@article {2207, title = {The Effect of Glycopyrrolate to Support Fentanyl on Reducing Airway Irritation during Inhalation Induction with Desflurane and Nitrous Oxide in Adult Patients}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {42-45}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {42}, abstract = {

Introduction: Inhalational induction of anesthesia is occasionally used in adults. Desflurane is not used for the induction of anesthesia despite its favorable pharmacokinetic characteristics as it causes airway irritation. This study aims to identify a reduction of airway irritation with pretreatment using fentanyl and glycopyrrolate. Methods: A total of 80 adults were randomized into two groups to receive fentanyl and glycopyrrolate (FG group) or fentanyl only (FS group) prior to desflurane administration. Time between desflurane administration and loss of consciousness was recorded as well as expired desflurane concentration. Signs of airway irritation including coughing, apnea, laryngospasm, and excitatory movements at time of induction was also recorded. Unpaired t test, Fisher{\textquoteright}s Exact test, and Chi-square test were used to analyze parametric data and all non-parametric data was analyzed using the Mann{\textendash} Whitney test. Results: This study found time to loss of consciousness was 4 minutes. Incidence of airway irritation in Group FS vs FG including cough, apnea, excitatory movements, and laryngospasm was (20\% vs 2.5\%), (0\% vs 0\%), (5\% vs 5\%), and (7.5\% vs 0\%) respectively. Total airway irritation was 32.5\% in FS compared to 7.5\% in FG, with P value 0.0103. Conclusion: Use of fentanyl and glycopyrrolate decreases airway irritation incidence caused by desflurane in comparison to use of fentanyl alone. This opens the possibility to commonly use desflurane as inhalation induction of anesthesia as its favorable pharmacokinetics may be utilized whilst limiting the adverse effects it causes.

}, keywords = {Airway Irritation, Desflurane, Fentanyl, Glycopyrrolate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.6}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Clarissa Jasmine Aurelia} } @article {1182, title = {Analysis of GABRB3 Protein Level After Administration of Valerian Extract (Valeriana officinalis) in BALB/c mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {June 2020}, pages = {821-827}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {821}, abstract = {

Background: Valeriana officinalis is most commonly used as traditional medicine. Valerenic acid is the primary component of Valerian officinalis which inhibits the catabolism of enzyme induced breakdown of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) in the brain, resulting in sedation. The aim of this study is to determine the level of GABRB3 protein, as part of major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, after administration of Valerian extracts in BALB/c mice. Materials and Methods: This is an experimental study using animal model with post test-only controlled group design. Twenty healthy adult male BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups, negative control group (Aquadest), positive control group (Diazepam 0.025 mg/10 g), first treatment group (Valerian extract 2.5 mg/10 g) and second treatment group (Valerian extract 5 mg/10 g). The drugs were administered via gastric gavage for seven consecutive days. The blood was drawn from each mice on the first day (before treatment) and on the seventh day of experiment (2 hours after treatment). The blood sample was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine the GABRB3 protein level. Results: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice after administration of Valerian extract was increased significantly in both treatment group (p \<0.0001). The highest increment in protein levels was found in the first treatment group with an increase of 2.988 μmol/L, compared with the second treatment group with an increase of 2.146 μmol/L. Conclusion: GABRB3 protein level in BALB/c mice were increased after administration of Valerian extract. Administration of higher dose does not yield in higher GABRB3 protein level nor sedative effect.

}, keywords = {BALB/c mice, Diazepam, GABRB3 protein, Valerian extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.118}, author = {Erwin Mulyawan and Muhammad Ramli Ahmad and Andi Asadul Islam and Muh Nasrum Massi and Mochammad Hatta and Syafri Kamsul Arif} }