclusion:Psoralea bituminosa showed a significant effect in the management of diabetes and neuropathic pain conditions and limiting expected side-effects, which might be used as a future antidiabetic therapy.

Keywords:Psoralea bituminosa,Antidiabetic,Antioxidant,Essential oil,Diabetic neuropathy.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.14}, author = {Sara Al Ayoubi and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {760, title = {Phytochemical Screening, LC-MS Studies and Antidiabetic Potential of Methanol Extracts of Seed Shells of Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C. Nielson (Julang Jaling) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s77-s82}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s77}, abstract = {

Background: Some Malaysia and Indonesia people believed that root and seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum can treat diabetes. However, seed shell of Archidendron bubalinum has not yet to be scientifically proven and confirmed their ability to treat diabetes. The study of the potential of this seed shell was also scarcely available. Objective: The recent work was aimed to investigate the phytochemical screening of methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum and to evaluate their chemical compositions and antidiabetic activities. Material and Methods: The methods of phytochemical screening were including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, and terpenoids. Their chemical compositions were determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and antidiabetic activities were performed by \α-glucosidase inhibitory method. Results: The phytochemical screening showed that methanol extracts of seed shells of Archidendron bubalinum contain flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, and terpenoids. This extracts exhibited antidiabetic activity with IC50 7.77 \μg/mL. This result was supported by LC-MS analysis which showed the presence of phlorizin and astilbin, in which these compounds had high inhibitory activity against \α-glucosidase or diabetes. Conclusion: LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of polyphenol compounds namely phlorizin and astilbin in which had high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, might largely contribute in the antidiabetic activity. Key words: Phytochemical screening, Mass spectrometry

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Archidendron bubalinum, Mass spectrometry, Phytochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.15}, author = {Hanafi and Candra Irawan and Henny Rochaeni and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Achmad Nandang Roziafanto and Supriyono} } @article {557, title = {Potential Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Boesenbergia rotunda as Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {513-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {513}, abstract = {

Objective: This study was conducted to identify some bioactive compounds of Boesenbergia rotunda rhizome and to test as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents. Methods: The milled dried rhizome of B. Rotunda (5kg) was extracted exhaustively with ethanol. The ethanol extract was partitioned three times by n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate respectively. Each fraction was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and then purified by column chromatography gravitation. Structural identification of all pure compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, and NMR).The antioxidant activity was tested by 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Antimicrobial character was screened for activities againts pathogenic bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans by the disk-diffusion method. The assay was done in triplicate, and chloramphenicol was used as the positive control. Results and Discussion: From ethanol extract of B. rotunda three known compounds of flavanones, namely 2\’,4\’-dihydroxy-6-methoxychalcone (compound-1), 5-hydroxy-7- methoxyflavanone (compound-2), and 5,7-dihydroxyflavanone (compound-3) were isolated. The ethanol extract of B. rotunda and the three isolated compounds -1,-2, and -3 showed an antioxidant activity with the IC value of 92.64; 46.66; 62.84, and 62.66 \μg/mL, respectively. The zone of inhibition of extract and the three isolated compounds showed moderate activity against Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC-25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans.The maximum zone of inhibition was 13.20\±0.76 mm at the maximum concentration used (500 \μg/mL) against Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, and the minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) for each bacteria was found to be 0.5\μg/mL. Conclusion: The result of the study suggests that B. rotunda rhizome contains potential bioactive compounds which could be suitable for antioxidant and the treatment of various infections caused by Escherichia coli ATCC-11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC- 25923, Staphylococcus epidermidis FNCC-0048, and Streptococcus mutans.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Bioactive compound, Boesenbergia rotunda}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.84}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/517}, author = {Sri Atun and Sri Handayani and Anna Rakhmawati} } @article {633, title = {Potential Effects of Pomegranate Juice in Attenuating LID in Mice Model of Parkinson Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {700-704}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {700}, abstract = {

Purpose: Parkinson\’s disease (PD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative diseases, known with tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia resulted from chronic degeneration and death of sub thalamic nucleus (STN). According to the treatment benefits of levodopa on Parkinson, long-term levodopa administration causes some complications called levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) with poorly understood pathogenesis. Literature shows that polyphenol rich compound like pomegranate protect neurons of animals that are Parkinson induced, with some controversy. Objectives: In this study, the potential effects of pomegranate in attenuating LID in parkinsonian mice induced with 4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) were investigated. Materials: Mouse model of PD was induced by MPTP. To induce LID, valid PD mice were treated with levodopa (50 mg/kg, i.p) for 21 days. Then the effects of chronic co-administration of pomegranate juice (20 ml/kg) orally, with levodopa and continuing for another 20 days, evaluated. Behavioural tests were performed in all groups, every other day including: Abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs), cylinder and catatonia tests. Results: Levodopa in chronic administration induced dyskinesia that observed in AIMs and cylinder tests for 3 weeks when compared to untreated animals (P\<0.05 or 0.01) depending the time course). Besides, catatonia was recorded after two weeks and mounted time-dependently compared to control (P\<0.01). Chronic pomegranate co-administration improved AIMs scores for next 20 days (P\<0.01, in following days, compared to no-pomegranate treated group), attenuated cylinder scores and catatonia rates dramatically and time dependently (P\<0.01). Conclusion: Chronic pomegranate co-administration improved movements in all test results. It is then, concluded that pomegranate can be a good adjunct for attenuating LID and catatonia in mice.

}, keywords = {Levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID), Mice, MPTP, Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease, Pomegranate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.116}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/654}, author = {Sarah Rezaee and Mahsa Hadipour Jahromy} } @article {726, title = {Sterols from Lentinus tigrinus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1079-1081}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1079}, abstract = {

Aim: To investigate the chemical constituents of the dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Lentinus tigrinus. Materials and Methods: The chemical constituents of L. tigrinus were isolated by silica gel chromatography, while the chemical structures of the isolated compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: The dichloromethane extract of the fruiting bodies of L. tigrinus afforded cerevisterol (1), and a mixture of stellasterol (2) and ergosterol (3) in about 4:5 ratio. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation of 1-3 from the fruiting bodies of L. tigrinus.

}, keywords = {Cerevisterol, Ergosterol, Lentinus tigrinus, Polyporaceae, Stellasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.182}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Maria Carmen S. Tan and Ma. Ellenita De Castro and Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Glenn G. Oyong and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {545, title = {Structural Elucidation of Peanut, Sunflower and Gingelly Oils by Using FTIR and 1H NMR Spectroscopy}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {753-757}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {753}, abstract = {

Aims: The present study focused on FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods to assign structural connectivity and purity of the oils. Methods: Non-destructive Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy techniques are used to assign the structural confirmation of the triacylglyceride (TAG) functional component in three different oils namely Sunflower, Peanut, and Gingelly oils respectively. Results: FTIR spectrum shows a very high intense band at 1744 cm-1 associated with the existence of the ester carbonyl functional group (O-C=O) and very weak shoulder peak of cis double-bond (C=C) stretching was noticed at \∼1655 cm-1. In 1H-NMR spectrum shows well resolved chemical shift values in the range 5.3-0.8 ppm corresponding to characteristic group in aliphatic region. Conclusion: Each distinct peak was determined based on chemical shift as well as splitting pattern values. For olefin signal as triplet, tertiary methine protons as singlet, well separated oxymethylene seen as triplet at ~4.2 ppm owing to presence of high electronegative oxygen atom connected to methylene chain gives more deshielding effect. As for bis-allylic, \α-carbonyl methylene, \β-carbonyl methylene, allylic, saturated methylene along with terminal methyl proton signals are noticed in the span of 2.3-0.8 ppm. A remarkable feature of the spectra is well resolved chemical shift values is clearly support presence of longer hydrocarbon chains. Absence of multiplet coupling peaks and disappearance of signals in down shield region \> 5.4 ppm confirms the absence of trans stereoisomer (E-conformation), aromatic and heterocyclic epoxide compounds.

}, keywords = {1H-NMR, FTIR, TAG, Unsaturation, WHO, Z-Conformation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.126}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/664}, author = {Veeraprakash Bathini and Suresh Kumar Kalakandan and Muthukumaran Pakkirisamy and Karthikeyen Ravichandran} } @article {580, title = {Studies on Positive and Negative ionization mode of ESI-LC-MS/ MS for screening of Phytochemicals on Cassia auriculata (Aavaram Poo)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {457-462}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {457}, abstract = {

Background: Cassia auriculata (Avaram) is an important medicinal plant in India Improved awareness in medicinal flowers has led to an increased need for efficient extraction methods and screening of flavonoid derivatives. Objective: To standardization of extraction solvent system and Characterization of flavonoids through positive and negative electrospray ionization mode using LC-MS/MS from Cassia auriculata extract. Materials and Methods: The different solvents like Methanol, Water, Acetonitrile, Ethyl Acetate, Ethanol, Chloroform, Hexane, Acetone Diethyl ether used frot he identification of flavonoids (Gallic acid, Theanine, Theobromine, Theophylline, Caffeic acid, Caffeine, Ferulic acid, Theacrine, Catechin, Quercetin, EpiGallo Catachin, catechin gallate, Epicatachin gallate and Quercetin hexoside. Results: Based on the peak area percentage the extraction solvent was standardized. The percentage of relative \& absolute intensity of screened flavonoids was observed using LC-MS in positive and negative electrospray ionization. The results show that the methanol extract has more percentage of peak area, relative intensity and absolute intensity. The MS results showed that the negative ionoization has more intensity values of flavonoids and the signal-to-noise ratio was high in negative ionization mode compare to positive mode. Conclusion: Based on the results the methanol is the suitable extraction solvetnt and negative ionization mode of ESI-LC-MS/MS was appropriate for the screening of flavonoids on Cassia auriculata flower extracts.

}, keywords = {Caucalis platycarpos L.; Methanol, Eelectrospray ionization, Flavonoids; UHPLCESI- MS}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.75}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/508}, author = {Paranthaman Ramakrishnan and Sureshkumar Kalakandan and Muthukumaran Pakkirisamy} } @article {771, title = {Total Phenolic Content and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Potential of Extracts from Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s109-s112}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s109}, abstract = {

Background: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae) is a legume plant which used for human food and animal feed. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate total phenolic content and tyrosinase inhibitory potential of the root, stem and seed parts of C. cajan. Method: Crude extracts were prepared by reflux extraction using methanol, dichloromethane and water as solvents. Total phenolic contents of the obtained extracts were analyzed by Folin- Ciocalteu colorimetric method and the inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results revealed that dichloromethane seed extract had more total phenolic content than those of methanol and water seed extracts, respectively. Dichloromethane seed extract had the highest total phenolic content of 92.00 \± 1.24 mg GAE/ g extracts. However, the highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was found in the root methanol extract with IC50 of 3.55 \± 0.35 mg/ml. Conclusion: Type of extraction solvent was an important factor on phenolic contents of C. cajan extracts. The extracts of C. cajan inhibit slightly tyrosinase inhibitory.

}, keywords = {Cajanus cajan, Dichloromethane seed extract, Root methanol extract, total phenolic content, Tyrosinase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.21}, author = {Prasob-on Rinthong and Suthira Maneechai} } @article {751, title = {A Triterpene and a Depside from Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s27-s29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s27}, abstract = {

Introduction: Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst. (syn. Rimelia austrocetrata Elix and J. Johnst.) which belongs to a large genus of lichenized fungi, Parmotrema Massalongo under family Parmeliaceae was investigated for its chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and their chemical structures were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of Parmotrema austrocetratum Elix and J. Johnst. has led to the isolation of zeorin (1) and atranorin (2). Conclusion: P. austrocetratum shares similar chemical characteristic with other Parmotrema species which afforded atranorin. This work highlights the first reported isolation of 1 from P. austrocetratum and the genus Parmotrema.

}, keywords = {Atranorin, Parmeliaceae, Parmotrema austrocetratum, Rimelia austrocetrata, Zeorin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.4}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Maria Carmen S. Tan and Virgilio C. Linis and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {739, title = {Withaferin A attenuates Alcohol Abstinence Signs in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1190-1195}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1190}, abstract = {

Background: Withania somnifera (WS) have been reported to inhibit acquisition and expression conditioned place preference, self-administration and withdrawal anxiety of psychostimulants. In the present work, we have assessed the effect of withaferin A on somatic and affective symptoms of ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats. Methods: Animals had given free access to ethanol uninterrupted for 21 days through liquid diet. Withaferin A (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) was injected (ip) either during the development of ethanol dependence phase (days 15 \– 21 or 30 min before ethanol withdrawal assessment. Withdrawal signs characterized by changes in somatic signs were measured in the open field followed by evaluation of anxiety parameters, locomotion, and depressive behavior. Results: Withaferin A treatment 30 min before 24 h postethanol withdrawal assessment did not alter the scores of somatic behavioral signs in ethanol abstinence animals. However, withaferin A (10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) from day 15-21 prevented the ethanol withdrawal-induced elevated scores of somatic behaviors, hyperlocomotion, depressive behavior, and anxiety. Withaferin A treatment did not influence the blood ethanol levels in dependent and withdrawn animals. However, withaferin A administration attenuated the elevated plasma corticosterone and ACTH levels in ethanol-withdrawn rats, suggesting withaferin A induced anti-stress effect and stabilization of HPA axis activity could have facilitated the inhibitory effect of withaferin A on ethanol withdrawal syndrome. Conclusion: The finding supports further investigation of withaferin A and other bioactive components of WS in alcohol addiction.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Corticosterone, Ethanol withdrawal, HPA axis, Withaferin A.}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.204}, author = {Nandkishor Ramdas Kotagale and Ankit Kedia and Rupali Gite and Shubham Nilkanth Rahmatkar and Dinesh Yugraj Gawande and Milind Janraoji Umekar and Brijesh Gulabrao Taksande} } @article {380, title = {Active Constituents of Pomegranates (Punica granatum) as Potential Candidates in the Management of Health through Modulation of Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {689-695}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {689}, abstract = {

Pomegranates fruits have innumerable health benefits and its implication in diseases cure have been widely recognized since ancient time. Moreover, pomegranate fruits, seeds and peels are intensively used in traditional medicine as a natural therapy. It contains numerous valuable ingredients such as flavonoids, ellagitannin, punicalagin, ellagic acid, vitamins and minerals. The principal constituents including punicalagins and ellagitannin are responsible for immeasurable health benefits due to its strong antioxidant activity. Additionally, constituents of pomegranate show health promoting effect through the modulation of physiological and biochemical pathways. Recent evidences suggested that pomegranates fruits, peels and seeds illustrate therapeutics implications in health management via inhibition of free radical effect and modulation of enzymes activity linked with diseases development and progression. In this review, we summarize the therapeutic role of pomegranate fruits, seeds and peels in the health managements based on in vitro and in vivo studies.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, Anti-oxidant, Heptoprotective Effect, Neuroprotective Effect and Anti-microbial Effects, Pomegranates}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.109}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.109/index.html}, author = {Arshad Husain Rahmani and Mohamed Ali Alsahli and Saleh Abdulrahman Almatroodi} } @article {356, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Toxicities of Thai Silkworm Powder (Bombyx mori Linn.) From Three Races in Male Wistar Rats and In vitro Antioxidant Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {541-545}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Background: The silkworm powder from Japanese and Korean races has a high biological activity. However, there was less scientific evidence regarding bioactivities in Thai silkworm races. Objective: This research was interested in toxicity and antioxidant activities of Thai silkworm races. Material and methods: The 5th instar, 3rd day of growth stage of Thai traditional silkworm (Nanglai, Nangnoi and Samrong races) were lyophilized by freeze dryer and ground as silkworm powder. The acute and sub-acute toxicities studies were carried out in male Wistar rats. The antioxidant capacities of silkworm powder were investigated with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Results: The acute toxicity in rats by single dose oral administration show that the high dose at a concentration of 2,000 mg/kg b.w. did not have toxicity in rats. The sub-acute toxicity in rats by oral administration showed that the high dose concentration at 2,000 mg/kg body weight for 6 weeks had no toxicity in all group either. In addition, the hematological parameters and lipid profiles of treated group and control groups were not significantly different. The antioxidant study showed that silkworm powders were not significant difference in all groups of samples in three assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). However, significant difference had been found in comparison to ascorbic acid (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: Silkworm powder from three races of Thai silkworm did not produce any toxicity in male rats. In addition, the silkworm powder also exhibited antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activities., hematological parameters, lipid profile, Silkworm, toxicities}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.87}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.87}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Teeraporn Katisart and Bunleu Sungthong and Chirapha Butiman} } @article {459, title = {Antibrucellosis Activity of Medicinal Plants from Western Ghats and Characterization of Bioactive Metabolites}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s122-s128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s122}, abstract = {

Background: Brucellosis is one of the most prevalent bacterial zoonosis which is transmitted to humans from animals. As an alternative to conventional antibiotics, medicinal plants are valuable resources for new agents against antibiotic-resistant strains. Objective: To evaluate the antibrucellosis activity of different medicinal plants collected from the Western Ghats against Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis, Brucella suis. Identification and characterization of the bioactive metabolites of the potent antibrucellosis agent by Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy. Methods: Antibacterial assay was carried for the ethanolic extract of different medicinal plants, the potential and effective medicinal plants extract was subjected for purification by TLC and the bioactive metabolites were characterized by the GC MS analysis. Results: Acacia nelotica, Terminalia arjuna, Eugenia jambolana and Callistemon citrinus showed the antibrucellosis activity comparatively Callistemon citrinus had the strong antibrucellosis activity. Further the crude sample was purified by TLC profiling, compounds with different retention factor were screened for antibrucellosis activity, and the bioactive metabolites were identified by GC-MS analysis. Conclusion: For the first time the different medicinal plants from Western Ghats were screened for the antibrucellosis activity. The crude and TLC purified Callistemon citrinus ethanolic extract exhibited strong antibrucellosis activity. The bioactive compounds identified were reported for the first time and the bioactive metabolites identified exhibited as potential antibacterial agents against brucellosis and other Human pathogens.

}, keywords = {Antibrucellosis, Bioactive compounds, GC-MS, Medicinal plant, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.168}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/393}, author = {Sri Raghava and Sharanaiah Umesha} } @article {358, title = {Antihyperglycemic Effect of Silkworm Powder, Fibroin and Sericin from Three Thai Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {559-564}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic activities of Thai silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) powder, fibroin and sericin from three races of Thai silkworm including Nangnoi, Nanglai, and Samrong in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: All rats were daily and orally administered with silkworm powder (5th-instar, 3rd-day), fibroin, and sericin at a dose of 250 mg/kg for 6 weeks. After that, various parameters including body weight, blood glucose, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined. Results: The results revealed that fasting plasma glucose level in 6th week of Nanglai fibroin, Nangnoi fibroin and Nangnoi sericin expressed a better reduction of FPG in diabetic rats compared with diabetic control groups (p\<0.05). All hematological parameters of each group were not different within those values (p\>0.05). In case of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase value showed that some of treated groups was different from diabetic control (p\<0.05), while all of treated groups showed different in cholesterol and high density lipoprotein value (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Silkworm powders, fibroin and sericin of three races exhibited a therapeutic potential for the reduction plasma glucose level. Treatments of silkworm powder, fibroin and sericin did not have any effect on hematological parameters. Improvement of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase values and lipid profiles also were also observed in the treatment groups.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic effect, Diabetic rats, Fibroin., Sericin, Silkworm}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.89}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.89}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Teeraporn Katisart and Chirapha Butiman and Bunleu Sungthong} } @article {460, title = {Aristolochia bracteolata Enhances Wound Healing in vitro through Anti-inflammatory and Proliferative Effect on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Keratinocytes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s129-s136}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s129}, abstract = {

Objective: In the present study, we examined the effect of Aristolochia bracteolata extract on Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) and Human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) proliferation and migration during in vitro wound healing and its underlying mechanism. Method: A. bracteolata was collected and extracted using methanol. Cytotoxiciy effect of plant extract was determined by MTT assay in HDF and HaCaT. In vitro Scratch assay determined the effect of plant extracts on migration of cells and its underlying mechanism was determined by RT-PCR analysis. Result: The plant extract of A. bracteolata selectively inhibited proliferation of both the cells at higher concentration (\>100 \μg/mL) and at lower concentrations (\<25 \μg/mL), it exhibited linear and dose-dependent cell proliferation. IC50 value was 87.60\±1.67 \μg/mL for HDF and 85.50\±1.65 \μg/mL after 24 h treatment. In vitro scratch wound healing studies showed wound closure of 50.38\%\±1.39 and 69.81\%\±1.89 at a concentration of 25 \μg/mL after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The extract was tested for anti-inflammatory activity by determination of inhibitory activity on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell lines. We found that A. bracteolata has a strong inhibitory effect on the production of NO and tumor necrosis factor-\α (TNF-\α). The plant extract of A. bracteolata inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To explore the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of iNOS, gene expression was analyzed by Real- Time PCR. A. bracteolata showed a decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with the plant extract resulted in enhanced expression of Collagen 1 a (I) and Collagen IV in HDFs by regulating the mRNA levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and Matrix metalloproteinase-2. Conclusion: Thus, the present investigation scientifically validates the use of A. bracteolata in wound healing.

}, keywords = {A. bracteolata, Fibroblast, Keratinocytes, RAW 264.7, Scratch assay, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.169}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/394}, author = {Dinesh Murugan Girija and Mangathayaru Kalachaveedu and Rajasekaran Subbarayan and Preethi Jenifer and Suresh Ranga Rao} } @article {248, title = {Assessment of Biological Activity and Comparison of UPLC and RP-HPLC Chromatographic Profiles of Clausena excavata Burm.F.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {185-191}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Clausena excavata Burm. F. (Rutaceae) has long been associated with medicinal benefits in folk medicine, particularly in the treatment of cancer and its related disorders in the eastern region of Thailand. In the the present study Ultra Pressure Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) analysis of methanolic leaf extracts of Clausena excavata were carried out using short (5 cm \× 2.1 mm I.D.) columns, containing 2 m particles at very high pressures (up to 16000 psi) to obtain high efficiency separations in very short run times. The results indicate that UPLC provided better resolution compared to routine RP-HPLC. The analysis time was drastically reduced (4 min.) which is proved to be a faster and more economical analytical tool than RP-HPLC. In addition to that, the present study also evaluates anti-fungal activity against dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentographytes by using an agar incorporation technique. The anti-fungal activity may be due to the presence of Angelecin and gallic acid in the plant extract.

}, keywords = {Angelecin, Clausena, HPLC, Rutaceae, UPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.30}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/297}, author = {Guntupalli Chakravarthi and Alavala Rajasekhar Reddy and Maddi Ramaiah} } @article {374, title = {Chemical Constituents of Dracontomelon Dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {654-656}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {654}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves, twigs and flowers of Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. et Rolfe, an indigenous Philippine tree were investigated for their chemical constituents. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel chromatography and their structures were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Results: Chemical investigation of D. dao led to the isolation of cardol (1), \β-sitosteryl-3\β-glucopyranoside-6, O-fatty acid esters (2), \β-sitosteryl fatty acid esters (3), and a mixture of \β-sitosterol (4a) and stigmasterol (4b) from the petiole; 1, a mixture of 4a and 4b, anacardic acid (5), triacylglycerols (6), monoacylglycerol (7), long-chain fatty acid esters (8), and linoleic acid (9) from the twigs; and a mixture of 4a and 4b, 5, 6, 8, long-chain fatty alcohols (10), and long- chain hydrocatbons (11) from the flowers of D. dao.The structures of 1 and 5 were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, while those of 2-4 and 6-11 were identified by NMR spectroscopy. Conclusion: This is the first report on the isolation of 1, 4b and 6-9 from D. dao.

}, keywords = {3-Alkylphenols, Anacardaceae, Anacardic Acid, B-Sitosteryl Fatty Acid Esters, B-Sitosteryl-3β-Glucopyranoside-6{\textquoteright}-O-Fatty Acid Esters, Cardol, Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) merr. Et Rolfe}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.103}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.103/index.html}, author = {Consolacion Y. Ragasa and Tyson C. Batarra and Julius Leonard A. Vivar and Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Chien-Chang Shen} } @article {429, title = {Chemo-profiling, Antioxidant Potential and Ionomic Analysis of Cichorium intybus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {917-928}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {917}, abstract = {

Background: Cichorium intybus commonly called as chicory or coffee weed was traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments associated with liver, kidney and heart. The aim of the present study was phytochemical screening, in-vitro evaluation of antioxidant potential, element analysis of wild and cultivated chicory and GC-MS analysis of methanolic leaf extract of wild chicory grown in Kashmir Himalaya. Method: To achieve this goal, the qualitative and quantitative analysis was done to determine the antioxidant potential. Element analysis was done using AAS and metabolite fingerprinting was done using GC-MS to ascertain the presence of active phytoconstituents in chicory leaves. Results: The qualitative screening of leaf extracts from wild and cultivated chicory indicates the presence of important bioactive constituents. The leaf extract of wild chicory constituted the higher amount of total phenol and flavonoid contents and also showed strong radical scavenging activities of DPPH, SOD and hydrogen peroxide radical as indicated by lower values of IC50 compared to cultivated chicory. Furthermore, both extracts of wild chicory showed the highest total antioxidant potential for the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ when compared with cultivated chicory. The results from the elemental analysis shows that leaf extract of wild chicory exhibits higher concentration of elements as compared to cultivated one, thus can be used as a potential bio-fortified crop. The GC-MS analysis determines the presence of 78 different compounds in the methanolic leaf extract of wild chicory. The major phytochemical constituents were phytol (7.96\%) and stigmat-5-en-3-ol (6.45\%). Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggested the therapeutic potential of chicory leaves; particularly wild chicory proves to be a potent source of natural antioxidant against free radical associated damages. Metabolite profiling study revealed important metabolites having potent pharmacological actions.

}, keywords = {Aas, Antioxidant Activities, Cichorium Intybus, GC-MS., Phytochemical analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.144}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/197}, author = {Bisma Malik and Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah and Inayatullah Tahir and Reiaz Ul Rehman} } @article {253, title = {Comparative Antimicrobial Study of Ethanolic Extract of Leaf and Rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {208-212}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {208}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curcuma longa L., botanically related to ginger belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. It is extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Siddha medicine as a home remedy for various diseases. Aim: The present study is to compare the antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extracts from rhizome and leaf of Curcuma longa Linn. Method: In vitro disc diffusion method and serial dilution method has been used to determine the antimicrobial potency against various bacterial pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis by comparing the zone of inhibition shown by both the test extracts at different concentration (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 150 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 300 mg/ml) and there MIC value has been evaluated. Ethanol and Ampicillin were used as negative and positive control for the study. Result: The leaf and rhizome extract showed maximum zone of inhibition at 300 mg/ml concentration, which was about 7.6 mm and 8 mm on the bacterial strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa and least effectiveness for other bacterial strain such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. The recorded MIC value was at 6.25 mg/ml which showed 3.991\% inhibition for rhizome extract and 3.129\% inhibition for leaf extract. Conclusion: The rhizome extract was found to be more potent antimicrobial agent than the leaf extract and can be used in future studies.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, antimicrobial agent, Bacterial stain, Curcuma longa L, Minimum inhibitory concentration, Turmeric}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.35}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/302}, author = {Nikhil Singh and Sangeeta Gupta and Vaibhav Rathore} } @article {324, title = {Comparison of Fatty Acid Profiling and RBC Membrane Stabilization Activity of Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides and Hippophae salicifolia) Seed Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {329-335}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {329}, abstract = {

Background: Seabuckthorn (SBT) is one of the most important plants of higher altitude in India and China. SBT seed oil is rich in Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) which is present in a peculiar ratio capable of combating inflammation. Objective: To compare the physicochemical characteristics, fatty acid profiling and Red Blood Cell (RBC) membrane stabilization activity between two species of SBT seed oil; Hippophae rhamnoides (HR) and Hippophae salicifolia (HS) collected from Ladakh and Sikkim, India, respectively. Materials and Methods: GC-MS analysis was performed and effect of SBT seed oil was evaluated against heat and hypotonicity induced haemolysis of RBC. Protein denaturation assay was also conducted to check its probable role in chronic inflammation. Results: GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of PUFA viz. Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) and Linoleic acid (LA) in SBT seed oil. Both significantly (p\<0.05) inhibited heat and hypotonicity induced membrane destabilization in a concentration dependant manner. Maximum percentage inhibition of protein denaturation was observed at 3.6 \μg/ml after incubation period of 4 hours. Conclusion: HR and HS have been proved to inhibit membrane destabilization with almost equal efficacy. Their efficacy against heat induced protein denaturation indicates that they may be useful in prevention and/or treatment of chronic inflammation as well. These findings may be attributed to the presence of PUFA. This study has contributed in establishing some preliminary evidence about PUFAs being the mainstay of their anti-inflammatory efficacy. However, in vivo studies are required to further validate the results of this study.

}, keywords = {GC-MS, in vitro, Protein Denaturation, RBC Membrane Stabilization, Sea buckthorn Seed Oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.56}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.56}, author = {Suchita Dubey and M.V. Ramana and Anuradha Mishra} } @article {218, title = {Cytotoxic Compounds from Kibatalia gitingensis (Elm.) Woodson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {8-13}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {8}, abstract = {

Ursolic acid (1), squalene (2), a mixture of \α-amyrin acetate (3a) and lupeol acetate (3b), and isoscopoletin (4), isolated from the dichloromethane extracts of the leaves and twigs of Kibatalia gitingensis, were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against three human cancer cell lines, breast (MCF-7) and colon (HT-29 and HCT-116), and a normal cell line, human dermal fibroblast-neonatal (HDFn), using the in vitro PrestoBlue cell viability assay. Compounds 1-4 exhibited strong cytotoxic activities against HT-29 cells with IC50 values ranging from 0.6931 to 1.083 \μg/mL. Furthermore, 1-4 were moderately cytotoxic against HCT-116 cells with IC50 values ranging from 4.065 to 11.09 \μg/mL. These compounds were least cytotoxic against MCF-7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 8.642 to 25.87 \μg/mL. The most cytotoxic against HT-29 cells, HCT-116 cells and MCF-7 cells are 2, 4 and 1, respectively.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Cytotoxicity, HCT-116, HDFn, HT-29, Isoscopoletin, Kibatalia gitingensis, Lupeol acetate, MCF-7, PrestoBlue{\textregistered} cell viability assay., Squalene, Ursolic acid, α-amyrin acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.2}, author = {Mariquit M. De Los Reyes and Glenn G. Oyong and Vincent Antonio S. Ng and Chien-Chang Shen and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {403, title = {Cytotoxicity Effect and Morphological Study of Different Duku(Lansium domesticum corr.) Extract towards Human Colorectal Adenocarcinoma Cells Line (HT-29)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {757-761}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {757}, abstract = {

Context: Lansium domesticum corr. is a member of the family Meliaceae, and known locally as duku and has been used traditionally in the prevention and treatment of various illness. Aim: To study the cytotoxic effect and morphological changes of human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) treated with different duku (Lansium domesticum corr.) extracts. Methods: The L.domesticum corr. fruit extracts were processed involving three different solvents; methanol, ethanol and ethyl acetate. HT-29 cell lines were treated with different concentrations of L. domesticum corr. (0-100 \μg/ml) extracts for a total of 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cytotoxicity of cells line was determined by using MTT assay as per IC50 values. Results: Methanol extract of L. domesticum corr. showed IC50 value at 6.79 \± 0.00 \μg/ml and 50.0 \± 0.00 \μg/ml respective, while ethyl acetate extract of L. domesticum corr. reached IC50 value at 86.00 \± 0.08 \μg/ml, and 96.0 \± 0.12 \μg/ml. There was no IC50 value of ethanol extract from L.domesticum corr. Only methanol extract showed toxicity towards HT-29 cells line. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first repeat the exploring the effect of duku (L. domesticum corr.) extract on HT-29 cells line.

}, keywords = {Anti-proliferative effect, colorectal cancer, IC50 value., MTT Assay, polarity extracts}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.119}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/172}, author = {Rohin Mohd Adzim Khalili and Jumli Mimie Noratiqah and Ridzwan Norhaslinda and Abd Hadi Norhayati and Baig Atif Amin and Arshad Roslan and A. Latif Ahmad Zubaidi} } @article {344, title = {Designing monographs for Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Lavandula angustifolia L.: Two Lebanese species with significant medicinal potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {452-474}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {452}, abstract = {

Introduction: The world health organization recommends validating medicinal plants to ensure safety and efficacy. Lavandula is valued for the production of essential oil used in aromatherapy. Rosmarinus is known for its folk use as anti-oxidant and antidiabetic. This study aims to design monographs for Rosmarinus officinalis (Linn.) and Lavandula angustifolia (Linn.) cultivated, in conditions similar to their natural habitat, at Beirut Arab University botanical garden. Also screening the antioxidant activity of both plants, and assessing the antidiabetic effect of R. officinalis (Linn.). Methods: macroscopic and microscopic examination, hydrodistillation to obtain essential oils (EOs), thin layer chromatography, Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry, and physiochemical properties of the EOs were determined. The antioxidant effect of the EOs is determined by DPPH assay. The antidiabetic effect of Rosemary EO is investigated using alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Results: the qualities of studied species are in agreement with the standards described in WHO monographs and in the British pharmacopeia. Composition of the EO produced from either Rosemary (REO) or Lavender (LEO) collected at different months showed differences. The EO of both showed significant antioxidant effects in DPPH assay (p\<0.05). In vivo investigation of the antidiabetic effect of REO showed a significant antidiabetic effect in diabetic mouse model (p\<0.05). Conclusion: both plant species and their EOs fulfilled most of standards specified by the British Pharmacopeia 2013. Rosemary collected in April (Spring) showed the best antioxidant activity. Lavender collected in September (Early Fall) showed the best antioxidant activity. REO revealed significant lowering in blood glucose level at the dose of 110 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Glandular trichome, Optical rotation, Prismatic crystals of Calcium oxalate, Refractive index, Rosmarinic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.75}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.75}, author = {Mariam Koleilat and Karim Raafat and Abdalla El-Lakany and Maha Aboul-Ela} } @article {257, title = {The Efficacy Study of Snake Fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw Var. Bongkok) Extract as Skin Lightening Agent}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {235-238}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {235}, abstract = {

Introduction: The whitening skin product market has been growing significantly in Asia Pacific. Indonesia is one of those countries that mainly think that having a white color skin is simply beautiful. Therefore, it motivates Indonesian women to buy more whitening product for their beauty needs. Objective: The purpose of this research is to find raw material for whitening product from Indonesian plants that can be useful as skin lightening agents. This study investigated the potential of snake fruit (Salacca edulis Reinw var. Bongkok) ethanolic extract as skin lightening agent. Fruits of Salacca edulis Reinw contains flavonoids which have been reported to play a part in skin depigmentation. Methods: A randomized double-blind study on 17 human volunteers showed marked skin lightening effects using cream containing 3\% extract as there was a significant reduction in skin melanin index which compared favorably with the base cream (p \<0,05). Results: The result strongly suggested that snake fruit ethanolic extract can be used as raw material for skin lightening agents and therefore Indonesia dependency on imported raw materials could be reduced.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Melanin index, Salacca edulis Reinw, Snake fruit extract, Tyrosinase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.39}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/306}, author = {Astrid Tilaar and Anna Ranti and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {351, title = {An examination of the Antimicrobial and Anticancer Properties of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {504-518}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {504}, abstract = {

Background: Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. is a common component of the pharmacopeia\’s of multiple African groupings which inhabit the areas in which it grows. Amongst these groups there is a myriad of medicinal uses in the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections, as well as in the treatment of cancers. This study was undertaken to test K. senegalensis bark extracts for the ability to inhibit microbial and cancer cell growth, and thus to validate traditional African medicinal usage of this plant in treating a variety of diseases. Materials and Methods: K. senegalensis bark powder was extracted by both solvent maceration and subcritical fluid extraction (SFE). The extracts were tested for the ability to inhibit bacterial and G. duodenalis growth. Inhibition of Caco-2 and HeLa cancer cells was evaluated using MTS-based colorimetric cell proliferation assays. Toxicity was evaluated using an Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay and GC-MS headspace analysis was used to identify phytochemical components. Results: K. senegalensis bark extracts displayed strong inhibitory activity against bacterial triggers of several autoimmune inflammatory diseases. The growth inhibitory activity of the methanolic and subcritical extracts was particularly noteworthy against P. mirabilis (MIC values of 185 and 211\μg/mL, respectively against the reference strains). These extracts were similarly potent growth inhibitors of K. pneumoniae and A. baylyi\ and were moderate inhibitors (MIC \>1000\μg/mL) of P. aeruginosa and S. pyogenes growth. The methanolic and subcritical K. senegalensis extracts were also potent inhibitors of G. duodenalis (187 and 328\μg/mL, respectively), as well as Caco-2 (268 and 470\μg/mL, respectively) and HeLa carcinomas (155 and 174\μg/mL, respectively). GC-MS analysis of the SFE extract revealed relative abundances of a variety of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Furthermore, all K. senegalensis bark extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia franciscana toxicity assay, indicating their safety for therapeutic use. Conclusion: These studies validate traditional African therapeutic usage of K. senegalensis in the treatment of microbial infections, autoimmune inflammatory diseases and some cancers.

}, keywords = {African mahogany, Anti bacterial activity, Anti-cancer activity, Anti-proliferative activity, Giardia duodenalis, Meliaceae, Sub-critical fluid extraction, Terpenoid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.82}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.82}, author = {Camille Rabadeaux and Lou Vallette and Joseph Sirdaarta and Craig Davis and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {431, title = {Extracellular L-Asparaginase from Streptomyces labedae VSM-6: Isolation, Production and Optimization of Culture Conditions Using RSM}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {932-941}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {932}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was intended to isolate actinomycetes VSM-6 from deep sea sediment samples of Bay of Bengal that is potent to produce L - asparaginase. Materials and Methods: The identification of the isolate was executed by polyphasic taxonomy. Optimization was carried out one factor at a time (O-F-A-T) for the production of the L - asparaginase. RSM was pledged to optimize the L - asparaginase production by S.labedae VSM-6. Central composite design was applied to study the influence of the variables and their interactive effects on the production of L - asparaginase. Unstructured Kinetic modelling for L - asparaginase production was adopted using Leudeking-Piret (LILP) and Logistic Incorporated Modified Leudeking-Piret (LIMLP) models. Results: Optimization using One-Factor-At-A-time registered a turnout of 8.92 IU/ml of L - asparaginase production. But results obtained from the statistical design are in agreement with the experimental results. The model followed the second order polynomial equation and the model adequacy was determined by the P value (\<0.0001), Coefficient determination (R2) with a value of 0.9942 and the adjusted R2 = 0.9087 which determines that the model was significant. The experimental values are in compliance with the model anticipated values and catalogued an escalation in yield of L - asparaginase (10.17 IU/ml) by RSM. Unstructured Kinetic modelling for L - asparaginase production adopting Leudeking-Piret (LILP) and Logistic Incorporated Modified Leudeking-Piret (LIMLP) models showed L - asparaginase production of (10.17 IU/ml), closer to model anticipated value (10.23 IU/ml) so unstructured models provided a better approximation for L - asparaginase production by S.labedae VSM-6. Conclusion: From our study we have reported for the first time the production of L - asparaginase from S.labedae VSM-6 using central composite design and kinetic modelling.

}, keywords = {Central Composite Design, Kinetic Modelling, L - asparaginase, Optimization, Response Surface Methodology, Statistical Analysis., Streptomyces labedae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.146}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/199}, author = {Ushakiranamayi Mangamuri and Muvva Vijayalakshmi and Venkat Siva Rama Krishna Ganduri and Satish Babu Rajulapati and Sudhakar Poda} } @article {229, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Whole Plant of Rostellularia diffusa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {70-72}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Introduction: To identify the various phyto constituents present in the unexplored plant Rostellularia diffusa (Willd.) by using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Methods: The whole plant of Rostellularia diffusa was extracted with ethyl acetate at room temperature for 72 h. The concentrated extract was subjected to GCMS analysis to detect the phyto constituents. Results: Totally 40 compounds were identified and the chromatograph showed 40 peaks with 40 individual compounds. The major constituents were identified in the extract were 16-Hentriacontanone (22.59\%), Hexadecanoic acid (11.23\%), Stigmast-5-en-3-ol (6.78\%), 9-Octadecenoic acid (6.30\%) and many other compounds were identified as low level. This preliminary study gives an idea to isolate the major active constituents present in the plant and also helps to develop potential pharmacologically active compounds

}, keywords = {Bioactive compounds, Gas chromatography, Mass spectrometry, phytosterol., Rostellularia diffusa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.13}, author = {Mohamed Saleem Thattakudian Sheik Uduman and Prema Rathinam and Yogendrachari Karuru and Gangadhar Obili and Gopinath Chakka and Ashok Kumar Janakiraman} } @article {235, title = {GC-MS Analysis of Indrakeeladri Native Medicine used in the Treatment of Stroke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2016}, pages = {102-106}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {102}, abstract = {

Context: A stroke or cerebrovascular disease is an abrupt onset of neurological deficit that is attributable to a focal vascular cause. Antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants and thrombolytics are used in ischemic stroke. Indrakeeladri, is a village in Andhra Pradesh in India where traditional local practitioners prescription has long been practiced for treatment of stroke by using unknown and undisclosed formulation (gulikalu) without any name and labeling. Patients who have taken treatment at Indrakeeladri have noticed improvement in their symptoms particularly in speech. Aims: We endeavoured to analyze the formulation to know its composition as this analysis might help us in preparation of newer drugs for stroke. Settings and Design: GC MS analysis. Methods and Material: The sample was powdered and tested for its solubility in different solvents of increased polarity strength and then subjected to Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis in order to know its chemical components. Results: The sample was soluble only in water. The GC-MS analysis of the test sample revealed the presence of methyl tetradecanoate, dodecanoic acid methyl ester and methyl 10-methyl undecanoate as the major constituents. These substances are known to have inhibitory effect on blood coagulation. Conclusions: Further studies need to be carried out to find out whether these components of native medicine have a role in the treatment of stroke or not.

}, keywords = {Dodecanoic acid methyl ester, Methyl 10-methyl undecanoate, Methyl tetradecanoate, Native medicine, Stroke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.17}, author = {Sundarachary Nagarjunakonda and Sridhar Amalakanti and Sristi Ram Dhishana and Maddi Ramaiah and Lalitha Rajanala} } @article {452, title = {GC-MS analysis of n-Hexane Extract of Fruits of Trichopus zeylanicus ssp. travancoricus Burkill ex K. Narayanan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s99-s102}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s99}, abstract = {

Aim: The present study focused to analyse the bioactive compounds present in the fruits of Trichopus zeylanicus ssp. travancoricus Burkill ex K. Narayanan by using GC-MS. Methods: The dried and pulverized fruit materials were extracted with n-hexane for 6-8 h. The phytochemical constituents were analysed by GC-MS. Results: Totally 23 bioactive compounds were identified with RI and SI factors. Of the twenty-three compounds detected from n-hexane extract, Tetradecane (27.87\%), Hexadecane (27.26\%), Nonadecane (22.25\%) and Pentacosane (8.13\%) were detected as major compounds. Conclusion: The obtained bioactive compounds were reported as potentially active in various medicinal treatments and can be used for the treatment of various diseases.

}, keywords = {Agasthyamalai, Hexadecane, Kani tribe, Nonadecane, Tetradecane}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.164}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/389}, author = {Sasi Kala Nambi and Ramasubbu Raju} } @article {369, title = {Hindering Effect of Resveratrol on Oxidative Changes and Na+K+-ATPase activity in Rat Hepatocytes Exposed to Prenatal stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {615-620}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {615}, abstract = {

Introduction: The fetal programming hypothesis states that conditions during pregnancy, including stress, will have long-term effects on adult health, probably via epigenetic mechanisms. Methodology: Pregnant rats were subjected to restrain stress either during early or late pregnancy with and without resveratrol. Blood and liver tissues were collected from 40 days old offsprings of the above rats to study the prenatal effect on corticosterone, and stress development. Results: It was found that levels of corticosterone advanced protein and lipid oxidation products, GSHRx, increase significantly in offsprings of stressed rats and decreased on intervention with resveratrol, whereas total antioxidants, vitamin C, GSH, SOD and Na+K+- ATPase decreased with stress and increase on resveratrol intervention as compared to controls. Conclusion: The alterations may be due to the effect of stress on HPA axis. Results also support the prevention/protective effect of resveratrol on oxidative stress and may be used as a measure to prevent the metabolic changes in adult life due to prenatal stress.

}, keywords = {Cortisol, Na+K+-ATPa, Oxidative Changes, Prenatal Stress, Resveratrol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.98}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.98/index.html}, author = {Gayathri Megashyam Rao and Sudhanshu Sekhar Sahu and Beena Vichithra Shetty} } @article {398, title = {HPLC Determination of Quercetin in Three Plant Drugs from Genus Sedum and Conjecture of the Best Harvest Time}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {725-728}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {725}, abstract = {

To establish a method for quercetin content determination of the three plant drugs from genus Sedum and to decide their best harvesting time. Dried herbs of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge., S. lineare Thunb. and S. erythrostictum Migo. are all traditional medicines from Genus Sedum. They all have long been used to cure hepatitis, dysentery, swelling poison and so on. It has been reported that flavonoids contained in S. sarmentosum Bunge. were one type of the active components to protect liver and reduce serum alanine aminotransferase level. Through the qualitative analysis and TLC assay, we have verified that both S. lineare Thunb. and S. sarmentosum Bunge. contain flavonoid glycosides whose aglycones include quercetin. In this study, a HPLC methodology was established to determine quercetin which was a common hydrolyzate of the flalvonoid glycosides in the three plant medicines. The determination method developed showed good linearity in the range of 41.2-412.0 \μg/mL, and had a nice accuracy and repeatability. It indicated that the content of quercetine in Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum lineare and Sedum emarginatum can achieve the quality standard required by Chinese Pharmacopoeia.( No less than 0.01\%), The results also revealed preliminarily a relation between collected season and medicine quality. Thus it could be used to control some flavonoids content in the three plant drugs indirectly. By determining the samples of the 3 drugs collected in different seasons, the optimal harvest periods could be preliminarily ascertained.

}, keywords = {best harvest time., Genus Sedum, HPLC determination, Plant medicines, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.114}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/167}, author = {Ma Yue-ling and Chen Yu-jie and Wan Ding-rong and Chen ping and Xu Ran} } @article {370, title = {Hypoglycemic Activity of Leaf Extracts from Tiliacora triandra in Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {621-625}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {621}, abstract = {

Background: Tiliacora triandra is a common plant found in southeast Asian countries. It is traditionally used as anti-pyrogenic agent. Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic activities leaf extracts from Tiliacora triandra (TTE) in normal and streptozotocin- induced diabetic rats. Methods: TTE was prepared and daily and orally administered at dose of 300 mg/kg b.w. to the rats for 8 weeks. The body weight and blood glucose level were measured weekly. At the end of the experiments, blood samples were collected from cardiac puncture and analyzed for serum insulin levels. The pancreatic tissues were stained by hematoxylin-eosin for histo-pathological investigations. Results: Normal and diabetic rats treated with TTE and glibenclamide tended to have an increased body weight. TTE significantly decreased the blood glucose level by 25.01 \± 19.77\% in week 3 in diabetic rats and similar to that of glibenclamide group (27.01 \± 11.89\%). However, the extracts slightly decreased the blood glucose level in normal rats by 9.48 \± 2.14\% in week 2. TTE significantly increased serum insulin level by 21.63 \± 1.39 IU/mL in diabetic rats compared to the controls (10.63 \± 0.37 IU/mL) but not in normal rats. In additions, TTE activated the regeneration of pancreatic Islets of Langerhans in diabetic rats which in turn stimulated insulin secretion. Conclusion: TTE exhibits the hypoglycemic potential by stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas.

}, keywords = {Hypoglycemic Effect, Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats., Tiliacora triandra}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.99}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.99/index.html}, author = {Teeraporn Katisart and Surapong Rattana} } @article {457, title = {In vitro Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity of Bridelia scandens (Roxb.)Willd}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s117-s121}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s117}, abstract = {

Natural products are emerging out as potent and alternative therapies for many diseases. Today herbs have become the part of mankind, because of its manifold ways in targeting diseased cells with minimal effects on normal cells and tissues. The present research investigated the in vitro antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective of B.scandens leaf. Preliminary phytochemical analysis exhibited the presence of most of the constituent in ethanol extract (BSE). Antioxidant capacity of various extracts of B.scandens was examined. DPPH assay revealed that ethanol extract has a good antioxidant with IC50 value of 31.68\μg/ml, whereas standard ascorbic acid with 8.78 \μg/ml. BSE revealed dose dependent response with increase in concentration for reducing power assay. ORAC assay directly measured the scavenging capacity and BSE (2485 trolox eq/gm) was found to be potent than other extracts. In vitro hepatoprotective activity was performed for BSE using MTT assay in BRL 3A cell line, which revealed nontoxic dose with CTC50 value more than 1000 \μg/ml. At the dose 200 \μg/ml, BSE and standard silymarin offered cell protection of 57\% and 76 \% respectively. Present study concludes that B.scandens leaf extract possess antioxidant potential and protect the liver cells against CCl4 damage. However in vivo studies are being carried out to validate the traditional usage of Bridelia scandens.

}, keywords = {Bridelia scandens, BRL3A, Hepatoprotective, MTT, ORAC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.167}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/392}, author = {Preetham Jinadatta and Kiran Sundera Raja Rao and Sharath Rajshekarappa and Sujan Ganapathy Pasura Subbaiah and Mruthunjaya Kenganora} } @article {420, title = {In vitro Study of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory of Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {862-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {862}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyperuricemia was a metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of uric acid due to the action of the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO). Some natural substances with antioxidant activity proved capable of inhibiting the activity of the enzyme XO. Pharmacological benefit of polyphenol compounds had been proved. Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb, a native plant, had been proved antioxidant activity, so that it had potential to be developed as an inhibitor of the XO. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of Gambir as XO inhibitor. Methods: These extracts of Gambir were preparation from Gambir and Gambir leaf using ethanol 50\% and ethanol 96\%, respectively. The polyphenol content and Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was evaluated by spectrophotometry, meanwhile analysis of (+)catechin was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Screening XO inhibitory activity in vitro showed that ethanolic 96\% extract of Gambir leaf showed the highest activity, i.e. 50\% relative to standard allopurinol at the final concentration of 100 ppm. Conclusion: There was no positive correlation between XO inhibitory activity and polyphenol or (+)catechin content.

}, keywords = {(+) Catechin., Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb, Inhibitory, Polyphenol, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.135}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/188}, author = {Eriawan Rismana and Sri Ningsih and Fachry Fachrudin} } @article {246, title = {Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity In vitro of Mezzetia parviflora Becc. Wood Bark Polar extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {171-175}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {171}, abstract = {

Introduction: The wood bark of Mezzetia parviflora Becc, has long served as one of the most important traditional herbal medicine sources in Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. M. parviflora extracts were rich in polyphenols. This study was aimed to explore the lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of polar extract of M. parviflora. Methods: The polar extract is the result of ethanol extract partition solved in acetone. The extract will keep polar components which are insoluble in acetone. Assayed methods applied are \ß-carotene bleaching inhibition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) measurement, and continuous monitoring of conjugated dienes formation in LDL. Results: M. parviflora extract inhibit \ß-carotene/ linoleic acid oxidation, showed by IC50 value of 15.83 g/ml in 30th minute; but the potency will be reduced to IC50 value of 111.19 g/ml and 225.07 g/ml after the 60th and 120th minute of incubation. M. parviflora extract inhibit MDA formation as for linoleic acid peroxidation product until the third day; at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 g/ml inhibit MDA formation as many as 29.16 \± 2.41\%, 4.24\% \± 43.27, 54.08 \± 2.87\%, 59.88 \± 1.90\%, and 69.75 \± 2.32\%, respectively. M. parviflora extract at 50 g/ml can inhibit LDL-oxidation induced by CuSO4, performed by LDL-oxidation lag-time elongation until 70 minutes, similar ability was performed by epigallocathecin gallate at 5 g/ml. Conclusions: M. parviflora extract expressed relatively strong protection against lipid and LDL oxidation which can serve as the scientific basis of its development as a remedy for various diseases caused by lipid peroxidation.

}, keywords = {Conjugated diene, Low-density lipoprotein, Malondilaldehyde, Mezzetia parviflora Becc, Polyphenol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.28}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/295}, author = {Mufidah Murdifin and Ermina Pakki and Gemini Alam and Marianti A. Manggau and Lukman Muslimin and M. Rusdi and Elly Wahyudin} } @article {329, title = {Microscopic Characterization of Croton cordiifolius Baill. (Euphorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {361-366}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {361}, abstract = {

Background: Croton cordiifolius Baill. is popularly known as \“quebra-faca\” in the Brazilian Northeast and is used to treat general inflammation, pain, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics of C. cordiifolius. Materials and Methods: Cross-sections and paradermic sections of root, stem, petiole and leaf blade were obtained by hand and submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Maceration was performed according to the method of Jeffrey. Results: The secondary root has peridermis, parenchymatic cortex, collateral vascular system surrounded by sclerenchyma. The secondary stem has peridermis, cortical region with lignified cells, isolated groups of fibers, laticifers, prismatic crystals, druses and starch. The vascular system of the stem is bicollateral. The petiole and the leaf blade have stellate, simple and glandular trichomes. The leaf blade is hypostomatic, with paracytic stomata. The mesophyll is isobilateral and the midrib shows a concave-convex contour. Laticifers occur in stem, petiole and leaf blade. Prismatic crystals and druses are found in all organs analysed. Through the maceration it was possible to identify the type of vessel elements. Conclusion: The anatomical features are useful for differentiation of other species of Croton and provide support to their quality control.

}, keywords = {Croton cordiifolius, Euphorbiaceae, Pharmacobotany, Plant anatomy, Quebra-faca}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.61}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.61}, author = {Iasmine Andreza Basilio dos Santos Alves and Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Matos Ximenes and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {400, title = {Mosquito Larvicidal and Pupicidal Activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn. (Family: Fabaceae) and Bacillus sphaericus against, Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {737-742}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {737}, abstract = {

Objective: The bio-efficacy of Tephrosia purpurea leaf extract and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus larvicidal activity was assessed against the first to fourth instars larvae of Aedes aegypti, under the laboratory conditions. Methods: The plant material was shade dried at room temperature and powdered coarsely. T. purpurea and B. sphaericus show the various concentrations of larvicidal and pupicidal activity against various instars larvae of A. aegypti. Results: The LC50 of T. purpurea against the first to fourth instars larvae were 139.24, 176.24, 219.28, 256.27, and 326.29 ppm and the 480.72, 541.21, 580.34, 672.20, and 762.80 ppm, respectively. B. sphaericus against the first to fourth instars larvae the LC50 values were 46.16, 56.23, 69.82, 80.81 and 96.12 ppm and the LC90 values 141.68, 172.46, 184.21, 193.31 and 218.16 ppm, respectively. However, the combined treatment of T. purpurea + B. sphaericus (1:2) material shows highest larvicidal activity of the LC50 values 80.08, 82.21, 88.00, 92.21 and 98.16 ppm; The LC90 values of 108.39, 118.71, 136.75, 149.02 and 153.24 ppm, against A. aegypti in all the tested concentrations than the individuals and clearly established that there is a substantial amount of synergist act. Conclusion: The present study reported that both T. purpurea and B. sphaericus materials could serve as a potential larvicidal agent. Since, A. aegypti is a container breeder vector mosquito this user and eco-friendly and low-cost vector control strategy could be a viable solution to the existing dengue disease burden. Therefore, this study provides first report on the mosquito larvicidal activity the combined effect of T. purpurea leaf extract and B. sphaericus against as target species of A. aegypti.

}, keywords = {Aedes aegypti, Bacillus sphaericus, Dengue vector, Larvicidal activity., Tephrosia purpurea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.116}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/169}, author = {Ramesh Venkadachalam and Vijayakumar Subramaniyan and Manogar Palani and Mahadevan Subramaniyan and Prabhu Srinivasan and Murugan Raji} } @article {340, title = {Neuropathic Pain: Literature Review and Recommendations of Potential Phytotherapies}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {425-434}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: One of the common syndromes that affect humanity is neuropathic pain (NP), yet poorly understood with no efficient treatment till now. Consequently, it is extremely crucial to seek further evidence for accurate diagnosis and optimum treatment. The aim of this work is to summarize the findings related to neuropathic pain in terms of etiology, types, diagnosis, current and future management prospective, and identify the gaps in neuropathic pain therapy. Methods: A literature investigation was carried out by analyzing classical peer reviewed papers and textbooks, taking into consideration worldwide well established scientific databases mainly PUBMED and SCOPUS to retrieve accessible published literature. The selection of phytotherapies was based upon their potentials in relieving NP in pre-clinical or clinical models. Results: One of the most critical points in this research is that recommendations of the future plans should be focused on the engagement of phytotherapy in the treatment regimen aiming at improving patients\’ quality of life and reaching optimum efficacy and minimum toxicity. Phytotherapies offer relatively low-risk options to NP patients and have an increasing evidence to be the future of neuropathic pain management. Patients suffering from neuropathy are depending increasingly on phytotherapies; however, they need more clinical trials in order to fully understand their mechanism of actions. Conclusion: Health-care specialists should be regularly informed about neuropathic pain current therapies and promising future phytotherapies, bearing in mind the risk/benefit profile of the utilization of these therapies in the amelioration of NP.

}, keywords = {Current therapies, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, Neuropathy Pain, Phytotherapies, Recommendations}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.72}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.72}, author = {Karim Raafat and Rawan El-Haj and Dania Shoumar and Rana Alaaeddine and Yousra Fakhro and Natalie Tawil and Farah Shaer and Amani Daher and Natalie Awada and Ali Sabra and Khouloud Atwi and Malak Khaled and Raneem Messi and Nour Abouzaher and Mohamed Houri and Samer Al Jallad} } @article {336, title = {Pharmacognostic and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Indonesia Native Plant of Piper acre Blume Leaves (Piperaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {400-404}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Piper acre Blume (Piperaceae) is an Indonesia native plant that is used as a traditional medicine and commonly known as \‘Sirih Hitam\’ or \‘Sirih Hutan\’. The scientific data from the plant is still very limited. The aims of the present study was to know a pharmacognostic, and cytotoxicity of P. acre Blume leaf. The macroscopic characters showed that the leaves have a characteristic odor, heart-shaped, margin was finely flat, venation was curved, the upper surface was dark green and slippery while the lower surface was pale green and soft. The microscopic characters revealed upper and lower epidermis cells, glandular trichomes, concentric vascular bundle, paracytic stomata. The fluorescence characteristics showed a variety of chemical constituents present in the plant materials. The preliminary phytochemical investigation of various extracts showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, terpenoid, tannin, carotenoid, and steroid. The physicochemical properties (yield, color, consistency) of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extract were 31.57\% w/w (green concentrated solid), 13,59\% w/w (green concentrated solid), and 16.35\% w/w (brownish green liquid). Based on the cytotoxicity using brine shrimp lethality assay of the n-hexane extract (2.46 \μg/ml), ethyl acetate extract (0.925 \μg/ml), and ethanol extract (5.741 \μg/ml) showed that the extract had the cytotoxic activity.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Piper acre Blume, preliminary phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.68}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.68}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Silfi Siti Ambarwati and Muhammad Arifuddin and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {377, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Characteristics of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Stem and Root Bark: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {668-673}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) is a large tree indigenous to China. It is known as the \“Tree of Heaven\”, used in traditional medicine in many parts of Asia, including China to treat cold, gastric diseases, diarrhea and endoparasites. It is also used as a bitter aromatic drug and as an antitumoral. Objective: The present study deals with comparative pharmacognostical parameters for the bark of stem and root of Ailanthus altissima, Mill. Swingle. Materials and Methods: The stem and root bark were collected, shade dried and powdered plant material was studied for its proximate values by standard methods. The extracts were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening for the detection of various phytoconstituents. Results: Proximate analysis revealed that the dry plant powder of stem bark has 6.48 \% total ash, 0.42\% acid insoluble ash, 4.60 \% water soluble ash and for root bark 7.22 \% total ash, 0.74\% acid insoluble ash, 5.98 \% water soluble ash. The Loss on drying for stem and root bark were found out to be 6.62 \% and 10.46 \% respectively. The stem and root bark of plant powder were found to possess phytoconstituents. Fluorescence analysis revealed the behaviour of the plant powder when treated with different chemical reagents. Conclusion: The present study reveals the preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis of stem and root bark of Ailanthus altissima. Information obtained from these studies can be used as markers in the identification and standardization of this plant as a herbal remedy and also towards monograph development on the plant.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Fluorescence analysis, Proximate Analysis, Simaroubaceae, Tree of Heaven}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.106}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.106/index.html}, author = {Weekar Younus Raja and Zulfiqar Ali Bhat and Ishtiyaq Ahmad Chashoo} } @article {532, title = {Pharmacognostic Specification and Mangiferin Content of Aquilaria crassna Leaves.}, journal = {Pharmacog Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2017}, month = {January-2018}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background:\ Aquilaria\ crassna\ Pierre ex Lecomte (Thymelaeaceae) has been used as a medicinal plant in many aspects. Previous research has revealed that A. crassna leaves contain mangiferin as an active compound. Although the active component has been investigated, the pharmacognostic specification and quantification of mangiferin from A. crassna leaves have never been established. Objective: The current study aimed to conduct and develop a pharmacognostic standard according to WHO guidance as well as the validated method for quantifying mangiferin content. Materials and Methods: Dried A. crassna leaves from 15 separated locations throughout Thailand were investigated for pharmacognostic specification. Their mangiferin contents were quantitatively analysed by TLC densitometry with win CATS software. Results: Macroscopic-, microscopic- characteristics and TLC fingerprinting combined with physicochemical parameters were reported in this study. The loss on drying, moisture content, and total ash content as well as acid-insoluble ash content were determined to be 8.62 \± 0.13, 8.16 \± 0.14, 6.82 \± 0.09 and 1.49 \± 0.03\%, respectively. Ethanol- and waterextractive values were found to be 9.05 \± 0.39 and 16.94 \± 0.22 \%, respectively. In addition, the validation method for quantifying the mangiferin content was developed. The contents of mangiferin in A. crassna leaf extract determined by TLC-densitometry and TLC-image analysis were found to be 1.2992 \± 0.5980 and 1.3036 \± 0.5874 \% by dried weight, respectively. The results between these two analytical methods were shown to have an insignificant difference. Conclusion: This study provides the necessary information for authentication and standardisation of A. crassna leaves.

}, keywords = {Aquilaria crassna leaves, Mangiferin, Pharmacognostic specification, TLC image analysis, TLC-densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.51}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/481}, author = {Worathat Thitikornpong and Boonsri Ongpipattanakul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {434, title = {Phytochemical Screening, GC-MS, FT-IR Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Curcuma caesia Roxb (Black Turmeric)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {952-956}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {952}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of the current study is to monitor the phytochemical constituents in the Curcuma caesia Roxb.by GC MS and FT-IR analysis. Methods: The Rhizomes of Curcuma caesia Roxb was extracted with Methanol at room temperature for 8 h. The bioactive compounds of Curcuma caesia Roxb have been evaluated using GC-MS and FT-IR. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, terpenoids, flavonoid, alkaloid, phenol, phytosterol Quinones and saponins. Totally 15 compounds were identified and the chromatograph showed peaks with individual compounds. The major constituents were identified in the Methanolic extract were \α-Santalol (46.90\%), Retinal (10.72\%), Ar-tumerone(10.38\%), Alloaromadendrene (5.93\%), Megastigma-3,7(E),9-triene (4.80\%), Benzene, 1-(1,5-dimethyl- 4-hexenyl)-4-methyl(4.38\%) , 5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, methyl ester, (all-Z)-(4.26\%) Tricyclo[8.6.0.0(2,9)]hexadeca-3,15-diene, trans-2,9-anti-9,10-trans-1,10 (3.26\%) and many other compounds were identified as low level. The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of N-H , O-H , C=C , C-H, C-O and CH3 functional groups. Conclusion: The result of this study offer a platform of using Curcuma caesia Roxb as herbal alternative for various diseases and it can be used as functional and pharmaceutical food.

}, keywords = {Curcuma caesia Roxb, FT-IR, GC MS, Phyto chemical, α-Santalol and Retinal.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.149}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/202}, author = {Muthukumaran Pakkirisamy and Suresh Kumar Kalakandan and Karthikeyen Ravichandran} } @article {422, title = {Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Active Ingredients: Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {873-879}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Introduction: Crocus sativus is a member of iridaceae family and its use in health management is in practice since ancient time. Additionally, research based on clinical trials and animal models have advocates its role in disease cure without any severe adverse complications. The aim of this study is to summarize the study of saffron and its ingredients based on in vivo and in vitro and role in disease cure and prevention. Materials: This study was designed through the search engines such as Pub Med, Scopus and Google Scholar. The keywords used for the search were mainly focused on Saffron with health benefit and its therapeutics role in different diseases. Result: Saffron stigma is mixture of various components and recent studies have proven that saffron and its active ingredients play a key role in disease management. Moreover, clinical trials based study on the use of saffron and its individual components have confirmed the health promising effects. Conclusion: Although Saffron has potential role in the disease cure and prevention via modulation of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activity. Furthermore, advanced research is needed to elaborate the role of saffron in health management and its mechanism of action in the modulation of biological activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour activity, Antioxidant, Crocus sativus, Toxicity level.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.137}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/190}, author = {Arshad Husain Rahmani and Amjad Ali Khan and Yousef Homood Aldebasi} } @article {223, title = {The Serum Protein Fractions in Streptozotocin (STZ) Administrated Rat Models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {35-38}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {35}, abstract = {

Background: Experimental diabetes can be induced using chemical agents such as streptozotocin. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of streptozotocin (STZ) which is most important agent to produce experimental diabetic model at two different doses on serum protein fractions in rat models. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four male rats that weighed an average of 250 g and were 3\–4 months old were used as the experimental models. They were sorted into three groups composed of eight rats each of STZ 55 mg/kg, STZ 65 mg/kg and control. Diabetes was induced by administering STZ 55 mg/kg and 65 mg/kg intraperitoneally. The serum protein fractions were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Results: No significant difference was observed between the groups for all fractions except alpha-2 and beta globulins. The alpha-2 and beta globulin levels were significantly higher in the 55 mg/kg group than in the 65 mg/kg STZ and control groups (p\<0.05). Conclusion: This increase may be due to the involvement of different proteins in the alpha-2 and beta globulin protein fractions.

}, keywords = {electrophoresis, experimental diabetes, Rat, serum proteins, STZ}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.7}, author = {Cennet Ragbetli and Semiha Dede and Feride Koc and Veysel Yuksek and Murat Cetin Ragbetli} } @article {347, title = {Simultaneous-HPLC Quantification of Phenolic Acids in Traditionally used Ayurvedic Herb Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) Jeffry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {483-487}, chapter = {483}, abstract = {

Introduction:The present study deals with the simultaneous HPLC-quantification of phenolic acid(s) in the aerial parts of Diplocyclos palmatus (Cucurbitaceae) and evaluation of their bioactivity potential through in vitro antioxidant assay\’s. Method: The HPLC elution was done using C18 column using gradient (binary phases) solvent system at a flow rate of 0.6 ml/min. Total phenolic and, flavonoid contents were determined and the antioxidant potential was estimated by four assay\’s viz. DPPH radical scavenging assay, ferric reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity and 2-deoxy ribose assay. Results: The species is rich in three phenolic acids, among which gallic acid (1708 ug/g) is in maximum concentration followed by caeffic acid (437 ug/g) and protocateuchic acid (337.7 ug/g). Total phenolic content was higher (10.5 mg/g) than flavonoid content (3.78 mg/g) and TAC was found at 0.137 mg/g ASE (ascorbic acid equivalent). IC50 of D. palmatus extract for scavenging of hydroxyl radical by 2-deoxy ribose and DPPH was at concentration of 125.61 \± 0.834 (\μg/ml) and 353.71 \± 0.663 (\μg/ml) respectively. In vitro antidiabetiv potential, via inhibition of alpha amylase enzyme through starch iodine and 3,5- DNS assay reveals the IC50 of extract at 146.31 \± 0.415 ug/ml and 286.23 \± 0.671 ug/ ml respectively. Conclusion:\ The species (aerial part) was rich in phenolic acid with potential bioactivity, identified leads will be useful\ in further chemical characterization and pharmacological validation.

}, keywords = {Anti diabetic, Anti oxidant, Diplocyclos palmatus, HPLC, Phenolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.78}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.78}, author = {Ankita Misra and Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and Bhanu Kumar and Abhishek Niranjan and AKS Rawat and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {363, title = {Standardization and Chemical Analysis of Rasam: A South Indian Traditional Functional Food}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {587-593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {587}, abstract = {

Objective: The traditional Indian food is \“functional\” as it contains high amounts of dietary fiber, antioxidants, and probiotics. Rasam is a South Indian traditional spice soup. Spices are reputed to possess several pharmacological properties. Due to geographical, ethnical, and traditional differences, rasam recipe and the preparation process have a wide difference. Hence, the objective was to standardize rasam and then to perform a chemical analysis so that its pharmaceutical potential beyond nutritive effect can be explored. Materials and Methods: The quantity of ingredients and the process followed for preparing rasam by the 17 volunteers selected from in and around Vellore, Tamil Nadu was standardized. The proximate, nutritive, elemental, and phytochemical analysis were determined for the standardized rasam. Results: The total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble ash, and sulfated ash were found to be 1.7\%, 0.04\%, 0.12\%, and 1.86\%, respectively. The extractive values such as water soluble, ethanol soluble, and ether soluble were found to be 4.5\%, 3.93\%, and 0.61\%, respectively. The standardized rasam showed very low-energy content of 15.13 kcal/100 g. Rasam contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides. and volatile oil. Conclusion: The ingredients used in the preparation of rasam are medicinally claimed for various ailments, which makes it a traditional functional food. The standardized procedure provided tremendous opportunity to study the pharmaceutical potential in a systematic scientific way beyond its culinary and nutritive effect.

}, keywords = {Chaaru, Elemental analysis, Nutritional Value, Proximate Analysis, Saaru, Spices}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.93}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.93/index.html}, author = {Agilandeswari Devarajan and Muthu Kumaradoss Mohan Maruga Raja} } @article {244, title = {Vibrational Analysis and Thermal Behavior of Salvia hispanica, Nigella sativa and Papaver somniferum Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {157-162}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {157}, abstract = {

Introduction: Salvia hispanica L., Nigella sativa L. and Papaver somniferum L. are involved in opiate-dependent behavior. It is known that the seeds of these three herbs contain high amounts of antioxidants, which are helpful in disease prevention, but further research is needed on some of their other phytochemical components (terpene alkaloids, benzoquinones and others), which are claimed to affect human opioid receptors. Methods: Seeds from the three afore mentioned plants have been studied by ATR-FTIR vibrational spectroscopy and thermo analytical techniques (TG/DTG, DTA and DSC). Results: The infrared spectrum has confirmed the presence of the ester carbonyl of terpenoid alkaloids (such as nigellamine) and the fully conjugated cyclic dione structure of quinones (e.g., thymoquinone). As regards the thermal stability of these seeds, small differences have been observed in their thermal profiles (endothermic effects at around 333\ºC for chia, 268\ºC for black cumin and 319\ºC for poppy seeds), which can be ascribed to their different content in carbohydrates. Conclusions: The functional groups of the main active constituents and the thermal behavior of these three seeds have been elucidated.

}, keywords = {ATR-FTIR, Black cumin, Chia, Poppy, Thermal analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.26}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/293}, author = {Paula Carri{\'o}n-Prieto and Pablo Mart{\'\i}n-Ramos and Salvador Hern{\'a}ndez-Navarro and Iosody Silva-Castro and Manuela Ramos-Silva and Jes{\'u}s Mart{\'\i}n-Gil} } @article {170, title = {Acetaminophen Induced Oxidative and Histopathological Alterations in Hepatic Tissue: Protective Effects of Alstonia Scholaris Leaf Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {385-391}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {385}, abstract = {

Introduction: Alstonia scholaris Linn. is the common ingredients of various herbal formulation. Objectives: Present study was aimed to evaluate the oxidative and histopathological alterations in acetaminophen (APAP) induced hepatotoxicity and protective mechanisms of different leaf extracts of A. scholaris. Methods: Forty two wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups with six rats in each and subjected to different treatments. Alterations in total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), oxidative stress index (OSI), total thiols (TTH), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue were analyzed to assess the extent of hepatic damage induced by APAP and the protection imparted against it by aqueous or ethanolic leaf extract of A. scholaris. Results: Single high oral dose of APAP administration increased (p\<0.05) hepatic levels of TOS, OSI and MDA and reduced TAS, TTH, SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities indicating alteration in antioxidant system of hepatic tissue. The histopathological studies showed severe hepatic degeneration, vacuolization and granulation in cytoplasm, fragmentation of nuclei and membranes and infiltration of mononuclear cells on APAP treatment. Pre and post-treatments of aqueous or ethanolic extract following APAP administration restored TTH, reduced MDA and TOS and increased TAS compared to APAP treatment alone. Conclusions: Observations of histopathological and antioxidant parameters indicates that restoration of TAS and TTH levels by leaf extracts may be the primary protective mechanism in APAP induced hepatotoxicity. Further treatments with ethanolic extract showed more hepatoprotective potential than the aqueous extract of A. scholaris.

}, keywords = {Acetaminophen, Alstonia scholaris, Malondialdehyde., Super oxide dismutase, Total antioxidant status, Total thiols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.12}, author = {Pawan Kumar Verma and Rajinder Raina and Mudasir Sultana and Maninder Singh and Pawan Kumar} } @article {177, title = {Acute and sub-acute Toxicity study of Aqueous extracts of Canscora heteroclita (L) Gilg in Rodents}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {399-410}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

Background: Canscora heteroclita (C. heteroclita) being used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine in India for treatment of various diseases. No systematic toxicity study for this plant was described. Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the safety use of this plant in traditional practice. Materials and Methods: The acute oral toxicity study of aqueous extract of Canscora heteroclita (AECH) was carried out as per the OECD guidelines 423 in mice and the sub-acute toxicity was carried out at a dose of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg as per OECD 407 guidelines in male and female rats. Results: Mice administered upto 2000 mg/kg as a single dose orally not caused any signs of toxicity or mortality in mice. In sub-acute toxicity study in rats, AECH at two different daily doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 28 days did not cause any significant change including the hematological and biochemical parameters. Histopathological examinations showed normal architecture suggesting no morphological disturbances. Conclusion: No deaths or any signs of toxicity was observed after oral administration in acute toxicity study upto a dose of 2000 mg/kg of AECH in mice and upto a dose of 400 mg/kg of AECH in sub acute toxicity study in rats.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Biochemical, Canscora heteroclita, Histology., Sub-acute toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.15}, author = {Rajasekaran Aiyalu and Arivukkarasu Ramasamy} } @article {99, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Toxicity Study of Aqueous Extracts of Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) Raynal in Animal models}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {10-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {10}, abstract = {

Background: Enicostemma axillare (Lam.) Raynal is used in traditional practice for the treatment of diabetes, malaria and liver disorders. No systematic toxicity study was described for this plant and hence the present was undertaken to evaluate acute and sub-acute toxicity of aqueous extract of Enicostemma axillare (AEEA). Objective: The acute oral toxicity study of AEEA was carried out as per the OECD guidelines 423 in mice and the sub-acute toxicity was carried out as per the guidelines set by OECD 407 in male and female rats. Materials and Methods: Body weight, food and water consumption, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, organ weight and histopathological analysis were carried out. Results: No gross toxicity and mortality was observed upto a dose of 2000 mg/kg. For sub-acute toxicity test, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg daily dose of AEEA administered orally for 28 days in male and female group of rats not exhibited any signs of toxicity and mortality. Conclusion: In acute oral toxicity study, the oral administration of AEEA in mice was found to be safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Both male and female treated rats showed no change in hematological, biochemical and histological investigations and no signs of toxicity were observed upto the dose of 400 mg/kg in rats.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Enicostemma axillare, Histology, OECD guidelines, Sub-acute toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.3}, author = {Aiyalu Rajasekaran and Ramasamy Arivukkarasu} } @article {167, title = {Anti-inflammatory activity of BCM-95 (bio-enhanced formulation of turmeric with increased bioavailabilty) compared to Curcumin in Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {380-384}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {380}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate anti-inflammatory activity of bioenhanced turmeric formulation (BCM-95) compared to commercial Curcumin formulation (Curcuminoids 95\%) in Carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory model. Materials and Methods: Thirty six Wistar rats were divided into six groups-Normal control (2 ml of vehicle), Standard control (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg), 2 doses of BCM 95 (10 and 20 mg/kg) and Curcuminoids 95\% (10 and 20 mg/kg). Paw volume was measured using a digital plethysmometer. Vehicle or test drugs were given to rats 30 min before carrageenan administration. Baseline paw volume reading (V0) was noted just prior to administration of 0.1 ml of 1\% carrageenan to right hind paw of the rat. Test paw volume readings (Vt) were measured at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 min, after carrageenan injection. Oedema expressed as increased paw volume (vt-v0) was noted and percentage inhibition of oedema was calculated for all treatment groups. Statistical analysis: Difference between groups were analyzed with ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: All treatment groups demonstrated significant (p\<0.05) anti-inflammatory activity (oedema suppression) compared to normal control. Anti-inflammatory activity of BCM 95 treated groups were comparable to standard control group except at certain time points, whereas the same activity at all-time points with Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups were significantly less than standard control group. Percentage inhibition of paw oedema was maximum with standard control group followed by BCM 95 treated groups followed by Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups. Conclusion: BCM 95 treated groups showed significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to Curcuminoid 95\% treated groups.

}, keywords = {Anti-Inflammatory agents, Bioavailability, Curcumin, Inflammation, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.11}, author = {Sayeli Vinaykumar and Urval Pundarik Rathnakar and Ullal Sheetal Dinkar and Kamath Priyanka and Tiwary Gaurav and Shenoy Ashok Kudgi and Revappala Sekhar Nishith} } @article {135, title = {Bioactive Constituents of Pulicaria jaubertii: A promising Antihypertensive Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {81-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract of Pulicaria jaubertii aerial parts. Material and Methods: The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were chromatographed on silica gel and sephadex LH 20 to afford six compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the bases of extensive NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) and MS analysis. The antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract was evaluated against L-NAME\–induced hypertensive rats. Results: One new monoterpene glucoside; (2R, 4S)-p-menth-1-ene- 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside [1] along with five known compounds; thymoquinol 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (zataroside-B) [2], quercetin 7, 3{\textquoteleft}-di-Omethylether (rhamnazin) [3], quercetin 7-O-methylether (rhamnetin) [4], quercetin 3{\textquoteleft}-O-methylether (isorhamnetin) [5] and stigmasterol 3-Ob- D-glucopyranoside [6] were isolated. The alcoholic extract significantly reduced the elevated SBP and partially restored the diminished nitric oxide metabolites. Conclusion: Compound [1] is a new and compounds [2-6] are reported for first time from Pulicaria jaubertii. The possible antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract may be due to its flavonoids and phenolic contents.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive activity, Flavonoids, Monoterpene glucoside, Nitric oxide., Pulicaria jaubertii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.18}, author = {El-Sayed M. El-Ghaly and Usama Shaheen and Ehab Ragab and Atef Ahmed El-hila and Mohamed Raafat Abd-Allah} } @article {97, title = {Chemical Constituents and in vitro anticancer activity of Tiliacora triandra leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {1-3}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Introduction: \ Tiliacora triandra (F. Menispermaceae) is edible and is also known for medicinal values. The leaves are a popular flavoring in Southeast Asia, especially in the northeast of Thailand.\  The objectives of this study were to determine the major constituents of the leaves of T. triandra, and assess their anticancer activities against human cancer cell lines. Methods: The leaves were extracted by a soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and water. Major constituents were then purified and identified using chromatographic procedures and various spectroscopic techniques.\  In vitro anticancer activity tests of T. triandra extracts were performed by resazurinmicroplate assay (REMA), and tested with 3 cell lines: oral cavity cancer (KB), lung cancer (NCI-H187) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Results: The result indicated that the main compound of T. triandra leaves was oxoanolobine. The methanol extract showed the highest cytotoxic activity against lung cancer (NCI-H187) cell line whereas the water extract exhibited the highest activity against oral cavity cancer (KB) cell line. The IC50 of oxoanolobine against the NCI-H187 cell line was 27.60 \± 4.30 \µg/mL. Conclusion:T. triandra leaves contain oxoanolobine as the major constituent and have the potential of anticancer activity but are required to be investigated further.

}, keywords = {In vitro anticancer activity, Oxoanolobine, Phytochemistry, Tiliacora triandra, Yanang.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.1}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Benjamart Cushnie and Ladachart Taepongsorat and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {160, title = {Comparative Powder Microscopic and HPTLC Studies on Stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {346-351}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {346}, abstract = {

Introduction: Comparative powder microscopic and HPTLC studies were carried out on stem barks of Symplocos racemosa Roxb. and Symplocos crataegoides Ham. to differentiate its identity in Ayurvedic formulations. Method: Powder microscopic and HPTLC studies of these barks were undertaken on a comparative basis and results are reported in this paper. The authentic samples are cleaned, powdered and passed through sieve No. 80. A few mg of powder was stained with saffranin, Toluidine blue and Iodine and photographed under different magnifications with the help of NICKON Labphot -2. HPTLC studies were followed by Sethi and Wagner et al method. Results: The colour, taste, cork cells, fibres, sclereids, starch grains, calcium oxalate crystals, number of spots and Rf values of HPTLC are found to be differentiating diagnostic characters in powdered form of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides. Conclusion: The findings of the present study is believed to be helpful in standardization of Ayurvedic formulation containing stem bark of S. racemosa and S. crataegoides as ingredients in powder form. The study sets the specific microscopic protocol and HPTLC finger print of the two drugs and may lead to global acceptance and reputation of the Ayurvedic system.

}, keywords = {Authentication, Curna, Dasamularistam, Lodhra, Lodhrasavam, Pharmacognosy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.7}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Murugammal Shanmugam and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Venkata Narasimhaji Cheemalapati and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {195, title = {Evaluation of Costus speciosus in Experimental Models of Depression in Albino Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {483-486}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {483}, abstract = {

Introduction: Despite theavailability of numerous antidepressant drugs the therapy of depression is far from satisfactory. Two of the many reasons for this are the delay in onset of effect and the adverse effects associated with most of the antidepressants. Costus speciosus rhizome has shown adaptogenic activity. Objective: To evaluate the antidepressant activity of50\% aqueous-ethanol extract of Costus speciosus (CS) leaves in experimental models of depression. Materials and Methods: Male albino mice were randomly assigned to five groups of six each. We studied three doses of the leaf extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) on two models of depression \– forced swim test and tail suspension test. Imipramine was used as the standard control. Both acute and chronic effects were studied. Drugs (test drug, standard control and vehicle) were administeredorally, one hour before the experiment in the acute study and daily for 14 days for the chronic study. Results: Imipramine showed significant antidepressant activity as demonstrated by a reduction in duration of immobility in both acute and chronic studies of forced swim test and tail suspension test. CS showed a dose dependent antidepressant activity. CS_100 demonstrated an antidepressant effect only in the acute forced swim test. CS_200 demonstrated an antidepressant activity in both acute and chronic forced swim test but not in tail suspension test. CS_400 showed maximum antidepressant activity in both acute and chronic studies, which was comparable to that of the standard drug imipramine. Conclusion: CS showed dose dependent antidepressant activity with CS_400 mg/kg showing maximum effect.

}, keywords = {Antidepressant, Costus speciosus, Forced swim test, Tail suspension, Test.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.12}, author = {Zahoor Ahmad Rather and Nateshprabhu M and Sushma DS and Rakesh Kb and Sunil Pai and Ullal sheetal D} } @article {155, title = {Evaluation of Healing Potential of Achyranthes aspera L. (Amaranthaceae) seeds in excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model-An in-vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {300-306}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {300}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study deals with the in vivo investigation of healing properties of Achyranthes aspera L. seeds in excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed to find out different phytoconstituents in the test extract. Acute toxicity test were performed to find any abnormalities in mice. Wound healing activities were performed on Wistar rats using excision, incision, dead space and burn wound model. The percentage of wound closure and period of epithelization were recorded for excision and thermal burn wound model, whereas the breaking strength was recorded in incision wound model. In dead space wound model, hydroxyproline content and granulation tissue antioxidant enzymes like SOD and CAT were estimated. Results: The phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, lipids and triterpenoids. There were no abnormalities observed in the acute toxicity test. The results of wound healing activity revealed that EEAAS treated group showed an enhanced wound contraction and epithelization period in both excision and burn wound models, whereas in incision wound model the wound breaking strength was significantly increased in extract treated group compared to control. The histology of the skin of healed excised wound showed restoration to almost the normal architecture of the skin in extract treated group compared to the control. In dead space wound model, enhanced antioxidant enzymes and connective tissue markers were observed in the extract treated group. Conclusion: Thus the results conclude that EEAAS possesses potent wound healing properties with a reasonable safety profile.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera L., Antioxidant enzymes, Hydroxyproline, Povidone iodine, Silver sulfadiazine, Thermal burn.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.20}, author = {Sumanta Mondal and Debjit Ghosh and Seru Ganapaty and Motati Sushrutha Reddy and Karipeddi Ramakrishna} } @article {191, title = {Evaluation of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Antidiabetic Potential of Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum Plants of Manipur (India)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {459-464}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {459}, abstract = {

Background: Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum are two commonly used traditional aromatic plants of Manipur which is traditionally used in Aroma therapy. Rationale of pharmacological potentials of these plants are still unclear, even if few preliminary studies are available in literature for individual plants. Objective: This study was conducted for comparative assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial, and antidiabetic potential of A. galanga and E. foetidum. Materials and Methods: The rhizome of A. galanga and leaf of E. foetidum were extracted in methanol, ethanol and water. Phytochemicals of each extracts of Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum were analyzed. The antioxidant potential of all the extracts was assessed by measuring total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging potential was assessed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, antibacterial activity was assessed against various pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria in vitro by Kirby-Bauer agar well diffusion method and antidiabetic activity was assessed by \α-amylase inhibition. Results: Both the plant showed presence of all the tested phytochemicals. It was observed that methanolic extracts of both the plants have higher phenolic content than ethanolic and aqueous extracts, however ethanolic extracts E. foetidum shows higher flavonoid contents. Both the plant shows similar DPPH scavenging and metal chelating activity. It was also observed that the antidiabetic potential of A. galanga is greater than E. foetidum. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts of the plants shows quite similar and good antibacterial potential than the aqueous extracts. Conclusion: The present study suggests that both Alpinia galanga and Eryngium foetidum plants of Manipur could be used as herbal remedies for the treatment of diabetes mellitus as well as managing oxidative stress and oxidative stress related disorders.

}, keywords = {A. galangal, Antibacterial, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, E. foetidum., Manipur, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.8}, author = {Tabarak Malik and Devendra Kumar Pandey and Priyanka Roy and Annie Okram} } @article {203, title = {GC-MS Analysis of n-hexane Extract of Stem Bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {520-524}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {520}, abstract = {

Context: The stem barks of the plant Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don (syn. Symplocos paniculata (Thunb.) Miq.), Fam. Symplocaceae is extensively used in Indian medicine under the names of Lodhra/Patikalodhra. Mainly it is used to cure uterine complaints, vaginal and menstrual disorders. Aim: To investigate the phytochemicals from the n-hexane extract of the stem bark of Symplocos crataegoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don., using GC-MS analysis. Materials and Methods: Stem bark of S.crataegoides was extracted by Soxhlet extraction method using n-hexane. The extract was injected by splitless injection mode into the GC MS 5975 C Agilent equipped with a QP- 5000 (quadrupole) Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometer. Results: Identification of 57 compounds from n-hexane extract. Those compounds were identified by close matches with standard MS spectra and compared with NIST - 11 and WILEY library data. Undecane (7.51\%) was found as major compound followed by Isopropyl myristate, Dodecane, 1,2,4-trimethyl-benzene, Octacosane, 2-methyl-decane, 2-ethyl-1,2-dimethyl-benzene, 1,2,3,5- tetramethyl-benzene etc., other constituents were found to be in traceable quantities. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis of S. crataegoides revealed certain interesting facts of presentation of various phytoconstituents in the stem bark. The presence of various phytoconstituents contributes to the medicinal activity of the plant.

}, keywords = {GC-MS analysis, n-hexane extract, Patikalodhra, Symplocos Crataegoides}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.2}, author = {Nartunai Govindarajan and Uma Maheswara Reddy Cheekala and Shantha Arcot and Susikumar Sundaramoorthy and Ramasamy Duraisamy and Ilavarasan Raju} } @article {132, title = {Hepatoprotective effect of Prunus armeniaca L. (Apricot) leaf extracts on Paracetamol induced liver damage in Wistar rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {December 2015}, pages = {154-158}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {154}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Prunus armeniaca L. (Apricot) leaf on paracetamol induced liver toxicity in rats. Method: Phytochemical investigation was performed to find active constituents of the plant extracts by the different phytochemical tests. After induction of liver toxicity, the biochemical parameters such as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (sGPT), serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (sGOT), serum alkaline phosphatase (sALP), serum bilirubin (SB), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), \γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein (TP), albumin. The physical parameters including liver weight, body weight and histopathological changes in the liver were studied with Ursodeoxycholic acid as standard hepatoprotective agents. Results: The phytochemical investigation of the extracts showed the presence of Alkaloids, volatile oil, saponin glycosides, condensed tanins, terpenoids, steroids and flavonoids. Methanol and aqueous extract before the paracetamol administration caused a significant reduction in the values of sGOT, sGPT, sALP, TBARS, GGT, LDH TP, Albumin and sB (P\<0.01) almost comparable to the Ursodeoxycholic acid. The hepatoprotective activity was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver tissue of control and treated animals. Conclusions: The result concludes that Prunus armeniaca L. possesses the hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol induced liver toxicity in rats.

}, keywords = {Apricot, Hepatotoxicity, Liver toxicity., Paracetamol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.2.9}, author = {Varsha Raj and Arun Kumar Mishra and Amrita Mishra and Najam Ali Khan} } @article {186, title = {Macro-Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Rhizome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {430-434}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {430}, abstract = {

Introduction: Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Family Hypoxydaceae (Amaryllidaceae) is a perennial herb with finger like rhizome. Its rhizomes have been significantly used in treatment of various ailments including cancer. Methods: Macro-microscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of C. orchioides were performed according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown rows of rectangular and conical cells in cork, thin walled cortex, parenchymatous cells, starch grains, crystal of calcium oxalate, mucilage cell and spiral xylem vessel in the rhizomes of C. orchioides. Physicochemical studies revealed loss on drying (10.469\%), total ash (8.463\%), acid insoluble ash (1.10\%), water-soluble ash (2.163\%), alcohol soluble extractive value (3.036\%), and water-soluble extractive value (22.666\%) of the raw drug. Ethanol extract of the plant were fingerprinted in petroleum ether and ethyl acetate (7.0:3.0) solvent system and scanned densitometrically after dipping in anisaldehyde-sulphuric acid reagent followed by heating at 105\°C. Conclusion: These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug in dried form.

}, keywords = {Curculigo orchioides, HPTLC fingerprinting, Pharmacognostic, Quality control., Standaridisation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.3}, author = {Deepa Yadav and Mohd Salim Reshi and Sadhana Shrivastava and Nalini Srivastava and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Sangeeta Shukla} } @article {139, title = {Pharmaco-Chemical characterization and Acaricidal Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Chassalia Curviflora (Wall ex Kurz.) Thwaites.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {215-219}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Introduction: C. curviflora, an important ethno-medicinal plant used by the Kurichia local people in Western Ghats region of Wayanad is yet to be explored pharmacologically. It is used as paste on the body of cattle and birds for curing skin diseases. Objectives: To characterize the pharmacochemical features and to study the acaricidal effect of ethanolic extract of C. curviflora on engorged female ticks of R. (B.) annutatus. Methods: The pharmaco-chemical features such as physico-chemical, proximate, phytochemical, fluorescence, and HPTLC profiling were carried out using standard techniques. The pulverized leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using ethanol. The ethanolic extract at different concentrations (10\% to 1.25\%) was tested against ticks using adult immersion test (AIT). Result: The preliminary phytochemical investigation showed high contents of saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The HPTLC profiling of ethanolic extract showed the presence of 14 polyvalent components. Based on AIT, the extract at 10\% revealed 43.76\% of inhibition of fecundity (IF) and 29.16\% of adult tick mortality. Conclusion: The results revealed that the extract has some active compounds that may influence in the reproductive system of female ticks.

}, keywords = {Acaricidal activity, Chassalia curviflora, Fecundity., HPTLC, Pharmaco-chemical, R. (B.) annutatus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.6}, author = {Ajeesh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Adarsh Krishna Thumadath Palayullaparambil and Sanis Juliet and Kumuthakalavalli Renganathan and Ramasubbu Raju and Sunil Athalathil and Reghu Ravindran and Leena Chandrashekar and Suresh Narayanan Nair and Srikanta Ghosh} } @article {141, title = {Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Leaves of Aralia Racemosa L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {250-254}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {250}, abstract = {

Objective: Ethnomedicinally, the entire plant and its parts are generally utilized by local people for the treatment of different aliment conditions without standardization. The standardization of crude drug is a crucial part of establishing its correct identity. Prior to any crude drug can be included in an herbal pharmacopeia, pharmacognostic and physicochemical param\­eters and standards to be established. Aralia racemosa L. perennial herb belongs to family Araliaceae. It is commonly known as American Spike\­nard. It is traditionally used in the treatment of Rheumatism, Whooping cough, skin diseases, pleurisy, diaphoretic, diuretic, pulmonary diseases, asthma, rheumatism, diarrhea, stimulant, expectorant, syphilis, Inflamma\­tion and Hay fever. In the view of lack of pharmacognostic study of leaf of Aralia racemosa L. Methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and physicochemical parameters were assessed according to WHO Quality Control Methods for herbal materials. The leaves of Aralia racemosa. L was subjected for successive solvent extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out, along with florescence analysis of leaf Pow\­der with different reagents were evaluated. Results: Macroscopy of the leaves showed oval to rounded shape with tooted margin, cordate base and pointed tip. Microscopic studies revealed the presence of anisocytic stomata, bicolateral vascular bundles, lignified fibers, spiral vessels and rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, extractive values, ash content and fluorescent behav\­ior of leaf powder were also determined. Preliminary Phytochemical analy\­sis revealed the presence of various phytochemical constituents viz., glyco\­sides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. Conclusion: The results of current study could be served as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of this medicinal plant and will helpful in characterization of the crude drug.\ 

}, keywords = {Anisocytic stomata, Aralia racemosa, Bicolateral vascular bundles, Lignified fibers., Pharmacognostic, Rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.13}, author = {D S N B K Prasanth and Atla Srinivasa Rao and Rajendra Prasad Yejella} } @article {202, title = {Pharmacognostic Characterization of Spondias mombin L. (Anacardiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {513-519}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {513}, abstract = {

Background: Spondias mombin L. is fruit specie found in Tropical America and the coast of Africa, popularly known as cajazeira. Several researches with extract of leaflets show a diversity of promising pharmacological activities such as antibacterial activity, antiviral against dengue virus type 2, anti diabetic, among others. Objective: This paper aims to study the anatomical characteristics, phytochemical and histochemical from leaves of this species. Materials and Methods: Cross and paradermic sections from leaves were submitted to double staining with astra blue and safranin process for the anatomical study. Anatomical analysis of the structures was performed using an optical microscope. For ultra structure analysis, the leaf fragments, after processing and gold coating, were observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The phytochemical analyses were performed using thin layer chromatography and the histochemical analyses using specific reagents for each metabolite group. Results: The leaf has anomocytic and tetracytic stomata distributed on abaxial surface. The midrib has convex symmetry with collateral vascular bundles in a closed arc disposition. The phytochemical showed the presence of mono and sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and steroids, hydrolysable tannins, phenylpropanoid glycosides, cinnamic derivatives and flavonoids. The histochemical tests allow us to state that phenolic compounds are found in the palisade parenchyma cells. Lignins can be found in woody vascular bundles and in perivascular sclerenchyma fibres. The volatile oils were evidenced in the schizogenous cavity, present in the parenchyma of the midrib. Conclusion: The results allowed characterizing anatomically the leaves of this species, outlining a profile of its phytochemical constituents and, in addition, determining which anatomical structures of storage of these metabolites by the plant.

}, keywords = {Anacardiaceae, Caj{\'a}, Histochemistry, Leaf anatomy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.1}, author = {Alex Lucena de Vasconcelos and Alan Lucena de Vasconcelos and Karina Perrelli Randau} } @article {103, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation on Seeds of Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Var. latifolia (Roxb.) A. Cheval}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {37-41}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {37}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mahuwa i.e., Madhuca longifolia (Koen.) Macbr. Var. latifolia (Roxb) A. Cheval\  belongs to family Sapotaceae. The local people and aboriginals use the oil extracted from the seeds for cooking purposes. The powdered seed has several therapeutic uses too. Recently seed oil is used as biodiesel. Although seeds and oil are in use; deliberate attempt to study them has lacked. Methods: Pharmacognosy can be the first step in deciding the status of a plant organ as a crude medicine. Hence comprehensive Pharmacognosy of Mahuwa seed was carried out by macroscopy, microscopy, histochemistry, powder study, proximate analysis and preliminary phytochemical studies. Results: The present study provides the microscopic diagnostic characters such as presence of sclerides, oil ducts, crystals etc in seed. Physicochemical studies revealed total ash (0.65\%), acid insoluble ash (0.5\%), water soluble ash (5.95\%), alcohol soluble extractive (23.04\%) water soluble extractive (17.76\%) and chloroform extractive (12.3\%). Histochemistry and Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponnins, terpenoids, anthraquinone glycoside, cardiac glycoside etc. Conclusion: These studies will help in establishing the \ pharmacopeial standards for the said drug.

}, keywords = {Histochemistry, Mahuwa, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry., Sapotaceae, Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.8}, author = {Bindu Gopalkrishnan and CL. Ringmichon} } @article {96, title = {Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Nutritional Evaluation of Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {31-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {31}, abstract = {

Objective: The primary aim of the study was to establish the pharmacognostic standards along with nutritional values on the important medicinal herb Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC., commonly known as Parpata in South India. Material and Methods: Pharmacognostical, physicochemical, nutritional evaluation along with the TLC profiling and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out. Results: Histological study of different parts of the plant revealed the presence of different cellular structures viz. stem showed the presence of multi cellular to unicellular trichomes, collateral vascular bundles, starch grains etc. Mesophyll of the leaves was embedded with starch grains with clustered calcium oxalate and prism shaped crystals. Anomocytic stomata were present on both the epidermis of the leaf. Powder microscopy exhibited multi cellular trichomes, clustered calcium oxalate, fibres etc. Physicochemical and histochemical studies revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites and different minerals within the acceptable limits. Thin layer chromatographic profiling showed different spots suggesting the presence of specific phytoconstituents in different extracts. The plant also revealed good nutritional value with calorific value of about 245 kcal/100g; Vitamin C 112 mg/100 g and higher amount of calcium etc. Conclusion: The results are beneficial to establish the quality control parameters of the plant species and may be served as future reference for the identification and authentication of the genuine crude drug and also provide sufficient data to recognize the use of the plant as dietary suppliment.\ \  \ 

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Histochemical studies., Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy, standardization, Thin layer Chromatography.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.7}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramaseshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishna and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Chinmay Rath and Anupam Mangal and Padhi Madan Mohan and Dhiman Kartar Singh} } @article {185, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardization of Goraksha pods: an important Nutritive and antidiabetic Plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {424-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Objective: Goraksha or cluster beans are an annual legume found throughout India. It is also extensively cultivated for its pods used as vegetable for its high nutritive value, antidiabetic properties and for the source of guargum. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, histochemical studies and preliminary phytochemical studies on the pods of Goraksha has been carried out highlighting its importance along with important diagnostic characters, which will help in the identification of pods both in fresh form as well as in dry form. Results: Study revealed presence of distantly arranged elongated uniseriate warty trichomes in the outer most layer of epidermis, presence of stone cells, simple starch grains and very small calcium oxalate crystals in the hypodermal region. Presence of unevenly thickened row of palisade layer of macro sclereids in the outer most layer of cotyledon region. Phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, starch, steroids, and tannins. Conclusion: The pharmacognostical standardization revealed the presence of various specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine pods of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.

}, keywords = {Cluster beans, Goraksha, Pharmacognosy, Pods. Histochemical studies.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.2}, author = {Shantha Thirumalai Ramasheshan and Patchaimal Pitchaiah and Prathapa Reddy Maramreddy and Vandana Bharti and Kishore Kumar Ramakrishana and Venkateshwarlu Gaddam and Devesh Tewari and Anupam Kumar Mangal and Madan Mohan Padhi and Kartar Singh Dhiman} } @article {199, title = {Physicochemical and Phytochemical Analysis of Different Parts of Indian Kesar Mango{\textendash}A unique variety from Saurashtra Region of Gujarat}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {502-506}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {502}, abstract = {

The aim of the present study was to evaluate physicochemical and phytochemical analysis of different parts (ripe seed, unripe seed, ripe peel, unripe peel and stem) of Indian mango (var. \‘Kesar\’) collected from Saurashtra region of Gujarat. The physiochemical properties such as loss on drying, total ash value, acid insoluble ash value, water soluble ash value and extractive values were carried out. The phytochemical properties such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatanins, triterpenes, steroids, saponins and cardiac glycosides were also carried out. In phytochemical analysis, tannins showed maximum amounts in all five parts. The present study provides the details physicochemical and phytochemical properties of different parts of kesar mango which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopeia parameters.

}, keywords = {Kesar Mango, Physicochemical parameters, Phytochemical analysis, Ripe and Unripe Peel, Ripe and Unripe Seeds, Stem.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.16}, author = {Kalpna Rakholiya and Mital Kaneria and Sumitra Chanda} } @article {207, title = {Physicochemical Evaluation and Pharmacognostical Standardization of Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {551-556}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {551}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Leaves have long been employed as a traditional remedy by the Cholanaikan tribe of South India to treat various ailments. Methods: Pharmacological and physicochemical evaluation of P. heyneana leaf has been carried out to determine its macro and microscopic characters, and also some of its quantitative characters as per standard procedures. Results: The pharmacognostical evaluation of P. heyneana leaves revealed the presence of characteristic microscopic features of the crude drug like cystoliths in upper epidermis, helicocytic stomata in lower epidermis, large number of peculiar shaped, huge (200-400 m) foliar sclereids, absence of palisade tissue in the lamina etc. Powder microscopy showed the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, stone cells, multicellular trichomes, resinous blocks, spiral vessels, xylem fibre, starch grains, simple fibre etc. Conclusions: All the parameters evaluated in the study will aid to identify the authenticity of P. heyneana leaf even from the crushed or powdered form.

}, keywords = {Cholanaikan tribe, Fluorescence analysis, Helicocytic stomata, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.6}, author = {Vilash V and Suja SR and Latha PG and Aneesh Kumar AL and Ragesh R Nair and S Rajasekharan} } @article {150, title = {Phytochemical Analysis of Tasmannia lanceolata Extracts and Inhibition of Giardia duodenalis Proliferation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {291-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {291}, abstract = {

Background: Giardiasis is a debilitating disease caused by gastrointestinal parasites of the genus Giardia. Tasmannia lanceolata (Tasmanian pepper berry) has a high anti-oxidant capacity and has documented therapeutic properties for a variety of pathogenic diseases. Materials and methods: Solvent extracts of T. lanceolata berry and leaf were investigated for the ability to block G. duodenalis growth. The IC50 values of the extracts which displayed inhibitory activity were determined to quantify and compare their efficacies. Toxicity was determined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Active extracts were analysed by non-targeted HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy (with screening against 3 compound databases) for the identification and characterisation of individual components in crude plant extracts. Results: Methanolic, aqueous and ethyl acetate T. lanceolata berry and leaf extracts displayed potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory activity. The methanolic extracts were the most potent growth inhibitors with IC50 values of approximately 180 \µg/ml and 420 \µg/ml for the berry and leaf methanolic extracts respectively. The aqueous, ethyl acetate, chloroform and hexane extracts also inhibited G. duodenalis growth, albeit with lower potency. HPLC-QTOF mass spectroscopy analysis of the extracts identified 45 compounds which were present in all T. lanceolata berry extracts. Forty of these were putatively identified by screening against 3 compound databases. All T. lanceolata berry and leafextracts were nontoxic in the Artemia fransiscana bioassay. Conclusion: The low toxicity of the T. lanceolata extracts and their potent G. duodenalis growth inhibitory bioactivity indicates their potential as medicinal agents in the treatment and prevention of this disease.

}, keywords = {Alternative therapies, Anti-Giardial activity, Anti-oxidant, Complementary, Gastrointestinal parasite, Giardisis, Tasmanian pepper.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.19}, author = {Paran Rayan and Ben Matthews and Pauline Mc Donnell and Ian Edwin Cock} } @article {184, title = {Rasayana Herbs of Ayurveda to Treat age Related Cognitive Decline: An Update}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {411-423}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cognitive decline associated with aging could be minor or major neuro-cognitive disorder presenting with progressive intellectual deterioration interfering with day to day activities. Behaviour and personality changes may complicate the life in due course. Significant increase in global prevalence of people aged above 60 years has raised concerns on effective management of old age problems. Age related cognitive deficits and dementia raise to the level of epidemics and established management is yet underway. Principles of preventive health and rasayana (rejuvenative) herbs of Ayurveda are being extensively researched up on for their effectiveness in dementia. In this fourteen such herbs with anti dementia property are discussed with relevant research update. Methods: Herbs like amalaki (Emblica officinalis), hareetaki (Terminalia chebula), haridra (Curcuma longa), manduka parni (Centella asiatica), aindri (Bacopa monniera), yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra), guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis), vacha (Acorus calamus), jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculata), kushmanda (Benincasa hispida), Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi), ashvagandha (Withania somnifera) and kapikacchu (Mucuna pruriens (Linn.)) are already proven of their efficacy in experimental and preclinical levels. The contents and research evidences are collected from ayurveda database on medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha and other authentic literature, Google scholar, Science direct, online and print journals. Discussion: The herbs in discussion mostly act on reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress injury by antioxidant properties and neuroprotective activity. Acetylcholine esterase inhibition, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate antagonism, Dopaminergic activity, Anti-amyloidogenic activity, Inhibition of Tau aggregation, neuroprotection and immune modulation are activity path ways. Tridosha namely Kapha, Pitta and Vata may be viewed to be categorically predominant in initial, middle and final stage of dementia. Selected herbs thus can be specific based on the pathology and relevant dosha predominance. Conclusion: Rasayana herbs with current updates and inferences can serve as an eye-opener for further researches at molecular and clinical aspect.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, cognitive decline, Dementia, Herbs, Medhya, Rasayana.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.1}, author = {Reena Kulkarni and Suhas Kumar Shetty and Rajarajeshwari N M and Prasanna Narasimha Rao and Nayan J} } @article {113, title = {Role of Plant Based Lectins in Identifying Rare Bombay Blood Group}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {70-71}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {70}, abstract = {

Background: Lectins are proteins found in a diversity of plants and organisms. They possess the ability to agglutinate erythrocytes with known carbohydrate specificity. Methods: A lectin named Anti H is used in identification of a very rare and important blood group named Bombay blood group is extracted from the plant Ulex europaeus. Our study was done to calculate the prevalence of Bombay blood group in our Indian population using the plant based extract lectin anti H. Blood grouping was done using the tube technique using commercially available antisera. Results: Out of the total 11,512 blood samples collected and analysed, two samples were identified to be Bombay blood group. The prevalence of Bombay blood group in our study is .017\%. The prevalence of the Bombay blood group varied slightly among different regions in parts of India. Conclusion: Anti H Lectin helped in identifying Bombay Blood Group which would otherwise have been missed in routine blood grouping. Plant based lectins will perform an important role in the field of transfusion medicine in near future.

}, keywords = {Blood grouping, Bombay phenotype, H antigen, Lectin, Ulex Europaeus.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.15}, author = {Raj Bharath Rudrappan and Krishnan Veeran} } @article {104, title = {Seed oil chemical composition of Platychaeteaucheri (Boiss.) Boiss}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {42-43}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Background: Platychaete aucheri is an endemic plant to the south of Iran and no phyochemical investigations is reported on the seeds oil. Materials and Methods: The chemical composition of Platychaete aucheri seeds oil was extracted by suxhelet apparatus, methyl esterificated and analyzed by GC and GC/MS spectroscopy method. Results: 16 compounds were determined in total and taraxasterol (19.0\%), \γ-sitosterol (14.1\%) and lupeol (11.8\%) were characterized as the most abundant components. Conclusion: Regarding the presence of high amounts of triterpenoids and sterols in the seed oil, related biological activities are expected from the studied oil.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, gamma-Sitosterol., Platychaete aucheri, Seed oil, Taraxasterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.9}, author = {Jinous Asgarpanah and Narges Dakhili and Fatemeh Mirzaee and Maedeh Salehi and Maryam Janipour and Elaheh Rangriz} } @article {107, title = {Study of Protective Action of Spondias pinnata Bark extract on Rat Liver and Kidney against Etoposide Induced Chemical Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {24-27}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {24}, abstract = {

Introduction: System injury, manifested as metabolic dysfunction is a common side effect of chemotherapy. Chemical stress on hepatic and kidney cells can be evaluated by biochemical analysis, including serum aminotransferases, glutathione levels and extent of lipid peroxidation. Combined treatment of chemotherapy along with the natural products such as phytochemicals may be a newer approach to reduce the side effects and betterment of chemotherapy. Objective: The present study was conducted to assay kidney and liver associated parameters on animals exposed to etoposide, and the protective effect of different doses of Spondias pinnata bark extract on normal cells. In this study, total 24 male Wistar rats (either sex) aged between 60 to 90 days were considered. Each groups consisted of six rats. Levels of Alanine and Aspartate aminotransferases were estimated using semi-auto analyser and GSH, GST, TAO and LPx by spectrophotometry. Results and Conclusion: Data analyzed using Graph Pad 5.0. Variation in the analyzed parameters were found between control, chemotherapy and Spondias pinnata groups.\  Results of the study show that significant increase in TBARS levels indicative of etoposide induced oxidative stress could be prevented by the treatment with S. pinnata. GST levels also support the preventive action of S. pinnata against etoposide induced stress. However, TAO and transaminases remain unaltered in the study groups.

}, keywords = {Etoposide, GSH, GST, LPx, Spondias pinnata.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.5}, author = {Beena Shetty and Gayathri Rao and Abhineetha and Niha Banu and Preethika and Sudarshan Reddy} } @article {174, title = {Study on Inflammation and the Nervous system of Ethanol extract of Jatropha Curcas seed}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {335-340}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {335}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jatropha curcas L. seeds are used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases or conditions. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects on inflammation and the nervous system of ethanol extract of J. curcas seeds. Materials and methods: It was used 64 mice divided in 8 groups; respectively, 4 groups received 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg of ethanol extract of J. curcas seed; and the rest intake Diclofenac, Diazepam, Caffeine and a control group not received any substance. The effects on inflammation was evaluated by Carrageenan-Induced paw oedema test and by Paw skin temperature. Neurological symptoms of toxicity were evaluated using the Irwin test. For the analysis of quantitative variables were used the following tests: one-way ANOVA, Tukey, Shapiro-Wilk and Pearson correlation; for qualitative variables Chi square was used. Results: According to the paw oedema, it was showed a trend on an inflammatory effect of the seeds of J. curcas; this activity was statistically significant in doses of 1000 mg/kg. Also, the skin temperature measurements outcomes reveal a positive dose response manner. Regard to neurological manifestations, Straub tail was founded in doses of 400 mg/kg. Stereotypies were founded in doses of 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg/kg throughout the evaluation. Conclusion: J. curcas seeds were showed an inflammatory effect. In addition, effects on the nervous system were founded as stereotypes and Straub tail.

}, keywords = {Carrageenan, Inflammation, Jatropha curcas, Nervous System., Seeds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.5}, author = {Zambrano-Huailla Alexander and Zambrano-Huailla Rommel and Goicochea-Lugo Sergio and Zavala-Flores Ernesto and Garc{\'\i}a-Berrocal Jorge and Chau-Saravia Angel and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {196, title = {Triterpenes from Hoya paziae Kloppenb.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {487-489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {487}, abstract = {

Chemical investigation of the dichloromethane extracts of the stems of Hoya paziae Kloppenb. led to the isolation of taraxerol (1), taraxeryl acetate (2), and a mixture \α-amyrin acetate (3), and \β-amyrin acetate (4) in about 2.5:1 ratio. The structures of 1\–4 were identified by comparison of their NMR data with those reported in the literature.

}, keywords = {Apocynaceae, Hoya paziae, taraxerol, taraxeryl acetate, α-amyrin acetate, β-amyrin acetate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.13}, author = {Melissa Borlagdan and Fernando B. Aurigue and Ian A. Van Altena and Consolacion Y. Ragasa} } @article {67, title = {Abutilon indicum L (Malvaceae)-Medicinal Potential Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {330-332}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {330}, abstract = {

The plant Abutilon Indicum (Linn.) is belonging to malvaceae family; Also known as Mallow in english, Abutilon indicum is used as a medicinal plant. It has been reported that Abutilon indicum has Anti inflammatory and Antiproliferative activity, Anti-Arthritic activity, Analgesic and Sedative property, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Anti diabetic, Anti cancer, Anti diarrhoeal, Anti-convulsant, Larvicidal, Wound healing, Anti asthmatic, Diuretic, Immunomodulatory, and Anti-estrogenic activity. It is proved that this plant contains carbohydrates, proteins and aminio acids, saponins, flavanoids, glycosides, phytosterols and phenolic compounds

}, keywords = {Abutilon indicum, Anti asthmatic, Anti-proliferative activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.2}, author = {Rajagopal Ramasubramania raja and Koumara Velou Kailasam} } @article {80, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {363-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {363}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity, xylopic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.8}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Boampong Johnson Nyarko}, editor = {Kyei Samuel} } @article {1447, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {7th July 2015}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy still remains a clinical problem for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the interaction between xylopic acid and pregabalinco-administration as well as their toxicity in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Materials and Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced in rats with 2 mg/kg of paclitaxel on alternative days for four days (days 0, 2, 4 and 6). Equi effective doses of xylopic acid and pregabalin that produced 50\% anti-nociception (ED50) were determined from their log-dose response curves in the cold allodynia and thermal pain tests. Xylopic acid and pregabalin were again administered to rats in a fixed ratio combination (1:1) of their ED50\’sin order to determine the experimental ED50 (Zexp) of the co-administered compounds. Isobolograms were constructed to compare the Zexp to a theoretical ED50 (Zadd). Blood samples from the various treatment groups of rats were collected for toxicological assessment of the co-administered compounds. Results: The Zexplay below the Zadd on the isobologram of the cold allodnia test. The co-administration exhibited additivity in the thermal pain test. The co-administration did not produce significant (p\>0.05) toxicity in rats. The co-administration may be beneficial in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy.

Key words: Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, xylopic acid, Toxicity.

}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity., xylopic acid}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Woode Eric and Kyei Samuel and Biny Peter Robert and Boampong Johnson Nyarko} } @article {1442, title = {Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protective Effects of Asparagus racemosus in Human Colon and Mice Muscle Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {9th Feb, 2015}, pages = {182-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of Asparagus racemosus water (AWE) and methanolic (AME) fractions of roots. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity of AWE/AME was estimated by free radical scavenging assays. The DNA damage of HT29 and C2C12 cells was analyzed by comet assay. The plasmid DNA damage and protein oxidation were carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE analysis respectively, where as lipid peroxidation was performed by TBARS assay. Results: Both the extracts showed scavenging activity with IC50 values of 417.4 \± 19.5 / 298 \± 13.5, 381 \± 18.2 / 235 \± 11.9, 54.8 \± 2.95 / 31.6 \± 1.52, 28.9 \± 1.73 / 19.7 \± 1.55 \μg/mL for DPPH, metal chelating, ABTS and Nitric oxide scavenging activities respectively. Similarly the methanolic extract showed more potent reducing power and total antioxidant activities over water fraction. The AME showed 56.8\% and 41.2\% protection against H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) induced DNA damage of HT29 human colon cells and C2C12 murine myoblasts. The extract also showed protection against H2O2 induced plasmid DNA damge, AAPH induced protein oxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lipid peroxidation of rat hepatic tissue. Conclusion: Over all this study showed remarkable antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of A.racemosus. The observed biological properties may be attributed to the high content phenols and flavonoids in the methanolic extract A. racemosus over water extract.

Key words: AAPH, Asparagus racemosus, C2C12, HT29, Protein oxidation, Single cell gel electrophoresis.

}, keywords = {AAPH, Asparagus racemosus, Protein oxidation, Single cell gel electrophoresis.}, author = {Girindrababu Venkattappa Jayashree and Puttasiddiah Rachitha and Krishnaswamy Krupashree and Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar and Farhath Khanum} } @article {53, title = {Antioxidant and DNA Damage Protective Effects of Asparagus racemosus in Human Colon and Mice Muscle Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {182-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {182}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study was designed to investigate the in vitro antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of Asparagus racemosus water (AWE) and methanolic (AME) fractions of roots. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity of AWE/AME was estimated by free radical scavenging assays. The DNA damage of HT29 and C2C12 cells was analyzed by comet assay. The plasmid DNA damage and protein oxidation were carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE analysis respectively, where as lipid peroxidation was performed by TBARS assay. Results: Both the extracts showed scavenging activity with IC50 values of 417.4 \± 19.5 / 298 \± 13.5, 381 \± 18.2 / 235 \± 11.9, 54.8 \± 2.95 / 31.6 \± 1.52, 28.9 \± 1.73 / 19.7 \± 1.55 \μg/mL for DPPH, metal chelating, ABTS and Nitric oxide scavenging activities respectively. Similarly the methanolic extract showed more potent reducing power and total antioxidant activities over water fraction. The AME showed 56.8\% and 41.2\% protection against H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) induced DNA damage of HT29 human colon cells and C2C12 murine myoblasts. The extract also showed protection against H2O2 induced plasmid DNA damge, AAPH induced protein oxidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lipid peroxidation of rat hepatic tissue. Conclusion: Over all this study showed remarkable antioxidant and macromolecule damage protective effects of A. racemosus. The observed biological properties may be attributed to the high content phenols and flavonoids in the methanolic extract A. racemosus over water extract.

}, keywords = {AAPH, Asparagus racemosus, C2C12, HT29, Protein oxidation, Single cell gel electrophoresis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.7}, author = {Girindrababu Venkattappa Jayashree and Puttasiddiah Rachitha and Krishnaswamy Krupashree and Kandikattu Hemanth Kumar and Farhath Khanum} } @article {39, title = {Antioxidant and metal chelating activities of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl peel, pulp and aerial parts in relation to their total phenol and flavonoid content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {64-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid content of different parts (peel, pulp and aerial parts) of Lagenaria siceraria. Method: Successive extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of different polarity viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, water. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s reagent method and flavonoid was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antioxidant assays evaluated were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, 2, 2\’-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Results: L. siceraria peel possessed maximum phenol and flavonoid content in acetone and toluene extracts respectively. FRAP was maximum in acetone extract of peel. The peel extract demonstrated stronger DPPH activity with IC50 value of 111 \μg/ml followed by pulp extract. The same extract was effective in scavenging ABTS radical with an IC50 value of 39 \μg/ml while other parts were ineffective. Conclusion: This work demonstrated good antioxidant activity of L. siceraria vegetable cultivated in India and recommends that the peel of this vegetable may be of interest from a functional point of view as a major source of natural antioxidant.

}, keywords = {ABTS, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, Lagenaria siceraria, total phenol.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.8}, author = {Sumitra Chanda and Pooja Moteriya and Hemali Padaliya and Tejas Rathod and Yogesh Baravalia} } @article {1457, title = {Antioxidant and metal chelating activities of Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl peel, pulp and aerial parts in relation to their total phenol and flavonoid content}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {64-73}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {64}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenol and flavonoid content of different parts (peel, pulp and aerial parts) of Lagenaria siceraria. Method: Successive extraction was done by cold percolation method using solvents of different polarity viz. petroleum ether, toluene, ethyl acetate, acetone, water. Total phenol content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu\’s reagent method and flavonoid was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The antioxidant assays evaluated were 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, 2, 2\’-Azino-bis-(3-ethyl) benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power. Results: L. siceraria peel possessed maximum phenol and flavonoid content in acetone and toluene extracts respectively. FRAP was maximum in acetone extract of peel. The peel extract demonstrated stronger DPPH activity with IC50 value of 111 \μg/ml followed by pulp extract. The same extract was effective in scavenging ABTS radical with an IC50 value of 39 \μg/ml while other parts were ineffective. Conclusion: This work demonstrated good antioxidant activity of L. siceraria vegetable cultivated in India and recommends that the peel of this vegetable may be of interest from a functional point of view as a major source of natural antioxidant.

Key words:Lagenaria siceraria, antioxidant activity, DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, total phenol.

}, keywords = {ABTS, antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, Lagenaria siceraria, total phenol.}, author = {Sumitra Chanda and Pooja Moteriya and Hemali Padaliya and Tejas Rathod and Yogesh Baravalia} } @article {72, title = {Component Authentication and Standardisation of an Anti-atherosclerotic Herbal Formulation-GSTC3}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {339-343}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {339}, abstract = {

Context: Polyherbal drugs in traditional medicine have been time-tested for treatment of a wide variety of chronic ailments. Aims: To determine constituent components in an in-house designed polyherbal formulation GSTC3 and evaluation of consistency in preparation. Settings and Design: In this study, a hypolipidemic formulation was created using well known plant extracts such as Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks.) Eng. (Burseraceae), Salacia reticulata Wight (Celastraceae), Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn (Combretaceae) and Curcuma longa Linn (Zingiberaceae). Methods and Material: The authentication of individual plant powders was performed using techniques such as powder microscopy and characterised according to Ayurvedic pharmacopeia of India. Phytochemical screening, HPTLC analysis and physicochemical parameters were also determined. Results: The powder microscopic analysis of the individual components served as an authentication for source of plants used. Phytochemical screening ascertained that active classes of compounds reported in the individual extracts such as steroids, terpenoids and polyphenols came into the formulation. Finally, HPTLC analysis of three different batches of GSTC3 ensured stability and integrity in batch to batch preparations. Conclusion: Experimental studies have revealed the antioxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-lipidemic and anti-thrombotic efficacy of GSTC3. This standardisation procedure is essential for further development of GSTC3 into an efficient anti-atherosclerotic drug candidate

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical screening, Polyherbal formulation, Powder microscopy}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.4}, author = {Jeksy Jos Manalil and Indu Muraleedharan Suseela and Smitha Koyickalmadhom Ramavarma and Arunaksharan Narayanankutty and Achuthan Chathrattil Raghavamenon} } @article {74, title = {Effect of various extracts of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis on Setaria digitata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {344-347}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {344}, abstract = {

Introduction: The anthelmintic activity of various extracts of leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis was assessed in vitro against Setaria digitata. Materials and Methods: The leaves of Ocimum sanctum and Mallotus phillipensis were collected and were extracted using methanol, dried and stored under refrigeration till further use. The aqueous extract was taken as a decoction. The methanolic extract was further fractionated by taking solvents of increasing polarity viz, hexane, chloroform, n-butanol and water. The extract as well as the fractions were analysed qualitatively for various phytochemical constituents. Fresh nematodes (Setaria digitata) were recovered manually from the peritoneum of infested buffalo, were washed and transferred to the extract containing petriplates (concentrations of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125 and 1.56 mg/ml) immediately and the motility/death of Setaria digitata was noted. Results: The presence of flavonoids and tannins were detected in all the extracts where was phenolics as absent in the hexane fraction. The methanolic extract of Tulsi and Kamla produced death of nematodes in concentrations of 3.125 mg/ml and the extract of tulsi was found to be more potent. Similar results were also observed in the case of hydro alcoholic extract whereas the aqueous extract showed no effect. The chloroform fraction of Ocimum sanctum and n-butanol and chloroform fractions of Mallotus were equally potent in inhibiting the motility and producing death of the worms. The control drug, albendazole produced death in 30 minutes in both the concentrations. Conclusion: It could be concluded that higher doses of the extract are as potent as albendazole.

}, keywords = {Albendazole, Anthelmintic, Mallotus phillipensis, Ociumum sanctum, Setaria digitata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.5}, author = {Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal and Sujith Samraj and Darsana Udayan and Priya Manakkulaparambil Narayanan and Sreedevi Ramachandran and Sreeshitha Sreedharan Gouri} } @article {32, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic, DNA protecting and LPS induced MMP-9 down regulation activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. essential oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng is a known medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurveda medicines in India. It has enormous medicinal potential to treat various diseases. Methods: The present study focused on the use of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthusamboinicusto test cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cell lines, to protect DNA from H2O2 induced genotoxicity through comet assay and to treat inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced over expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by gelatin zymogram and inhibition at transcriptional level confirmed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Cytotoxicity of essential oil against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines revealed the IC50 values of 53 \± 0.01 and 87 \± 0.01 \μg/mL respectively. At 200 \μg/mL essential oil protected against 75\% of DNA damage in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. Essential oil showed significant reduction in production of MMP-9 in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that essential oil of P. amboinicus is a potent bioactive substance and it could be used in herbal medicine preparations.

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, RT- PCR., Zymogram}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.3}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Gunasekar Ramya and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath and Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar and M.S. Kanthimathi} } @article {1458, title = {Evaluation of cytotoxic, DNA protecting and LPS induced MMP-9 down regulation activities of Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng. essential oil.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Introduction:Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour) Spreng is a known medicinal plant used in Siddha and Ayurveda medicines in India. It has enormous medicinal potential to treat various diseases. Methods: The present study focused on the use of essential oil obtained from the leaves of Plectranthus amboinicus to test cytotoxicity against breast (MCF-7) and colorectal (HT-29) cancer cell lines, to protect DNA from H2O2 induced genotoxicity through comet assay and to treat inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced over expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by gelatin zymogram and inhibition at transcriptional level confirmed using RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Results: Cytotoxicity of essential oil against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines revealed the IC50 values of 53 \± 0.01 and 87 \± 0.01\μg/mL respectively. At 200 \μg/mL essential oil protected against 75\% of DNA damage in 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells. Essential oil showed significant reduction in production of MMP-9 in a concentration dependent manner. Conclusion: Overall, the results showed that essential oil of P. amboinicus is a potent bioactive substance and it could be used in herbal medicine preparations.
Key words: Essential oil , Cytotoxicity , Antigenotoxicity, Zymogram, RT- PCR.

}, keywords = {Antigenotoxicity, Cytotoxicity, Essential oil, RT- PCR, Zymogram}, author = {Ramaraj Thirugnanasampandan and Gunasekar Ramya and Madhusudhanan Gogulramnath and Rajarajeswaran Jayakumar and M.S. Kanthimathi} } @article {1478, title = {Flavonoids from Eupatorium illitum and Their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts from Eupatorium illitum, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of Eupatorium illitum afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of selected isolates were evaluated. Results: The flavonoids Kumatakenin (1), Ermanin (2), 7-methoxy-aromadendrin (3) and Naringenin (4), together with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on the human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), and T-47D (breast) presenting a wide range of bioactivities. In general, best results were observed for 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are reported for first time from Eupatorium illitum. Isolated phytochemicals show moderate to low antiproliferative activities when evaluated on the aforementioned human cancer cell lines.

Key words: Eupatorium illitum, Ermanin, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Kumatakenin, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Naringenin.

}, keywords = {4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Ermanin, Eupatorium illitum, Kumatakenin, Naringenin.}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jorge Triana and Jos{\'e} L Eiroa and Jos{\'e} M Padr{\'o}n and Gabriela B Plata and Ernesto V Abel-Santos and Luis A. B{\'a}ez and Diana C Rodr{\'\i}guez and Marco A Jim{\'e}nez and Mar{\'\i}a F P{\'e}rez-Pujols} } @article {51, title = {Flavonoids from Eupatorium illitum and Their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {178-181}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {178}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate the chemical constituents of the aerial parts from Eupatorium illitum, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activity on human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of Eupatorium illitum afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of selected isolates were evaluated. Results: The flavonoids Kumatakenin (1), Ermanin (2), 7-methoxy-aromadendrin (3) and Naringenin (4), together with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (5) were isolated. Compounds 1, 2, 4 and 5 were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity on the human cancer cell lines A549 (lung), HBL-100 (breast), HeLa (cervix), SW1573 (lung), and T-47D (breast) presenting a wide range of bioactivities. In general, best results were observed for 5. Conclusion: Compounds 1-5 are reported for first time from Eupatorium illitum. Isolated phytochemicals show moderate to low antiproliferative activities when evaluated on the aforementioned human cancer cell lines.

}, keywords = {4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, 7-Methoxy-aromadendrin, Ermanin, Eupatorium illitum, Kumatakenin, Naringenin.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.6}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jorge Triana and Jos{\'e} L Eiroa and Jos{\'e} M Padr{\'o}n and Gabriela B Plata and Ernesto V Abel-Santos and Luis A. B{\'a}ez and Diana C Rodr{\'\i}guez and Marco A Jim{\'e}nez and Mar{\'\i}a F P{\'e}rez-Pujols} } @article {1479, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {09th Mar, 2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays- DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

Key words: Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {55, title = {Free Radical Scavenging and Cytotoxic Potential of Celosia argentea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {191-197}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative stress due to reactive oxygen species often leads to pathogenesis of chronic diseases such as cancer. Research states that a diet rich in polyphenols renders many health benefits by scavenging such harmful reactive species. Celosia argentea (Amaranthaceae), a common weed in India has been reported as a potential source of cheap, natural antioxidants due to its phenolic abundance. In this research work efforts were made to identify and screen the phenolic rich fractions of Celosia argentea for their antioxidant and anticancer potential. Materials and Methods: Various solvent fractions with increasing polarity were subjected to total phenolic content, followed by antioxidant assays-DPPH, ABTS and anti proliferative assays- Brine shrimp Bioassay, Antimitotic and MTT assays. Results: IC50 value of methanolic fraction for DPPH assay was statistically significant (26.25; ***P\<0.001) when compared with ascorbic acid (12.50; ***P\<0.001). Also TEAC values for methanolic fraction and BHT (standard) for ABTS assay were similar (2.1; ***P\<0.001) Methanolicfraction at 400 \μg/ml exhibited strong cytotoxicity (9.0 \± 0.81; ***P\<0.001) against brine shrimps comparable to Methotrexate at 50 \μg/ml(10; ***P\<0.001) and significantly reduced mitotic index from 96.8 to 38.0 (***P\<0.001) which was further confirmed by MTT assay where IC50 value of methanolic fraction for SiHa and MCF-7 cells was found to be 28 \μg/ml with no cytotoxicity to normal cells proving its anticancer potential. Conclusion: This research proves antioxidant and anticancer potential of phenolic rich fraction of Celosia argentea and suggests it to be useful in cancer management as antifroliferative, chemo preventive and in cancer chemotherapy induced immune suppression and oxidative stress.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Brine shrimp, Mitotic index, MTT, Phenolics.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.8}, author = {Rukhsana Abdul Rub and Manohar Janardhan Patil and Areej Abdul Siddiqui and Priyanka Rambhau Ghorpade and Alpana Subhod Moghe} } @article {56, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Michelia nilagirica against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {228-235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

Background: Michelia nilagirica belonging to the family Mangoliaceae is commonly used by many traditional healers in most of the herbal preparations for diabetes and kidney diseases. Objective: Different fractions isolated from ethanolic extract of whole plant of Michelia nilagirica is investigated for hepatoprotective activity in wistar albino rats against paracetamol induced hepatic injury. Materials \& Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups. Each group contains six animals. Hepatic injury was achieved by injecting paracetamol at a dose of 2 mg/kg p.o. Results: The hepatoprotective action is seen with fraction A by reduction in serum marker enzymes like Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT). It also reduced the elevated levels of Alkaline phosphotase (ALP) \& Serum bilirubin. Conclusion: Histopathological studies further confined the hepatoprotective activity of fraction A against paracetamol treated group. The results obtained were compared with silymarin (100 mg/kg, orally), a standard drug.

}, keywords = {Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.4}, author = {Shaik Aminabee and Atmakuri Lakshmana Rao}, editor = {Maram Chinna Eswaraiah} } @article {1453, title = {Hepatoprotective Activity of Michelia nilagirica against Paracetamol Induced Hepatic Injury in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {228-235}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {228}, abstract = {

Background:Michelia nilagirica belonging to the family Mangoliaceae is commonly used by many traditional healers in most of the herbal preparations for diabetes and kidney diseases. Objective: Different fractions isolated from ethanolic extract of whole plant of Michelia nilagirica is investigated for hepatoprotective activity in wistar albino rats against paracetamol induced hepatic injury. Materials \& Methods: Rats were divided into eight groups. Each group contains six animals. Hepatic injury was achieved by injecting paracetamol at a dose of 2 mg/kg p.o. Results: The hepatoprotective action is seen with fraction A by reduction in serum marker enzymes like Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT). It also reduced the elevated levels of Alkaline phosphotase (ALP) \& Serum bilirubin. Conclusion: Histopathological studies further confined the hepatoprotective activity of fraction A against paracetamol treated group. The results obtained were compared with silymarin (100 mg/kg, orally), a standard drug.

Key words: Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening.

}, keywords = {Albino rats, Hepatoprotective, Michelia nilagirica, Paracetamol, Screening.}, author = {Shaik Aminabee and Atmakuri Lakshmana Rao and Maram Chinna Eswaraiah} } @article {68, title = {In vitro Acetyl Cholinesterase Inhibitory assay of Acacia catechu Willd Ethanolic Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {280-282}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {280}, abstract = {

Aim \& objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory activity of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract to introduce a new source for management of Alzheimer\’s disease. Background: Alzheimer\’s disease is a complex, multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative disease primarily affecting the elderly population and is estimated to account for 50\–60\% of dementia cases in persons over 65 years of age. It is likely that the inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase by Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract that is rich in flavonoids and antioxidants may aid in the protection of neurodegenerative disorders and ultimately Alzheimer\’s disease. Methods: Anti cholinesterase activity is determined by adopting In vitro standard protocol. Results: According to the obtained results, the inhibitory activity (IC50 values, \μg /ml) of extracts was 204.38 \± 2.54 \μg/ ml. Conclusion: The results indicated and confirmed the traditional use of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract for management of central nervous system disorders. It showed the moderate activity in inhibition of acetyl cholinesterase at various concentrations. However, further investigations on identification of active components in the extracts are needed.

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu seed, Acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor, Alzheimer{\textquoteright}s disease, Neurodegenerative, Spectrophotometric analysis.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.5}, author = {Lakshmi Thangavelu and Rajendran Ramasamy} } @article {1445, title = {In vitro study of anti-glycation and radical scavenging activities of the essential oils of three plants from Morocco: Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {124-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: We have carried out our study on the chemical composition; anti-glycation andradical scavenging activities of Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum essential oils (EO) that were harvested in the northeast of Morocco. These plants have been traditionally used in medicine as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the treatment of several pathologies. Method: The phytochemical study was revealed by GC-MS. The protein glycation inhibitory activity of EO extracted from these plant tissues was evaluated in vitro using the model system of bovine serum albumin and methylglyoxal. The measure of DPPH\• radical reducing power was used to evaluate the antiradical activity. To test each fraction, we used the IC50 value previously obtained for the crude oils. Results: The phytochemical study of these essential oils showed that p-Thymol, Eucalyptol and Citronellal were respectively the major components in the three investigated EO of O.compactum, R. officinal is and P. asperum. More than 90\% of the total components were detected. The extracts and fractions with glycation inhibitory activity also showed antiradical activity when the DPPH\• radical reducing power was measured. Conclusion: The glycation inhibitory activity was correlated with the antiradical potency of the extracts. Thus, the positive glycation inhibitory and antiradical activities of these plants might suggest a possible role in targeting aging and diabetic complications.The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of these plants for various diseases by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

Key words: Aging, Antioxidant, Antiglycation, Diabetes, Essential oil, Radical scavenger.

}, keywords = {Aging, Antiglycation, Antioxidant, Diabetes, Essential oil, radical scavenger.}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and Ramdan Raja and Amakran Amina and Vannier Brigitte and NHIRI Mohamed} } @article {45, title = {In vitro study of anti-glycation and radical scavenging activities of the essential oils of three plants from Morocco: Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {124-135}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Introduction: We have carried out our study on the chemical composition; anti-glycation andradical scavenging activities of Origanum compactum, Rosmarinus officinalis and Pelargonium asperum essential oils (EO) that were harvested in the northeast of Morocco. These plants have been traditionally used in medicine as a chief ingredient of many polyherbal formulations for the treatment of several pathologies. Method: The phytochemical study was revealed by GC-MS. The protein glycation inhibitory activity of EO extracted from these plant tissues was evaluated in vitro using the model system of bovine serum albumin and methylglyoxal. The measure of DPPH\• radical reducing power was used to evaluate the antiradical activity. To test each fraction, we used the IC50 value previously obtained for the crude oils. Results: The phytochemical study of these essential oils showed that p-Thymol, Eucalyptol and Citronellal were respectively the major components in the three investigated EO of O.compactum, R. officinal is and P. asperum. More than 90\% of the total components were detected. The extracts and fractions with glycation inhibitory activity also showed antiradical activity when the DPPH\• radical reducing power was measured. Conclusion: The glycation inhibitory activity was correlated with the antiradical potency of the extracts. Thus, the positive glycation inhibitory and antiradical activities of these plants might suggest a possible role in targeting aging and diabetic complications.The presence of various bioactive compounds confirms the application of these plants for various diseases by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individual phytochemical constituents may proceed to find a novel drug.

}, keywords = {Aging, Antiglycation, Antioxidant, Diabetes, Essential oil, Radical scavenger}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.7}, author = {Ramdan Btissam and Amakran Amina and NHIRI Mohamed}, editor = {Ramdan Rajae} } @article {42, title = {Inhibition on Urease and Thermal Induced Protein Denaturation of commonly used Antiulcer Herbal Products. Study based on in-vitro assays}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {147-151}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {147}, abstract = {

Background: In-vitro urease inhibitory and thermal induced protein denaturation inhibitory activities was performed for two commonly used herbal products Endemali and Akseer ULCER in the treatment of ulcers. Objectives: To evaluate the antiulcer potential of two commonly used herbal products, Endemali, Akseer ULCER. Material and Method: In urease inhibitory assay, enzyme solution, extract, diferent regaents added and absorbance was measured at 630 nm (50 min, pH 8.2) and thiourea used as standard. In protein denaturation assay, the egg albumin was mixed with different concentration of test compounds, buffer absorbance was measured. Aspirin was used as standard. Results: The Endemali had a profound effect on the urease activity in a concentration dependent manner with EC50value of 0.468 mg/ml. The Akseer ULCER antagonized the urease activity markedly with EC50 value of 0.374 mg/ml. These tested herbal products caused marked inhibition of thermal induced protein denaturation in a concentration dependent manner. The potency in the form of EC50 for Endemali, Akseer ULCER was measured as 323, 337 \μg/ml respectively. Conclusion: In short, the tested herbal drug showed strong inhibition on urease activity and inhibition on thermal induced protein denaturation thus our study validated their uses in the treatment of ulcers.

}, keywords = {Akseer ULCER, Antiurease activity, Endemali, in-vitro assay, Thermal induced protein denaturation.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.3.1}, author = {Haroon Khan and Murad Ali Khan and Abdul Rauf and Ashhad Haleemi and Shivkanya Fuloria and Neeraj Kumar Fuloria} } @article {1473, title = {Inhibition on Urease and Thermal Induced Protein Denaturation of commonly used Antiulcer Herbal Products. Study based on in-vitro assays}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {16th Jan, 2015}, pages = {147-151}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {147}, abstract = {

Background: In-vitro urease inhibitory and thermal induced protein denaturation inhibitory activitieswasperformed for two commonly used herbal productsEndemali and Akseer ULCER in the treatment of ulcers.Objectives: to evaluate the antiulcer potential of two commonly used herbal products, Endemali, Akseer ULCER. Material and Method: In urease inhibitory assay , enzyme solution, extract, diferentregaents added and absorbance was measured at 630 nm (50 min, pH 8.2) and thiourea used as standard. In protein denaturation assay the egg albumin was mixed with different concentration of test compounds, buffer absorbance was measured. Aspirin was used as standard. Results: The Endemalihad a profound effect on the urease activity in a concentration dependent manner with EC50 valueof 0.468 mg/ml. The Akseer ULCER antagonized the urease activity markedly with EC50 value of 0.374 mg/ml.These tested herbal products caused marked inhibition of thermal induced protein denaturation in a concentration dependent manner. The potency in the form of EC50 for Endemali, Akseer ULCER was measured as 323, 337 \µg/mlrespectively. Conclusion: In short, the tested herbal drug showed strong inhibition on urease activity and inhibition on thermal induced protein denaturation thus our study validated their uses in the treatment of ulcers.

Key words: Akseer ULCER, Endemali, Antiurease activity, Thermal induced protein denaturation.

}, keywords = {Akseer ULCER, Antiurease activity, Endemali, Thermal induced protein denaturation.}, author = {Haroon Khan and Murad Ali Khan and Abdul Rauf and Ashhad Haleemi and Shivkanya Fuloria and Neeraj Kumar Fuloria} } @article {36, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ingeneral, members of Cucurbitaceae are well exploited for their medicinal, economic and culinary values, however few of them are less exploited. The present study deals with pharamcognostical evaluation of one such plant namely Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.called as Appakovai in Tamil. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluations were carried out by organoleptic evaluation, anatomical studies and powder microscopy of leaves, roots and root tubers. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the characteristic white tubers, as storage organs, leaves exhibited a foetidodour when crushed. Anatomy of leaves showed lithocysts and anomocytic stomata, root showed the presence of fissured periderm and cleaved vascular bundles and that of root tubers showed 3 or 4 exarch xylem. Powder microscopy of root tubers showed narrow and wide fibers; long, narrow and drum shaped vessels and scattered sclereids. Conclusion: The present Pharmacognostic and Powder microscopic studiesreveals that, the characteristic features of this plantparts resembles, the other members of cucurbitaceae.

}, keywords = {Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.6}, author = {Kavitha R and Chittibabu CV and Subha TS} } @article {1460, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Indigenous Medicinal Plant Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {52-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ingeneral, members of Cucurbitaceae are well exploited for their medicinal, economic and culinary values,however few of them are less exploited.The present study deals with pharamcognostical evaluation ofone such plant namely Kedrostis foetidissima (Jacq.) Cogn.called as Appakovai in Tamil. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluationswere carried out by organoleptic evaluation, anatomical studies and powder microscopy of leaves, roots and root tubers. Results: Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the characteristic white tubers, as storage organs, leaves exhibited a foetid odour when crushed. Anatomy of leaves showed lithocysts and anomocytic stomata,root showed the presence of fissured periderm and cleaved vascular bundlesand that of root tubers showed 3 or 4 exarch xylem. Powder microscopy of root tubers showed narrow and wide fibers; long, narrow and drum shaped vessels and scattered sclereids. Conclusion: The present Pharmacognostic and Powder microscopic studiesreveals that, the characteristic features of this plantparts resembles, the other members of cucurbitaceae.

Key words:Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.

}, keywords = {Kedrostis foetidissima, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, author = {Kavitha R and Chittibabu CV and Subha TS} } @article {1455, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical evaluation of Ventilago calyculata Tul. (Bark)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {1-1}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

Background:Ventilago calyculata Tul. (\‘kevati\’), is found throughout India as climbing shrub. It is widely used in various traditional system of medicine. Objective: In the present work pharmacognostical standardization has been developed for the systematic identification of the bark of Ventilago calyculata. Phenols and flavonoids were also quantified. Materials and Methods: Morphological, microscopical and phytochemical studies were performed. Various physicochemical parameters conforming the identity, quality, purity of the bark. The quantity of phenols and flavonoids were estimated. Results: The bark was oval, brownish yellow, bitter with characteristic odour and rough texture. The microscopical studies revealed the presence of cork with brownish contents, crimson inner cork, collenchyma, cellulosic parenchyma with cuboidal calcium oxalate crystals and schlereids. The total ash value, acid insoluble ash value and water soluble ash values of stem bark were found to be 15\% w/w, 3.4\% w/w and 11.6\% w/w respectively. The percentage yields, total phenolic content and the total flavonoid content of the petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol and aqueous extracts were 2.77\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, 3.8\% w/w, 5.8\% w/w, 11.0\% w/w; 2.16 \± 0.04, 4.16 \± 1.04, 9.12 \± 1.14, 7.16\±1.16, 1.16\±1.02 mg/g (gallic acid equivalent) and 4.5 \± 0.55, 8.20 \± 1.12, 10.1 \± 0. 26, 6.5 \± 1.3, 0.66 \± 1.13 mg/g (rutin equivalent) respectively. Conclusion: There was a need to evaluate the extracts of the plant in order to provide scientific proof for its application and to explore the possibility of treating various diseases and disorders. Literature review indicates that very less work has been done on this plant and there is a wide scope for investigation.

Key Words: Standardization, Total flavonoid content, Total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.

}, keywords = {standardization, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, Ventilago denticulata Willd, Ventilago madraspatana var. calyculata (Tul.) King.}, author = {Kumar Shweta and Balakrishnan N and Lakshmi P. K and Toppo F. A and Toppo F. A and Pawar RS} } @article {47, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods: Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods. The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusion: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.8}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari}, editor = {Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra} } @article {1446, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal }, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods: The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusions: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

Key words: Trametes ochracea, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari} } @article {1461, title = {Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {58-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105\ºC was found to be 8.5\% w/w, total ash value 13\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07\% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49\% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81\% w/w and pH (1\% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study..

Key words: Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, Physicochemical parameters, HPTLC chromatogram.

}, keywords = {Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, HPTLC chromatogram., Physicochemical parameters}, author = {Md Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain} } @article {37, title = {Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {58-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105\ºC was found to be 8.5\% w/w, total ash value 13\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07\% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49\% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81\% w/w and pH (1\% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study.

}, keywords = {Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, HPTLC chromatogram., Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.7}, author = {Md. Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain} } @article {1444, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th June 2015}, pages = {5-5}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Antitussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83\±0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16\±0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16\±0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and antitussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

Keywords: Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Antitussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {73, title = {Phytopharmacological evaluation of aerial parts of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz in Cough Variant Asthma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {296-299}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {296}, abstract = {

Background: Cough variant asthma (CVA) is characterized by prolonged non productive cough which responds to bronchodilator therapy. None of herbal drug is reported to possess pharmacological activity against CVA. Objective: To investigate the pharmacological potential of ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF) against CVA as well as to develop an efficient screening model for CVA. Material and Method: Anti-tussive effect of EEWF was evaluated against nebulized aqueous solution of 0.1 g/ml of citric acid to determine the cough response. EEWF potential was finally accessed against aerosolic mixture of 0.3 g/ml of citric acid mixed with 0.1\% histamine and 2\% acetylcholine chloride to evaluate the convulsive latency, percentage protection and cough frequency against CVA. Results: EEWF at aerosolic dose of 6\% w/v exhibit decrease in of the average coughs frequency (4.83 \± 0.30) which is quite significant effect as compared to standard drug codeine. EEWF against aerosol induced CVA was found to exhibit a significant bronchoprotection of 41.75\% and decreases number of coughs (7.16 \± 0.47) at 200 mg/kg as compared to control (14.16 \± 0.60). Conclusion: EEWF at 200 mg/kg dose exhibited bronchoprotective and anti-tussive effects against aerosol induced CVA.

}, keywords = {Acetylcholine, Anti-tussive, Bronchoprotection, Citric acid, Cough, Cough variant asthma (CVA), Ethanolic extract of Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz (EEWF), Histamine.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.5.8}, author = {Amit Kumar Srivastava and Srivastava Abhinav Siddharth and Nagar Hemant and Srivastava Rajnish and Deepa and Shukla Gaurav} } @article {86, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Anti-helmenthic activity of Achyranthes aspera Leaf extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {397-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro- Antihelmenthic activity of leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera. Background: Achyranthes aspera is an annual, stiff-erect herb found commonly as a weed throughout India. The leaf ethyl acetate extract showed high larvicidal activity on the tick larvae of Rhipicephalus. It strengthen the liver and kidneys, strengthening muscles, tendons and bones, anti-inflammatory, anti-toxin, urine laxative, normalize menstruation, hemostatic, ease childbirth. Chemical Ingredients includes Akirantin, glokosa, galactose, reilosa, ramnosa, and alkaloids. Hentriakontan, sapogenin, Betaine, ecdysterone, triterpenoid saponins. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antihelmenthic assay is performed by standard protocol. Result: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibitspotent Antihelmenthic activity. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that Achyranthes aspera leaf extract possessed marked in vitro Anti helminthic effect.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera, Anti-helmenthic, Anti-inflammatory, Laxative, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.14}, author = {Kamal Hasan and Thangavelu Lakshmi and Thirumalai Kumaran Rathinam} } @article {79, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical analysis and In vitro Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Anti-diabetic activity of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {356-362}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu against the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase digestive enzymes in the pancreas and small intestine. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antioxidant assay is performed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay, Anti diabetic activity was determined by modified method of miller, the extract at different concentrations was tested for mammalian alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay under the controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance. Results: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibits potent Antioxidant activity and a concentration dependent inhibition of Alpha amylase and Alpha glucosidase. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu possessed marked in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic effect. The effect was plausibly due to the presence of phenolic contents of Acacia catechu

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu seed, Alpha glucosidase, Alpha-amylase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.7}, author = {Thangavelu Lakshmi and Rajendran Ramasamy and Rathinam Thirumalaikumaran} } @article {50, title = {Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed musli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210}, abstract = {

Objectives: We aimed to develop, compare and optimise rapid and high yield extraction method for saponins of Safed musli using conventional extraction techniques and as well as modern microwave assisted solvent extraction method. Materials and methods: Roots of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) are extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and microwave methods. Extract further fractionated to obtain total saponins. Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is optimised using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Total saponins are estimated by High Performance Thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC) from all extracts obtained by different methods. Results: Factors namely temperature, irradiation time, irradiation power and powder size which potentially affects extraction efficiency are considered while optimizing MASE by statistical orthogonal array design procedure and saponins are quantified using HPTLC. Under developed optimum conditions, MASE showed significantly higher yield (5.11\%) and drastic reduction in extraction time (4 min) than conventional extraction methods. Conclusion: Saponins of Safed musli shown highest yield in MASE and then maceration, soxhlet and sonication followed. The developed and optimised method of saponin extraction by MASE can have huge industrial applications after scale up.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Maceration Saponins, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.1}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Bhushan Arun Baviskar and Ashwini Suresh Rangari} } @article {1474, title = {Rapid and high yield Extraction method for Saponins from Safed Musli}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {16th Jan, 2015}, pages = {210-214}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {210}, abstract = {

Objectives: We aimed to develop, compare and optimise rapid and high yield extraction method for saponins of safed musli using conventional extraction techniques and as well as modern microwave assisted solvent extraction method. Materials and methods: Roots of Safed musli (Chlorophytum borivilianum) are extracted by maceration, soxhlet, sonication and microwave methods. Extract further fractionated to obtain total saponins. Microwave assisted solvent extraction (MASE) method is optimised using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. Total saponins are estimated by High Performance Thin Layer chromatography (HPTLC) from all extracts obtained by different methods. Results: Factors namely temperature, irradiation time, irradiation power and powder size which potentially affects extraction efficiency are considered while optimizing MASE by statistical orthogonal array design procedure and saponins are quantified using HPTLC. Under developed optimum conditions, MASE showed significantly higher yield (5.11\%) and drastic reduction in extraction time (4 min) than conventional extraction methods. Conclusion: saponins of safed musli shown highest yield in MASE and then maceration, soxhlet and sonication followed. The developed and optimised method of saponin extraction by MASE can have huge industrial applications after scale up.

Key words: HPTLC, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Maceration Saponins, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Maceration Saponins, Microwave assisted solvent extraction, Orthogonal test L9 (34) Sonication, Taguchi Design.}, author = {Sharada Laxman Deore and Bhushan Arun Baviskar and Ashwini Suresh Rangari} } @article {52, title = {Taste Masking of Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Formulation by Pan Coating Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Background: Ayurvedic medicines and nutraceuticals are gaining popularity among physicians and patients for better therapeutic value. Lack of quality standards and problems, in preparing or testing them, are the main hurdles experienced by both the practitioners and the patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to improve the palatability of the Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Preparation (ADS) by masking its bitter taste and to standardize the taste masking procedure. In the present study Eudragit E 100 was used as an acid soluble coating material. Materials and Methods: ADS powder was converted into granules with PVP K30 as a granulating agent and the ADS granules were coated with Eudragit E 100 coating solution by pan coating process. Various IPQC tests namely flow properties, moisture content were performed on the granules before and after coating for determination of endpoint of granulation and coating respectively. The ADS powder and granules were evaluated for bitter taste. Results: ADS granules were advantageous over ADS powder since the flow properties of ADS granules were better than the flow properties of ADS powder, a prerequisite of pan coating process. Eudragit E 100 inhibited the contact in between the plant extracts and the taste buds due to insolubility of Eudragit E 100 in saliva. Sensory evaluation of taste indicated that the taste of coated granules was significantly masked. Conclusion: The bitter taste of ADS was improved successfully with Eudragit E 100 as a coating agent and the pan coating process. An attempt was made to standardize the pan coating process.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.2}, author = {Alpana Kulkarni and Shreya Rumalla and Swati Andhale and Bhanudas Kuchekar}, editor = {Ajit Kolatkar} } @article {1456, title = {Taste Masking of AyurvedicNutraceutical Formulation by Pan Coating Process}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Background: Ayurvedic medicines and nutraceuticals are gaining popularity among physicians and patients for better therapeutic value. Lack of quality standards and problems, in preparing or testing them, are the main hurdles experienced by both the practitioners and the patients. Objective: The objective of the study was to improve the palatability of the Ayurvedic Nutraceutical Preparation (ADS) by masking its bitter taste and to standardize the taste masking procedure. In the present study Eudragit E 100 was used as an acid soluble coating material. Materials and Methods: ADS powder was converted into granules with PVP K30 as a granulating agent and the ADS granules were coated with Eudragit E 100 coating solution by pan coating process. Various IPQC tests namely flow properties, moisture content were performed on the granules before and after coating for determination of endpoint of granulation and coating respectively. The ADS powder and granules were evaluated for bitter taste. Results: ADS granules were advantageous over ADS powder since the flow properties of ADS granules were better than the flow properties of ADS powder, a prerequisite of pan coating process. Eudragit E 100 inhibited the contact in between the plant extracts and the taste buds due to insolubility of Eudragit E 100 in saliva. Sensory evaluation of taste indicated that the taste of coated granules was significantly masked. Conclusion: The bitter taste of ADS was improved successfully with Eudragit E 100 as a coating agent and the pan coating process. An attempt was made to standardize the pan coating process.

Key words: Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking.

}, keywords = {Ayurveda, Coating, Eudragit E 100, Nutraceutical, Taste Masking.}, author = {AlpanaKulkarni and Shreya Rumalla and Swati Andhale and Ajit Kolatkar and Bhanudas Kuchekar} } @article {1487, title = {Chemical Constituents of Dendrobium williamsonii}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {36-41}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Objective: Isolation of compounds from Dendrobium williamsonii and evaluation of each isolates for its free radical scavenging, antiherpetic and cytotoxic activities. Results: Six phenolic compounds were isolated including tetratriacontanyltrans- p-coumarate (1), trans-docosanoylferulate (2), 3,3\′-dihydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybibenzyl (3), moscatilin (4), apigenin (5) and vanillic acid (6). Among these isolates, compounds 3, 4 and 5 exhibited recognizable DPPH free radical scavenging potential.Only 3 exhibited weak activity against Herpes simplex virus, whereas 3 and 4 showed cytotoxicity against KB and MCF-7 cancer cells. Conclusion: This study is the first report on the chemical and biological properties of D. williamsonii.Compounds 3, 4 and 5 are responsible for free radical scavenging activity of this plant. Compound 4 showed the strongest cytotoxic effect on KB cancer cells.

Key words:Dendrobium williamsonii, Orchidaceae, Anti-herpetic Cytotoxicity, Free radical scavenging activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-herpetic Cytotoxicity, Dendrobium williamsonii, Free Radical Scavenging Activity, Orchidaceae}, author = {Pathrapa Rungwichaniwat and Boonchoo Sritularak and Kittisak Likhitwitayawuid} } @article {1501, title = {Chemical constituents with free-radical-scavenging activity from the leaves of Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {27-31}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Background: Seventy percent aqueous methanolic extract of the leaves of Lantana montevidensis exhibited antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, antioxidant and analgesic activities. Previous phytochemical study of the leaves led to the isolation of various flavones, pentacyclic triterpenoids, \β-sitosterol and benzoic acid. Materials and Methods: The 70\% aqueous methanolic extract of L. montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. leaves was partitioned between water and n-hexane, CHCl3, EtOAc, and n-BuOH, successively. By using a series of different chromatographic techniques, the CHCl3 and EtOAc extracts afforded nine compounds. The isolated compounds were identified by spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with literature values and/or authentic samples. The free radical scavenging activity of some of the isolated compounds was evaluated. Results: Hispidulin-7-O-glucurnoide methyl ester (1), hispidulin-7-O-glucoside (2), cinaroside (3), nepetin-7-O-glucoside (4) pectolinarigenin (5), apigenin (6), luteolin (7) in addition to salicylic acid (8) and \β-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside (9) have been isolated. Compounds 1-4 are first report from the genus Lantana while compounds 5, 8 and 9 are first report from this plant. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral methods, including 2D NMR experiments, and confirmed by comparing with the literature data and/or authentic samples. Additionally, some of the isolated flavonoids exhibited free radical scavenging activity. Conclusion:Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. cultivated in Egypt is rich in biologically active ingredients.

Key words:\  Apigenin, cinaroside, free radical scavenging activity, hispidulin-7-O-glucurnoide methyl ester, hispidulin-7-O-glucoside, Lantana montevidensis, luteolin, nepetin-7-O-glucoside, pectolinarigenin.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids free radical scavenging activity, Lantana montevidensis.}, author = {Makboul A. Makboul and Ahmed A. Attia and Salwa F. Farag and Nesma M. Mohamed and Samir A. Ross} } @article {1543, title = {Hydrodistilled volatile constituents obtained from the roots of Operculina turpethum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {115-116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {115}, abstract = {

Operculina turpethum (basionym: Convolvulus turpethum L.; homotypic synonym:Ipomoea turpethum L., Merremia turpethum L.) is a perennial climber from Convolvulaceae. The plant roots, which are called Turbad in Persian folk medicine, are a strong purgative and have also been used for phlegmatic disorders, burns, fevers, jaundice, cough, uterine problems, joints and muscles pain, paralysis and sciatica.[1] The plant has a wide range of applications in Ayurvedic formulations. Extracts of Turbad exhibited antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, immunodulatory and antiedema activities.[2] read more..,

}, keywords = {Operculina turpethum}, author = {Azadeh Hamedi, and Abdolali Mohagheghzadeh and Samaneh Rivaz} } @article {1521, title = {The In-Vitro Toxic Effect of The Glycoalkaloids for Some Solanum Species Against The LIM-1863 Cell Line}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {23-31}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Background The LIM-1863 Cell Line is one of the colon cancer types considered to be responsible for a high rate of deaths, and the glycoalkaloids being natural substances existing in the Solanum species have anticancer effects. Objective This research aims at studying the effect of the glycoalkaloids on viability of the LIM-1863 cancerous cells in-vitro. Materials and Methods The glycoalkaloids in this study are extracted by the ultrasonic waves technique and detecting them by the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) in addition to incubating of the LIM-1863 cells with different concentrations of the glycoalkaloids for 48 hours and then assessing of the cell viability using the MTT assay. Results The findings showed that the glycoalkaloids have a toxic effect on the LIM-1863 cells and that half of the inhibiting concentration (IC50) of the Solanum fruits extract: (Solanum nigrum L.), (Solanum villosum Mill.) and (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) on the LIM-1863 cells have the (164.7, 35.91 and 12.14 \μg/ml) values successively. Conclusion The observations indicated that the glycoalkaloids are able to inhibit the colon cancer cell proliferation.

Key words:Solanum, Glycoalkaloids, TLC, LIM-1863, Viability, MTT.

}, keywords = {Glycoalkaloids, LIM-1863, MTT, Solanum, Viability}, author = {Ahmad Sammani and Esam Shammaa and Fawaz Chehna and Abdulkader Rahmo} } @article {1522, title = {Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi in the medicinal plant Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {10-15}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

The Mikania laevigata (Asteraceae) is a Brazilian medicinal plant used to treat respiratory tract diseases.It is produced on a large scale for phytotherapic formulation. No studies on the endophytes of Mikania laevigata have been described in the literature. The endophytic fungi isolated from the leaves of M. laevigata cultivated in a floral garden located in the south region of the Bahia state, Brazil, were investigated. After surface disinfection, the performing the isolation procedure, a total of forty endophytic fungi were obtained and grouped into different morphospecies. The fungi were characterized by molecular sequencing the ITS rDNA regions, and they were identified by comparing the results published Gen Bank sequences.The phylogenetic analyses revealed four major clades of fungi from the sequenced ITS-rDNA regions: Nodulisporium sp. (3 isolates), Hypoxylon sp.(3 isolates), Daldinia sp. (1isolate) and Xylaria luteo stromata (aunique isolate).The Xylariaceae Genus was the dominant group of fungi associated with Mikania laevigata.

Key words:Mikania laevigata, Asteraceae, Xylariaceae, Endophytic fungi.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Endophytic fungi, Mikania laevigata, Xylariaceae}, author = {Fernanda P.C. Ribeiro and H{\'e}lio M Kamida and Paulo R.M. Almeida and Ana P.T. Uetanabaro and Larissa C.B. Costa and Alexsandro Branco} } @article {1544, title = {Morphological and Anatomical Investigations of Ecbolium viride (Forssk.) Alston}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {19-27}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Ecbolium viride commonly known as green shrimp is a medicinal plant that grows well in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. International criteria for validation and standardization of herbal product as phytomedicine include the integration of microscopic characteristics of herbal drug to guarantee its authenticity. Objective: The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the macroscopic and microscopic characters of the leaves and roots of E. viride, used in traditional medicine for treating jaundice. Methods: Leaf and root sections of E. viride were sectioned with rotary microtome and microscopical features were examined using bright field microscope. Results: Anatomical characteristics such as crystal distribution in leaf, secondary xylem and vessel elements in root, glandular and non-glandular trichome in powder microscopy are some of the unique features of the plant with taxonomic value. The most distinguishing anatomical feature of this plant is the presence of cystolith calcium carbonate crystals. Conclusion: Morphological and anatomical parameters presented in this paper would serve as a useful gauge in ensuring quality formulations of drug preparation and in determining the genuineness of the drug.

Key words:Acanthaceae, Cystolith, Ecbolium viride, Leaf microscopy, Trichome.

}, keywords = {Acanthaceae, Cystolith, Ecbolium viride, Leaf microscopy, Trichome.}, author = {Francina Cecilia Kalaimaran, and Ravindhran Ramalingam} } @article {1513, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies on Flowers of Aerva lanata [L.] Juss. ex. Schult}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {29-32}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Aerva lanata is an interesting plant used in traditional medicine for many years and used for the treatment of bladder and kidney stones. Objective: The aim was to study detailed pharmacognostic profi le of an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine, A. lanata (amaranthaceae). Materials and Methods: Flower samples of A. lanata were studied by macroscopical, microscopical characters. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and fl uorescence analysis of powder of the plant was performed according to the methods of standardization recommended by World Health Organization. Results: Macroscopically flowers are small, actinomorphic, and solitary or aggregated in cymes. Microscopically ovary was found to be bicarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular, superior; ovules one to many and campylotropous type. Powder microscopy of fl ower revealed the presence of epidermis with stomata and covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and oil globules. The investigations also included fl uorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash sulfated ash and water soluble ash; moisture content values were found to be 12.66\%, 1.64\%, 9.12\%, 4.52\%, 12\%, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, fl avonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The results of the present study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identifi cation of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

Key words:Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, microscopic, physiochemical, phytochemical.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, Microscopic, physiochemical, Phytochemical}, author = {Netala Silvia and C. H. Rajeswari and D. Mounica and R. Manasa and D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth} } @article {1524, title = {Pharmacognostic evaluation and chrysazin quantitation of Xyris indica flowering heads}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {16-22}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objectives: The present study aimed to establish quality specification of Xyris indica L. flowering heads. The pharmacognostic parameters were investigated. Chrysazin contents were analyzed by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software compared to TLC-densitometry. Methods: X. indica flowering heads from 15 different sources in Thailand were collected. Morphological and physicochemical parameters were characterized. Chrysazin was successively extracted and determined by TLC image analysis using ImageJ software and TLC-densitometry. Results: Macroscopic study was illustrated as whole plant drawing. The microscopic study showed fragment of corolla, seeds, pollen grain and staminode. The pharmacognostic parameters revealed that the loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash and water content should be not more than 6.90, 2.50, 0.41, and 11.12 of \% dry weight respectively while water and ethanol-soluble extractive values should be not less than 6.59 and 4.03 of \% dry weight respectively. TLC fingerprint revealed clearly chrysazin yellow fluorescent band at 365 nm. Chrysazin quantitation by TLC image analysis and TLC densitometry were developed and validated. Chrysazin content was 0.022 \± 0.001 \% dry weight by both methods. There was no statistically significantly difference between these methods. Conclusion: This study provided pharmacognostic specification and chrysazin content of X. indica flowering heads that can be used for basic quality control and standardization of plant material. TLC image analysis using ImageJ software showed reliable and convenient for analysis of chrysazin content in this crude drug.

Key words: Xyris indica, Pharmacognostic specification, Chrysazin, Quantitative analysis, Antimicrobial activities

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activities, Chrysazin, Pharmacognostic specification, Quantitative analysis, Xyris indica}, author = {Chuanchom Khuniad and Worathat Thitikornpong and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {1493, title = {Pharmacognostical studies on the fruit of Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {72-78}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir, Synonym: Elaeocarpus oblongus auct. non Gaertn. Elaeocarpaceae, is a tree, found throughout Western Ghats, South India. The present study indented to establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical quality control parameters of E.oblongus fruits to avoid confusion in taxonomic identification. Physicochemical evaluation of fruit was carried out according to the guidelines of WHO/QCMMP and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Non glandular unicellular trichomes found to be distinguished character of powder analysis. It was quantified to be 700 \μm long and 400 \μm thick at the base. Lerachysclereids were found plenty in powder. The rosettes type of calcium oxalate crystals were 15 \μm in diameter. Cells of the endosperm showing darkly stained globular bodies and the cotyledon is 170 \μm thick. Physio-chemical parameters such as total ash and acid-insoluble ash (2.66\% w/w, 0.66\% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 31.068\% w/w and alcoholic 30.94\% w/w), foreign organic matter (0.5\% w/w) and loss on drying (12\% w/w) were estimated. Qualitative analysis showed the presence of Fructose, Glucose, Flavanoids and Tannins and Sterols and Phenolic compounds and fatty acids in the fruit. The quantity of elements (\μg/g) in the fruit pulp powder was estimated by elemental analysis. The result shows Mn-53.5 and Zn \– 46.2 were the major contents. While Pd- 14.3, Cu- 7.5 and Cr- 4.9 were minor the contents. This study provided the pharmacognostical profile used to differentiate the other similar looking fruit from other ones of this genus.

Key words: Western Ghats, Budagas, Ooty, Quality control, Elaeocarpaceae, Edible fruit.

}, keywords = {Budagas, Edible fruit, Elaeocarpaceae, Ooty, Quality control, Western Ghats}, author = {Ragunathan Muthuswamy, and Senthamarai R} } @article {1528, title = {Protective effect of cissampelos pareira linn. Extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {59-67}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the potential nephroprotective and antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic Cissampelos pareira (C. pareira) whole plant extract using gentamicin-induced rats. Methods: For studying acute toxicity study, single oral dose of 2g/kg hydroalcoholic extract of C. pareira was evaluated in rats by oral gavage. The nephroprotective activity was evaluated using gentamicin-induced model in rats. In-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by using DPPH assay and reducing power assay. In-vivo antioxidant activity was evaluated by using glutathione and lipid peroxidation estimations in gentamicin-induced rats. Hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract was given at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. Results: For acute toxicity testing rats administered with the extract at a dose 2 g/ kg. the result showed no toxicity. Hydroalcoholic C. Pareira whole plant extract (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o) significantly decrease the elevated urinary glucose levels in the urine, decrease the elevated urea and creatinine levels in blood and increase the urinary creatinine levels in gentamicin-induced nephrotoxic rats. The extract had shown significant dose dependent increase in the DPPH and reducing power activity. There were a dose dependent decreasing and increasing of lipid peroxidation, glutathione levels in hydoalcoholic extract treated groups respectively. Conclusion: This study exhibits that hydroalcoholic C. pareira whole plant extract poses nephroprotective activity which may be due to its antioxidant activity.

Key words: Gentamicin, Cissampelos pareira, creatinine, urea, glucose, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, reducing power, DPPH.

}, keywords = {Cissampelos pareira, Creatinine, DPPH, Gentamicin, Glucose, Glutathione, Lipid peroxidation, Reducing power, urea}, author = {D. R Ch Sekhara Reddy and G Siva Kumar and B. M. Vrushabendra Swamy and K. Phani Kumar} } @article {1530, title = {Screening of Antioxidant \& Antidiabetic Potential of Polyphenol rich fraction from Cichorium intybus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chicory(Cichoriumintybus) commonly known as kasni has health benefits such as improving liver health, digestion, boosting immune system possibly because of its water soluble dietary fibres and polyphenols. A diet rich in polyphenols and fibers helps in lowering cholesterol leading to less plaque formation, preventing blockage and risk of stroke. Owing to the fact that these polyphenols may reduce the elevated glucose the present research work was undertaken to extract the polphenols from Chicory roots and evaluate their antioxidant and hypoglycemic potential. Materials and Methods: Polyphenol rich fraction of root extract was subjected to estimation of total phenolic estimation and free radical scavenging activity using various antioxidant assays. The antidiabetic potential of the polyphenol rich fraction was also estimated using Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rat model. Results: The total phenolic content of the polyphenolic fraction was found to be 30.23\μg/ml. The IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS assay for the polyphenolic fraction were found to be 60\µg/ml and 4.2mg/ml respectively. The TEAC value was found to be 1.178 mm. Administration of polyphenol rich fraction (30 mg/kg, p.o.) decreased elevated SG from 122mg/dl to78.66mg/dl on 14th day (***p\<0.001). Also a significant reduction in triglycerides (**P\<0.01), total cholesterol (**P\<0.01), serum LDL (**P\<0.01) and serum alkaline phosphatase (**P\<0.01) was observed at 30 mg/kg, p.o. However, serum HDL was found to be elevated with no change in serum insulin (*P\<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the polyphenol rich fraction of Chicory roots possess a strong hypoglycemic potential probably due to their antioxidant activity.

Key words: Cichoriumintybus, polyphenols, antioxidant, antidiabetic, total cholesterol.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Cichoriumintybus, Polyphenols, total cholesterol}, author = {Rukhsana A. Rub and Areej Siddiqui and Aasmin M. Ali and Asif Shaikh and Mushtaque and Mukadam} } @article {1200, title = {Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Vitus vinifera Seed Against Breast Cancer Cells - MDA-MB-231}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1064-1071}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1064}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of the present research is to evaluate the anti-cancer effect of Vitus vinifera seed on MDA-MB-231 cell line. Methods: The Vitus vinifera (Grape) seed were dried, powdered and subjected to methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate extraction by cold maceration followed by preliminary phytochemical screening. The extracts of Vitus vinifera seed were subjected to assess anti-oxidant status, anti-proliferative activity by MTT assay, GC-MS analysis and apoptotic effect by determining LDH activity on MDA-MB-231. Results: Results indicated that methanolic extract of grape seed showed appreciable anti-oxidant and anti-cancer potential compared with other two extracts. GC-MS mass spectrum of methanolic extract of seed revealed the presence of Dotriacontane, Linoleic acid and Decanoic acid ethyl ester, 1,2,3, propenetriol, monocetate, and Dichloro methyl propane sulfone were detected. Conclusion: The data obtained in this work could be useful as a chemical standard in checking the genuineness of this plant source. Data of the results further depicted that the selected traditional Vitus vinifera seed could be used not only as a potential anti-cancer and good antioxidant.

}, keywords = {GC-MS analysis, MDA-MB-231, MTT Assay, Vitus vinifera seed}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.150}, author = {Kiruthika Dhanraj and Renuka Saravanan and Sheik Abdulla Shahul Hameed and Sivakumar Ramalingam} }