@article {2323, title = {The Effectiveness of Armpit Sweat Odor with COVID-19 Detection Device for Detecting COVID-19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {June 2024}, pages = {691-697}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {691}, abstract = {

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Diagnosis and screening for COVID-19 are crucial in controlling the disease. RT-PCR is used for diagnosis. However, this test is high-risk, time-consuming, and expensive. There is a need for specific non-invasive biomarkers to detect COVID-19 rapidly. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the human body can be used to depict metabolic conditions. A COVID-19 detection device is an electronic device designed to differentiate and detect odors. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of armpit sweat odor with a COVID-19 detection device to detect COVID-19. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional design conducted on COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients in the special isolation ward of Dr. Soetomo Hospital and the outpatient clinic of the Indonesian Navy Hospital during April 2021-December 2021. COVID-19 examination using armpit sweat odor with a COVID-19 detection device. The results of the COVID-19 detection device and RT-PCR were then compared using the McNemar test. The general characteristics of the 168 subjects (81 COVID-19 patients, 87 non-COVID-19 patients) showed that the most common gender was male with the most common comorbidities being hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The results of the diagnostic test showed sensitivity and specificity of 88.9\% and 97.7\%, respectively with accuracy of 93.45\%. The McNemar test showed no significant difference with the RT-PCR results. The results of RT-PCR were not different from the results of armpit sweat odor using COVID-19 detection device.

}, keywords = {Armpit sweat odor, COVID-19, COVID-19 detection device, RT-PCR, VOC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.116}, author = {Indra Sampe Parimba and Arief Bakhtiar and Soedarsono Soedarsono and Riyanarto Sarno} } @article {1959, title = {Correlation of TB LAM Ag (Tuberculosis Lipoarabinomannan Antigen) Results from Urine with Adenosine Deaminase Levels from Pleural Fluid Patients with Pulmonary TB Accompanied by Pleural Effusion}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {47-51}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {47}, abstract = {

Background: One of the newest testing methods for active TB uses TB LAM Antigen, in which lipoarabinomannan (LAM) as the examined substance serves as the main component of the cell wall of M. tuberculosis (MTB) and the degradation product of MTB by macrophages in the human body. Patients with active TB with or without HIV infection may experience a decreased antibody response, which causes LAM not to bind to antibodies so that it can pass through the normal glomerular basement membrane and can be detected in the urine. Lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) can detect this material with urine samples from active TB patients. Another TB screening method uses the measurement of adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity. ADA has a very important function for the proliferation and differentiation of lymphoid cells, especially T cells, and assists in the maturation of monocytes into macrophages. Objective: This study aims to qualitatively prove the correlation between the pleural fluid ADA levels of pulmonary TB patients with pleural effusion using the LF-LAM test results and examine the potential of TB LAM Ag, which correlates with increased pleural fluid ADA levels, as a diagnostic tool for diagnosing pulmonary TB. Method: It is an observational analytic study with a crosssectional design. Materials for this study included temporary urine from active TB patients at Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital collected in May-August 2022. The descriptive analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0. The data were tested for normal distribution and with the homogeneity test of Shapiro-Wilk{\textquoteright}s data. The statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, while the kappa suitability test was carried out to determine the correlation and level of concordance between the ADA cut-off value of pleural fluid and the TB LAM Ag test results. Results: This study involved 50 subjects consisting of 22 (44\%) subjects with ADA test results between 40-100 IU/L compared to 28 subjects (56\%) with ADA test results below 40 IU/L. There were 14 (28\%) subjects with positive TB LAM Ag test results, consisting of 10 (45\%) active TB subjects with a high ADA test cut-off of 40-100 IU/L and 4 (14\%) active TB subjects with a low ADA test cut-off below 40 IU/L, with a p-value = 0.012. Conclusions: There is a correlation between TB Lipoarabinomannan antigen test results of TB patients with pleural effusion. TB LAM Ag can be detected positive on ADA test results of \< 40 IU/L and more positive in active TB patients with high ADA test results of \> 40-100 IU/L. Therefore, the TB LAM Ag test is more sensitive than the ADA test. The cut-off value of the ADA test reached 76.4 U/L, and a positive TB LAM was found.

}, keywords = {Active TB with pleural effusion., Adenosine deaminase (ADA) test, TB Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) Antigen}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.7}, author = {Sari Prabandari Prasetyaningrum and Arief Bakhtiar and Yessy Puspitasari} }