@article {1260, title = {Prebiotic Activity of Polysaccharides Extracted from Jerusalem Artichoke Tuber and Development of Prebiotic Granules}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {Research Article}, pages = {1402-1411}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1402}, abstract = {

Introduction: Jerusalem artichoke tubers (JA) contain non-digestible carbohydrates, especially inulin-type fructans, which have been found to possess various benefits on human health, including the prebiotic effect. Although many studies established the prebiotic property of inulin or fructo-oligosaccharides, there are less information of the prebiotic potential of JA crude extract. This study aimed to investigate prebiotic effect of the JA extract and develop prebiotic granules from JA extract. Material and Methods: Crude polysaccharide extract of JA was obtained using hot water and freeze-dried method. The selected probiotics, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve were used in this study. The prebiotic effect of the JA extract was indicated by bacterial growth and acid production. Parallelly, JA extract granule formulation was developed to be a prebiotic food product. Results: The JA extract at the highest concentration tested (2\%) caused a significant increase in the growth and acid production of every probiotics tested, including L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, B. longum and B. breve. The growth promoting effects of the 2\% JA extract were detected as early as 12 hour-incubation, and this action was maintained throughout the observed incubation period. Conclusions: The developed JA extract granules possessed desirable properties with the moisture content of 4.00{\textpm}0.20\%. The formulated granule was soluble in water and produced a brown and clear solution with slightly sweet taste. Nonetheless, in vivo experiments on the prebiotic effect of the developed preparation should be performed further.

}, keywords = {Granule, Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem artichoke, Prebiotic effect, Probiotics}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.194}, author = {Sakulrat Rattanakiat and Pawitra Pulbutr and Wanwisa Khunawattanakul and Bunleu Sungthong and Kritsanee Saramunee} } @article {985, title = {Effects of the Ethanolic Extracts of Guava Leaves, Licorice Roots and Cloves on the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus mutans}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1029-1036}, type = {Original Research Article}, chapter = {1029}, abstract = {

Introduction: Streptococcus mutans is a major causative pathogen of dental caries. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Syzygium aromaticum against cariogenic properties of Streptococcus mutans. These medicinal plants have been used traditionally as the ingredients in the herbal mouthwash for the management of dental caries. Methods: The 95\% ethanolic extracts of these medicinal plants were prepared and their phytochemical contents were analyzed by using thin layer chromatography-densitometry. Antibacterial activities of the extracts against S. mutans were evaluated according to broth dilution method. The effects of the extracts against cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which are surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production, were also investigated. Results: The biological active constituents, quercetin, glycyrrhizic acid and eugenol, were found in P. guajava, G. glabra and S. aromaticum, respectively. The three extracts possessed anti-bacterial activity against S. mutans with the MICs of 1.562, 0.195 and 1.562 mg/mL, respectively. The extracts at every concentration tested (at lower than their MICs) significantly inhibited cariogenic properties of S. mutans, which included inhibitions against surface adherence, biofilm formation and acid production. Conclusion: The ethanolic extracts of guava leaves, licorice roots and cloves produced anti-bacterial and anti-cariogenic activities against S. mutans. These plant extracts thus can potentially be developed as a product for the prevention of dental caries in the near future.

}, keywords = {Cariogenic properties, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Psidium guajava, Streptococcus mutans, Syzygium aromaticum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.162}, author = {Nalita Phaiboon and Pawitra Pulbutr and Bunleu Sungthong and Sakulrat Rattanakiat} } @article {696, title = {Antioxidant Activities, Acute Toxicity and Chemical Profiling of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) Inflorescent Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {979-982}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {979}, abstract = {

Aim/Background: The objectives of the study were to determine total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and assess acute toxicity of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescent hydroethanolic extract. Methods: The analysis of total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activities were analyzed spectrophotometrically using micro-titer plate reader. With regard to acute toxicity assessment, Wistar rats were fed with a single dose of torch-ginger either 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 g extract/kg body weight in comparison with control group. Results: Total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents of the extract were 0.17\±0.02 mM gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 0.30\±0.01 mM quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant evaluation using DPPH radical scavenging assay, FRAP assay and ABTS radical scavenging assay were 0.14\±0.08 mg/ml (EC50), 0.13\±0.01 mmol Fe2+ equivalent/g extract and 0.30\±0.12 mM trolox equivalent/g extract, respectively. According to acute toxicity, no mortality or bizarre behavior had been observed throughout 14 days. Clinical chemistry including blood glucose, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, total serum protein, albumin, globulin and total bilirubin were in normal ranges and comparable to the control (p\<0.05). In conclusion, phenolic compounds and flavonoids of torch-ginger could be measured and indicated the quality of the extract as well as antioxidant activities. Regarding acute toxicity assessment, the extract was safe for experimental animals up to 2.0 g extract/kg body weight. Conclusion: Torch-ginger extract exhibited high amounts of phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities and was safe in animal model.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Antioxidant Activities, Torch ginger, Total flavonoid contents, Total Phenolic Contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.166}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {356, title = {Acute and Sub-acute Toxicities of Thai Silkworm Powder (Bombyx mori Linn.) From Three Races in Male Wistar Rats and In vitro Antioxidant Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {541-545}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Background: The silkworm powder from Japanese and Korean races has a high biological activity. However, there was less scientific evidence regarding bioactivities in Thai silkworm races. Objective: This research was interested in toxicity and antioxidant activities of Thai silkworm races. Material and methods: The 5th instar, 3rd day of growth stage of Thai traditional silkworm (Nanglai, Nangnoi and Samrong races) were lyophilized by freeze dryer and ground as silkworm powder. The acute and sub-acute toxicities studies were carried out in male Wistar rats. The antioxidant capacities of silkworm powder were investigated with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods. Results: The acute toxicity in rats by single dose oral administration show that the high dose at a concentration of 2,000 mg/kg b.w. did not have toxicity in rats. The sub-acute toxicity in rats by oral administration showed that the high dose concentration at 2,000 mg/kg body weight for 6 weeks had no toxicity in all group either. In addition, the hematological parameters and lipid profiles of treated group and control groups were not significantly different. The antioxidant study showed that silkworm powders were not significant difference in all groups of samples in three assays (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). However, significant difference had been found in comparison to ascorbic acid (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: Silkworm powder from three races of Thai silkworm did not produce any toxicity in male rats. In addition, the silkworm powder also exhibited antioxidant activities.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activities., hematological parameters, lipid profile, Silkworm, toxicities}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.87}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.87}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Teeraporn Katisart and Bunleu Sungthong and Chirapha Butiman} } @article {358, title = {Antihyperglycemic Effect of Silkworm Powder, Fibroin and Sericin from Three Thai Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {559-564}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {559}, abstract = {

Objective: The present study was aimed to investigate the antihyperglycemic activities of Thai silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) powder, fibroin and sericin from three races of Thai silkworm including Nangnoi, Nanglai, and Samrong in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: All rats were daily and orally administered with silkworm powder (5th-instar, 3rd-day), fibroin, and sericin at a dose of 250 mg/kg for 6 weeks. After that, various parameters including body weight, blood glucose, hematological and biochemical parameters were determined. Results: The results revealed that fasting plasma glucose level in 6th week of Nanglai fibroin, Nangnoi fibroin and Nangnoi sericin expressed a better reduction of FPG in diabetic rats compared with diabetic control groups (p\<0.05). All hematological parameters of each group were not different within those values (p\>0.05). In case of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and alkaline phosphatase value showed that some of treated groups was different from diabetic control (p\<0.05), while all of treated groups showed different in cholesterol and high density lipoprotein value (p\<0.05). Conclusion: Silkworm powders, fibroin and sericin of three races exhibited a therapeutic potential for the reduction plasma glucose level. Treatments of silkworm powder, fibroin and sericin did not have any effect on hematological parameters. Improvement of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase values and lipid profiles also were also observed in the treatment groups.

}, keywords = {Antihyperglycemic effect, Diabetic rats, Fibroin., Sericin, Silkworm}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.89}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.89}, author = {Surapong Rattana and Teeraporn Katisart and Chirapha Butiman and Bunleu Sungthong} } @article {33, title = {Anti-Tyrosinase and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Thai Herbal Extracts Traditionally Used as Skin Toner}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {04/2015}, pages = {97-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Introduction: Skin darkness may be cosmetically undesirable for some people. Plant-derived materials traditionally used for skin lightening may produce satisfactory results. Besides innate tyrosinase activity, oxidative stress also plays an important role in skin darkness by activating tyrosinase. Therefore, herbal extracts with strong anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities could be considered as efficacious skin lightening agents. The aims of the present study were to determine the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of Thai medicinal plant extracts indigenously used as skin toners. Methods: The activities of seven Thai medicinal plants; Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Tagetes erecta Linn., Centella asiatica, Raphanus sativusvar. Longipinnatus Linn., Cassia fistula Linn. and Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. were investigated using the DOPA-chrome method to determine anti-tyrosinase activity and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay to determine antioxidant activity. Results: With respect to tyrosinase inhibitory activity, P. emblica, B. monosperma and R. sativusvar. Longipinnatus extracts at a concentration of 1.67 mg/mL showed strong activities with the percentage of tyrosinase inhibition at 48.38\±4.77, 46.92\±3.77 and 42.85\±6.54\%, respectively. In addition, P. emblica and B. monosperma extracts also exhibited high antioxidant activities with the IC50values on 33.47\±1.24 and 33.57\±1.92 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on tyrosinase inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging assays, the herbal extracts of P. emblica and B. monosperma show promise as potential skin lighteners in cosmetic formulations.

}, keywords = {anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, skin lightening, traditional skin toners}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.3}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Methin Phadungkit} } @article {1465, title = {Anti-Tyrosinase and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activities of Selected Thai Herbal Extracts Traditionally Used as Skin Toner}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Dec, 2014}, pages = {97-101}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {97}, abstract = {

Introduction: Skin darkness may be cosmetically undesirable for some people. Plant-derived materials traditionally used for skin lightening may produce satisfactory results. Besides innate tyrosinase activity, oxidative stress also plays an important role in skin darkness by activating tyrosinase. Therefore, herbal extracts with strong anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities could be considered as efficacious skin lightening agents. The aims of the present study were to determine the anti-tyrosinase and antioxidant activities of Thai medicinal plant extracts indigenously used as skin toners. Methods: The activities of seven Thai medicinal plants; Zingiber cassumunar Roxb., Phyllanthus emblica Linn., Tagetes erecta Linn., Centella asiatica, Raphanus sativusvar. Longipinnatus Linn., Cassia fistula Linn. and Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. were investigated using the DOPA-chrome method to determine anti-tyrosinase activity and the DPPH free radical scavenging assay to determine antioxidant activity. Results: With respect to tyrosinase inhibitory activity, P. emblica, B. monosperma and R. sativusvar. Longipinnatus extracts at a concentration of 1.67 mg/mL showed strong activities with the percentage of tyrosinase inhibition at 48.38\±4.77, 46.92\±3.77 and 42.85\±6.54 \%, respectively. In addition, P. emblica and B. monosperma extracts also exhibited high antioxidant activities with the IC50values on 33.47\±1.24 and 33.57\±1.92 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: Based on tyrosinase inhibition activity and DPPH radical scavenging assays, the herbal extracts of P. emblica and B. monosperma show promise as potential skin lighteners in cosmetic formulations.

Key words: antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, skin lightening, traditional skin toners, anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, DPPH radical scavenging assay.

}, keywords = {anti-tyrosinase inhibitory activity, antioxidant activity, Dopachrome method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, skin lightening, traditional skin toners}, author = {Bunleu Sungthong and Methin Phadungkit} }