@article {2202, title = {Inhibitory Mechanisms of Soybean Extract on the Development of Breast Cancer Through Modulation of Cellular Immune Response}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {01-08}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide. Consumption of soy products has been reported to reduce the incidence of and mortality rate for some cancers, including breast cancer. However, there are limited in vivo studies on the inhibitory effect of soybean extracts on breast cancer. Objectives: To examine the effect of soybean extracts on breast cancer cellular immunity and to determine the role of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the development and outcome of breast cancer. Material and Methods: Rat were induced with DMBA 11 times to get a breast cancer model. A soybean extract was given at different doses starting one week before DMBA induction and continued until the end of the study. At the end of the study, peripheral blood was collected, and the lymphocytes were examined using flow cytometry. Results: The phytochemical screening of soybean extract, using the Q-TOF LC/MS method, detected four bioactive components from the isoflavone and saponin groups. The incidence of tumor formation in the NeC, SE-D250, SE-D500, and SE-D1000 groups was 100\%, 83\%, 33\%, and 33\%, respectively. The highest proportion of CD4+ T cells was found in the NeC (69.35\%), while the lowest was in the SE-D1000 (63.75\%). The highest and lowest proportions of CD8+ T cells were found in the SE-D1000 and NeC groups, at 35.95\% and 31.15\%, respectively. Conclusions: The soybean extract was able to reduce the incidence of breast tumor formation in DMBA-induced rat in a dose-dependent manner. The soy extract group{\textquoteright}s CD4+/CD8+ ratio was close to that of healthy rats compared to the DMBA-induced group without soy extract. A lowered CD4+/CD8+ ratio is followed by a lower risk of tumor formation.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, CD4+, CD8+, Cellular immune response, Soybean extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.1}, author = {Andi Muh. Maulana and Kusmardi Kusmardi and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Taifo Mahmud and Heri Wibowo and Bambang Pontjo Priosoeryanto and Primariadewi Rustamadji and Numlil Khaira Rusdi} } @article {1901, title = {Effects of Acalypha indica L. Extract on Inflammatory Response in The Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Overview of TLR9, NFκB and TNFα Expression in Hepatocytes and Macrophages of Sprague-Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {710-719}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {710}, abstract = {

Background: Complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) include 67\% of the criteria for metabolic syndrome. Acalypha indica L., (AI) which is one of a herbal plant had been known as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of AI for therapy investigated by looking of the immune defense mechanisms. This researched was assessed by molecular docking approached on TLR9, NFκB, TNFα expression and liver morphological changes. Methods: Animal models of steatohepatitis were collected from high-fructose and cholesterol diet (HFCD) of Sprague-Dawley rats for 12 weeks and followed by therapy for 8 weeks. There were 5 groups from twenty five researched rats, include normal group (K1), HFCD group (K2), HFCD group supplemented with 400 mg Acalypha indica L. (K3), combination between 400 mg AI+Gemfibrozil (Gem) 31 mg (K4) and Gem 31 mg/kg (K5) in kgBW, respectively. Results: The results of molecular docking were carried out by assessing the interaction between hydrogen molecules of AI compounds and amino acid residues in TLR9, NFκB, TNFα. Morphological changes were assessed by scoring system. Statistical analyzed used Kruskall Wallis with post hoc Mann Whitney test continued by Spearman correlation test. Conclusion: The molecular docking analysis showed that, an alkaloid compounds were found besides the flavonoid compounds that can bind to the binding pocket of inflammatory markers with the best binding energies. Other compounds, there are dasycarpidan-1- methanol, acetate (ester), fenofibrate and quinine. Supplementation of AI would reduced hypertrophy (p=0.031), macrovesicular steatosis (p=0.018), inflammation foci (p=0.005) and also decreased of TLR9 (p=0.009), NFκB (p=0.009), TNFα (p=0.009) expression, but not as good as the combination of AI+Gem.

}, keywords = {Acalypha indica L., NAFLD, NFκB, TLR9, TNFα}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.158}, author = {Novianti Supriatna and Nurjati Chairani Siregar and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Linda Erlina} } @article {1657, title = {In Vivo Antimammary Tumor Effects of Soybean Extract with Targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1269-1276}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1269}, abstract = {

Background/Objective: Lunasin is a peptide, consist of 44 amino acids which have anti-cancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. The price of commercial Lunasin was very expensive due to the high cost of lunasin synthesis and the lack of methods to obtain the pure lunasin weight from plant sources, involving time-consuming analytical instruments. To overcome these problems, the soybean extract with targeted Lunasin (ET-Lun) was made. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-cancer properties of ET-Lun in breast cancer models in vivo. Methods: Effect of ET-Lun was evaluated in 7,12-Dimetilbenz[a]antrasen (DMBA) induced breast cancer rat model. Tumor Mass, volume, and number were measured. The expression of HER2 and EGFR from each treatment group in DMBA-induced rat was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results: The results shown that ET-Lun could reduced tumor volume (p=0,021). ET-Lun decreased EGFR expression compared to negative control DMBA (p=0,012). Conclusions: These results indicated that the ET-Lun has anti-breast cancer activity in vivo.

}, keywords = {Breast cancer, EGFR, HER2, In-vivo, Soybean}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.160}, author = {Numlil Khaira Rusdi and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Berna Elya and Kusmardi Kusmardi} } @article {1673, title = {Subchronic Toxicity of Lunasin Targeted Extract (ET-Lun) from Soybean Seed (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): Perspective from Liver Histopathology, SGOT, and SGPT Levels in Sprague Dawley Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1384-1388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1384}, abstract = {

Background: Lunasin Targeted Extract (ET-Lun) has a pharmacology effect in inhibiting inflammation by decreasing COX-2 and iNOS expression. ET-Lun could increase apoptosis and decrease dysplasia (p \> 0,05). In addition, ET-Lun could decrease EGFR expression in breast cancer rats. The acute toxicity showed ET-Lun has LD50 more than 5000 mg/kg BW and was practically non-toxic. Objective: this study aimed to determine the subchronic toxicity of ET-Lun. Methods: Male and female Sprague Dawley rats (n=40) were divided into 4 groups, the control group and treatment group ET-Lun dose of 250 mg/Kg BW, 500 mg/kg BW, and 750 mg/kg BW. The ET-Lun was administered for 90 days. On the 91st day, the animals were dissected and examined for SGOT-SGPT levels, liver histopathology, and diameter of the central vein. Results: The SGOT-SGPT levels showed no significant difference between the treatment group and the control group (p \> 0.05). On microscopic observation, there was no change or damage to the liver of rats in each group. The diameter of the central vein of the rat liver shows no significant difference between the control and treatment groups. Conclusion: The ET-Lun does not produce adverse effects in liver rats after subchronic treatment.

}, keywords = {Liver, Lunasin, SGOT, SGPT, Soybean, Subchronic Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.175}, author = {Numlil Khaira Rusdi and Weri Lia Yuliana and Erni Hernawati Purwaningsih and Andon Hestiantoro and Kusmardi Kusmardi} }