@article {1354, title = {Antimicrobial Effect of Different Types of Honey on Selected ATCC Bacterial Strains}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {217-225}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {217}, abstract = {

Honey is a complex sweet highly viscous liquid and is composed of various ingredients such as sugar, proteins, minerals, and polyphenolic compounds. Honey is used in traditional medicine systems for centuries because of its ability to inhibit the pathogenesis of various diseases through modulating various biological activities. In this study, antimicrobial potential of different types of honey was tested against selected pathogenic bacterial strains through agar well diffusion method. Four types of honey were used in the present investigation, and the potential antimicrobial activities of these varieties were further compared with that of antibiotics commonly used against targeted microbial strains. Among all of the four tested honey, three types were classified as blossom honey, being Talha (Acacia sp) honey (TH), Zahoor (mixed flower) honey (ZH), and Manuka (Leptospermum based honey) honey (MH). Both gram positive and gram negative bacterial species were used for this investigation. The pathogenic gram-positive bacterial strains includedEscherichia coli ATCC 29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) ATCC 43300. Three gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were also used to confirm the antimicrobial activities. As reflected from our study, we found that three varieties of honey including TH, ZH, and MH (with different UMF +20, +16, +5) displayed a broad spectrum antibacterial activity against all tested microbial strains. However, all strains showed a high frequency of resistance to BF honey. Gram-positive (G+) bacteria were found to be more sensitive to all tested honey types except (BF) as indicated by significantly higher zone of inhibition (ZOI) values than those of gram-negative (G-) bacteria. As a conclusion, this study suggests that antimicrobial potential of honey types might be helpful in order to treat the pathogenic microorganisms threatening the public health and changing antibiotics into last-resort drugs.

}, keywords = {Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Talha honey, Zahoor honey and Manuka honey}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.31}, author = {Aseel Aljaghwani and Khaled S Allemailem and Lujain F Aljaghwani and Faris Alrumaihi and Rejo Jacob Joseph and Amjad Ali Khan and Mohammad aljaghwani and Arshad H Rahmani and Ahmad Almatroudi} } @article {1429, title = {Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) and its Active Compounds: A Review of its Effects on Human Health through Modulating Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {813-821}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Fenugreek seed are rich sources of various essential compounds and such components shows a significant role in the diseases cure and management through its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective and anti-microbial activity. Moreover, fenugreek seed is a rich source of antioxidant and such potentiality inhibit the pathogenesis of diseases through free radical scavenging activity. Besides, fenugreek and its active compound shows role in tumour inhibition through modulating various genes activity including induction of apoptosis, tumour suppressor gene and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of fenugreek seeds in health management through modulating various physiological and biochemical activities, along with special emphasis on in vitro and in vivo study.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer activity, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Fenugreek, Health management, Trigonella foenum-graecum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.103}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1430, title = {Peppermint, (Mentha {\texttimes} piperita): Role in Management of Diseases through Modulating Various Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {822-827}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {822}, abstract = {

Peppermint, (Mentha {\texttimes}piperita), aromatic perennial herb of the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is a natural hybrid of Mentha spicata and Mentha aquatica and is found wild with its parent species in central as well as southern Europe. It holds various types of ingredients including menthol, menthone and cineol. Menthol, which is extracted from peppermint, play an important role in the inhibition of various types of pathogenesis. Peppermint oil also acts as a mild carminative agent and used for disorder of the large intestines that causes stomach pain. Moreover, experimental studies have confirmed its role in health management through anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, neuroprotection and hepatoprotective effects. its topical application shows relief from cold, muscle pain, and headache. The health promoting role of Peppermint has gained a noteworthy scientific attention, but the exact mechanism of its action still remains not clear. The current review mainly emphases on the pharmalogical effects of peppermint in the inhibition of pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of peppermint in the management of various types of diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-microbial, Antioxidant, Mentha {\texttimes}piperita, Pathogenesis, Peppermint}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.104}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Ahmad Almatroudi and Amjad Ali Khan and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1343, title = {Pesticide Residue Measurement in Commonly Used Vegetables Using the QuEChERS Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {142-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {142}, abstract = {

The aim of current study was to measure the pesticide residues level in vegetables in the Unaizah city, Saudi Arabia. A total of 40 samples including tomato, cucumber, zucchini and red pepper were analysed for various types of pesticides using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method. The results show that 65\% of samples of supermarket and farms contained 14 types of pesticides but pesticides residue level was below the maximum residue levels (MRL) whereas 30\% samples were free from pesticides. A total 05\% of the vegetables samples were found to exceed the maximum residue levels (MRLs). Moreover, the results indicate that the tomato samples with residue \< MRL were 100\%. A total of 20\% of the zucchini samples were with residue \< MRL and 80\% of the red pepper samples were with residue \< MRL. Cucumber sample from farms showed insecticides were found to exceed the MRL and none of the fungicides detected exceeded the MRL. However, the concentration of acetamiprid was 0.078 mg kg-1 in cucumber was exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRLs) which was 0.03 mg kg-1 and residues of carbofuran that exceeded the MRLs was 0.026 mg kg-1. Acetamiprid was the most commonly detected pesticides and followed by imidacloprid. The results designated that most of the vegetable samples were contaminated with different types of pesticide residues. The high levels of pesticide residues could be a public health problem including pathogenesis because most of the tested vegetables are commonly used as without cooking.

}, keywords = {GC{\textendash}MS/MS, LC{\textendash}MS/MS, Maximum residues limit, QuEChERS, Vegetables}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.20}, author = {Waad Hamad AlSaikhan and Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1266, title = {Grapes and their Bioactive Compounds: Role in Health Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1455-1462}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1455}, abstract = {

Grape is one of the important plant and its implication in health management has been proven. Grapes are used in the production of grape juice, food products and in other form. The fruits leaves and seeds of the plant are confirmed its role in diseases management based on in vivo and in vitro study. Leaves, fruits and seeds of grape are rich source of bioactive compounds and such compound play role in diseases cure and management. Grapes leaves, fruits and seeds shows therapeutic implications as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective effect and antimicrobial. Grapes leave, fruit and seed and their active compounds play significant role in inhibition of cancer. Its bioactive compound has designated its role in tumour management through modulating genes activity. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of grapes fruits, seeds and leaves in diseases management through modulating different biological activities based on in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour, Antioxidant, Proanthocyanidins, Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.200}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahman} } @article {1217, title = {Ocimum sanctum: Role in Diseases Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activity }, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1198-1205 }, type = {Review Article}, chapter = { 1198}, abstract = {

Medicinal plants are used commonly by traditional medical practitioners in their daily practice for the treatment of various diseases. The treatment based on natural products are preferred because they are more economic and have lesser side-effects. In this regards, Ocimum sanctum commonly known as holy basil or tulsi is used in the diseases cure and treatment since ancient time. Ocimum sanctum has been proven health promoting effect through modulation of various biological activates. Ocimum sanctum shows therapeutic role through its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective and wound healing effects. Besides, the constituents of holy basil have been confirmed to have a noteworthy effect in cancer management through inhibition of cancer development and progression. Further, the synergistic effect of Ocimum sanctum component with anti-cancer drugs has been proven as it reduces the growth of cancer. Molecular mechanism and human clinical trials based should be performed to avail its role in diseases cure and management. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of holy basil in disease management through in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer, Anti-oxidant effect, Health promoting effect, Ocimum sanctum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.168 }, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Ahmad Almatroudi and Arshad Husain Rahmani} }