@article {805, title = {Micromorphology of Salt glands and content of marker compound Plumbagin in the leaves of Plumbago zeylanica Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {161-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {161}, abstract = {

Background: Salt glands are highly specialized epidermal structures developed in recretohalophytic plants, intended for salt storage (reservoir) and as a means to alleviate the salt stress of the saline habitat by exo-recreto releases excess salts from the mesophyll tissues to the surrounding environment. Plumbago zeylanica Linn belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae is an important medicinal plant and espoused as a source for the drug Chitraka. Aim: The present study concerns the delineation of micromorphological characteristics of the paradermal and cross sections of the leaf epidermis, lamina, salt glands, petiole and mucilage secreting glands of the calyx of the flowers of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Materials and Methods: Delimiting the morpho-histological profile of the leaves and to develop the chromatogram of the methanol extract of the leaves and quantification of the marker compound plumbagin in the leaves using High Performance Thin- Layer Chromatographic (HPTLC) method. Results: Distribution of uniseriate, cruciate type clothing trichomes, characteristic contour of midrib, presence of amphistomatic epidermis with anisocytic stomata, crystals in idioblast of ground tissues of petiole and mesophyll, large palisade ratio, small stomatal index, multicellular salt gland structure with 8 cells, cuticular secretory cells, crescent shaped petiole, densely distributed mucilage secreting glands on the calyx of flowers were features characteristic of the taxon. The HPTLC finger printing profile of the leaves revealed six phyto-constituents. Densitometric scanning of plumbagin had shown the absorption spectra λ max at 270 nm. Spectral matching by overlaying the absorption spectra of standard marker compound with the phto-constituents present in the methanol extract of sample could fail to obtain any spectral matching at λ max 270 nm, suggestive that dried leaves of P. zeylanica did not contain any appreciable amount of Plumbagin. Calibration data obtained by polynomial regression had revealed that dried leaves of P. zeylanica Linn contained below 105 ng/μl of plumbagin in methanol extract of leaves.

}, keywords = {Absorption spectra, Chromatogram, Halophytes, Plumbagin, Salt glands, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.27}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {382, title = {Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Effects in Various Tissue Extracts of Plumbago zeylanica: Implications for Anticancer Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {706-712}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {706}, abstract = {

Introduction: Complex natural products are emerging as a potent alternate and complement in anticancer therapies due to its multiple mechanisms of action and minimal effects on nontarget cells/tissues. Some of the traditional herbal formulations contain Plumbago zeylanica L, (commonly known as Chitraka or Chitramoolam) to treat various disorders for centuries in Africa and Asia. Methods: The quantity of Plumbagin was detected in different tissues of P. zeylanica through HPTLC analysis. We evaluated and compared the alcoholic tissue extracts of leaf, stem and root of P. zeylanica with standard pure Plumbagin for its in vitro cytotoxic effects (metabolic viability; MTT assay) in A549 Lung cancer cells and antioxidant potential (DPPH free radical scavenging and total phenol content). RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis was performed in the most potent tissues of P. zeylanica demonstrating efficient pharmacological activity. Results: The root extract containing 1.3\% of plumbagin exhibited strongest scavenging potential with 50\% radical scavenging (IC50\ value of 3.99 g) in comparison with 35.85 g in stem (0.2\% Plumbagin) and 18.06 g in leaf with 0.00007\% Plumbagin. The in vitro cytotoxicity in A549 cells also showed that the root extract was most potent with an IC50\ value of 164.5\ g as compared to extracts from stem (IC50= 379.5\μg) and leaf (IC50= 274.9 g). Conclusion: The strong antioxidant potential shown by the P. zeylanica extract demonstrates its ability to protect the non-target (normal) cells against oxidative stress, while the cytotoxic effects suggest that it could inhibit the growth of cancerous cells. Further, transcriptome analysis predicted the expression of potent gene transcripts coding for quinone biosynthesis in the root tissues of P. zeylanica.

}, keywords = {A549 Cell Line, Alcoholic Root Extract, DPPH assay, HPTLC Quantification, Plumbagin, Transcriptome Analysis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.111}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.111/index.html}, author = {Balachandran Karpaga Raja Sundari and Srivani Telapolu and Bilikere S and Dwarakanath and Sadras. P. Thyagarajan} } @article {449, title = {Histo-Chromatographic Finger Printing Profiles of the Root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn and Quantification of Marker Compound, Plumbagin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s77-s86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s77}, abstract = {

Background: Plumbagin, a plant-derived naphthoquinone is known to be biosynthesized by polyacetate-malonate pathway. The ayurvedic drug Chitraka is obtained from the medicinal plant Plumbago zeylanica Linn, which belongs to the family Plumbaginaceae. The Chitraka is found used in the traditional forms of medicine for the treatment of various illnesses, since ancient times. Aim: The present study concerns the microscopic, powder and quantitative microscopic characteristics of the root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Materials and Methods: Delimiting the morpho-histological profile of the root using digital, stereo and polarized microscopic techniques and to develop the chromatogram of the extract of the root of Plumbago zeylanica Linn using High performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method. Results: The presence of cortical deposition of plumbagin pigment as yellowish tints in the surface view of the sections of root, arrangement of starch grains as bunches of grapes in cortical tissues and ray parenchyma, crystal idioblasts containing calcium oxalate embedded in the intervening walls of the cortical cells, distinct band or patch of sclreids at the pericyclic region of the phloem, wood with non-storied cambium, distinct growth ring boundaries, paratracheal axial parenchyma, chains of vessels in radial multiplies of three to four, uniseriate to biseriate medullary rays with homogeneous cells, crowding of vessels at the central portion of secondary xylem, wood plugged with tylosis and low mesomorphy ratio for wood were the anatomical features characteristics of the taxon. The HPTLC profile of the methanol extract of root developed using the mobile phase, n-hexane:ethyl acetate (8:2 v/v) had revealed four phytoconstituents. The Rf value for plumbagin (C11H8O3) was found to be 0.86. Densitometric scanning had shown \λmax of plumbagin at 270 nm. Spectral matching by overlaying the spectra of both standards and extract of root sample were confirmed the specificity of \λmax at 270 nm for the marker compound. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the concentration range of 2.00 to 10.00 \μg/ band with the polynomial calibration equation Y=178.8+91.61*X+-4.825*X2 and estimated that 5 \μL of methanol extract of roots contained 1.326 \μg of plumbagin. Thus the content of marker constituent (plumbagin) present in shade-dried roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn (a Kerala habitant) was estimated as 0.179\%. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the delineated characteristics of the roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn could tag as the identifying parameters to substantiate and authenticate the raw drugs from the spurious/adulterants materials and developed HPTLC method could be effectively used for the regulatory perspectives and quality assessment of plumbagin in the polyherbal formulation/finished products of traditional medicine.

}, keywords = {Axial Parenchyma, Calibration Curve, Mesomorphy Ratio, Plumbagin, Tylosis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.161}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/386}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} }