@article {1972, title = {Effect of Hypnoanesthesia on Endogenous Opioids (Beta Endorphin and Enkephalin)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {141-145}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {141}, abstract = {

Background: Hypnoanesthesia is a state of anesthesia achieved through hypnosis techniques. Meanwhile, hypnosis is a condition in which the mind receives information without analyzing it. Hypnoanesthesia has been empirically utilized in surgery since the 18th century, but the mechanism remains unclear. Objective: This study aims to prove nociceptive pain relief due to hypnoanesthesia in minor surgery, with indications of changes in the serum levels of several excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the physiological mechanism of pain. Methods: The study subjects included patients with benign soft tissue tumors consisting of 40 people who were divided into 2 groups (treatment and control). The treatment group underwent minor surgery using hypnoanesthesia, while the control group underwent minor surgery using 2\% lidocaine local anesthesia. Pain in both groups was measured by FPS (Face Pain Scale) and monitored by a vital sign monitor. Changes in the serum levels of glutamic acid, substance P, beta-endorphin and enkephalin neurotransmitters in both groups before and after the intervention were analyzed using ELISA. Results: There were no significant changes in serum levels of neurotransmitters, pre and post intervention in both groups, both excitatory neurotransmitters Glutamic Acid and Substance P and inhibitory neurotransmitters Beta Endorphins and Enkephalin (p \> 0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the data analysis, it can be concluded that the empirical nociceptive pain relief occurred in patients who underwent minor surgery with hypnoanesthesia and there was no significant change in betaendorphin, enkephalin, glutamate acid, and substance P serum levels before and after hypnoanesthesia

}, keywords = {Beta-Endorphin, Enkephalin, Glutamic Acid, Hypnoanesthesia, Substance P.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.19}, author = {Ihyan Amri and Abdul Hafid Bajamal and David S. Perdanakusuma} } @article {1973, title = {The Effect of Hypnoanesthesia on Serotonin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {146-149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {146}, abstract = {

Background: Every minor and major surgical procedure requires anesthesia to relieve pain during surgery. The neuro-biomolecular mechanism of pain relief in hypnoanesthesia remains uncomprehended. Objective: This study aims to observe the effect of hypnoanesthesia on several neurotransmitters, including serotonin, glutamic acid, and substance P, which play a role in the mechanism of pain. Methods: The study subjects included patients with benign soft tissue tumors consisting of 40 people who were divided into two groups, namely treatment and control groups. Minor surgery with hypnoanesthesia was performed in the treatment group, whereas in the control group, minor surgery was performed with 2\% lidocaine local anesthetic. Pain in both groups was measured by FPS (Face Pain Scale) and monitored by a vital sign monitor. The processes of the study were recorded with a camcorder. Changes in serum levels of excitatory (glutamic acid and substance P) and inhibitory (serotonin) neurotransmitters before and after the intervention were analyzed using ELISA (Enzym-Link Immunosorbent Assay) in both groups. Results: The control and treatment groups had the same end result, which was pain relief. The results of regression and ANOVA analysis indicated that serotonin simultaneously had a significant effect on substance P at 98.4\% and glutamic acid at 98.2\%. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant change in serotonin levels before and after hypnoanesthesia. Serotonin, as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, simultaneously has a significant effect on both excitatory neurotransmitters, namely Glutamate Acid and Substance P, in the mechanism of nociceptive pain relief with hypnosis.

}, keywords = {Glutamate Acid, Hypnoanesthesia, Serotonin, Substance P.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.20}, author = {Ihyan Amri and Abdul Hafid Bajamal and David S. Perdanakusuma} } @article {1926, title = {Kaempferia galanga L. Extract Administration Attenuate Aquaporin-4 Expression in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Experimental Study in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {893-897}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {893}, abstract = {

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still a major health problem in the world. It might cause long-term disability that affect socio-economic life and become nation health burden. Post-traumatic cerebral edema might develop and commit to an unfavorable prognosis. Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is water channel protein and a key regulator of water metabolism in the brain. Although the mechanism of AQP4 in the regulation of post-traumatic brain edema remains controversial, AQP4-lacking mice show better survival and decreased brain edema. Thus, novel strategies that suppress AQP4 become a potential field. We hypothesized that Kaempferia galanga L. may suppress brain expression of AQP4 following TBI and possibly limit the development of cerebral edema due to its neuroinflammation properties. Method: We conducted TBI to experimental rats, then given Kaempferia galanga L. extract at a dose of 600 mg/kg BW and 1200 mg/kg BW. Evaluation intensity of AQP4 expression by immunohistochemistry was performed 24 and 48 hours later to see its therapeutic effect. Results: Administration of Kaempferia galanga L. extract at a dose of 1200 mg/kg BW showed weak expression of AQP4 in all samples, both 24 and 48 hours following traumatic brain injury treatment. Conclusions: Intensity of AQP4 expression in rats{\textquoteright} brain was lower at 24 and 48 hours after TBI in rats receiving Kaempferia galanga L. extract with dose 1200 mg/ kg BW compared to the other groups. Our result indicates that Kaempferia galanga L. might affect the expression of brain AQP4 in a dose-dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Ayuverdic medicine, Neuroinflammation, Neurotrauma, Post-traumatic cerebral edema}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.185}, author = {Fajar Herbowo Niantiarno and Agus Turchan and Myrna Adianti and Budi Utomo and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Abdul Hafid Bajamal} } @article {1932, title = {Relationship Histopathology Grading of Meningioma with the Use of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (MPA) as A Hormonal Contraceptive}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {938-941}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {938}, abstract = {

Introduction: Meningioma is a common brain tumor with an incidence of more than 30\% of all primary brain tumors in adults. The incidence of meningiomas increases with increasing age, women suffer more from meningiomas with a ratio of 3:1. Meningiomas are known to have steroid receptors in the form of progesterone (88\%), estrogen (40\%), and androgen (40\%). Therefore, the use of hormonal therapy is suspected to affect the incidence and histopathological degree of meningioma. One of the widely used hormonal therapy is medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). However, there is not enough literature to explain the relationship between MPA and the incidence of meningioma. Objective: To identify the relationship between the duration of the use of Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) hormonal contraceptives and the histopathological degree of meningioma. Methods: This study is an analytic observational with a retrospective design of meningiomas patients based on the duration of use of MPAtype hormonal contraception who performed surgery at Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital during the period January 2015 to December 2019. We determined the inclusion criteria for meningioma patients: a history of using MPA hormonal contraceptives or 3-month injectable contraceptives; and the control group: meningioma patients without a history of hormonal contraception. Results: There were 452 cases of meningioma and 101 patients met the inclusion criteria. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that there was no difference relationship between the grade of meningioma and meningioma patients either using MPA or without using MPA. There was no difference in duration of use between the group using MPA \<10 years or more than 10 years with the non-hormonal control group on meningioma grading (p = 0.772). There was also no difference relationship between the group that did not use hormonal contraception and the MPA group on the age of the patient (p = 0.217), both using contraception for \<10 years and more than 10 years. Conclusion: There was no relationship found between histopathological degree of meningioma with the patients who use MPA contraceptives, both duration of use \<10 years and >=10 years compared with meningioma patients who do not use MPA contraception.

}, keywords = {Contraception, Grading, Hormonal contraceptive, Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Meningioma, MPA, Neoplasm., Progesterone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.193}, author = {Shafhan Dustur and Joni Wahyuhadi and Budi Utomo and Muhammad Arifin Parenrengi and Abdul Hafid Bajamal and Sri Ratna Dwiningsih} }