@article {1921, title = {The Ethanolic Extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower has Antioxidant, Anti-Gout, and Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {867-872}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {867}, abstract = {

The goal of this research was to explore the potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) flower extract as an antioxidant utilizing the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method; the possibility that it might be used as a treatment for gout by employing the 2,4,6-tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (TBHBA) technique, as well as the possibility that it could be used as an antibacterial agent against E. coli and B. subtilis. Results: The IC50 value for the extract{\textquoteright}s ability to serve as an antioxidant is 8.62{\textpm}0.006 mg/L, indicating that it is quite effective. In addition, the extract of ethanol possesses highly potent anti-gout properties, being capable of bringing about a 81.95{\textpm}0.1\% reduction in uric acid levels. In spite of this, the antibacterial properties of E. coli as well as B. subtilis bacteria were not particularly robust. Conclusion: The RnLK flower has the potential to produce alternative chemicals with the ability to reduce blood uric acid levels, but according to the results of the test, the antibacterial activity has little impact on E. coli and B. subtilis.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, FRAP, RnLK, TBHBA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.181}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1748, title = {Imperata cylindrica and Moringa oleifera: Antithrombotic Effect on Pulmonary Thromboembolism in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Background: Imperata cylindrica and Moringa oleifera have been used widely as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. These plants also have some compounds that are proven in vitro for their action to reduce platelet aggregation which has a major role in thrombosis pathogenesis. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extracts from I. cylindrica and M. oleifera as an antithrombotic agent in mice. Methods: The effects of I. cylindrica and M. oleifera on the pulmonary thrombosis in vivo and bleeding time parameters were examined. The two extracts were given orally for seven days prior to thrombosis induction. Survival rate was observed by the calculation of dead or paralysed mice and bleeding time was observed on amputated mice tails. Results: I. cylindrica and M. oleifera prevented paralyse and death caused by collagen-epinephrine induced pulmonary thrombosis in mice after 7 days pre-treatment in dose-dependent manner. The mouse tail bleeding time was significantly prolonged by administration of the extract, where I. cylindrica showed the most potent. Conclusion: These results suggest that the extract of I. cylindrica and M. oleifera have a potential activity as an antithrombotic agent in vivo.

Key words: Antithrombotic, Imperata cylindrica, Moringa oleifera, Survival rate, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Bleeding time.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.20}, author = {Fadlina Chany Saputri and Arini Andriani and Nuriza Ulul Azmi} } @article {1864, title = {Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant Activity, and Anti- Inflammatory Potential of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz Flower Ethanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {521-526}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {521}, abstract = {

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the content of the secondary metabolite compound in the flower extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnK); The potential of the extract as a radical scavenger of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); and its potential as an anti-inflammatory by inhibiting protein denaturation with bovine serum albumin (BSA). Results: Phytochemical screening results on the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flowers revealed the presence of steroid glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins. The extract has a strong ability to scavenge DPPH radicals with an IC50 value of 77.07 {\textpm} 0.05 mg/L. Besides that, the ethanol extract has very strong anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 13.88 {\textpm} 0.2 mg/L. Conclusion: According to these findings, the ethanolic extract of R. nasutus flower can be used as an alternative anti-inflammatory drug.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, Anti-inflammatory., BSA, RnK}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.129}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1845, title = {Potential of Rhinachanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz Leaves Extract as an Antioxidant and Inhibitor of α-Glucosidase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {373-378}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {373}, abstract = {

Aims: The goal of this study is to learn more about the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RnLK) leaf extract. The Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) technique was used to extract the leaf material, and the solvent used was ethanol with a 70\% concentration. The total phenol content (TPC) of the extracted material was determined. The Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) method was used to examine antioxidant activity, whereas α-glucosidase activity was used to test antidiabetic action. Results: The ethanol extract of RnLK leaves yielded 8.36\%, with a TPC of 607.1{\textpm}0.2 mg GAE/g sample. The IC50 value for leaf extract antioxidant activity was 19.1{\textpm}0.1 mg/L. Furthermore, the leaf extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and has an IC50 value of 81.3{\textpm}3 mg/L, making it an antidiabetic. Conclusion: The ethanolic extract of RnLK leaves can be used as an alternative antioxidant and antidiabetic material, according to the findings of this study.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, CUPRAC method, RnLK, UAE, α-glucosidase activity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.110}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1661, title = {Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus Nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and Its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1297-1303}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1297}, abstract = {

Aims: This study aims to obtain a stem bark extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and reveal: the total phenolic content in the extract; The extract{\textquoteright}s potential as an antioxidant with copper-reducing strength parameters, and its potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity. Results: The crude ethanol extract of R. nasutus stem bark obtained from the UAE process was 7.4896 g with a yield of 4.99\%. The high total phenolic content, namely 677.3343{\textpm}0.0007 mg GAE / g sample, the antioxidant activity test using the CUPRAC method gave an IC50 value of 18.43{\textpm}0.20 mg / L. In addition, the ethanol extract of stem bark has a high ability to inhibit the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 10.95{\textpm}0.28 mg / L. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus from UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Alpha-glucosidase enzyme, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total phenolics content, Ultrasound-assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.164}, author = {Candra Irawan and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1394, title = {Evaluation of Co-administration of Roselle Water Extract (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and Aspirin for Antiplatelet Therapy in Male Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {563-569}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {563}, abstract = {

Background: Various herbal side effects caused by interactions between herbs and drugs have been reported and reviewed. For instance, roselle water extract and aspirin have similar functions in maintaining cardiovascular function. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of roselle water extract on aspirin pharmacodynamics observed through the parameters of bleeding time, survival rate and the number of microthrombus that induced thromboembolism in rats. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two different experimental group for bleeding time and survival rate assay. Roselle water extract was given in three various doses (12.5 mg, 25 mg, 50 mg/200 g BW) for seven days followed by aspirin on the last treatment. Results: Results showed that the co-administration of roselle water extract and aspirin did not cause significant changes in the increase in bleeding time, the number of animals that survived and the number of microthrombus. Conclusion: Therefore, roselle water extract does not affect the pharmacodynamics of aspirin.

}, keywords = {Aspirin, Bleeding time, Roselle water extract, Survival rate, Thromboembolism}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.70}, author = {Zahriah and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1668, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1347-1354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1347}, abstract = {

Background: The main active compound of bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) fruit is charantin, which is believed to have important role on antihyperglycemic effect. However, charantin compound has a large molecular weight and is easily hydrolysed when given orally. Therefore, a colloidal drug delivery system, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), is required to provide a suitable and effective delivery of charantin, which is contained in a bitter melon fraction (BMF). Objective: This study aimed to prepare and evaluate SLN containing BMF with an appropriate characteristic for transdermal delivery. Methods: Bitter melon fruits were extracted with ionic liquid of [BMIM]BF4 using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and fractionated with dichloromethane. Four formulas of BMF loaded SLN were prepared with various ratio of BMF to surfactant and various ratio of lipids using high-shear homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. The obtained SLN were characterized, including morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, the stability study of BMF-loaded SLN was also conducted. Results: The result showed that BMF was a dry powder and brownish fraction with a specific smell. The BMF loaded SLN showed a spherical shape with the SLN F1 formula as a selected formula. The SLN F1 showed a particle size (Z-average) of 98.3{\textpm}1.98 nm, polydispersity index of 0.26{\textpm}0.01, zeta potential of -39.53{\textpm}0.15 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 82.96{\textpm}1.42 \%. According to the stability study, it revealed that the BMF loaded SLN F1 had an acceptable stability, which the charantin content in the SLN was 96.52\% after 3 months storage at 25{\textdegree}C {\textpm} 2{\textdegree}C. Conclusion: The BMF loaded SLN F1 with 1:12 ratio of BMF to surfactant and 1:2 ratio of capric caprylic triglyceride to glyceryl monostearate was selected as the best formula with the appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon, Charantin, Momordica charantia Linn, Solid lipid nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.170}, author = {Rahayu Anggraini and Silvia Surini and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1115, title = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Oxidant of Rubus Fraxinifolius Stem Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {271-275}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {271}, abstract = {

Introduction: Some Rubus were reported had anti-skin aging activity. Rubus fraxinifolius was one of Rubus genus which lives in Indonesian highland. Objective: This study was to examine elastase, tyrosinase, and oxidant inhibitory activity of R. fraxinifolius stem (RFS) extract. Methods: Extraction was done by a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol as solvent. Elastase inhibition activity was determined, which based on the formation of p-nitroaniline. Tyrosinase inhibition activity evaluated based on inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase by the sample with L-DOPA as substrate. The activity of antioxidant was determined using the DPPH radical scavenger method. LC-MS was used for prediction of naturally occurring phytochemicals. Results: The RFS extract yield was 9.03 \%. The RFS extract revealed inhibition activity against elastase and tyrosinase with IC50 128.85 ppm, and 155.19 ppm, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity gave IC50 63.04 ppm. Total phenolic content of the extract was 387.99+3.21 mg GAE/g extract. The LC-MS analysis showed the presence of at least 13 different organic compounds in RFS extract, which might contribute to the bioactivity. Conclusion: Therefore, this experiment further proved that RFS extract might be useful as a natural product ingredient of anti-photoaging skincare products because of its ability to inhibit elastase, tyrosinase, and as an antioxidant.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Anti-tyrosinase, Antioxidant, Rubus fraxinifolius stem}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.42}, author = {Yesi Desmiaty and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Muhammad Hanafi and Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya} } @article {1090, title = {Effect of Uncaria gambir and Uncaria sclerophylla on Pulmonary- Thromboembolism Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {192-196}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {192}, abstract = {

Background: Previous studies on virtual screening on P2Y12 receptor of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) have showed that Roxburghine B, the compound which is found in Uncaria species, can inhibit the receptor function. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of Uncaria gambir and Uncaria sclerophylla extract on survival rate and bleeding time as antithrombotic in vivo. Methods: Animal subjects (ddY strain mice) were divided to two different experimental group (survival rate and bleeding time). U. gambir and U. sclerophylla were given to the mice orally in three different dose (5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg/20 g BW and 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg/20 g BW, respectively) for seven days. Results: U. gambir and U. sclerophylla able to prolong bleeding time from test subjects equivalent to ASA as standard. The results show the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclussion: Both of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla prevent pulmonary thromboembolism on mice subjects represent by the increased of survival rate. Antithrombotic effects that were observed suggested was provide by their antiplatelet activity.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, Pulmonary thromboembolism, Survival rate, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.29}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Astari Rachma Nityasa and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1098, title = {Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Seeds: A New Potential Source of Sulfhydryl Compounds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {298-302}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {298}, abstract = {

Background: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds are considered the most widely consumed legumes by ruminants. The seeds contain around 1.5 mmol of thiol/sulfhydryl compounds per 100 g of dried seeds. The contents of the sulfhydryl compounds can act like glutathione. On the other hand, the intake of a high amount of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds is limited by mimosine because it can induce toxicity and death in ruminants. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine sulfhydryl compound levels in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds after the mimosine removal process. Materials and methods: Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit seeds were soaked in aquadest for 24 hours and then dried at 40{\textdegree}C for 86 hours. The dried seeds were macerated at room temperature using 30\%, 50\%, 70\%, and 96\% (v/v) of ethanol as the solvent with a 1:10 solvent-to-solid ratio. Levels of dried extract yield were determined for sulfhydryl compounds and mimosine using a spectrophotometer. Results: The 30\% ethanol extract without soaking produced the highest levels of extract yield, but 70\% ethanol was the most effective solvent for extracting the maximum sulfhydryl and minimum mimosine levels. Conclusion: Ethanol solvent (70\%) can be used to extract maximum levels of sulfhydryl compound and minimum levels of mimosine from Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit soaked seeds.

}, keywords = {Ethanol, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit, Mimosine, Sulfhydryl compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.47}, author = {Sri Wardatun and Yahdiana Harahap and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Noorwati Sutandyo} } @article {861, title = {Antithrombotic Effect of Mucuna pruriens L. and Coriandrum sativum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {413-417}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Background: Mucuna pruriens (MP) L. and Coriandrum sativum (CS) have been found for in vitro antithrombotic activity. However, the in vivo studies for both plants have not been discovered yet. Objective: The objective of the study is to prove the efficacy of MP L. and CS by conducting in vivo antithrombotic activity test with bleeding time and survival rate as the parameters. Materials and Methods: MP and CS extracts with three different doses were given orally to the experimental animals for 7 days. Aspirin was used as a positive control. The bleeding time was observed on mice tail that had been cut, and the survival rate was determined by inducing thrombosis with collagen{\textendash}epinephrine injection. Results: Seven-day treatment of plant extracts significantly prolonged the bleeding time of the treated group compared to the normal control group. The result demonstrated the increasing number of survived animals in the treated group compared to the negative control group. Conclusion: Both extracts had shown antithrombotic activity by significantly prolonged the bleeding time and increased the survival rate.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, collagen, Coriandrum sativum, Mucuna pruriens L, Survival rate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.64}, author = {Nuriza Ulul Azmi and Astari Rachma Nityasa and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {934, title = {Difference of Acidic Adding Effect in Ethanol Extraction of White Mulberry Stem Bark (Morus alba) and DPP-4 Inhibiting Activity Screening for Identifying its Antidiabetic Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {790-795}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {790}, abstract = {

Objective: Murberry (Morus alba) is one of the plants that can be used to treat diabetes and bioactive compounds that play a role are apigenin. Apigenin compounds have been reported to have an antidiabetic effect and are found in the form of glycosides. To separate apigenin from its glycosides, it takes the process of hydrolysis using acid. This study aims to look at the differences between ethanol extracts without hydrolysis with acids and ethanol extracts which are hydrolyzed by acid and determine their activity as dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors in vitro. Methods: Morus alba stem bark dry powder was extracted MAE using 96\% ethanol with acid hydrolysis using HCl 2 N and extracted without acid hydrolysis then apigenin levels can be measured by each extraction process using HPLC. DPP-4 activity was evaluated using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate then the inhibitory effect of extracts was determined based on the number of free AMCs by measuring fluorescence at excitation wavelengths of 350-360 nm and emission wavelengths of 450-465 nm using micro-plate readers. Sitagliptin is used as a positive control of DPP-4 inhibition in this test. Results: The ethanol extraction method with acid hydrolysis can attract more apigenin compounds than the ethanol extraction method without acid hydrolysis. The level of apigenin in the sample of ethanol extract with acid hydrolysis was 0.16\%, and in the ethanol extract without acid hydrolysis was 0.04\%. The amount of inhibitory activity of DPP-4 Morus alba stem bark extract was 23\%, which is 0.33 times the inhibition of sitagliptin activity. Conclusion: Extraction methods with acid hydrolysis are more effective in attracting apigenin compounds than without acid hydrolysis. Morus alba stem bark extract has an anti-diabetic effect through the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors can be used as a reference for therapy of diabetes mellitus from natural ingredients.

}, keywords = {Apigenin, DPP IV, Morus alba}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.126}, author = {Muhajri Agusfina and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Aditya Sindu Sakti and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {1024, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon Extract (Momordica charantia) Loaded Phytosomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1235-1241}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1235}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytosomes are a novel drug delivery system that offers better absorption and bioavailability for extract or phytoconstituents. The aim of this study was developing bitter melon extract load phytosomes with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery. Methods: Three formulas were developed, F1, F2 and F3 with weight ratios of extract and phosphatidylcholine were 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 3, respectively. Bitter melon fruit was extracted using a maceration method and the marker compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Phytosomes were prepared using thin layer method and then characterized, in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Results: The results of pytosomes characterization reveals that the F3 was the optimal formula. It has a spherical shape, particle size (DV-mean) was 282.3 {\textpm} 16.4 nm, zeta potential value at -39.2 {\textpm} 0.14 mV and entrapment efficiency of 90.06 {\textpm} 1.07 \%. Conclusion: Bitter melon extract loaded phytosomes with a weight ratio of extract and phosphatidylcholine 1:3 (F3) was selected as an optimal formula with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon, Momordica charantia, Phytosomes, Thin layer method, Transdermal delivery}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.192}, author = {Rhatih Eka Sasongko and Silvia Surini and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {819, title = {Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP IV) Activity by Some Indonesia Edible Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {231-236}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background: Some edible plants are promising to control blood sugar level. These plants contained phenolic substances that suggested to be able to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP IV). Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of several selected Indonesia plants on inhibiting of DPP IV activity and to determine the total phenolic content of the most active extract. Methods: Twelve Indonesia edible plants were macerated using 80\% ethanol at room temperature. DPP IV activity was evaluated by using glycyl-prolyl-7-amino-4-methyl coumarin (Gly-Pro-AMC) substrate and the inhibitory effect of extracts were determined based on the level of free AMC group by measuring its fluorescence on excitation wavelength 350-360 nm and an emission wavelength 450-465 nm using a microplate reader. Total phenolic contents of the active extracts were determined with Folin-Ciocalteu 1:4 on 765 nm using microplate reader. Total anthocyanins from extract were determined using the pH differential method. Results: Among the tested samples, the extract of Ipomoea batatas roots at a concentration of 10 μg/mL showed the highest inhibition, followed by Cajanus cajan leaves and Gnetum gnemon rind, with percentage inhibition of 28.8, 24.9 and 24.1, respectively. I. batatas extract have an IC50 value of 65.53 μg/mL, while the IC50 value of the positive control Sitagliptin 9.37 μg/mL. Total phenolic content from the extracts of I. batatas, C. cajan and G. gnemon rind extract were 279.3; 152.8; and 141.3 mg GAE/gram, respectively. Total anthocyanin from I. batatas extract was 462.14 mg cyanidin- 3-glucoside/L. Conclusion: The extract of I. batatas showed the highest inhibition on DPP IV among other plants investigated and showed high content of phenolic compound and anthocyanin that correlated with activity as inhibitor DPP IV.

}, keywords = {Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4, Indonesian edible plant, Ipomoea batatas}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.36}, author = {Muhammad Saiful Amin and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {807, title = {Microscopic Characters, Phytochemical Screening Focus on Alkaloid and Total Phenolic Content of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {119-123}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {119}, abstract = {

Objective: Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb. are medicinal plants widely grown in Indonesia. Genus Uncaria is well known for catechin content that has potent antioxidant activity. Uncaria also was reported containing alkaloid that has antihypertensive action. This study aims to provide microscopic characters and phytochemical profiles associated with the phenolic and alkaloid compounds contained in these two species of Uncaria. Methods: Microscopic characteristics were performed on fresh leaf samples using a microscope. Presence of alkaloids from ethanol and chloroform extract of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf were performed using Dragendorff reagents. Thin Layer Chromatography profile was developed in the mobile phase that consisted of acetone: chloroform (8:2). Total Phenolic Content was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method using microplate reader spectroscopically at λ = 765 nm. Results: Microscopy of U. gambir leaf revealed the presence of vascular bundle fragment, oil fragments, parenchyma cells, midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis with paracytic stomata. Whereas in U. sclerophylla can be observed midrib transverse-section and lower epidermis unicellular with trichomes. Both U. gambir and U. sclerophylla positively contain alkaloids. Chloroform extract showed the presence of alkaloids while ethanolic extracts showed negative results. The TLC profile shows the presence of catechin compound in the ethanolic extract, whereas in the chloroform extract does not show the presence of catechin. The total phenolic content of U. gambir and U. sclerophylla leaf ethanolic extract and chloroform extract was 7.309; 5.734 and 0.437; 0.161 mg of gallic acid equivalents each gram sample, respectively. Conclusion: Microscopic characteristics, TLC and phytochemicals obtained can be used for the authentication of Uncaria gambir Roxb. and Uncaria sclerophylla Roxb leaf.

}, keywords = {Microscopic Characters, Phytocemical Screening, Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy, total phenolic content, Uncaria gambir, Uncaria sclerophylla}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.20}, author = {Aditya Sindu Sakti and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {825, title = {Simultaneously Extraction of Caffeine and Chlorogenic Acid from Coffea canephora Bean using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {267-271}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {267}, abstract = {

Background: NADES is an alternative solvent in the extraction of metabolites from plants which has many environmental benefits, such as low toxicity, biodegradability, can dissolve polar and non-polar compounds, low costs and simple preparation. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of natural deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction (NADES-UAE) on enrichment of caffeine and chlorogenic acid in extract from green coffee beans (Coffea canephora). Methods: The powders were extracted using NADES-UAE method in several types of extraction condition, including the composition of NADES, water addition in NADES and extraction time. Caffeine and chlorogenic acid content were analyzed using HPLC, reverse phase system and C18 ODS-3 column. Results: The highest of caffeine and chlorogenic acid content was respectively, 7.89 mg/g and 28.62 mg/g (composition of NADES betaine: sorbitol [1:1.2] ratio and NADES-water addition [1:2] ratio for 30 min). Conclusion: This research showed that the composition of NADES, extraction time and water addition are important parameter in extracting caffeine and chlorogenic acid content in green coffee beans.

}, keywords = {Caffeine, Chlorogenic acid, Coffea canephora, Natural deep eutectic solvent, Ultrasonic assisted extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.41}, author = {Adisya Miftah Syakfanaya and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {790, title = {Total Phenolic Contents, Quercetin Determination and Anti Elastase Activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves Extract from Different Method of Extractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {124-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: Leaves of M. malabathricum has been detected to contain quercetin and other phenolic contents. Quercetin has been proven to have elastase inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraction method on total phenolic and quercetin contents as well as elastase inhibitory activity of M. malabathricum leaves extracts. Methods: Leaves powder was extracted by two conventional methods, maceration and reflux. Two different concentrations of ethanol were used as a solvent, 70 and 96\% ethanol. Leaves were also defatted with chloroform before further extraction. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and quercetin content was determined by using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Elastase inhibitor activity of leaves extract was determined on human neutrophil elastase in vitro. Results: Generally, 96\% ethanol obtained higher total phenolic and quercetin content than 70\% ethanol. However, defatted extract of 70\% ethanol contained higher total phenolic content than defatted 96\% ethanol. The highest elastase inhibitory activity of the sample was obtained from 70\% ethanol extract with the value of 89.50\% at 200 ppm, which is no significant difference compared to quercetin with the value of 93.86\%. Conclusion: Extraction methods and different concentration of solvents affect the total phenolic and quercetin contents of the extracts. M. malabathricum leaves have potential effect as anti-elastase as well as quercetin, where the anti-elastase activity of M. malabathricum leaves is not only due to quercetin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Extraction methods, Melastoma malabathricum L., Quercetin, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.21}, author = {Thia Amalia and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Silvia Surini} } @article {734, title = {Antithrombotic Effect of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. on Collagen-epinephrine Induced Thromboembolism In Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1149-1153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1149}, abstract = {

Objective: Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. have been proven to possess antiplatelet activity in vitro. The aim of this study is to investigate the antithrombotic effect of the rhizome extracts of Kaempferia galanga L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb in a mouse thrombotic model. Methods: The ethanol extracts of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza were orally administered with three different doses (7, 14 and 28 mg/20 g BW) in two experimental mouse models. Bleeding time prolongation was observed on mice tail that had been cut and the survival rate of mice was observed after thromboembolism induction by collagenepinephrine. These two experiments were observed after 7 days extracts pre-treatment and compared to the positive control, aspirin. Results: A potent effect of K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts were demonstrated through significant bleeding time prolongation compared to control group. C. xanthorrhiza extract exhibited better activity than K. galanga extract. Moreover, both K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts significantly protected mice from thromboembolic death, where the protective effect of C. xanthorrhiza extract was stronger than K. galanga extract in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: K. galanga and C. xanthorrhiza extracts have a potential to be developed as antithrombotic agents against platelet thromboembolism.

}, keywords = {Antithrombotic, Bleeding time, Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., Kaempferia galanga L., Survival rate}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.196}, author = {Fadlina Chany Saputri and Chavella Avatara} }