@article {1649, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, RP-HPLC Analysis of Chlorogenic Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity of Morus alba Linn. Leaves in Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1186-1194}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1186}, abstract = {

Background: Morus alba Linn. leaves have been widely used as herbal medicine with therapeutics and contain chlorogenic acid as a bioactive phenolic compound. Objective: The present study aimed to conduct the pharmacognostic specifications of M. alba leaves and the method validation for quantification of chlorogenic acid content. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic- and microscopic characteristics, physicochemical parameters combined with quantification of chlorogenic acid in M. alba leaves collected from 15 sources throughout Thailand and their antioxidant activity were reported in this study. Results: The physicochemical parameters of M. alba leaves were determined by indicating water content (7.97 {\textpm} 0.35\%), loss on drying (4.55 {\textpm} 0.21\%), total ash (14.38 {\textpm} 0.25\%), acid-insoluble ash (6.21 {\textpm} 0.37\%), water-extractive value (16.14 {\textpm} 0.50\%) and ethanol-extractive value (8.61 {\textpm} 0.39\%). In addition, the chlorogenic acid contents in M. alba leaves were found to be 0.4159 {\textpm} 0.1958 g/100g dry weight. The ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited their antioxidant activity with half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (326.09{\textendash}467.55 μg/mL). Conclusion: This study showed the establishment of pharmacognostic study of M. alba leaves and validation of the reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RPHPLC) quantitative analysis of their chlorogenic acid contents, which are applicable to be a reference for quality control and standardization of M. alba leaves.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Chlorogenic acid, Morus alba, Pharmacognostic specification, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.152}, author = {Phimkun Aiyarakanchanakun and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi and Anuchit Phanumartwiwath} } @article {1681, title = {Quantification of Andrographolide in Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees, Myricetin in Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, and Brazilin in Caesalpinia sappan L. by HPLC Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1437-1444}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1437}, abstract = {

Introduction: Andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin are bioactive compounds from Andrographis paniculata, Syzygium cumini, and Caesalpinia sappan plants that have potential as medicinal ingredients. Objectives: To determine the levels of andrographolide in A. paniculata herb extract (APE), myricetin in S. cumini leaf extract (SCE), and brazilin in C. sappan wood extract (CSE) as marker compounds for extract quality control using the HPLC method. Methods: The separation was carried out on a reverse-phase C18 column (150 x 4.6 mm; 5 μm). The isocratic was prepared from methanol - water (50:50 v/v); 0.1\% orthophosphoric acid - methanol (60:40 v/v); and 0,3\% acetic acid - acetonitrile (85.5: 14.5 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL/min for andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin determination, respectively and detection using UV detector at a wavelength of 254 nm, 369 nm, and 280 nm, respectively. Results: The linear regression for andrographolide was y = 14113x + 5948.8 (r2= 0.9994); myricetin was y = 87766x {\textendash} 138895 (r2=0.9996); and brazilin was y = 18520x {\textendash} 42668 (r2=0.9992). The andrographolide content in APE was found to be 14.4686 \%. The myricetin content in SCE was found to be 0.3190 \%. The brazilin content in CSE was found to be 2.1280 \%. Conclusion: The described HPLC method was successfully used for the analysis of the APE, SCE, and CSE. This method can be used for the identification and quantification of andrographolide, myricetin, and brazilin in herbal raw materials or herbal products containing these three extracts.

}, keywords = {Andrographis paniculata, Caesalpinia sappan, HPLC, Marker compounds, Quality control, Syzygium cumini}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.182}, author = {Eem Masaenah and Berna Elya and Heri Setiawan and Zahra Fadhilah and Varda Arianti} } @article {826, title = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical Standardization and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Punica granatum Linn fruit}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {272-277}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {272}, abstract = {

Introduction: Punica granatum Linn. fruit (Family: Punicacea), known as Pomegranate is ethno-medicinally prescribed in various part of world for treatment of different diseases it is used as antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antiparasitic agent. Method: The present study was thus undertaken to find out the necessary pharmacognostical standards for evaluating the fruit of P. granatum. Different assessment such as macroscopical characters, microscopical studies, physicochemical evaluations (loss on drying, moisture content by Karl Fischer titration, ash values, extractive values) and TLC/HPTLC finger print profiling were performed and the relevant quantitative and qualitative parameters were reported. Invitro antioxidant activity is also performed by HPLC-DPPH method. Results: Fruit of P. granatum are Reddish brown in color, Globular and Oval, smooth, 5.0 o 12.0 cm in diameter. Powdered fruit confirmed the presence of Stone cell, Endospermic cell, Group of stone cells, Nonlignified fiber, Starch grain and Lignified fibers and vessels. TLC of the extracts was also carried out in the current study. Physicochemical standards quantified include loss on drying (36.62 {\textpm} 4.17 \%), moisture content (32.15 {\textpm} 3.64 \%) total ash (8.58\% {\textpm} 1.06 \%), water soluble ash (7.15 {\textpm} 0.97 \%), acid insoluble ash (0.45 {\textpm} 0.03 \%). Safety profile of plant part was recognized by quantify microbial limit test, pesticide residue and heavy metals (Cd, As, Hg and Pb) evaluation. Here is no visible microbial growths were seen in sample. Pesticide residue and heavy metals were observed to be present within the acceptable limits. Conclusion: Scientific investigations do not yet exist to identify the exact plant part and to determine its quality and purity. These studies provided referential information for accurate identification and standardization of this herbal material. These analyses will also be useful to distinguish P. granatum from the closely associated to other species of Punica.

}, keywords = {DPPH, HPLC, Pharmacognostical, Punica granatum, Quality control}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.42}, author = {Mohd Amir and Niyaz Ahmad and Md Sarfaroz and Wasim Ahmad and Sayeed Ahmad and Mohd Mujeeb} } @article {577, title = {Detection and Quantification of Major Phytochemical Markers for Standardization of Talinum Portulacifolium, Gomphrena Serrata, Alternanthera Sessilis and Euphorbia Heterophylla by HPLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {439-446}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background: High-performance liquid chromatography is one of the major analytical techniques used in the quality control of phytochemicals. Objective: This research article presents the development of HPLC method to detect and quantify the major marker components, kaempferol, and quercetin from four plant species. Materials and Methods: HPLC method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant extracts by using orthophosphoric acid and methanol (95:5) at 370 nm for kaempferol, methanol and orthophosphoric acid (60:40) at 262nm for quercetin. Results: Kaempferol was detected from the hydro alcoholic extracts of Talinum portulacifolium leaves (RT 13.720, concentration 1.08 mg/ml) and flowers of Gomphrena serrata (RT 13.758, concentration 2.13mg/ml). Kaempferol was reported for the first time from Gomphrena serrata. Quercetin was separated and identified from the hydro alcoholic extracts Alternanthera sessilis stems (RT 6.503, concentration 0.01mg/ml). The hydroalcoholic extract of Euphorbia heterophylla stems (RT 6.588, concentration 0.01mg/ml) was also evaluated for the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The method developed is very useful tool for qualifying and quantifying the plant specimens as well as their extracts.

}, keywords = {Extracts., HPLC, Kaempferol, Marker, Plant specimens, Quality control, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.72}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/505}, author = {Mamillapalli Vani and Shaik Abdul Rahaman and Avula Prameela Rani} } @article {692, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPTLC Finger Printing of Rhizome of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. from Nepal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {963-968}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {963}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F.; commonly known as Shveta Musali from the family Liliaceae is a perennial herb. It is used in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani and in folklore practice as an aphrodisiac herb. Present study depicts pharmacognostic features of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. collected from Nepal. Methods: Macromicroscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. were carried out according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown presence of epidermis, cork, cortex, collenchymatous cells, starch grains, cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, idioblast, phloem, vascular bundles, pitted xylem parenchyma, sclereids, stone cells, fragment of epiblema, and acicular needles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, carboxylic acid, resins and saponins. TLC photo-documentation revealed presence of many phyto-constituents with different Rf values and HPTLC densitometric scan of the plates showed numerous bands under short UV, long UV and 620 nm (after derivatisation). Conclusion: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. was evaluated for its pharmacognostic features and HPTLC. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Chlorophytum borivilianum, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, Shveta Musali}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.163}, author = {Kopila Adhikari and KN Anuradha and N. Prabhu Suchitra} } @article {608, title = {Pharmacognostical-physico-chemical Evaluation and Development of HPTLC Finger print for Cichorium intybus L. fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {694-699}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {694}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many herbal medicines are lacking pharmacognostical, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological data even though used widely for medicinal purposes. Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) \– chicory is an ancient folklore medicine. Various parts of these plants are in use for a wide range of ailments including those affecting liver and kidney. The aim of the current study is to standardize the fruit of C. intybus for macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical parameters, TLC photo documentation along with development of HPTLC fingerprint profiles. Methods: Following standard pharmacopoeial procedures, detailed macro-microscopic characterization along with preliminary phytochemical features of the drug has been recorded from the current study. Results: Macro-microscopic study has revealed the authenticity of this medicinal achene type fruit. Physico-chemical and HPTLC studies revealed constants for identification and authentication of fruits of C. intybus. Conclusion: The current study will serve as a reference tool for quality maintenance, authentication as well as scientific validation of chicory fruits.

}, keywords = {Chicory fruits, Monograph, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.115 }, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/653}, author = {Achintya Kumar Mandal and Shakila Ramachandran and Kallingilkalathil Gopi Divya and Mattumal Rubeena and Koppala Narayana Sunil Kumar and Parameswaran Sathiyarajeswaran} } @article {325, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Standardized Five Select Medicinal Herbs and Spectral Analysis of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {336-344}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Aim: The present work compares standardized hydro-alcoholic extracts of root and stem parts of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae), leaves of Plumeria acuminate R. Br. (Apocyanaceae), rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Sw. (Zingiberaceae), whole plant of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae), fruits of Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae) for their in vitro antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activities, commonly used by the Trichigadi tribes (Kotas) of south India for various inflammatory disorders. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of these herbal extracts was assessed through inhibition of glycosylation of hemoglobin and glucose uptake in yeast cells methods at 50, 100 and 200 \μg/mL for 72 h. Their respective immunomodulatory activities were evaluated through preservation of heat and hypotonic induced hemolysis, nitroblue terazolium assay and by inhibition of TNF-\α and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW cell lines. Results: B. erecta has shown least cytotoxicity (CTC50 15.7\%) and highest \% inhibition of TNF-\α (58.1) and NO (45.6), statistically significant (p\<0.01) to that of normal control. Also, B. erecta (BE), and P. acuminate (PA) exhibited relatively better IC50 values for TNF-\α and NO at a concentration less than their respective CTC50 values. Conclusions: Spectral analysis of chloroform fraction of BE hydro-alcoholic extract established the presence of biologically active molecule in it. Root and stem parts of BE extract not only proved to be safe but also demonstrated relatively better efficacy than other established medicinal herbs in selected immune models, may be due to flavonoids or phenolic groups. Further in vivo studies on active molecule of BE towards antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activity are warranted.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, NBT assay, Nitric oxide, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, TNF -α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.57}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.57}, author = {Suresh Kumar Karri and Angappan Sheela} } @article {496, title = {HPTLC Analysis and Antiproliferative Effect of Various Extracts of Swertia alata on Growth of Leishmania donovani Promastigotes in vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s107-s116}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s107}, abstract = {

The present study was carried out to evaluate the quality control analysis and antiproliferative effects of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Swertia alata (family Gentianaceae) on Leishmania donovani. A basic, exact, quick and reproducible high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) has been created for synchronous analysis of Oleanolic acid and Swertiamarin from S. alata.

Read more...}, keywords = {Antiproliferative, HPTLC, Oleanolic acid, Quality control, Swertiamarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.166}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/391}, author = {Sakshi Bajaj and Sharad Wakode and Washim Khan} } @article {375, title = {Microscopical Evaluation, Phytochemical Analysis and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Tuber of Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {657-662}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {657}, abstract = {

Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetgh. \& D.A.Simpson (Cyperaceae), is a Perennial with long stolons and rhizomes ending in small tubers. It is popularly known as Kasheruk in Sanskrit. The plant is traditionally used as anti-diarrheal, anti-emetic, and tonic to the liver. In order to do the detail standardization of plant macro-microscopical observation, phytochemical analysis and HPTLC Finger printing of tuber was performed according to pharmacopoeia procedure. Microscopic analysis has showed thick-walled polygonal epidermal cells of young root stalk in surface view, elongated phloem parenchyma filled with starch grains, spiral to annular vessel fragments and simple starch grains scattered all over the powder. Phytochemical analysis showed presence of carbohydrate, coumarins, flavanoids, steroid, tannin, and terpenoid. Ethanol extract of plant were fingerprinted in toluene: ethyl acetate (7:3). The developed plates were visualized in UV 254, 366, and then derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Ethanol Extract, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical analysis, Quality control, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.104}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.104/index.html}, author = {Savin Chanthala Ganapathi and Rajendra Holla and Shivaraja Shankara and Sunil Kumar Koppala Narayana and Ravi Mundugaru} } @article {1550, title = {Pharmacognostical studies on stem bark of Canarium strictum Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {12-18}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim \& Background: Resin of Canarium strictum Roxb., is an imperative commodity in traditional medicine in South and South East Asia. The current study aims to establish the quality control parameters for the bark as it secreted more useful resin. Methods: Anatomical studies and physiochemical evaluation of the bark was carried out according to the standard procedure was given in WHO/QCMMP guidelines and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The anatomical studies of tissues were taken as photographs with different magnifications by using Nikon lab photo 2 microscopic Unit. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: The different cell components were studied and measured quantitatively. The calcium oxalate prismatic crystals were estimated about 10\×10 or 10\×5\μm in size. The sclereids were very long of unlimited length and 10\μm in thickness. The long narrow lignified fibers has been found and estimated about 210\–260\μm long and about 10\μm thick. The height of the ray is up to 350\μm in height and 60\μm in breadth. The physiochemical parameters such as total ash and acid insoluble ash (5.52\% w/w, 2.66\% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 4.55\% w/w and alcoholic 6.05\% w/w), foreign organic matter (2.4\%) and loss on drying (7.09\% w/w) were also estimated. An elemental analysis result shows the quantity of elements (\μg/g) were present in the bark powder. Among the elements Mn-73.6, Cu-65.4, Cr-49.5 were major contents, while Pd-25.6 and Zn-35.4 were the minor contents. Conclusion: The current study report will be unique finger print for microscopical evaluation of bark of this tree and also used to differentiate the plant species among Canarium L.

Key words: Burseraceae, Western Ghats, Quality control, Siddha medicine, Black dammer, Rheumatism.

}, keywords = {Black dammer, Burseraceae, Quality control, Rheumatism, Siddha medicine, Western Ghats}, author = {Ragunathan Muthuswamy, and R. Senthamarai} } @article {1493, title = {Pharmacognostical studies on the fruit of Elaeocarpus oblongus Gaertn.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {72-78}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Elaeocarpus tectorius (Lour.) Poir, Synonym: Elaeocarpus oblongus auct. non Gaertn. Elaeocarpaceae, is a tree, found throughout Western Ghats, South India. The present study indented to establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical quality control parameters of E.oblongus fruits to avoid confusion in taxonomic identification. Physicochemical evaluation of fruit was carried out according to the guidelines of WHO/QCMMP and Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The elemental analysis was done by using Perkin Elmer 5000 an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Non glandular unicellular trichomes found to be distinguished character of powder analysis. It was quantified to be 700 \μm long and 400 \μm thick at the base. Lerachysclereids were found plenty in powder. The rosettes type of calcium oxalate crystals were 15 \μm in diameter. Cells of the endosperm showing darkly stained globular bodies and the cotyledon is 170 \μm thick. Physio-chemical parameters such as total ash and acid-insoluble ash (2.66\% w/w, 0.66\% w/w, respectively), extractive values (aqueous 31.068\% w/w and alcoholic 30.94\% w/w), foreign organic matter (0.5\% w/w) and loss on drying (12\% w/w) were estimated. Qualitative analysis showed the presence of Fructose, Glucose, Flavanoids and Tannins and Sterols and Phenolic compounds and fatty acids in the fruit. The quantity of elements (\μg/g) in the fruit pulp powder was estimated by elemental analysis. The result shows Mn-53.5 and Zn \– 46.2 were the major contents. While Pd- 14.3, Cu- 7.5 and Cr- 4.9 were minor the contents. This study provided the pharmacognostical profile used to differentiate the other similar looking fruit from other ones of this genus.

Key words: Western Ghats, Budagas, Ooty, Quality control, Elaeocarpaceae, Edible fruit.

}, keywords = {Budagas, Edible fruit, Elaeocarpaceae, Ooty, Quality control, Western Ghats}, author = {Ragunathan Muthuswamy, and Senthamarai R} }