@article {1789, title = {Inhibitory Capacity of Xanthine Oxidase in Antigout Therapy by Indonesian Medicinal Plants}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {470-479}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {470}, abstract = {

The traditional medicine has been used in Indonesia since the days of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom (about 12 centuries ago). Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants. For this reason, it is necessary to inform the broader community regarding medicinal plants in Indonesia that have the potential as antigout. The prevalence of gout in Indonesia is in the range of 1.6-13.6 per 100,000 people and will increase with age. There are 25 species of Indonesian plants that have more than 50\% xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibitory activity. XO is responsible for catalyzing hypoxanthine to xanthine then producing uric acid, accompanied by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during catalysis. The magnitude of the inhibitory power to XO ranged from 50.00{\textpm}1.16\% to 97.53\%. The lowest inhibitory power of 50.00{\textpm}1.16\% was in Phaleria macrocarpa, while Orthosiphon aristatus had the highest inhibitory power of 97.53\%. The major compounds that inhibit xanthine oxidase are flavonoids. The structural similarity of flavonoids in rings A and C with xanthine as a substrate causes hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces between flavonoids and XO. It means that flavonoids bind to the XO active site, thereby preventing the formation of uric acid. The type of inhibitory kinetics that occurs between flavonoids and XO is competitive inhibition. Five plants with competitive inhibition kinetics against XO are Sida rhombifolia, Syzygium polyanthum, Cyperus rotundus, Ruellia tuberosa and Phaleria macrocarpa.

}, keywords = {Competitive inhibition kinetics, Flavonoid, Gout, Indonesia, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.60}, author = {Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Komar Sutriah and Dyah Iswantini and Suminar Setiati Achmadi} } @article {367, title = {Antioxidant Activity and Isolation of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor from Ruellia tuberosa L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {607-610}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {607}, abstract = {

Introduction: The leaves of Ruellia tuberosa L. have been known to demonstrate strong antioxidant and xanthine oxidase (XOD) inhibitory activities. The aim of this study was to isolate antioxidant and XOD inhibitor from the leaves of the plants. Methods: Isolation of antioxidant and XOD inhibitor were conducted using chromatography techniques. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods. Results: In this study, a flavonoid was isolated and characterized as methoxylated flavonoid based on the spectral data including UV, IR, GC-MS, and NMR. The compound demonstrated DPPH free radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 28.79 \μg/ml, and XOD inhibitory with IC50 of 0.67 \μg/mL. Conclusion: The isolated compound was determined as 5-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-2-(4-((3S,4S,5S,6R)-4,5, 6-trihydroxy-2(hydroxymethoxy)-tetrahydro-2H-pyrane-3-iloxy) phenyl)-4H-chromen-4-on or camarosids. The isolated compound demonstrated strong DPPH free radical scavenging and XOD inhibitory activity.\ 

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, DPPH, Flavonoid., Ruellia Tuberosa, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.96}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.96/index.html}, author = {Aktsar Roskiana Ahmad and Berna Elya and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {420, title = {In vitro Study of Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory of Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {862-865}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {862}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyperuricemia was a metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of uric acid due to the action of the enzyme xanthine oxidase (XO). Some natural substances with antioxidant activity proved capable of inhibiting the activity of the enzyme XO. Pharmacological benefit of polyphenol compounds had been proved. Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb, a native plant, had been proved antioxidant activity, so that it had potential to be developed as an inhibitor of the XO. This study aimed to evaluate the activity of Gambir as XO inhibitor. Methods: These extracts of Gambir were preparation from Gambir and Gambir leaf using ethanol 50\% and ethanol 96\%, respectively. The polyphenol content and Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was evaluated by spectrophotometry, meanwhile analysis of (+)catechin was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results: Screening XO inhibitory activity in vitro showed that ethanolic 96\% extract of Gambir leaf showed the highest activity, i.e. 50\% relative to standard allopurinol at the final concentration of 100 ppm. Conclusion: There was no positive correlation between XO inhibitory activity and polyphenol or (+)catechin content.

}, keywords = {(+) Catechin., Gambir (Uncaria gambir) Hunter Roxb, Inhibitory, Polyphenol, Xanthine Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.135}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/188}, author = {Eriawan Rismana and Sri Ningsih and Fachry Fachrudin} }