@article {981, title = {Qualitative and Quantitative Determination of Organic Acids in Crude Herbal Drugs and Medicinal Herbal Preparations for Quality Control in Russian Federation by Modern Physicochemical Methods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1132-1137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1132}, abstract = {

Background: Organic acids (malic, citric, tartaric, oxalic, acetic, formic, isovaleric, ascorbic acids) make up a large group of biologically active substances and play an important role in plant and human metabolism. They are found in large quantities in the fruits of Rosaceae family medicinal plants that included in State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. Standardization of crude herbal drugs containing organic acids by modern physicochemical methods is a high-priority task. Materials and Methods: The determination of total organic acids amount was carried out in aqueous extracts from different fruits of Rosaceae family plants by galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods. Galvanostatic coulometry was performed with the help of the {\textquotedblleft}Expert-006{\textquotedblright} coulometer with a current of 5 mA (integrated pH meter). Iodine as an electrogenerated titrant was used for ascorbic acid determination; electro generation of hydroxide ions was carried out for determination of total organic acids amount. A potentiometer {\textquotedblleft}Aquilon pH-410{\textquotedblright} with attached glass and silver chloride electrodes was used for potentiometric determination of total organic acids amount. Individual organic acids have been determined by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (RP-HPLCUV) method. The following conditions were established: Gilson HPLC system, Alltech OA- 1000 Organic Acids (6.5{\texttimes}300 mm, 9 μm) chromatography column, a gradient elution mode, component A of the mobile phase is 98\% (0.1\% phosphoric acid, 10 mM KH2PO4, solution in water) with 2\% acetonitrile, component B is acetonitrile, the eluent feed rate is 1 ml/min. Results: Modern physicochemical methods for the analysis of biologically active substances, organic acids, for quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, are developed and discussed. The optimal conditions for the qualitative and quantitative organic acid analysis are selected and described taking into account modern pharmacopoeial requirements. Conclusion: Galvanostatic coulometry and potentiometry methods, as well as RP-HPLC-UV, can be successfully used in the quality control of crude herbal drugs and medicinal herbal preparations, specifically fruits of Rosaceae family plants. Development and validation of analytical methods for monitoring the content of this BAS group is an important research area in the pharmacopoeial standardization of crude herbal drugs.

}, keywords = {Coulometry, Crude herbal drugs, High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Organic acids, Potentiometry, Redox titration, Titrimetric Methods}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.176}, author = {Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova and Alla Anatolyevna Sorokina and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov and Anna Igorevna Marakhova} } @article {978, title = {Some Pharmacognostic Studies of the Bird Cherry (Padus avium Mill.) and Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) Fruits Collected from Moscow (Russia)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {996-1002}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {996}, abstract = {

Background: Light microscopic analysis is appropriate pharmacopoeial method for quality control of fresh and fast-frozen Rosaceae family plants fruits. It is widely used for crude herbal drugs analysis and helps to identify significant anatomical and diagnostic signs. The aim of the research was to establish the identity characteristics of the dried and frozen fruits of mountain ash and bird cherry and to perform phytochemical analysis of studied objects harvested in Moscow. Materials and Methods: Light microscopic analysis was used for Rosaceae fruits identity estimation. The fruits of mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia L.) and bird cherry (Padus avium Mill.) were collected in the fruiting phase on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. Fruits samples were dried at the temperature of 60-80{\textdegree}C and frozen at the temperature of -18-20{\textdegree}C. The epidermis surface preparation and the fruit pulp squash preparation were prepared for microscopic examination. The photographs were obtained from an AXIO IMAGER D1 biological laboratory microscope (Carl Zeiss Microscopy) with the help of a Canon Power shot A 650 IS camera. The elemental composition of the P. avium and S. aucuparia fruits was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis (XFA) using an S4 Pioneer X-ray spectrometer. Simple sugar analysis was performed by using reverse phase HPLC with refractometric detection, analysis of organic acids {\textendash} by using ion-pair HPLC with UV-detection (210 nm) in the isocratic elution mode (Agilent 1260 Infinity LC). Results: Characteristic signs of the anatomical structure of dried and frozen S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits were determined. Diagnostic anatomical signs of S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits are: the form of epidermal cells, stone cells, inclusions of calcium oxalate (prismatic crystals and druses), vessels, parenchyma with biologically active substances (anthocyanins, carotenoids). The presence and content of Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr were evaluated. Organic acids profile of S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits is presented by citric, malic, oxalic, succinic, tartaric, fumaric, quinic, ascorbic, sorbic acids. Total content of simple sugars, presented by glucose, fructose, sucrose, is in the interval of 8-9\%. Conclusion: The results of a comparative microscopic analysis of bird cherry and mountain ash dried and frozen fruits were obtained. They allowed to identify diagnostically significant elements of the anatomical structure that can be used to establish the fruits identity. The obtained data is of great value for S. aucuparia, P. avium fruits pharmacopoeial analysis in the Russian Federation.

}, keywords = {Anatomical Signs, Fruits, Mineral Composition, Organic acids, Padus avium Mill., Rosaceae, Simple Sugars, Sorbus aucuparia L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.157}, author = {Ekaterina Vyacheslavovna Sergunova and Dmitry Olegovich Bokov} }