@article {1882, title = {Antioxidants, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Toxicity Assay of Ampelas (Tetracera macrophylla Wall.Ex Hook.F.\& Thoms) From Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {642-648}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {642-648}, abstract = {

Background: High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contribute to disease pathogenesis. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are effective as antioxidants. Objective: This research aimed to measure the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content and leaf toxicity of Tetracera macrophylla. Methods: DPPH and FRAP were used to determine antioxidants, and the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method was used for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content with AlCl3 and toxicity with MTT assay against RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Methanol extract has antioxidant activity with IC50 = 81.582 μg/mL (DPPH) and 11840 mol/g (FRAP), total phenolic content of 353.781 mg GAE/g dry weight, and flavonoid content of 279.2 mg QE/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts had weaker antioxidant activity than the methanol extracts. The IC50 toxicity assay methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract respectively showed 288.792 μg/mL and 541.472 μg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Tetracera macrophylla showed the highest yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and had the highest antioxidant activity. Methanol extract has low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Tetracera macrophylla, total flavonoid, total phenolic, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.147}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Kusmardi} } @article {1770, title = {The Effect of Antioxidant activity, Total Phenols and Total Flavonoids on Arginase Inhibitory Activity on Plants of Genus Sterculia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Background: The genus of Sterculia has the main compound of phenol and flavonoids. The secondary metabolites which have an arginase inhibitory activities were phenol and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity from genus Sterculia. The Plant of Sterculia: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. ex Miq., Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia parkinsonii F. Muell, Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth. The simplisia were leaves and woods. Materials and Methods: The simplisia were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract determined the arginase inhibition activity. The active extracts as an arginase inhibitory, determined the total flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant activity, and the chemical content. Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth., have arginase inhibitory activity. Results: The ethyl acetate extracts of Sterculia Stipulata leaves is an active extract. The methanol extract which have an arginase inhibitor activity were Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. wood and leaves, Sterculia macrophylla Vent., wood and leaves, Sterculia stipulata Korth., wood, and leaves. The methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Woods has the highest content of total phenols, antioxidant activity, and arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. has the highest content of total flavonoids, but this extract as an arginase inhibitory activity more lower than Sterculia comosa. The active extract as an arginase activity was methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Conclusion: The total phenols were more contributed for the response of the arginase inhibitory activity much more than antioxidant activity and total flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Enzyme, Flavonoids, Phenols, Sterculia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.41}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1921, title = {The Ethanolic Extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower has Antioxidant, Anti-Gout, and Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {867-872}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {867}, abstract = {

The goal of this research was to explore the potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) flower extract as an antioxidant utilizing the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method; the possibility that it might be used as a treatment for gout by employing the 2,4,6-tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (TBHBA) technique, as well as the possibility that it could be used as an antibacterial agent against E. coli and B. subtilis. Results: The IC50 value for the extract{\textquoteright}s ability to serve as an antioxidant is 8.62{\textpm}0.006 mg/L, indicating that it is quite effective. In addition, the extract of ethanol possesses highly potent anti-gout properties, being capable of bringing about a 81.95{\textpm}0.1\% reduction in uric acid levels. In spite of this, the antibacterial properties of E. coli as well as B. subtilis bacteria were not particularly robust. Conclusion: The RnLK flower has the potential to produce alternative chemicals with the ability to reduce blood uric acid levels, but according to the results of the test, the antibacterial activity has little impact on E. coli and B. subtilis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, FRAP, RnLK, TBHBA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.181}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1864, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti- Inflammatory Potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the secondary metabolite compound in the flower extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnK); The potential of the extract as a radical scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); and its potential as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results: Phytochemical screening results on the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flowers revealed the presence of steroid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract has a strong ability to scavenge DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 77.07 {\textpm} 0.05 mg/L. Besides that, the ethanol extract has very strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 13.88 {\textpm} 0.2 mg/L. Conclusion: According to these findings, the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flower can be used as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Anti-inflammatory., BSA, RnK}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.129}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1845, title = {Potential of Rhinachanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Leaves Extract as an Antioxidant and Inhibitor of α-Glucosidase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {373-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this study is to learn more about the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) leaf extract. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique was used to extract the leaf material, and the solvent used was ethanol with a 70\% concentration. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracted material was determined. The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method was used to examine antioxidant activity, whereas α-glucosidase activity was used to test antidiabetic action. Results: The ethanol extract of RnLK leaves yielded 8.36\%, with a TPC of 607.1{\textpm}0.2 mg GAE/g sample. The IC50 value for leaf extract antioxidant activity was 19.1{\textpm}0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, the leaf extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and has an IC50 value of 81.3{\textpm}3 mg/L, making it an antidiabetic. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of RnLK leaves can be used as an alternative antioxidant and antidiabetic material, according to the findings of this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, CUPRAC method, RnLK, UAE, α-glucosidase activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.110}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1707, title = {Antioxidant Activity of Methanol Fractions Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1694-1701}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Methanol extract of X. moluccensis was found to be significantly effective in scavenging DPPH method. Therefore, this research is a follow-up research study from Budiarso et al (2020).. The methanol extract was then fractionated and tested for antioxidant activity. Objective: To assess antioxidants activity of methanolic fractions from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvent. The methanolic extract was fractionated using a chromatographic column were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Results: F3 Fractions IC50 of X. moluccensis exhibits the highest DPPH scavenging activity compared with F2, F3, ascorbic acis as control positif, F5, and F4, wich are 4.64, 6.79, 9.69, 10.49, and 227.44 respectively and Ferric reducing power from methanolic fraction of X. moluccensis stembark F3 exhibits higher antioxidant power compared to F2, F1, F5, ascorbic acid and F4, respectively which are 667.8 μmol/gr, 607.8 μmol/gr, and 573.8 340.48 and 309.8 μmol/gr, respectively

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., DPPH, FRAP, Kayu Sarampa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.218}, author = {Fitri Santy Budiarso and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Andy Howard Limengan and Ratika Rahmasari} } @article {1611, title = {Antioxidant and Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor Screening of Merremia peltata L. as Potential Traditional Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {902-908}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {902}, abstract = {

Introduction: Merremia peltata is ethnomedicine plant used as traditional medicine in Sulawesi, Sumatra, Maluku and Papua. M. peltata is used for diabetic. Diabetes mellitus therapy with inhibit activity of alpha glucosidase enzyme could delay absorption of monosaccharides after a meal and interrupt glucose transport into the circulation. Objective: This research purpose is to investigate in vitro antioxidant activity and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitor leaves and stem extract of M. peltata. Method: The Stem and leaves of M. peltata were extracted sequentially using the UAE method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phase/solvent. The M. peltata extracts were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the DPPH radical scavenging and FRAP method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by an enzymatic alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Result: The extract which had best performance in antioxidant activity was stem ME with value of IC50 in DPPH 47.41 μg/mL and total antioxidant power 340.04 μmol/g. This study showed that leaves and stem extract of M .peltata have potential alpha glucosidase inhibitors for diabetic therapy. Stem ME had the best activity with IC50 value 47.44 μg/mL, almost two times better than acarbose as a positive control (IC50 = 98.38 μg/mL). Leaves ME, leaves EA, and stem EA also give better activity of alpha glucosidase inhibitors than acarbose with IC50 value 67.24 μg/mL, 69.38 μg/mL, and 72.85 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: M. peltata has potential antioxidant and alpha glucosidase inhibitor activity for diabetic therapy.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Merremia peltata}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.116}, author = {Bannan Muthi{\textquoteright}atul Af-idah and Muhammad Hanafi and Berna Elya} } @article {1342, title = {Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Bioassay on Blumeodendron toxbrai (Blume.) Stem Bark Hexane, Dichloromethane, and Methanolic Ekstract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {139-141}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {139}, abstract = {

Introduction: Blumeodendron toksbraii has the potential to be anti-HIV and anti α-glucosidase. Objective: This research was conducted to examine the effects of antioxidant and cytotoxicity in vitro from these compounds from methanolic stem bark extract. Method: Stem bark to be extracted with maceration using hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol solution. Extracts were quantified with respect to in vitro antioxidant activity using the 2.2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging. Anticytotoxic activity was determined by cytotoxicity assay using MCF-7 cell line with Alamar Blue method. Results: The observed IC50 value from hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol extract for antioxidant assay were 88.33 {\textpm} 0.19 μg/ mL, 74,54 {\textpm} 0,61 μg /mL and 94.1 {\textpm} 0.19 μg/mL respectively. IC50 value of anti-cytotoxic assay from hexane extract, dichloromethane and methanol extract is 121.24 {\textpm} 0.15 μg/mL, 55 {\textpm} 0,48 μg/mL and 70.71 {\textpm} 0.15 μg/mL. Conclusion: dichloromethane extract showed good promising result for anti-oxidant and cytotoxic assay, futher study needed to isolate compound from this plant.

}, keywords = {Anticytotoxic DPPH, Antioxidant, Blumeodendron toksbraii, Cancer, MCF-7}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.19}, author = {Andreas Susilo Adi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi} } @article {1661, title = {Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus Nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and Its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1297-1303}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aims to obtain a stem bark extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and reveal: the total phenolic content in the extract; The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with copper-reducing strength parameters, and its potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity. Results: The crude ethanol extract of R. nasutus stem bark obtained from the UAE process was 7.4896 g with a yield of 4.99\%. The high total phenolic content, namely 677.3343{\textpm}0.0007 mg GAE / g sample, the antioxidant activity test using the CUPRAC method gave an IC50 value of 18.43{\textpm}0.20 mg / L. In addition, the ethanol extract of stem bark has a high ability to inhibit the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 10.95{\textpm}0.28 mg / L. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus from UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase enzyme, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total phenolics content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.164}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1609, title = {Phytochemical Constituents and In vitro Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Various Extracts of Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {890-895}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {890}, abstract = {

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common degenerative disorders. For therapeutic use, herbs are commonly used in Indonesia for T2DM treatment, one of them is (Cosmos caudatus) kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves. In previous studies, kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves have high antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. However, a comparison of antidiabetic activity from many extracts of kenikir{\textquoteright}s leave is remain unclear. This study will compare the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of various kenikir{\textquoteright}s leave extract. Kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves are extracted by maceration methods for three days using three different solvents: boiling water, 50\% ethanol, dan ethanol 100\%. Then, phenolic and flavonoid content will be measured, as well as antioxidant properties by DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, and antidiabetic properties by α-glucosidase inhibition assay, also LCMS/MS will be used to predict the compound from each extract. The result shows that 50\% ethanol extract has highest phenolic and flavonoid content than others. It also has significantly higher antioxidant (p\<0.05) and antidiabetic (p\<0.05) properties than others. Meanwhile, LCMS/MS result of 50\% ethanol extract predicts 6 chemical component, that quercetin is the most dominant compound. 50\% ethanol extract of kenikir{\textquoteright}s leaves is superior from other extracts on phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and antidiabetic properties.

}, keywords = {α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.114}, author = {Muhamad Dea Firdaus and Nina Artanti and Muhammad Hanafi and Rosmalena} } @article {1115, title = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Oxidant of Rubus Fraxinifolius Stem Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {271-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {271}, abstract = {

Introduction: Some Rubus were reported had anti-skin aging activity. Rubus fraxinifolius was one of Rubus genus which lives in Indonesian highland. Objective: This study was to examine elastase, tyrosinase, and oxidant inhibitory activity of R. fraxinifolius stem (RFS) extract. Methods: Extraction was done by a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. Elastase inhibition activity was determined, which based on the formation of p-nitroaniline. Tyrosinase inhibition activity evaluated based on inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by the sample with L-DOPA as substrate. The activity of antioxidant was determined using the DPPH radical scavenger method. LC-MS was used for prediction of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Results: The RFS extract yield was 9.03 \%. The RFS extract revealed inhibition activity against elastase and tyrosinase with IC50 128.85 ppm, and 155.19 ppm, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity gave IC50 63.04 ppm. Total phenolic content of the extract was 387.99+3.21 mg GAE/g extract. The LC-MS analysis showed the presence of at least 13 different organic compounds in RFS extract, which might contribute to the bioactivity. Conclusion: Therefore, this experiment further proved that RFS extract might be useful as a natural product ingredient of anti-photoaging skincare products because of its ability to inhibit elastase, tyrosinase, and as an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant, Rubus fraxinifolius stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.42}, author = {Yesi Desmiaty and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Muhammad Hanafi and Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya} } @article {1101, title = {The Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia stipulata Korth Woods and Leaves by FRAP Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {236-239}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Background: Phenol compounds and flavonoids are known have antioxidant activity. Sterculia genus has secondary metabolite rich of phenols and flavonoids. Objective: The aim of this study of the activity antioxidants of Sterculia stipulata Korth. Woods and leaves by FRAP method. Materials and methods: Extraction done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol extract was determined antioxidant activity using the FRAP method and also determined the total phenols content, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening. Results: The antioxidant activity of wood extract was 4.74 {\textpm} 1.03 FeEAC (mol/g) while leaves extract 41.17 {\textpm} 1.99 FeEAC (mol/g). Total phenols content for wood extract 16.46 {\textpm} 3.51 mg GAE/g, for leaves extract 141.62 {\textpm} 10.54 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoids content for woods extract was 27.99 {\textpm} 0.62 mg QE/g for leaf extract 41.45 {\textpm} 5.83 mg QE/g. The compounds of woods and leaves are the same; it is consist of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and negatives for anthraquinone. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leaves of Sterculia stipulata Korth. is greater than its wood activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, FRAP, Phenols, Sterculia stipulata Korth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.36}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1096, title = {Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content and Total Flavonoid Content of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb Stem Bark}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {227-231}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {227}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb. Material and method: stem bark of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol subsequently. The ethyl acetate extract was fractioned. Then, the fractions were subjected to arginase inhibition, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid assay. Correlation was considered by statistical analysis. Result: Out of eight fractions, two fractions have no activity. Two fractions (3 and 6) have strong activity in arginase with inhibition 90.72 \% and 91.41\% respectively. Fraction 3 and 6 have strong antioxidant activity with IC50 25.98 μg/mL and 48.01 μg/mL respectively. Statistical analysis shows arginase inhibitor activity was not related with antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in this plant. Conclusion: Activity in arginase inhibition of fraction from ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb are not related to antioxidant, total phenolic and flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Caesalpiniaturtuosa Roxb, Flavonoid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.34}, author = {Nadilla N Atikasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Berna Elya} } @article {1188, title = {Drug of Action Cassia Alata Leaves Extract as Antiviral to Dengue Virus Serotype-2 in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {864-871}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {864}, abstract = {

Background and Objectives: Dengue viruses (DENV) is a mosquito-borne members of the Flaviridae family.To date, more than 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries are at risk of infection, and approximately 20 million infections were reported annually. Currently, There is no specific antiviral treatment available for DENV infection. Natural products possess a wide range of biological and biochemical potential. Among them, plants are one of the most important sources for discovering new drugs for therapy. Our previous study, showed that Cassia alata has potency as antiviral to DENV, however drug of action still unclear. Materials and Methods: We explore the drug of action of C. alata leaves exract and its fraction through time of addition studies and effect of solvents wtih the dose based on the previous study. Results: The most effective inhibition druf of action was determined by focus assay. Meanwhile the toxicity was measured by MTT assay. These studies demosntrated that ethanol extract of Cassia alata 1 mg/ml showed strong inhibition in both early step (receptor and attachment to host cells) and post infection with inhibition 96.04 \% and 99.16 \%.Compared with those fractions, Cassia alata ethanol extract has strongest inhibition DENV in every step of virus replication. Conclussion: Cassia alata ethanol extract has strongest inhibition DENV in every step of virus replication with the average of inhibition more than 95 \%. Ethyl acetate and hexane has strongest inihibition with the average of inhibition 100 \%.

}, keywords = {Antiviral, Cassia alata, Dengue virus, Early step, Post infection}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.124}, author = {Marissa Angelina and Muhammad Hanafi and Franciscus D Suyatna and Beti Ernawati Dewi} } @article {1316, title = {Isolation and Identification of Chemical Compounds from Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb Stem Bark Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1641-1652}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1641}, abstract = {

Background: Garcinia is a tropical plant that grows in Indonesia. Garcinia has many health benefits for the body. Garcinia contains many phenolic compounds and their derivatives, such as xanthon, flavonoids, benzophenone, lactone, and phenolic acids. Garcinia fruticosa Lauterb. comes from the family Clusiaceae. The results of the phytochemical examination showed that G. fruticosa bark extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, and saponins. Objective: This study aims to isolate and identify chemical compounds from the ethyl acetate extract of G. fruticosa Lauterb stem bark. Method: G. fruticosa Lauterb bark. dried, milled, and extracted with Step Gradient Polarity/SGP maceration using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Isolation was done by column chromatography and identified by thin layer chromatography and IR spectroscopy, LC-MS/MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 2D-NMR (HSQC, HMBC). Results: Compound D7a has a molecular weight 168.0496. The IR spectrum shows the presence of a group {\textendash}OH appears on 3483 cm-1, aromatic presence in 1609 cm-1. The H-NMR spectrum shows the presence of aromatic signals on 6.96 (d, 8 Hz), 6.96 (d, 2 Hz) and 7.70 (dd, 8; 2 Hz). The C-NMR spectrum shows the presence of a carboxylic-COOH group appearing at 166.57 ppm, the presence of 2 x C-OH appearing at 147.18 and 151.18. In the HMBC spectrum, the -OCH3 position is located at C-3 with a correlation between the 3.79 (s) signal and the C signal at the chemical shift 147.18. Conclusions: Structural elucidation shows that compound D7a is a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoate acid (Vanylic Acid) and isolate I-1 is an impure compound namely β-Sitosterol and Stigmasterol.

}, keywords = {4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid, Garcinia fruticosa, Isolation, Stigmasterol, Structural elucidation, β-sitosterol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.224}, author = {Novia Delita and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi} } @article {1255, title = {The Potential of Stem Bark of Kayu Sarampa (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen)) as α-glucosidase Inhibitor}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1368-1376}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1368}, abstract = {

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 in the world is more than 230 million people, increases about 3\% in a year. Kayu Sarampa or Nyirih batu (Xylocarpus moluccensis (Lam.) M. Roen) has traditionally been used to treat diabetic patient by native people in Ratahan, North Celebes, Indonesia. Therefore, this research was sequentially extracted bioactive component from stem bark of kayu sarampa showed alpha glucosidase inhibitor. Objective: To assess antioxidants and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract from stem bark of Kayu Sarampa. Method: The Stem bark was extracted with Reflux method using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as mobile phae/solvent. The Hexane Extract (HE), Ethyl Acetic Extract (EAE) and Methanol Extract (ME) were subjected to the antioxidant activity assay by the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. Antidiabetic activity was determined by enzymatic alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. Results: The extract which had the highest activity based on the DPPH test and FRAP test was the ME compared with EAE, and HE with IC50 values of 16.51 μg/mL, 34.10 51 μg/mL, and 38.82 51 μg/mL , respectively. Ferrous equivalent antioxidant capacity (FeEAC) method, methanolic extract had a higher reduction capacity than the EH and EEA which were 148.96 μmol/gr, 48.96 μmol/gr, and 148.96 μmol/gr, respectively. The result showed that kayu sarampa stem bark exhibited antidiabetic activity due to its high inhibition compared with control (acarbose). ME showed inhibition of 53,11\% followed with EAE 49,7\%, HE 44,53\%, and acarbose as control 29,32\%.Conclusion: stem bark of kayu sarampa have bioactive component as alpha glucosidase inhibitor

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Kayu Sarampa}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.189}, author = {Fitri Santy Budiarso and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Roshamur Cahyan Forestrania} } @article {715, title = {Arginase Inhibitory, Antioxidant Activity and Pharmacognosy Study of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1109-1113}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1109}, abstract = {

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, and also pharmacognostical study of Sterculia macrophylla leaves. The main component of genus Sterculia was flavonoid that was well known to demonstrate arginase inhibitory activity. Methods: Sample was extracted gradually using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol solvents, subsequently. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extract were determined for their arginase inhibitory activity. The most active extract was methanol extract. This extract was determined for its antioxidant activity, arginase inhibitory activity, identification of chemical compound, chromatogram profile and determined the content of total flavonoid. The leaves and powder of Sterculia macrophylla were identified with microscopic and macroscopic evaluation. Results: The most active extract was methanol extract with IC50 114,659 \μg/mL for arginase inhibitory activity and IC50 78.47 \μg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity. The secondary metabolite of methanol extract presence compound of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside. The total flavonoid content was 141.10 mg/gram extract. The star-shape trichoma was identified as a specific fragment. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla showed activity as arginase inhibitor and antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Flavonoid, Pharmacognostical, Sterculia macrophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.188}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty} } @article {565, title = {Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {571-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll ex.Miq leaves have been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia. There is no report about pharmacognosy and phytochemical study with this plant.Objective: The main aim of this research is to establish pharmacognosy, phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves. The plant used to cure many diseases of Indonesia. Methods: In the present study, pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of plant material were performed as per the Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia. Results: Microscopy powder of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves shows star shape trichoma as a specific fragment. Physicochemical parameters including total ash (17,152 \%), acid-insoluble ash (0,922 \%), water-soluble extractive (1,610 \% w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (4,524 \% w/w), hexane-soluble extractive (4,005 \% w/w), and ethyl acetate-soluble extractive (3,160 \% w/w) were evaluated. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids-terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols. And absent of saponins and Anthraquinones. Antioxidant activity with IC50 157, 4665 ppm and flavonoid total was 59,436 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Conclusion: The pharmacognosy, physiochemical, and phytochemical evaluation provides information for the safety, identification, and class of chemical constituent\’s presents in this crude extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Sterculia rubiginosa zoll. ex Miq}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.93}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/526}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti} }