@article {1882, title = {Antioxidants, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content and Toxicity Assay of Ampelas (Tetracera macrophylla Wall.Ex Hook.F.\& Thoms) From Kalimantan-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {642-648}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {642-648}, abstract = {

Background: High Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) contribute to disease pathogenesis. Phenolic compounds and flavonoids are effective as antioxidants. Objective: This research aimed to measure the antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content and leaf toxicity of Tetracera macrophylla. Methods: DPPH and FRAP were used to determine antioxidants, and the Folin{\textendash}Ciocalteu method was used for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content with AlCl3 and toxicity with MTT assay against RAW 264.7 cells. Results: Methanol extract has antioxidant activity with IC50 = 81.582 μg/mL (DPPH) and 11840 mol/g (FRAP), total phenolic content of 353.781 mg GAE/g dry weight, and flavonoid content of 279.2 mg QE/g dry weight. The ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts had weaker antioxidant activity than the methanol extracts. The IC50 toxicity assay methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract respectively showed 288.792 μg/mL and 541.472 μg/mL. Conclusion: The methanol extract of Tetracera macrophylla showed the highest yield, total phenolic content and total flavonoid content and had the highest antioxidant activity. Methanol extract has low toxicity to RAW 264.7 cells.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Tetracera macrophylla, total flavonoid, total phenolic, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.147}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Kusmardi} } @article {1176, title = {Anti-Inflammation of Soursop Leaves (Annona muricata L.) Against Hemorrhoids in Mice Induced by Croton Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {784-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {784}, abstract = {

Background: Hemorrhoids are rectoanal venous plexus swelling that causes inflammation, pain, and bleeding. Plants with phenolic compounds are known to improve venous tone and anti-inflammation. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) known contain phenolic compounds and have been used to cure inflammation. However, studies on anti-inflammatory soursop leaves for hemorrhoids are still limited. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect of Soursop Leaves Ethanol Extract (SLEE) on the histopathological features and expression of COX-2 and TNFα in rectoanal tissue. Methods: Swiss mice 20 weeks induced 3 times with 6\% croton oil through the anus. SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg and aspirin as a positive control were given orally for 7 days. Histopathological examination of the rectoanal tissue of mice was assessed by counting cell necrosis, inflammation, vasodilation, and edema using hematoxylin-eosin. Positive cells expressing COX-2 and TNFα were counted on inflammatory epithelial cells using immunohistochemistry. Results: Administration of SLEE at all doses showed different levels of inflammation, necrosis, vasodilatation and edema in histopathology of rectoanal tissue P \<0.00. All three doses of SLEE show significant anti-inflammatory effects on hemorrhoidal tissue. SLEE doses of 200, 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased COX-2 P \<0.05 compared to negative controls, and SLEE doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/Kg significantly decreased TNFα P \<0.05 compared to negative controls. Conclusions: SLEE can reduce inflammation and has the potential to be developed as a natural remedy for hemorrhoids.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, COX-2, Croton oil, Hemorrhoid, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.112}, author = {Nurul Qurrota Ayun and Kusmardi and Nurhuda and Berna Elya} }