@article {2236, title = {Microbial Quantitative Risk Assessment in Springs as Community Drinking Water Sources in the Banggai Islands Karst Area, Central Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

The Banggai Karst Area of the Islands of Central Sulawesi Province is dominated by the appearance of the Karst Ecosystem, which covers 97\% of the total area, so it is very vulnerable to pathogenic bacterial contamination. This type of research is an observational study with a Cross-Sectional design with an Environmental Health Risk Assessment (EHRA) approach method to assess or forecast the amount of human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) determines or predicts the human health risk caused by exposure to environmental hazards from pathogenic bacterial contamination. In this study, we collected 230 human samples and four samples of springs as a source of community drinking water, namely Paisu Lalomo Spring in South Buko District, Paisu Taabak in Liang District, Paisu Olulan in North Bulagi District and Paisu Sinangkal North Tinangkung District. The examination results on four springs as a source of community drinking water contained one sample with the highest probability of infection (Pinf) of 3.92 x10-4, namely Coliform bacteria in Paisu Lalomo springs. Furthermore, the annual chance of infection (Pinf / year), the highest pathogenic bacteria, was also found in Paisu Lalomo spring samples, namely in coliform bacteria with the same value (Pinf / year) = 1.32{\texttimes}10-1. However, examination of other bacteria also showed that all positive springs contained coliform bacteria and Enterococcus exceeding the specified limit (1x10-4). Risk management is needed to control risk factors that can cause health problems due to consuming and utilizing springs as a source of drinking water.

}, keywords = {Karst, Pathogenic bacteria, QMRA, Springs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.35}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Agus Bintara Birawida and Amran Achmad and Muh. Syafar and Ridwan Amiruddin and Stang and Langgeng Wahyu Santoso and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2020, title = {Analysis Factors Affecting the Utilization of Antiretroviral Treatment Services in HIV Patients in Ambon City Puskesmas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {424-428}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {424}, abstract = {

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a collection of symptoms that arise due to decreased immunity caused by HIV infection. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a type of virus that infects white blood cells which causes a decrease in human immunity. Efforts are being made at this time for people with HIV namely Antiretroviral treatment (ARV). This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the utilization of ARV treatment services in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. This type of research is a quantitative analytic study with a cross sectional design. Respondents in this study were obtained using the Isaac and Michael method of 156 HIV patients from the Waihaong Health Center and Karpan Health Center in Ambon City using a questionnaire. Data processing was carried out using SPSS and for data analysis using statistical tests using descriptive statistical tests, comparative analysis tests and multivariate analysis tests. The results showed that there was no effect of knowledge on the use of ARV treatment in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. Furthermore, there is an influence on the patient{\textquoteright}s actions, access distance, and peer and community support on the use of ARV treatment in HIV patients at the Ambon City Health Center. The action variable and access distance are the variables that have the strongest influence compared to the other variables.

}, keywords = {AIDS, ARV, HIV, Puskesmas, Utilization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.66}, author = {Faradila Kilkoda and Balqis and Indar and Darmawansyah and Atjo Wahyu and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2132, title = {Analysis of Policy Implementation of Minimum Service Standards for Hypertension in Marusu Health Center Maros District}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {861-867}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {861}, abstract = {

The Minimum Service Standards (SPM) in the health sector are a reference for Regency/City. Regional Governments in the provision of Health Services that every citizen is entitled to receive at a minimum. The MSS for Hypertension health services is one of the types and quality of basic services in the MSS in the health sector. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the MSS for hypertension services at the Marusu Health Center, Maros Regency. This type of research uses descriptive qualitative which aims to get an in-depth description of the analysis of the implementation of the minimum service standard for hypertension at the Marusu Health Center. The results of the study show that communication has not run optimally, the SPM Hypertension policy contained in PMK No. 4 of 2019 has not been transmitted to the public as a policy target. Human resources are still inadequate and have a double workload so that the achievements are not optimal. Disposition has been going pretty well. commitment and implementation support are quite good, has carried out coordination and commitment involving cross-programs and related cross-sectors. The bureaucratic structure is already running quite well. The implementation mechanism has been running according to the SOP with the guidelines of the Minister of Health Regulation No. 4 of 2019. The implementation of the SPM for hypertension services at the Marusu Health Center has been going quite well. It is hoped that the Maros District Health Office and the Marusu Health Center will improve the aspects of communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure in their implementation.

}, keywords = {Commitment., Hypertension, Minimum services, Policy implementation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.165}, author = {Wafika Aziza Nasir and Sukri Palutturi and Alwy Arifin and Balqis and Wahiduddin and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {2194, title = {Does Land-Use Associate with Escherichia coli Pollution in Karst Springs? A Review of the Literature}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1250-1253}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1250}, abstract = {

Objective: The presence of Escherichia coli bacteria in karst springs, influenced by land cover conditions and land use activities in rainwater catchment areas, indicates a decrease in water quality. The study aimed to describe the effect of land use on Escherichia coli contamination in karst springs. Methods: This was a narrative review retrieving studies from Scopus and PubMed databases. The keywords used are pollution, Escherichia coli, land use, and karst springs. Of the 52 studies identified in the search phase, ten studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: The concentration of Escherichia coli increases with increasing rainfall in all types of land use, such as forested land, mixed garden land, residential land, and grazing or livestock land. Factors that cause concentration Escherichia coli does not meet water quality standards due to feces from wild animals, feces-contaminated fertilization, construction of non-water impermeable septic tanks, and feces from livestock grazing. Conclusions: Repairing septic tanks and sewage in areas with high population density may reduce Escherichia coli contamination. Further research is needed to formulate strategies and policies for managing springs in the karst areas.

}, keywords = {Escherichia coli, Karst Springs, Land-Use, Pollution}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.226}, author = {Ferdy Salamat and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi} } @article {1995, title = {The Effect of Preconcenption Moringa Leaf Extract Supplementation on Cotinine Serum Levels in Pregnant Women Exposed to Tobacco Smoke}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {290-293}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {290}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is known for its nutrition content, antioxidant and medical benefit. Tobacco smoke contains various toxic substance and can affect the pregnancy. To reduce the tobacco smoke effect on pregnancy outcome good nutrition is needed. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of Moringa leaf extract on serum cotinine levels in pregnant women exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke. Method: This is an observational study with a prospective cohort study design the study population was pregnant women which were divided by 2 groups, first group received IFA supplements only (n = 30) and the second group receive IFA and Moringa leaf extract supplements (n = 26). The tobacco smoke exposure data collected with questionnaire, and cotinine serum by blood sample. The tobacco smoke exposure and cotinine serum levels were compered between the two groups. Results: The tobacco smoke exposures at home were higher in MO+IFA group pregnant women then the IFA group pregnant women (p\<0,05). The cotinine serum levels in both groups were found not significantly different (p=0,535). These results indicate that pregnant woman with high exposure of tobacco smoke who MO receive have similar cotinine serum levels with the pregnant woman with lower exposure of tobacco smoke. Conclusion: Moringa leaf extract supplementation to pregnant women with high tobacco smoke exposure has serum cotinine levels similar to pregnant women with lower exposure to tobacco smoke.

}, keywords = {Cotinine, Moringa oleifera., Preconception, Tobacco smoke}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.41}, author = {Haerani Harun and Anwar Daud and Ridwan Amiruddin and M Sabir and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Rahma and Miranti and Tamrin Talebe and M. Faris} } @article {2047, title = {Model Prediction of Potential Disease Effects from PM2.5 Emission Among School Children in Coming 30 years in South Tangerang}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {400-404}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {400}, abstract = {

Background: The largest global environmental health risk factor is the ambient of air pollution, that largely attributed to transportation emissions. One of the main causes of PM2.5 emissions is thought to be onroad transportation. PM2.5 has an impact on health, especially on children that relate to the respiratory system such as asthma, lung cancer, and decreased intelligence. Objective: The research objective was to predict the risk potential disease due to PM2.5 in children from vehicle emissions in South Tangerang City. Method: This research is an observational analytic study with a cross-sectional study design using a dynamic model approach using STELLA software. The environmental and human samples aare used to calculate the exposure level to PM2.5 taken from 32 points in 7 sub-districts of South Tangerang City (North Serpong, Serpong, Pondok Aren, Ciputat, East Ciputat, Pamulang, and Setu). then, meteorological data was also collected. Results: The number of vehicles in the city of South Tangerang is quite high, especially between 11:00 and 15:00 with the majority of vehicles passing by are cars and motorbikes. PM2.5 pollution levels will fluctuate until 2053. The effects of temperature, weather, and humidity might cause an increase in PM2.5 pollutants at specific times. According to the modeling calculation results, even though there are occasions when PM2.5 pollution levels fall, acute respiratory infection (ARI) incidence in children will continue to rise over time. Although PM2.5 emissions fluctuate, exposure to PM2.5 in low concentrations poses a risk to human health.

}, keywords = {Acute respiratory infection., Children, Particulate matter, Transportation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.91}, author = {Ernyasih and Anwar Mallongi and Anwar Daud and Sukri Palutturi and Stang and Razak Thaha and Erniwaty Ibrahim and Wesam Al Moudhun} } @article {2078, title = {Risk Analysis of Microplastic Exposure Through Consumption of Anadara Granosa at Coastal Area}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {558-562}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {558}, abstract = {

Plastic waste is starting to threaten marine waters, especially microplastics. This micro-sized plastic can be consumed by marine biota. The accumulation of microplastics in the bodies of marine biota can threaten humans who consume them. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk level of microplastic (polystyrene) exposure through the consumption of blood clams in the coastal area of Pao Village, Tarowang District, Jeneponto Regency. This type of research is a descriptive analysis with the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. The samples in this study were 30 respondents and 125 blood clams (anadara granosa). Data were obtained by interview using a questionnaire, identifying MPs in shells in the laboratory, and identifying polymer types using FTIR-spectroscopy. The results showed that 68 MPs of microplastics were found in blood clams (anadara granosa) samples. The dominant shapes were lines and blue. The types of polymers from the FTIR results are Polystyrene (PS), Low-density polyethylene (LDPE), Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and Polyethylene (PE). The average non-carcinogenic daily intake (Intake) is 0.00012 mg/kg/day, the average risk level (RQ) is 0.0006, and the daily intake value is <=0.2 (RfD Styrene), so it is said to be safe and the risk level value (RQ) <= 1, then categorized as the risk of exposure to MPs in humans through consumption of blood clams is still categorized as safe. The route of exposure to MPs in humans is not only through blood clams, so efforts to control the risk of exposure to MPs in humans are still needed.

}, keywords = {Anadara Granosa., Blood clams, Microplastic, Polystyrene, Risk analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.119}, author = {Nurhayati Namira and Anwar Daud and Anwar Mallongi and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Irwandy} } @article {2101, title = {Spatial Distribution of Microplastic Contamination in Blood Clams (Anadara granosa) on the Jeneponto Coast, South Sulawesi}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {August 2023}, pages = {680-690}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {680}, abstract = {

Plastic waste in oceans will threaten of marine biota. There is a very high degree of plastic pollution in Indonesia, however the distribution of microplastic contamination in seafood, particularly that ingested by the general populace as a daily meal from seas, is quite low. The purpose of this investigation is to map the distribution of microplastic contamination in blood clams (Anadara granosa) throughout the South Sulawesi coast. Observational study employing a spatial analysis exploratory design. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) and information on wind, currents, and tides are used to map the distribution of microplastic pollution. The Kriging model was used for their geographical analysis. Purposive sampling was used to collect a total of 25 samples of blood clams (Anadara granosa) from offshore locations, residential waterways, mangrove ecosystems, rivers, and river estuaries. The results showed that the highest distribution of microplastic contamination was found in mangrove ecosystem areas and residential waters, while the lowest was found in river areas. Blood clams (Anadara granosa) have high levels of microplastic contamination because of sources of plastic pollution that come from waste disposal activities. It became stuck in the fisheries and mangrove ecosystems along the coast. Oceanography has an impact on how currents and winds migrate from the northeast (where mangrove habitats are) to the north (where residential waters are), carrying microplastic particles. Provision of waste management facilities by the local government and using the depuration method to eliminate microplastics in blood clams (Anadara granosa) consumed by the community needs to be done to reduce the impact on ecology and health.

}, keywords = {Blood Clams (Anadara granosa), Coastal Coast., Microplastic Contamination, Spatial Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.137}, author = {Rachmat Saleh and Anwar Daud and Hasanuddin Ishak and Hasnawati Amqam and Atjo Wahyu and Stang and Agus B. Birawida and Anwar Mallongi} }