@article {1738, title = {Isolation of White Rot Fungi from Rotten Wood from Bogor Botanical Garden in Indonesia and its Ligninolytic Enzymes Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {February 2022}, pages = {68-75}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {68}, abstract = {

Background: White rot fungus is one of the microorganisms that can naturally decompose lignocellulosic biomass. Indonesia{\textquoteright}s nature with its tropical forests has enormous potential for the development of white rot fungi that can be used as biological resources, one of which is in the bio delignification process. This paper aims to study the isolation and qualitative and quantitative screening of ligninolytic enzymes from white rot fungi found on rotten wood. Methods: In this study, white rot fungus was isolated from rotten wood from Bogor Botanical Gardens area, Indonesia. The isolated fungus were screened qualitatively by the Bavendamm test and decolorization of Remazol Brilliant Blue R test. Furthermore, the activity of laccase enzymes, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase were measured by UV-Vis Spectroscopy. Laccase enzyme as an enzyme that has the highest activity is produced in liquid media containing rice husks and purified and its activity is measured. Result: The results showed that of the 5 isolates that were positive for Bavendamm test and decolorization of RBBR test, they were KRB1, KRB8, KRB9, KRB10 and KRB12. The highest laccase activity was produced by isolates KRB 12 at 8244.72 U/ml. Laccase was purified by precipitation of ammonium sulfate at a saturation level of 0-80\%. Laccase was precipitated optimally in ammonium sulfate saturation 0-20\%. The overall yield of the purification was 44.92\%, with a purification fold of 1.72 and a specific activity of 5579.95 U/mg protein. Conclusion: The result for isolate KRB12 laccase as compared of the reported laccases suggests isolate KRB12 is a potential isolate for the production of laccase enzymes.

Key words: White rot fungi, Isolation, Bavendamm test, Decolorization of RBRR, Laccase, Manganese peroxidase, Lignin peroxidase.

}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.10}, author = {T Sumiati and H Suryadi and Harmita and Sutriyo} } @article {1709, title = {Comparison of the Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) Solvent for Extracting Lignin from the Lignocellulosic Material of Pineapple Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1702-1709}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1702}, abstract = {

Background: Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the materials that has the potential to produce cellulose. Lignocellulose material consists of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose so that the three materials must be separated first to get pure cellulose. The main problem faced in the process of separating cellulose is the difficulty of separating lignin. One of the processes in separating lignin is by pretreatment of lignocellulosic material. Methods: In this study, Deep Euteutic Solvent (DES) choline (ChCl) as a hydrogen bond acceptor was synthesized and eight hydrogen bond donors (HBD) were mixed. Eight types of DESs, i.e. , choline chloride-acetic acid (ChCl-AA), ChCl: formic acid (ChCl-FA). ), choline chloride: Lactic acid (ChCl-LA), choline chloride:Citric acid (ChCl-SA), choline chloride: Glycerol (ChCl-G), choline chloride: Ethylenglycol (ChCl-EG), choline chloride: Sorbitol (ChCl-S), and choline chloride: Urea (ChCl -U) with a ratio of 1: 2 were investigated. Each. DES solvent was applied as a pretreatment for the lignocellulosic material of pineapple leaves. The results of the pretreatment formed were characterized by the Infra Red spectroscopic method to determine the typical functional groups. Result: The results showed that the pretreatment process using DES solvent resulted in a decrease in lignin levels in pineapple leaf powder, the highest in DES with linear saturated acid-based HBD, formic acid at 32.05\%, glycerol at 30.18\% and then in alpha hydroxy-based HBD, acetic acid at 29.90\%. Meanwhile, the FT-IR results show that ChCl-FA has a high delignification ability during pretreatment. Pineapple leaves that have been pretreted with DES solvent can be a potential raw material for the next conversion process. This study presents DES as an effective and easy pretreatment method for lignin extraction.

}, keywords = {Deep eutectic solvent, Lignocellulose., Pineapple leaves, Pretreatment}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.219}, author = {Triyani Sumiati and Herman Suryadi and Harmita and Sutriyo} } @article {1612, title = {Effect of Glycyrrhizin and Sappan Wood Extract on Chemically- Induced Oral Mucosal Ulcer: An in vivo Animal Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {909-915}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {909}, abstract = {

Introduction: Stomatitis is the most common oral mucosal lesions characterized by round ulcers with yellow-white color and usually heals up to 14 days. Many recent studies have demonstrated that glycyrrhizin (GL) and C. sappan extract (CSE) exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and antioxidant action but no study has demonstrated the effect on the oral mucosal ulcer. Objectives: To evaluate the effect of GL and CSE in experimentally chemically induced oral mucosal ulcers using rats. Methods: Male Sprague- Dawley rats were randomly distributed into seven groups: the control group, the comparison group of 0.1\% triamcinolone acetonide (TCA), a single treatment group of 3\% GL and 3\% CSE, combination groups of 3\% GL + CSE (1:1, 1:2, 2:1). The oral ulcer model was induced by 15 μL of 50\% acetic acid. The clinical healing was evaluated by measuring the ulcer size and body weight from day 0{\textendash}14 and evaluate the leukocyte number on days 0, 4, 9 and 14. Histological examination was conducted at the end of the treatment. Results: The group of 0.1\% TCA and GL:CSE (2:1) showed greater ulcer closure (\>80\%) and decreased leukocyte number since day 4 (p\<0.05). Body weight loss was observed after ulcer initiation and started to increase after day 4 of treatment. While the histological examination showed similar tissue regeneration profile only from the GL:CSE (2:1) group with the healthy oral mucosa. Conclusion: Combination treatment of GL:CSE (2:1) enhanced the closure of oral mucosal ulcer and demonstrate complete tissue regeneration.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia sappan, Licorice, Stomatitis, Triamcinolone Acetonide}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.117}, author = {Ariiq Azmi Rofiqi Sulkhan and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im and Sutriyo} } @article {950, title = {Characterization Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Alpha Cellulose Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {894-900}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {894}, abstract = {

Objective: Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) is one of pharmaceutical excipients that can be used to increase viscosity in topical, oral and parenteral pharmaceutical formulation, beside that it can also be used as binder and disintegrant in tablet formulation. Betung bamboo is one of natural material that contains high concentration of holocellulose for about 83.80\%. The purpose of this study was to characterize Na-CMC obtained through alkalization and carboxymethylation reaction. Methods: Alkalization was carried out using 25\% sodium hydroxide and 1.7\% sodium tetraborate. Carboxymethylation was done with sodium monochloroacetate to alpha cellulose ratio 1.3 : 1. Product was identified by FTIR and further characterized by XRD, SEM, DS value and pH. Result: The product was white colour powder which has similarities of its infrared spectrum to reference. Other characteristics that showed similarities to reference was degree of substitution 0.7073, pH 7.61, average of particle size distribution 71.54 μm, moisture content 5.88\%, sulfated ash content 32.64\% and loss on drying 9.85\%. Conclusion: Based on the comparison of X-ray diffraction, there is similarity between reference and product (Na-CMC) from betung bamboo. However, there were differences in melting temperature, viscosity and morphological analysis with SEM to reference.

}, keywords = {Alkalization, Betung bamboo, Carboxymethylation, Cellulose, Characterization, Sodium carboxymethylcellulose}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.143}, author = {Herman Suryadi and Sutriyo and Ghina Fauziah} } @article {997, title = {Effect of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor from Lichen Extract in Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1199-1203}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1199}, abstract = {

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is an excipient commonly used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical preparations, especially tablet. MCC has been successfully made from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) through enzymatic hydrolysis process. This study aimed to find the effect of β-glucosidase inhibitor from lichen extract to the yield of MCC, the optimum conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis including pH and reaction time and characteristics of MCC obtained compared to reference, Avicel PH-101. Method: The study was began with extraction of cellulose enzyme and followed by determination of optimum beta-glucosidase inhibitor concentration. Then, this conditions were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of α-cellulose to MCC, followed by identification and characterization of MCC obtained and compared with Avicel PH- 101. Results: The optimum concentration of inhibitor was 120 ppm. A little higher yield of MCC was obtained when inhibitor extract is used in hydrolysis alfa-cellulose to MCC. The identity of MCC obtained was similar to infrared spectrum of reference. Other characteristics of MCC obtained were powder in the form of a slightly coarse, odorless and tasteless and slightly yellowish than reference. Conclusion: Addition of extract of Beta glucosidase inhibitor did not improve the MCC yield significantly, but identity and characteristics of MCC obtained showed similarities to the microcrystalline cellulose reference (Avicel PH = 101).

}, keywords = {Enzymatic hydrolysis, Lichen extract, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinthm, β-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.186}, author = {Citra Bonnita Putri and Sutriyo and Herman Suryadi} } @article {1022, title = {Effects of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor on Cellulase Enzyme Activity for Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1225-1230}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1225}, abstract = {

Objective: Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was a highly desirable excipient which being used for making tablets with direct compression method in Pharmaceutical manufacture. The purpose of this study was to compare microcrystalline cellulose preparation from water hyacinth powder with and without addition of β-glucosidase inhibitor followed by identification and characterization of the resulting powders. Methods: The study was began with isolation of potential organisms from soils in mangrove followed by extraction of {\textbullet} -glucosidase inhibitor. MCC was prepared through enzymatic hydrolysis of alpha-cellulase with and without addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor. Identification was done using FTIR, then characterized by organoleptic examination, qualitative analysis, starch test, pH test, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of particle size and distribution, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), moisture content, loss on drying test, particle density test, flow rate test and angle of repose test compared to microcrystalline cellulose which had been available on the market. Results: The hydrolysis conditions were carried out at 30{\textdegree}C, for 2 h and the powder was dissolved in acetate buffer pH 7 by addition of enzyme and 2.5 ml inhibitor. MCC yield with addition of beta-glucosidase inhibitor (80\%) was higher than without addition of beta-glucosidase (68\%). Conclusion: Addition of beta glucosidase inhibitor showed positive impact to increase MCC yield from alpha cellulose sample.

}, keywords = {Charaterization, Enzyme hydrolyisis, Microcrystalline cellulose, Water hyacinth, β-glucosidase inhibitor}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.190}, author = {Annisa Shabrina and Herman Suryadi and Sutriyo} } @article {925, title = {Macroscopic and Microscopic Studies of Polyscias guilfoylei L. H. Bailey Leaves (Araliaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {824-827}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {824}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. (Araliaceae) were reported to have medicinal value. Therefore, authentication of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. is important to ensure the reproducible quality of herbal raw materials. Objective: This study aims to evaluate macroscopic and microscopic parameters of the leaves of Polyscias guilfoylei L. Methods: Organoleptic, macroscopy, and microscopy of fresh leaves and microscopy parameters of leaves powder were observed. Results: Organoleptic and macroscopic studies found that the leaves had a smooth surface with green color, pinnate venation, elonged to lanceolate shape, cuspidate apex, serrated margin, broad base steam, a bit of distinctive smell, and characteristic taste. The leaves microscopy indicated the presence of anisocytic and paracytic stomata, druses type of calcium oxalate crystals, spiral type xylem, and essential oil were found. Conclusion: The results obtained can be used as quality control parameters, especially diagnostic features for the herbal raw material of Polyscias guilfoylei L.

}, keywords = {Araliaceae, Morphological studies, Plant anatomy, Polyscias guilfoylei, Puding leaves}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.132}, author = {Siti Marwah Lestari and Berna Elya and Sutriyo} }