@article {2539, title = {Acute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Salvia Officinalis Roots in Wistar Rats as per OECD 423 TG}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {September 2025}, pages = {577-582}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {577}, abstract = {

Background: In this study, we assessed the hydroalcoholic root extract of Salvia officinalis oral acute toxicity investigation using an animal model. Methods: The investigation of acute oral toxicity was conducted using OECD 423 guidelines. The Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approved the study (IAEC). A single oral dose of Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic root extract (800, 1600, and 3200 mg/kg) was administered, and the subjects were monitored for 14 days. Animals were sacrificed on the fifteenth day, and body weight, haematological, and serum hepatic biochemical parameters were assessed and compared to the standard group. Results:Groups treated with Salvia officinalis showed no mortality or discernible alterations. The findings show that Wistar rats did not experience appreciable harmful effects from administering hydroalcoholic root extract from the Salvia officinalis plant. Conclusions: The extract can be utilized safely for therapeutic use in pharmaceutical formulations.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Haematology, heart, Kidney, Liver, Salvia officinalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.71}, author = {Ranjini HS and Kadmad Abdul Hameed Mohamed Azar and S Fayazul Haq and Prashanthkumar Goudappala and Vinodakumar HR and Akash A} } @article {2558, title = {The role of TNF-Alpha, IL-6, Adiponectin, and Leptin in Inflammation and Metabolic Dysregulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {699-702}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. The present study investigates the role of inflammatory markers, including TNF-alpha and IL-6, and metabolic hormones such as adiponectin and leptin, in individuals with T2DM. Methods: A total of 147 participants diagnosed with T2DM were included in the study. Clinical and biochemical parameters, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), adiponectin, leptin, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, were measured. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed to determine associations between inflammatory markers and metabolic dysregulation. Results: The mean age of participants was 42.63 {\textpm} 6.38 years, and the average BMI was 28.38 {\textpm} 2.25 kg/m{\texttwosuperior}. FBS and HbA1C levels were 175.72 {\textpm} 61.61 mg/dL and 7.26 {\textpm} 0.94\%, respectively. The mean adiponectin and leptin levels were 4.71 {\textpm} 1.75 μg/mL and 20.58 {\textpm} 5.19 ng/mL, respectively. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels averaged 132.00 {\textpm} 9.45 pg/mL and 33.52 {\textpm} 14.55 pg/mL, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated an inverse relationship between adiponectin and BMI, while leptin was positively correlated with BMI and insulin levels. Elevated TNFalpha and IL-6 levels were associated with increased HbA1C and fasting blood glucose. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant role of inflammatory markers in metabolic dysregulation among T2DM patients. Elevated TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels reinforce the link between chronic inflammation and impaired glucose metabolism. These findings underscore the need for anti-inflammatory strategies in diabetes management.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, IL-6, Inflammation, Leptin, Metabolic Dysregulation, TNF-Alpha, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.87}, author = {Prajna R H and Shivananda Nayak and Priya V and Shruthi Rai P and Shivaraja shankara Y M and Prashanthkumar Goudappala and Dinesh PV and Namratha KG} }