@article {1064, title = {Determination of Sugar Profile in Viburnum Fruits and its Dosage Forms by HPLC-RID}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {103-108}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {103}, abstract = {

Background: In the Russian Federation, the viburnum fruits are used to obtain infusions and syrups as medications. This medicinal herbal raw material contains a large number of biologically active substances: vitamins, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, iridoids, carbohydrates, organic acids, lipids etc. The research aimed to study one of the biologically active substances group responsible for the formation of the organoleptic properties of aqueous extracts{\textendash}monomeric carbohydrate composition and content. Materials and methods: Dried viburnum (guelder-rose) fruits, an aqueous infusion based on it, and viburnum syrup of industrial manufacture (Russia) were purchased from the pharmacy and prepared for research. For HPLC analysis of monomeric sugars Agilent 1260 Series HPLC system equipped with autosampler/injector, four-channel gradient pump, column thermostat, refractive index detector), software (ChemStation Version B.01), column (Waters Sugar-Pack I, 10 μm, 300 {\texttimes} 6.5 mm) were used. Isocratic elution was performed using purified water (with the addition of Ca-EDTA 0.05 mg/ml) as the mobile phase, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The column was maintained at 80{\textdegree}C, the refractive index detector {\textendash} at 35{\textdegree}C. The injection volume was 10 μL, analysis time {\textendash} 20 min. Results: The main free carbohydrates of viburnum fruits and preparations based on them are glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total content of simple sugars in the viburnum fruits is 28.393 {\textpm} 0.528\%, in the infusion {\textendash} 0.499 {\textpm} 0.015\%, in the syrup {\textendash} 69.736 {\textpm} 1.551\%. The characteristic ratio of glucose: fructose: sucrose in dried viburnum fruits is 8.1:5.4:1, in infusion {\textendash} 7.0:5.7:1, and in syrup {\textendash} 9.2:8.8:1. The sugars{\textquoteright} degree of passing into infusion is 74.34\%. Conclusion: The composition and content of carbohydrates determined by HPLC-RID are an important characteristic data. It can be used for viburnum fruits Russian pharmacopoeial standardization along with the quantifying total content of organic acids.

}, keywords = {Guelder-rose, HPLC-RID, Monomeric carbohydrates, Viburnum fruits}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.16}, author = {Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Plakhotnaia ON and Krasnyuk II and Bessonov VV} } @article {1187, title = {Determination of the Chemical Composition of Lady{\textquoteright}s Bedstraw (Galium verum L.) Herb Extract by GC-MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {857-863}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {857}, abstract = {

Background: The research is devoted to the study of the Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw (Galium verum L.) herb ethanol extract composition using the method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Materials and Methods: Air-dried G. verum L. herb was used for ethanol extract preparation. Hewlett Packard 6890, 5973A GC/MSD System equipped with an HP-5MS quartz capillary column with geometric dimensions of 30 m{\texttimes}0.25 mm{\texttimes}0.25 μm was used for GC-MS analysis. Results: It was established that the Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw ethanol extract is rich in biologically active substances that determine its wide spectrum of pharmacological action. 15 compounds were identified by comparing with library mass spectra. Conclusions: G. verum L. is a promising source of crude herbal drugs. In the future, after additional pharmacognostic studies, G. verum L. herb can be recommended for implementation in the State Pharmacopeia of the Russian Federation.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, Galium verum L., Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Lady{\textquoteright}s bedstraw}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.123}, author = {Zaichikova SG and Bokov DO and Kiselevskii MV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Prostodusheva TV and Shchepochkina OYu and Gegechkori VI} } @article {1158, title = {Lathraea squamaria L. (Orobanchaceae): A Review of its Botany, Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacology}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {667-673 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {667}, abstract = {

This paper presents the results of the review pharmacognostic study of common toothwort, a perennial plant, parasitizing on the roots of trees. Currently, in Russian traditional medicine, there is considerable experience in the use of сommon toothwort (Lathraea squamaria L.) herb and roots as antitumoral, biligenic, infertility-treatment and diuretic drugs. The chemical composition of L. squamaria has not been quite well determined. Phenylethanoid glycosides (acteoside, isoacteoside), iridoid glycosides (aucubin, and aucuboside ester, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl-aucubin, melampyroside, 6{\textquoteright}-O-glucopyranosyl melampyroside), simple sugars, fatty acids, organic acids, β-sitosterol were identified. Further study of L. squamaria raw materials is a very promising field including implementation in official medicine.

}, keywords = {Aucubin, Chemical compounds, Common toothwort, Iridoids, Lathraea squamaria, Orobanchaceae, Parasitic plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.98}, author = {Bokov DO and Barkalova VE and Suslikova MA and Sokhin DM and Kakhramanova SD and Rendyuk TD and Strelyaeva AV and Antsyshkina AM and Balobanova NP and Prostodusheva TV and Grikh VV and Krasnyuk II1 (junior) and Marakhova AI and Moiseev DV} } @article {1196, title = {Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp (Laminaria sp.) as Pharmacopoeial Herbal Drugs and Food Products}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {929-937}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {929}, abstract = {

Background: Currently, the chemical composition of Laminaria J.V. Lamour. species is well studied; they have found applications in the food, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries. The main groups of biologically active compounds are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron) that are determined according to pharmacopoeial and All-Union State Standards requirements. Materials and Methods: For data obtaining various types of search tools and engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature (including Russian sources), normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition, All-Union State Standards, and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed were used. Results: In the course of this review study, a modern characteristic of the kelp thallus as a pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, food substance of plant origin is presented. The data on the chemical composition, harvesting, and processing of raw materials are summarized. The standardization and safety issues of kelp thallus are considered taking into account modern pharmacopoeial and food international requirements. The approaches to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active compounds (polysaccharides, iodine) and the determination of safety indicators are studied. Conclusions: The regulatory documentation that is used in the quality control of kelp needs to be finalized and updated. For pharmacopoeial analysis, all possible physicochemical methods (gravimetric, titrimetric, spectrophotometric) should be presented in the newly approved monograph. In this case, modern procedures should be developed, including HPLC with various types of detection (determination of the carbohydrates profile and polysaccharides, including methods with acid and enzyme hydrolysis). This will ensure the required level of quality, the safety of kelp (Laminaria) raw materials.

}, keywords = {alginic acid, Fucoidan, Iodine, Kelp, Laminaria japonica, Laminaria saccharina, Laminarin, Mannitol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.132}, author = {Bokov DO and Potanina OG and Nikulin AV and Shchukin VM and Orlova VA and Bagirova GB and Kakhramanova SD and Al- Khafaji H and Balobanova NP and Evgrafov AA and Samylina IA and Krasnyuk II and Golubeva OA and Kuleshova ES and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1080, title = {Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical and Ethnopharmacological Potential of Cyclamen coum Mill}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {204-212}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {204}, abstract = {

Background: This review focuses on characterization of Cyclamen coum Mill. (Myrsinaceae), composition and content of biologically active substances presented in the above-ground and underground parts, reporting use of this plant in traditional medicine, predicting possible pharmacotherapeutic effects. Materials and Methods: Various electronic search engines such as Google, Google scholar, scientific literature, electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: Cyclamen L. is classified in the Myrsinaceae family now. It is a typical element of the Mediterranean flora. C. coum. is a species characteristic of the Caucasus and Crimea with rounded leaves and rounded corolla lobes, bright and pink-purple flowers. Chemical composition of biologically active substances of C. coum was described in sufficient detail. C. coum contains saponins (coumoside A, coumoside B, cyclaminorin, deglucocyclamin, cyclacoumin, and mirabilin lactone), sterols (stigmasterol and other related compounds), piperidine alkaloid (2-β-D-glycopyranosyl-2-undecil-3,5-dihydroxy-6-carboxypiperidine), flavonoids, phenols, tannins, cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antitumor activities are established for different C. coum extracts. Conclusion: C. coum can be used for the production of potential anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal drugs. It should be noted that more pharmacognostic, pharmacological studies are needed for providing further information to use this medicinal plant in the official medicine. Also, standardization procedures for a crude herbal drug should be developed.

}, keywords = {Coumoside A, Coumoside B, Cyclacumin, Cyclamen coum, Cyclaminorin, Deglucocyclamine}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.31}, author = {Bokov DO and Krasikova MK and Sergunova EV and Bobkova NV and Kovaleva TYu and Bondar AA and Marakhova AI and Morokhina SL and Krasnyuk II and Moiseev DV} } @article {1125, title = {Pharmacopoeial Analysis of Inulin-Containing Medicinal Plant Raw Materials and Drugs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {415-421}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {415}, abstract = {

Background: Today, there are some unresolved issues and discussions concerning inulin quantitative determination in medicinal plant raw materials (MPRM). MPRM containing polyfructans or fructosans (inulin and others) are rather complex multicomponent matrixes with many interacting compounds. The article discusses the prospects for further standardization of inulin-containing pharmacopoeial MPRM that include, in addition to polysaccharides (inulin), other biologically active compounds with pharmacological activity. Materials and Methods: Different types of search tools such as Google scholar, Google, scientific literature, normative documentation of Russian Federation (State Pharmacopoeia of Russian Federation IV edition and others) electronic databases such as e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed had been searched and data obtained. Results: The pharmacopoeial spectrophotometric procedures of inulin determination in the Russian Federation are approved in a version that does not fully satisfy modern standardization criteria. Regulatory changes required in the near future. Conclusion: Undoubtedly, to determine inulin quantitatively, it is necessary to modify the existing spectrophotometric procedures and introduce an additional alternative, more specific HPLC-RID (or similar) ones.

}, keywords = {Fructosans, HPLC-RID, Inulin quantitative determination, Polyfructans}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.64}, author = {Bokov DO and Karabeshkin DI and Samylina IA and Potanina OG and Krasnyuk II and Malinkin AD and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu and Bobkova NV and Antsyshkina AM and Bondar AA and Evgrafov AA and Galiakhmetova EK and Moiseev DV and Bessonov VV} } @article {1106, title = {Prospects for the Use of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Containing Phytoecdysteroids and Polyphenols}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {246-250}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {246}, abstract = {

Background: Phytoadaptogens, biologically active compounds increasing the nonspecific resistance of the human organism, are well known for the prevention and correction of stressful conditions. Phytoadaptogens group includes phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols, that are characterized by the multiplicity of pharmacological effects in combination with the low toxicity. According to literature data, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a promising source of these compounds. This work aims to systematize data on the chemical composition of biologically active compounds of spinach, that determine its adaptogenic properties and concentration methods in the spinach processing for use in specialized foods and dietary supplements. Materials and Methods: Manifold electronic search engines, electronic databases, and libraries such as Google, Google scholar, Crossref, Indian Science Abstracts, Emerging Sources Citation Index, e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, Chemical Abstracts, Index Copernicus, scientific literature had been searched and data obtained. Results: Botanical characteristics of spinach, main cultivation conditions, the latest data on the chemical composition of raw spinach material cultivars and extracts based on it are presented in this study. Schemes for the obtaining of products enriched with polyphenols and ecdysteroids are considered, and ways of proper purification are mentioned. Conclusion: It is recommended to introduce spinach into the diet of healthy people in order to increase the functional reserves of a person during periods of hypovitaminosis, overwork, intense physical exertion, and also to compensate for the adverse effects of external factors. Spinach extracts containing phytoecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone) and polyphenols (flavonoids) can be used as a prophylactic to overcome the negative effects of stress, accelerate recovery after strong physical and mental stress, particularly for people with extreme occupations, athletes, and those who are engaged in hard physical labor.

}, keywords = {20-hydroxyecdysone, Flavonoids, Phytoecdysteroids, Polyphenols, Spinach leaves, Spinacia oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.38}, author = {Bokov DO and Sidorova YuS and Mazo VK and Bessonov VV} } @article {990, title = {Flavonoids in Passiflora incarnata L. Dry Extract of Russian Origin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1143-1147}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids are one of the main classes of biologically active substances providing the pharmacotherapeutic effect of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.) preparations. In this article studies on the standardization of Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract (PDE) by flavonoids are presented. The aim of this work was to study the composition and content of flavonoids in PDE with the help of precise modern physicochemical methods. Materials and Methods: PDE was prepared from crude herbal drug {\textendash} P. incarnata herb of Russian origin. Reverse phase HPLC-UV analysis was performed with Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic column was Atlantis C18 (250 mm {\texttimes} 4.6 mm {\texttimes} 5 μm); analytical wavelength {\textendash} 350 nm; mobile phase {\textendash} 0.01\% formic acid solution and methanol: acetonitrile (25:75); column temperature {\textendash} 35{\textdegree}C; analysis time {\textendash} 90 min; flow rate of the mobile phase {\textendash} 0.8 ml/min in gradient elution mode. Commercially available samples of flavonoids were used for identification and quantitative determination. Results: 20 compounds of flavonoid structure are presented in the PDE. 9 flavonoid compounds have been identified, they are: isovitexin, vitexin, rutoside, hyperoside, luteolin, kaempferol, kaempferitrin, orientin, and isoorientin. The content of vitexin is 0,867 {\textpm} 0,011\%, the total flavonoids content in terms of vitexin is 3,762 {\textpm} 0,049\%. Conclusion: The obtained data will be used to create regulatory documentation for drugs based on PDE.

}, keywords = {Dry extract, Flavonoids, Passiflora incarnata, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.178}, author = {Guseinov MD and Bobkova NV and Svistunov AA and Tarasov VV and Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu} }