@article {2016, title = {Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Quercetin Concentration and Its Comparison in Psidium Guajava L. (Guava) Fruit Ethanol Extract 50\% and 70\%}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {399-405}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {399}, abstract = {

In 80 \% of developing countries as stated by official fact sheets and report a large proportion of the society still relies on traditional practitioners and their armamentarium of medicinal plants in order to meet health care needs. The study on Psidium Guajava L. fruit ethanol extract from Dukuhwaluh village, Purwokerto, Central Java, Indonesia showed its potential in increasing the number of megakaryocytes, followed by the rise of thrombocyte values. The study{\textquoteright}s objective was to compare the quantity of the quercetin content in 50\% and 70\% ethanol. This study was of experimental design and began by determining the effective concentration of two groups of guava fruits ethanol extract. The percentage of quercetin content dissolved within 50\% ethanol was 54.7344 mg/kg, and 70\% ethanol was 28.8420 mg/kg respectively. Quercetin content of Psidium Guajava L. fruit ethanol extract fruits in 50\% hydroethanolic was higher than that of 70\% hydroethanolic extract.

}, keywords = {Ethanol extract., Psidium Guajava L., Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.62}, author = {Resti Gradia Dwiwina and Achadiyani and Dyah Dhianawaty and Irma Ruslina Defi and Nur Atik} } @article {1220, title = {Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Punica granatum peels Ethyl Acetate Extract on Fludrocortisones Induced Hypertension in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1135-1142}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1135}, abstract = {

Pomegranate (Punica granatum Linn.) has several medicinal properties. Pomegranate juice has been reported to be an effective source of high amounts of phyto-constituents with many health and nutritional benefits. This work assessed the possible effect on blood pressure (B.P) and heart rate of P. granatum peel ethyl acetate extract (PGE) at a dosage of 400 mg / kg / day on hypertension-induced fludrocortisone Wistar rats. PGE therapy substantially lowered the B.P of hypertensive rats treated with salt fludrocortisones, but the mean blood pressure and heart rate in normotensive rats were not altered. In isolated aortic strip, the contractile reactions to noradrenalin of PGE-treated hypertensive rats have been substantially reduced. The active fraction was purified by successive chromatographic techniques resulted in isolation of quercetin and ursolic acid, this bioactive mixture induced a significant decrease in the blood pressure of hypertensive rats as compared to hypertensive control rats at a concentration of 10 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Hypertension, Punica granatum, Quercetin, Ursolic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.160}, author = {Rafik Monir and Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Mohamed Fouad Shalaby and Alsayed Ahmed Zaki and Samah Shabana} } @article {1122, title = {Determination of Total Flavonoid Levels of Ethanol Extract Sesewanua Leaf (Clerodendrum Fragrans Wild) With Maceration Method Using UV-Vis Spectrofotometry}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {356-360}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sesewanuwa (Clerodendrum fragrans Wild) is one of the plants with abundant flavonoid content in the leaves. The characteristic flavonoids with the two benzene ring groups cause the process of finding an appropriate extraction technique. Objective: This study aims to determine the total flavonoid levels of ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained from maceration extraction methods. Method: This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.This research was carried out by extracting the simplicia of sesewanuwa leaves by maceration method using 96\% ethanol solvent. Comparison between the simplicia and the solvent used is 1:7, then the extract obtained was carried out with initial qualitative identification of flavonoids with simple reagents and the total flavonoid levels were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Conclusion: The results showed that the ethanol extract of sesewanuwa leaves obtained by maceration extraction method in qualitative and quantitative tests contained flavonoids with quercetin standard with a total content of 13.47\%.

}, keywords = {Maceration, Quercetin, Sesewanuwa, total flavonoid, UV-Vis spectrophotometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.56}, author = {Zulfiayu Sapiun and Paulus Pangalo and Arlan K Imran and Prisca Safriani Wicita and Rizka Puji Astuti Daud} } @article {1100, title = {Effects of Pearl Grass Extract Capsules on Osteoarthritis Subject}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {303-310}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {303}, abstract = {

Pearl grass extract, a standardized bioactive polar extract of the herbs of Hedyotis corymbosa, is preclinically proven to have an activity to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis properties in an animal model. The current clinical study has evaluated the efficacy and safety of Pearl grass extract of osteoarthritis subjects. This research was a pilot study of osteoarthritis subjects using Parallel double-blind study design. Subjects have normal renal and liver function, above 50 years of age, and has a sign and symptoms of osteoarthritis included in the study. In the treatment, Pearl grass capsules were given as one capsule once daily for eight weeks, throughout the study, the weekly assessment to evaluate the adverse event. Thirty subjects of mean age 55.90 {\textpm} 3.7 years were evaluable. Pearl grass extract capsules did not change renal and liver function in 56 days treatment. Pearl grass capsule markedly reduced the consumption of analgesic drug compared with placebo groups. Pearl grass capsules also decreased pain scale better compare with placebo.

}, keywords = {Clinical efficacy, Pearl grass extract capsules, Quercetin, VAS scale, WOMAC scale}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.48}, author = {Nita Sari Wijaya and Katrin Basah and Anton Bahtiar} } @article {1288, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antihyperuricemic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera Seeds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1698-1704}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1698}, abstract = {

Background: Moringa oleifera is a popular plant that has been known to have several importance biological activities. Objectives: To perform phytochemical analysis, to in vivo evaluate the antihyperuricemic activity and to measure the inhibition of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed on xanthine oxidase enzyme. Materials and Methods: The seed were collected from Sigi regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Extraction was performed by maceration method with ethanol 96\% as a solvent. Thin layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric UV-Vis were used to determine the phytochemical contents. The antihyperuricemic activity was evaluated by using in vivo model of rat induced by potassium oxonate. The xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity was also determined by spectroscopic method by measuring the catalytic rate of xanthin oxidase enzyme. Results: Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponin and tannin. Quantitative determination of total flavonoids and quercetin concentration found the values of 82.17 {\textpm} 0.684 mg QE/g and 0.5131 {\textpm} 0.0022 mg/g dried extract, respectively. Ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera seed have potential antihyperuricemic activity in which it can significantly reduce the serum uric acid level on potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rat model with the effective dose of 125 mg/ kg BW. Xanthin oxidase inhibitory activity showed the moderate activity with IC50 of 88.39 μg/ml. Conclusion: This study confirmed the potential of Moringa oleifera seed ethanolic extract, growing in Sigi, Central Sulawesi to be developed as herbal medicinal source for antihyperuricemic drug.

}, keywords = {Antihyperuricemic, Moringa oleifera, Quercetin, Total flavonoids, Xanthin Oxidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.229}, author = {Nurlina Ibrahim and Siti Nuryanti and Asriani Hasanuddin and Muhammad Sulaiman Zubair} } @article {876, title = {Antidiabetic Potential and HPTLC Fingerprinting of Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {469-474}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {469}, abstract = {

Introduction: Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken., also known as Lac tree, is a traditional plant used to treat different ailments since ancient time. The folkloric use of this plant as hypoglycemics is still un-revealed scientifically. So, the present study includes the in-vivo evaluation of hypoglycemic activity with HPTLC fingerprinting, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of the extracts of the plant. Methods: Ethanolic extract of the plant (SOE) was subjected for phytochemical screening and HPTLC finger printing (using CAMAG LINOMAT 5 instrument). For the evaluation of hypoglycemic activity Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were treated with glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg body weight) and ethanolic extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) of the plant. Acute and chronic studies were performed for the evaluation of blood glucose levels. Results: The presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenolics and flavonoids were confirmed in the preliminary phytochemical screening. Quantitative screening of total tannins (6.15{\textpm}4.20), total flavonoids (25.13{\textpm}3.21) and total phenolic compounds (48.09{\textpm}2.58) were reported. HPTLC fingerprinting analysis of SOE affirmed the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The positive outcome was observed in the results of hypoglycemic activity, as all the treatments significantly decreased blood glucose level. During the study, SOE and glibenclamide maintained the body weight of the rats while diabetic control reduced the body weight by 11.33\%. In support of its traditional use Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken. was proved to be a potent antidiabetic herbal plant.

}, keywords = {HPTLC, Hypoglycemic, Quercetin, Schleichera oleosa (Lour) Oken}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.74}, author = {Shambaditya Goswami and Ravindra Pal Singh} } @article {952, title = {The Assay of Quercetin Solid Dispersion as a Potential Nephronprotector in Acute Renal Failure Induced Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {907-912}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {907}, abstract = {

Quercetin has been used with other nutraceutical components to improve renal function. Its potential to be developed as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, however, is limited by poor aqueous solubility and low rate of dissolution leading to low bioavailability in rats (\< 17\%) and in human (1\%). Solid dispersion of quercetin with PVP K30 has increased its solubility 13.24 times and the amount dissolved (95.12 {\textpm} 1.83\%) in comparison to pure quercetin. This study aimed to determine the nephron-protection effect of the solid dispersion on Acute Renal Failure (ARF) mice. The animals were divided into 6 groups, normal mice as a negative control group (G1), ARF induced mice as a positive control group (G2), ARF induced mice given pure quercetin 50 mg/kg BW (G3), ARF induced mice given solid dispersion containing 10 mg/ kg BW (G4), 5 mg/kg BW (G5) and 2.5 mg/kg BW (G6) quercetin respectively. The ARF was induced by injection of gentamycin sulphate 100 mg/kg BW for 7 days consecutively. Renal function was monitored by measuring the serum creatinine at day 8th. The protection effect was also observed from the histopathology score of the nephrons. Results showed that ARF induction increased serum creatinine above normal. Solid dispersion doses variations significantly influence the serum creatinine (p \< 0.05). The stage of renal impairment based on histopathology score was significantly influenced by the doses of quercetin in solid dispersion (p \< 0.05). It was concluded that solid dispersion containing quercetin at doses 2.5 and 5.0 mg/ kg BW respectively did not effective as a nephron-protector. The solid dispersion containing quercetin 10.0 mg/kg BW was effective to reduce the serum creatinine and showed a nephronprotection effect on the ARF induced mice.

}, keywords = {Acute renal failure mice, Nephron-protector, Quercetin, Solid dispersion}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.145}, author = {Henny Lucida and Poppy Agustin and Suhatri} } @article {1003, title = {Chemical Constituents and Anti-Ulcer Activity of Ethylacetate Extract of the Leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1172-1180}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1172}, abstract = {

Study have two objectives. First objective is about the identification of the five components. The second objective is about the antiulcer activity of the ethylacetate extract. Five compounds (1{\textendash}5) were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. collected in Nam Dinh province by chromatographic methods. These compounds were identified as: Quercetin (1), Scopoletin (2), Kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), Quercetin-3-O-α-L-rhamnosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}3)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4),3{\textquoteright}-Omethyl- 3,4-methylenedioxy ellagic acid (5).Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Compounds 3, 4, 5 were isolated from the leaves of Sanchezia nobilis Hook.F. for the first time. Evaluation the effect of gastric and duodenal anti-ulcer on cyteamine induced gastric ulcer models indicates at this ethylacetate extract has the effect to improve the extent of ulcer lesions treatment (54,17 \%); obviously reduced the average of number pocket of ulcers (1,85 {\textpm} 0,80) and ulcer index (5,61 {\textpm} 2,69), however, it does not change the area of the ulcer.

}, keywords = {Anti-ulcer activity, Quercetin, Sanchezia nobilis, Scopoletin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.182}, author = {Loi Vu Duc and Xuan Bui Thi and Ngoc Tran Minh} } @article {802, title = {Pharmacognostic Specifications, Quercetin and Quercitrin Quantification in Bauhinia malabarica Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {155-160}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {155}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. is a tropical tree that found throughout Thailand. Leaves have a sour taste and have been used in Thai remedies for wound healing, diuretic, dysentery and emmenagogue. Objective: This study aimed to focus on pharmacognostic specification and quantitative analysis of quercetin and quercitrin in B. malabarica leaves. Methods: Various methods such as macroscopic and microscopic evaluations of B. malabarica leaf were studied along with physico-chemical parameters and quantitated quercetin and quercitrin using RP-HPLC. Results and Conclusion: Whole plant, structures of dried powder crude drug, cross section of midrib and leaf measurement were established. Paracytic stomata and multicellular trichome were found on lower epidermis. B. malabarica leaves from 15 sources throughout Thailand were examined the pharmacognostic specification according to WHO guideline. Physico-chemical parameters showed that loss on drying, total ash, acid insoluble ash and water content should not be more than 8.00, 7.08, 1.79 and 8.28 \% of dry weight while ethanol and water soluble extractive values should not be less than 13.78 and 16.47 \% of dry weight respectively. Quercetin and quercitrin were the markers for quantitative analysis using RP-HPLC with diode array detector in B. malabarica ethanolic extract. Quercetin and quercitrin contents were found to be 0.18 g and 0.38 g in 100 g of dried crude drug. Method validation was determined according to ICH guideline. All results were in the acceptable range and could be used for identity, safety, efficacy and quality of B. malabarica leaves in Thailand.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia malabarica Roxb, HPLC, Leaf measurement, Pharmacognostic specification, Quercetin, Quercitrin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.26}, author = {Paphitchaya Thetsana and Chayanon Chaowuttikul and Chanida Palanuvej and Nijsiri Ruangrungsi} } @article {790, title = {Total Phenolic Contents, Quercetin Determination and Anti Elastase Activity of Melastoma malabathricum L. Leaves Extract from Different Method of Extractions}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {124-128}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Objective: Leaves of M. malabathricum has been detected to contain quercetin and other phenolic contents. Quercetin has been proven to have elastase inhibitory activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of extraction method on total phenolic and quercetin contents as well as elastase inhibitory activity of M. malabathricum leaves extracts. Methods: Leaves powder was extracted by two conventional methods, maceration and reflux. Two different concentrations of ethanol were used as a solvent, 70 and 96\% ethanol. Leaves were also defatted with chloroform before further extraction. The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and quercetin content was determined by using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. Elastase inhibitor activity of leaves extract was determined on human neutrophil elastase in vitro. Results: Generally, 96\% ethanol obtained higher total phenolic and quercetin content than 70\% ethanol. However, defatted extract of 70\% ethanol contained higher total phenolic content than defatted 96\% ethanol. The highest elastase inhibitory activity of the sample was obtained from 70\% ethanol extract with the value of 89.50\% at 200 ppm, which is no significant difference compared to quercetin with the value of 93.86\%. Conclusion: Extraction methods and different concentration of solvents affect the total phenolic and quercetin contents of the extracts. M. malabathricum leaves have potential effect as anti-elastase as well as quercetin, where the anti-elastase activity of M. malabathricum leaves is not only due to quercetin.

}, keywords = {Anti-Elastase, Extraction methods, Melastoma malabathricum L., Quercetin, total phenolic content}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.21}, author = {Thia Amalia and Fadlina Chany Saputri and Silvia Surini} } @article {581, title = {Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Adipogenic Potential of Quercetin Rich Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Prunus persica}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {463-469}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {463}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus is enfeebling threatening diseases with continuously increasing rates of incidence and mortality and it may rise tremendously by 2025. Objective: Quercetin rich ethyl acetate fraction (PP-EtOA) of leaves of Prunus persica was evaluated for antidiabetic, anti-oxidant and anti-adipogenic activities. Material and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat model, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and normalglycemic rat models were investigated at the doseof 100 and 200 mg/kg,p.o. of PP-EtOA. Results: At 200 mg/kg, significant anti-hyperglycaemic activity(p\<0.05) was observed in all the rat models. In STZ induced diabetic rat model, improvement in body weight and lipid profile was also observed.DPPH (2,2\’-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging method showed dose dependent scavenging. Preadipocyte differentiation assay (3T3-L1) showed significant inhibition of differentiation. HPLC fingerprinting analysis of fraction was also performed. Conclusion: PP-EtOA possesses potent free radical scavenging property. Its antihyperglycemic and antiadipogenic activities may be due to quercetin (flavonoid) and may prove to be effective in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and diabetes driven dyslipidemic conditions.

}, keywords = {Anti-adipogenic, Anti-diabetic, Anti-oxidant, Prunus persica, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.76}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/509}, author = {Gaurav Sharma and Sunil Kumar and Megha Sharma and Navneet Upadhyay and Sunil Kumar and Zabeer Ahmed and Neeraj Mahindroo} } @article {577, title = {Detection and Quantification of Major Phytochemical Markers for Standardization of Talinum Portulacifolium, Gomphrena Serrata, Alternanthera Sessilis and Euphorbia Heterophylla by HPLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {439-446}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {439}, abstract = {

Background: High-performance liquid chromatography is one of the major analytical techniques used in the quality control of phytochemicals. Objective: This research article presents the development of HPLC method to detect and quantify the major marker components, kaempferol, and quercetin from four plant species. Materials and Methods: HPLC method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of plant extracts by using orthophosphoric acid and methanol (95:5) at 370 nm for kaempferol, methanol and orthophosphoric acid (60:40) at 262nm for quercetin. Results: Kaempferol was detected from the hydro alcoholic extracts of Talinum portulacifolium leaves (RT 13.720, concentration 1.08 mg/ml) and flowers of Gomphrena serrata (RT 13.758, concentration 2.13mg/ml). Kaempferol was reported for the first time from Gomphrena serrata. Quercetin was separated and identified from the hydro alcoholic extracts Alternanthera sessilis stems (RT 6.503, concentration 0.01mg/ml). The hydroalcoholic extract of Euphorbia heterophylla stems (RT 6.588, concentration 0.01mg/ml) was also evaluated for the presence of quercetin. Conclusion: The method developed is very useful tool for qualifying and quantifying the plant specimens as well as their extracts.

}, keywords = {Extracts., HPLC, Kaempferol, Marker, Plant specimens, Quality control, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.72}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/505}, author = {Mamillapalli Vani and Shaik Abdul Rahaman and Avula Prameela Rani} } @article {516, title = {Evaluation of Chemoprotective Effect of Quercetin from Argyreia speciosa against N-methyl-N-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-Induced Gastric Carcinomas in Wistar Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {215-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {215}, abstract = {

Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the chemo protective potential of Quercetin, an isolated compound from Argyreia speciosa, on N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and NaCl-induced gastric carcinomas in Wistar rats. Methods: The rats were fed with a diet supplemented with 8\% NaCl and simultaneously given N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. After administration of the carcinogen, quercetin was administered. The whole stomach and a part of duodenum were sampled, cut open and tumors were recorded. The specimens were histopathologically investigated and the expression of surviving was examined with immunohistochemical analysis. Results and Conclusions: The treatment with quercetin significantly increases body weight in the rats after N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine administration. Survivin expression in glandular stomachs of normal rats, of rats in adenocarcinomas and quercetin at dose dependent manner treated rats were 0\%, 90\%, 75\%, 33.3-25\%, respectively. Compared with the survivin expression in negative rats, the differences were significant. Compared with the survivin expression in normal rats, the differences were significant. Histological observations of stomach tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings indicated that the Quercetin treatment could stimulate immunity activity in rats with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine induced gastric carcinoma and have pronounced effect on survivin which is an attractive target for gastric cancer therapy.

}, keywords = {Argyreia speciosa, Gastric carcinoma, Immunochemistry, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.37}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/467}, author = {Lubna Azmi and Ila Shukla and Shyam Sundar Gupta and Aniruddh Chaudhary and Padam Kant and Narayan Prasad Yadav and Chandana Venkateswara Rao} } @article {623, title = {High Performance Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis for the Simultaneous Quantification of Two Polyphenolic Biomarkers in Methanolic Fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. Floral Buds}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {773-777}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {773}, abstract = {

Objectives: A high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantitative determination of caffeic acid and quercetin in methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds was developed for the first time. Method: For achieving good separation, a mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate: formic acid (7:3:0.5, v/v/v) was used. The densitometric determination was carried out at 366 nm in reflection/absorption mode. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 100-600 ng per spot for caffeic acid and quercetin. Results: During the analysis methanolic fraction of Bauhinia tomentosa L. floral buds showed the pres\¬ence of caffeic acid (0.02\%) and quercetin (0.018\%). Conclusion: The proposed method is simple, precise, specific, accurate, less time consuming and cost effective. The statistical analysis of data obtained proves that the method is reproducible and selective and can be used for routine analysis of reported phenolic compounds in crude drug and extracts. The simultaneous quan\¬tification of these compounds has not yet been reported in floral buds of Bauhinia tomentosa which may be utilized for the proper standardization of the plant.

}, keywords = {Bauhinia tomentosa, Caffeic acid, HPTLC, Quercetin, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.130}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/668}, author = {Abhishek Gupta and Harinath Dwivedi and AKS Rawat} } @article {514, title = {Isolation, Characterization and in vitro Pharmacological Activities of Tagetes Erectus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {384-393}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Tagetes erectus (family: Asteraceae), commonly known as \‘African marigold\’, is an ornamental plant widely distributed in India. The plant has been used in traditional medicines in India and elsewhere in the treatment of cold, bronchitis, rheumatism and inflammation. The flavonoid quercetin has been isolated from the methanol extract of the plant by column chromatography and identified by co-TLC, comparison of its melting point, UV, IR and NMR spectra. Quercetin content has been estimated as 1.22 (\±0.26) \% in the methanol extract of Tageteserectus whole plant based on HPTLC method using the solvent systemchloroform: methanol (8.5:1.5). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation (oil yield 0.04\% v/w) and 25 compounds comprising 93.9\% of the constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Monoterpenoids Predominated the oil (78.5\%), with piperitone as the major compound (40.1\%) followed by terpinolene (12.7\%) and limonene (12.0\%). The in vitro antioxidant assays of the methanol extract showed moderate activity with IC50 values 109.45 (\±1.22) g/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay and 201.53 (\±4.48) g/ml for superoxide scavenging assay and the marker compound quercetin showed IC50 values 26.40(\±1.75) and 13.87 (\±0.54) g/ml respectively. Reducing power assay also showed moderate activity. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract and the essential oil against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were done using disc diffusion method. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against the tested organisms, while the extract showed only moderate activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Disc diffusion method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, Flavonoids, Quercetin, Terpinolene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.64}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/495}, author = {Resmi S and Divya V Nair and Athulya Subhash and Rose Jose and Vishnu V and Subin Mary Zachariah} } @article {231, title = {Development and Evaluation of Herbal Sunscreen}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {83-97}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {83}, abstract = {

Thus present research work deals with the development and evaluation of topical photo protective formulation, containing antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and rather photo protective poly phenols like curcumin, quercetin, resveratrol and safranal. The present research work provides stable natural photo protective formulation with antioxidant potential, high SPF and more important uniform UVA/UVB protection.

}, keywords = {Curcumin, Quercetin, Resveratrol, safranal, SPF., Sunscreen}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.15}, author = {Mukund Manikrao Donglikar and Sharada Laxman Deore} } @article {398, title = {HPLC Determination of Quercetin in Three Plant Drugs from Genus Sedum and Conjecture of the Best Harvest Time}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {725-728}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {725}, abstract = {

To establish a method for quercetin content determination of the three plant drugs from genus Sedum and to decide their best harvesting time. Dried herbs of Sedum sarmentosum Bunge., S. lineare Thunb. and S. erythrostictum Migo. are all traditional medicines from Genus Sedum. They all have long been used to cure hepatitis, dysentery, swelling poison and so on. It has been reported that flavonoids contained in S. sarmentosum Bunge. were one type of the active components to protect liver and reduce serum alanine aminotransferase level. Through the qualitative analysis and TLC assay, we have verified that both S. lineare Thunb. and S. sarmentosum Bunge. contain flavonoid glycosides whose aglycones include quercetin. In this study, a HPLC methodology was established to determine quercetin which was a common hydrolyzate of the flalvonoid glycosides in the three plant medicines. The determination method developed showed good linearity in the range of 41.2-412.0 \μg/mL, and had a nice accuracy and repeatability. It indicated that the content of quercetine in Sedum sarmentosum, Sedum lineare and Sedum emarginatum can achieve the quality standard required by Chinese Pharmacopoeia.( No less than 0.01\%), The results also revealed preliminarily a relation between collected season and medicine quality. Thus it could be used to control some flavonoids content in the three plant drugs indirectly. By determining the samples of the 3 drugs collected in different seasons, the optimal harvest periods could be preliminarily ascertained.

}, keywords = {best harvest time., Genus Sedum, HPLC determination, Plant medicines, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.114}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/167}, author = {Ma Yue-ling and Chen Yu-jie and Wan Ding-rong and Chen ping and Xu Ran} } @article {405, title = {Influence of Extraction Parameters on the Yield, Phytochemical, TLC-Densitometric Quantification of Quercetin, and LC-MS Profile, and how to Standardize Different Batches for Long Term from Ageratum conyoides L. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {767-774}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {767}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ageratum conyzoides Linn is one of the Indonesian herbs are used as folk medicine. There are many studies to the therapeutic activity. However, the study of the influence in extraction parameters and how to standardize different batches of plant is still limited. Objective: The present study was designed to investigate the influence of extraction parameters on the variables matter, yield, phytochemical profile, and total quercetin from A. conyzoides L. leaves extract. The study also evaluates Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) and TLC fingerprint profiles of the extract to determine the proper quality of plant material of A. conyzoides L. leaves. Methods: Different temperatures (from 0\°C to 60\°C), solvent types (water and 70\% ethanol (\%v/v), and extraction time (192 h VS 2 h) were used to investigate the influence of extraction parameters. The profiles of extract were performed by TLC and LC-MS method. Results: The extract yield was influenced by temperature, solvent types, and time extraction. Our results suggest that the digestion technique at 60\°C with 70\% ethanol for 2h was recommended for the extraction method to obtained high yield and quercetin content as bioactive compound in A. conyzoides L. leaves extract. The range of quercetin content (40\–52 ppm) combined with TLC and LC-MS profile can be used to determine the proper quality of plant material. Conclusion: All parameter of extraction have an affect on the yield extract and total quercetin on the final extract. Thus, there is a need an optimized method to obtain the suitable method.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Lc-Ms, Quercetin, Standardization., Tlc-Densitometric}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.121}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/174}, author = {Anita Paulina Tambunan and Anton Bahtiar and Raymond Rubianto Tjandrawinata} } @article {443, title = {Isolation, Purification of Quercetin from in vitro Cell Suspension Culture of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and its Analysis by HPLC-DAD and NMR}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s44-s51}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s44}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia pulcherrima, belongs to Caesapiniaceae, is a known medicinal plant widely distributed in India and is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various ailments. Many phytochemicals are reported from the plant as potential source of crude drug. Materials and Methods: An efficient and simple reproducible protocol was developed for callus production using leaf explants of C. pulcherrima. The combination of 2, 4-D, kin and BA, was used for the callus induction. Subsequently, cell suspension culture and quercetin synthesis from in vitro callus was attempted. Role of effect of elicitors (Sucrose, ABA and salicylic acid) in cell suspension culture was carried in MS medium containing 2,4-D + BA + kinetin. Flavonoids was purified, fractionated by HPLC-DAD and NMR. Results: 2, 4-D (2.5 mg/L), BA (2.5 mg/L) + kin (1 mg/mL) was effective for maximum callus induction from leaf explants. Significant cell suspension culture was noticed with liquid MS medium containing 2,4-D (2 mg/L)+ BA (1mg/L)+ kinetin (1.5 mg/L). Sucrose, ABA and salicylic acid (SA) at different concentrations influenced cell biomass and quercetin accumulation. The addition of ABA/SA along with sucrose was found to have no remarkable effect on cell biomass and also quercetin synthesis. However, cells cultured in the medium fortified with 45 g/L sucrose without ABA/ SA showed the highest quercetin content (16.5 mg/g). Flavonoids was purified, fractionated by HPLC-DAD and NMR revealed the presence of 9 components such as quercetin, isoquercetin, quercetrin, rutin, quercetin 3-O-\β-D-xyloside, quercetin 3-Oarabinopyranoside, quercetin 3-O- \α-arabinopyranosyl (1\→2) \β-galactopyranoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside and an unknown compound. Conclusion: C. pulcherima reveals significant synthesis of quercetin. Quercetin content recorded in cell suspension culture was significantly higher compared with in vivo plants grown in fields and the compounds were identified by NMR.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Callus, Cell suspension culture, Elicitors; growth hormones, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.156}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/380}, author = {Aswathy Jayasree Madanakumar and Greeshma Murukan and Bosco Lawarence and Murugan Kumaraswamy} } @article {194, title = {Analytical Quantifiation, immunomodulatory and Sulforhodamine B assay studies on Albizia lebbeck Leaves Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Oct 2016}, pages = {476-482}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {476}, abstract = {

Background: Albiza lebbeck leaves have been well known for its ethnopharmacological prospects. Objective: The present study aims three extracts (aqueous, methanolic and hydromethanolic) at two dose levels by oral administration by using immunomodulatory models and in vitro cell lines in correlation to analytical studies. Methods: The extracts were subjected to Haemagglutination Antibody Titre and DTH Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity reaction based on acute toxicity results. Chromatographic studies were undertaken comprising of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and High performance Thin layer Chromatography and screened for in-vitro cell lines such as MCF-7 and HCT 15 by Sulforhodamine B Assay Method. Results: No response was shown at 100 mg/kg. Significant immunomodulatory effect was noticed at 200 mg/kg with Haemagglutination Antibody Titre (554.66 \± 102.78, 597.33 \± 85.35, 426.66 \± 53.98) and DTH Delayed- Type Hypersensitivity reaction (0.225\±0.01, 0.21 \± 0.01, 0.23 \± 0.01) which showed decrease in paw volume (after 48 h) in case of Sheep Red Blood Cells, (0.5\×109) used as antigens. Total flavonoids content in the extracts were revealed by methods described by Singleton and Quettier. Flavonols such as rutin and quercetin were detected by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy based on determination of the functional groups and High Performance Thin layer Chromatography showed well resolved spots. The extracts were screened on in-vitro cell lines (MCF 7 and HCT 15) by using Sulforhodamine B Assay method were unsatisfactory results were obtained at final concentrations of 10 \μg/ml, 20 \μg/ml, 40 \μg/ml, 80 \μg/ml. Conclusion: Thus, present paper suggests that extracts has served as a promising immunomodulator for immune system disorders.

}, keywords = {Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity response, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Haemagglutination Antibody Titre, High performance Thin layer Chromatography, MCF-7., Quercetin, Rutin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.5.11}, author = {Gaurav Mahesh Doshi and Manjushree kundalik Pawar and Kajal Haribhai Chavda} } @article {159, title = {Isolation of flavonoid from Abies webbiana leaves and its activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {June/2016}, pages = {341-345}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {341}, abstract = {

Background: Abies webbiana commonly known as Talispatra in Bengali and Hindi, Talispatram in Sanskrit and Indian Silver Fir in English. This is a large, tall, evergreen tree occurring in the Himalayan region from Kashmir to Assam in India. It comes under the Family: Pinaceae. The present study was designed for isolation of flavonoid from ethyl acetate extract of A. webbiana leaves and assessed their toxic effect on liver and kidney. Materials and Methods: The isolation of flavonoid using different chromatographic methods (thin layer and column chromatography). The isolated flavonoid was identified; Structures and chemical bonds were analyzed by using MP, FTIR, 1-H NMR and MS spectral analysis. Effect of flavonoid on liver and kidney was assessed by inducing (0.1 ml/kg) CCl4 (i.p.) and (6 mg/kg) Cisplatin (i.p.) respectively measured by biochemical marker of liver and kidney. Results and Discussion: It was identified that isolated compound was as 4\’-hydroxy quercetin on the basis of FTIR, 1-H NMR and MS spectral analysis. Isolated flavonoid reduced the increased biochemical marker (BM) of liver and kidney. The BM was increased by inducing CCl4 and Cisplatin respectively. Conclusion: Isolated compound was 4\’-methoxy quercetin and significantly protect the liver and kidney.

}, keywords = {1-H NMR, Abies webbiana, CCl4., Cisplatin, Quercetin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.4.6}, author = {Dinesh Kumar Yadav and Mohammed Ali and Ashoke Kumar Ghosh and Babita Kumar} } @article {1448, title = {Anxiolytic Potential of Methanol Extract from Ageratum conyzoides Linn Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {29th Apr, 2015}, pages = {236-241}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Objective: Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Asteraceae) has been widely used in African traditional medicine for healing mental and infectious diseases. The present study was designed to scientifically validate the traditional claim of A. conzyoides as anti-anxiety drug and to identify the compound responsible for the anxiolytic effects of A. conzyoides. Method: The methanol extract of A. conzyoides was prepared by soxhlet apparatus. The methanol extract was fractionated into ethylacetate and butanol fractions by liquid-liquid partitioning method. Methanol extract (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) and its prepared fractions (25 and 50 mg/kg; p.o.) were evaluated for anxiolytic activity in mice by using elevated plus maze (EPM) model. Thin layer chromatography studies were performed to identify the possible anxiolytic component. Results: Methanol extract at both doses showed significant, when compared to vehicle control group, increase in time spent and number of entries in open arms of EPM confirming the anti-anxiety effects of A. conzyoides. Liquid-liquid partitioning of methanol extract gave two fractions (ethylacetate and butanol) which were administrated at 25 and 50 mg/kg doses to mice in EPM, respectively. Results showed that ethylacetate fraction was responsible for anxiolytic effects of methanol extract of A. conzyoides. The TLC studies were carried out for ethylacetate fraction and Quercetin was identified by comparing Rf values with the standard (Quercetin). Conclusion: The present investigation revealed that the extract has significant anxiolytic effect. The flavonoid quercetin may be responsible for the observed anxiolytic effects of A. conyzoides.

Key words:Ageratum conyzoides, Anxiolytic, Methanol extract, Quercetin, TLC.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Anxiolytic, Methanol extract, Quercetin, TLC.}, author = {Ravinder Kaur and Sarabjit Kaur} } @article {58, title = {Anxiolytic Potential of Methanol Extract from Ageratum conyzoides Linn Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Jul-Aug 2015}, pages = {236-241}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Objective: Ageratum conyzoides Linn. (Asteraceae) has been widely used in African traditional medicine for healing mental and infectious diseases. The present study was designed to scientifically validate the traditional claim of A. conzyoides as anti-anxiety drug and to identify the compound responsible for the anxiolytic effects of A. conzyoides. Method: The methanol extract of A. conzyoides was prepared by soxhlet apparatus. The methanol extract was fractionated into ethylacetate and butanol fractions by liquid-liquid partitioning method. Methanol extract (100 and 200 mg/kg; p.o.) and its prepared fractions (25 and 50 mg/kg; p.o.) were evaluated for anxiolytic activity in mice by using elevated plus maze (EPM) model. Thin layer chromatography studies were performed to identify the possible anxiolytic component. Results: Methanol extract at both doses showed significant, when compared to vehicle control group, increase in time spent and number of entries in open arms of EPM confirming the anti-anxiety effects of A. conzyoides. Liquid-liquid partitioning of methanol extract gave two fractions (ethylacetate and butanol) which were administrated at 25 and 50 mg/kg doses to mice in EPM, respectively. Results showed that ethylacetate fraction was responsible for anxiolytic effects of methanol extract of A. conzyoides. The TLC studies were carried out for ethylacetate fraction and Quercetin was identified by comparing Rf values with the standard (Quercetin). Conclusion: The present investigation revealed that the extract has significant anxiolytic effect. The flavonoid quercetin may be responsible for the observed anxiolytic effects of A. conyzoides.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Anxiolytic, Methanol extract, Quercetin, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.4.5}, author = {Ravinder Kaur and Sarabjit Kaur} } @article {1548, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.: A potent medicinal herb of North{\textendash}Eastern India and China}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {34-42}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Aim:Houttuynia cordata Thunb. (Saururaceae) is one of the perennial herb indigenous to North-East India and China. Despite the popular utilization of this herb as medicine, still no study has been reported so far regarding the pharmacognostical standardization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to scientifically establish a standard monograph on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: The quality control standardization of H. cordata was done as per the methods described in the World Health Organization guidelines (2002). Results: The diagnostic characters of the H. Cordata leaf and rhizome portion were evaluated based on the macroscopical and microscopical characters. Determination of various physicochemical parameters such as water soluble ash (1.12\% w/w), acid insoluble ash (4.02\% w/w), sulphated ash (3.15\% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (12.8\% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.9\% w/w), loss on drying (3.42\% w/w) and crude fibres content (13.10\% w/w) was ascertained. Heavy metal, microbial load, fluorescence drug analysis, and preliminary phytochemical screening of different fractions were also carried out. Total phenols (45.74 mg/g tannic acid equivalent, TAE), tannins (33.29mg/g TAE), flavonoids (104.55 mg/g rutin equivalent, RE), and flavonols (17.16mg/g RE) were quantified from the ethanolic extract of the whole plant. Quantification of quercetin in the ethanolic extract was assessed by HPTLC analysis and was found to contain 4.39\%, w/w. Conclusion: The obtained qualitative and quantitative standards will provide referential information for correct identification and standardization of this medicinal plant.

Key Words: Houttuynia cordata, pharmacognosy, quercetin, HPTL.

}, keywords = {Houttuynia cordata, HPTLC, Pharmacognosy, Quercetin}, author = {Manish Kumar, and Satyendra K. Prasad, and Damiki Laloo, and Apurva Joshi, and Siva Hemalatha} }