@article {2253, title = {Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Marine Algae: Insights from Phytochemical Analysis, GC-MS Profiling, and Antioxidant Evaluation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {April 2024}, pages = {336-341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Introduction: While there has been a lot of research on novel compounds derived from natural sources, there is now considerably greater opportunity for study when it comes to marine sources. The immense wealth concealed in marine sources was less known in the past because of a lack of technology. The most recent technological advancements have made gathering and researching marine sources simple. Highly bioactive secondary metabolites that may aid in the development of novel pharmacological drugs are found in marine creatures. The two primary categories of marine algae are macroalgae and microalgae. While macroalgae, also referred to as seaweed, are classified into green, brown, and red algae, microalgae comprise blue-green algae, bacillariophyte, and dinoflagellates. Material and methods: Spongomorpha indica, a green macroalga, has been chosen for this study, and its physicochemical parameters, phytochemical analysis, GC-MS analysis, and antioxidant activity have all been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether more research on this seaweed{\textquoteright}s potential benefits for medical purposes is necessary. Results: The phytochemical tests indicated the presence of potent active constituents like alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and flavonoids; as a result, the study was further extended to GCMS analysis, where seven components were identified, the highest peak and molecular weight of which are all in accordance with WHO guidelines. The physicochemical parameter results were also in line with WHO guidelines. Ultimately, antioxidant activity was assessed using four distinct models, and all results demonstrated a significant amount of antioxidant activity, with superoxide scavenging activity demonstrating the best results. Conclusion: Based on the results, it was determined that Spongomorpha indica contains potent active ingredients with significant antioxidant effects. As a result, the study is now being conducted to examine target-related activity to determine the most efficient way to cure a specific condition.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, GCMS analysis, Phytochemical, Spongomorpha indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.51}, author = {K Swathi Priya and Rajasekaran S} } @article {2415, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential in Euryale ferox Salisb. and Eupatorium birmanicum DC. of Manipur, India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1231-1237}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1231}, abstract = {

Introduction: Euryale ferox Salisb. popularly called {\textquotedblleft}Foxnut{\textquotedblright} is a spiny aquatic plant locally named {\textquotedblleft}Thangjing{\textquotedblright} in Manipur and is one of the most highly consumed aquatic crops while Eupatorium birmanicum DC. locally named {\textquotedblleft}Langthrei{\textquotedblright} is an endemic ethnomedicinal plant found in Manipur, India. Methods: This study was carried out to examine the phytochemical content, evaluate the Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and the in vitro antioxidant potential (DPPH and ABTS assays) in the seeds, arils of E. ferox and leaves of E. birmanicum. Results: Phytochemicals such as phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and steroids were detected from the plant samples studied. Among the samples, TPC was found in the range 21.95 {\textpm} 1.18 mgGAE/g ext to 119.80 {\textpm} 2.63 mgGAE/g ext while, TFC was recorded in the range 2.57 {\textpm} 0.07 mgQE/g ext to 7.27 {\textpm} 0.28 mgQE/g ext with the highest value of TPC and TFC in E. ferox seeds. In case of DPPH and ABTS assays, the recorded IC50 value were attained in the range 16.99 {\textpm} 0.49 μg/mL to 335.90 {\textpm} 2.19 μg/mL and 70.69 {\textpm} 1.83 μg/mL to 576.26 {\textpm} 4.41 μg/mL respectively with the lowest IC50 value recorded in E. ferox seeds. Conclusions: The results of our study revealed that seeds and arils of E. ferox as well as leaves of E. birmanicum contain a variety of phytochemicals and promising antioxidant activity which will contribute a scientific insight for exploration of their therapeutic potentials in the future.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoid, Foxnut, Northeast India, Phenol, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.201}, author = {Okram Ronibala Devi and Lutrika Moirangthem and Ojit Singh Keithellakpam and Nanaocha Sharma and Kshetrimayum Birla Singh} } @article {1979, title = {Phytochemical Comparative Studies, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial of Artemisia and Star Anise}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {March 2023}, pages = {183-188}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {183}, abstract = {

The tradition of investigating plants and extensively scrutinizing their biologically or pharmacologically active compounds has markedly increased due to their fewer adverse effects compared to synthetic drugs. Through this study, we aim to establish a phytochemical screening and analyze and compare the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Artemisia and star anise. The antioxidant characteristics of plant extracts we assessed, the chemical bonds and components composition were analyzed in the sample and further experiments were done to assess the antimicrobial activities. On the results, we found that all the extracts of both the species were very impactful in the inhibition of E. coli, C. Albicans, and S. aureus. However, S. aureus was more sensitive to star anise and E. coli and C. albicans were inhibited better through the alcoholic extracts of Artemisia vulgaris. Star anise has a higher and more effective antioxidant activity against DPPH with a calculated value of 78.3 \% at a concentration of 750 ppm, at a concentration of 500 ppm it was 65.3\% and in the least concentration of 250 ppm, it was 23.3\% compared to Artemisia vulgaris. Additionally, both extracts possessed marked antifungal action.

}, keywords = {Anise, Antibacterial., Antioxidant, Artemisia, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.27}, author = {Khadeeja Y. Abid and Faris T. Abachi} } @article {1935, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Water Hyacinth Flowers (Eichhornia Crassipes) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {955-957}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {955}, abstract = {

The purpose of this research was to know about phytochemical compounds and antioxidant activity of water hyacinth flowers extract and its potential use as a natural antioxidant. Data analysis was performed descriptively. Research consisted of several stages including sampling, sample preparation, sample extraction, yield of extract, phytochemical analysis (phenols, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins), antioxidant activity test with DPPH method and reducing power. The results showed that extracts yield of water hyacinth flowers with n-hexane solvent was 4.95\%, ethyl acetate solvent was 1.69\%, and highest extracts yiled obtained from methanol was 26.06\%. Results of phytochemical compounds analysis showed positive results for phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. Result of antioxidant activity with DPPH method interpreted within parameters of IC50. IC50 of Hyacinth flower extract were 1085.31 ppm for n-hexane, 950.71 ppm for ethyl acetate and 35.83 ppm for methanol. Small IC50 showed that higher antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Phytochemical, Reducing ability., Water Hyacinth Flowers}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.196}, author = {Ace Baehaki and Shanti Dwita Lestari and Wiwira Agustina and Sintya Dwika Putri} } @article {1874, title = {The phytochemical and pharmacological activity of extract Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) leaves: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {580-586}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {580}, abstract = {

C. odorata L. is considered to be a plant weed that is scattered in various climates. As a weed, this plant contains a variety of beneficial secondary metabolites. Several studies have shown the benefits of C. odorata L. leaf extract. This study reviews the metabolite content and the pharmacological activities of C. odorata L. leaf extract. A literature search was carried out to obtain various studies related to the use of this plant extract. Secondary metabolites identified in C. odorata L. are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Several reports have also shown that even though it is considered a weed, C. odorata L. leaf extract also provides many benefits due to its pharmacological activities. Various pharmacological activities include anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, antidyslipidemia, hematologic agent, antidiabetic and anti-cataract, analgesic and antipyretic, wound healing, anti-malaria, mosquito larvicidal, antihypercholesterolemia, and antifungal.

}, keywords = {Characterization, Chromolaena odorata, Kirinyuh, Pharmacological activity, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.139}, author = {Erna Harfiani and Yudhi Nugraha and Citra Ayu Aprilia and Feda Anisah Makkiyah and Ratna Puspita and Viol Dhea Kharisma and Muhammad Hermawan Widyananda and Ahmad Affan Ali Murtadlo and Dora Dayu Rahma Turista and Muhammad Badrut Tamam and Riso Sari Mandeli and Mirella Fonda Maahury and Devi Purnamasari and Muhammad Arya Ghifari and Muhammad Thoriq Albari and Muhammad Raffi Ghifari and Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tasakka and Alexander Patera Nugraha and Rahadian Zainul} } @article {1767, title = {Screening of Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Edible Termite Mushroom}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {301-307}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {301}, abstract = {

Wild edible mushrooms produce a variety of bioactive compounds that are known to have antioxidant properties. Natural antioxidants can protect against oxidative induced free radicals without any side effects. Thus, they are consumed by people for food and nutraceutical values. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of three wild edible termite mushrooms (Termitomyces albuminosus, T. eurhizus and T. robustus). Different phytochemicals were screened in the 50\% ethanol, methanol and water extracts of three termite mushrooms. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride method respectively. The antioxidant activity of three termite mushrooms was evaluated by DPPH assay. Qualitative screening of phytochemicals has revealed that alkaloid, steroid, fatty acid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, carbohydrate and protein are found in the 50\% ethanol, methanol and water extracts of three species of termite mushroom. A high amount of total phenolic and flavonoid content was found in the 50\% ethanol extract of T. albuminosus, T. eurhizus and T. robustus (TPC: 50.28, 54.56 and 57.63 mg GAE/g extract; TFC: 16.30, 18.43 and 18.80 mg QE/g extract respectively). Due to high phenolic and flavonoid content, 50\% ethanol extract of three termite mushrooms has shown high antioxidant activity (i.e., lowest IC50: 710.00 - 714.05 μg/ml). These termite mushrooms have antioxidant properties due to the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites that can potentially be used as a source of natural antioxidants in the form of food and nutraceutical.

}, keywords = {DPPH assay, Flavonoid, phenolic, Phytochemical, Termite mushroom}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.38}, author = {Anita Kumari Tharu and Mukti Ram Paudel and Ananda Prakash Joshi and Laxman Bhandari and Hari Prasad Aryal} } @article {1359, title = {Medicinal Value of Three Agricultural Weed Species of the Asteraceae Family: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {264-277}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {264}, abstract = {

Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. are well known plant species of the Asteraceae family that are considered weeds in intensive agriculture. These weeds are traditionally known to have medicinal properties and have been used for therapeutic treatments. However, it is only the lack of proper knowledge, awareness and screening that have limited their use in pharmaceutical sectors. This review attempts to consolidate the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been carried out on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L., which we note are widely spread throughout the world. This study was conducted through a coherent search on Ageratum conyzoides L., Tridax procumbens L. and Bidens pilosa L. with respect to traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacological studies that have been performed on these three agricultural weeds all over the world. An exploration of reported descriptions of the potential medical importance of three agricultural weed species (A. conyzoides, T. procumbens and B. pilosa) has been presented. The present review would encourage further clinical investigations into these three plants and their extracts to more closely define the range of uses of these herbs for clinical applications. This, in turn, would give a clear understanding whether these weed species might be targeted to be conserved in a sustainable manner rather than eradicated.

}, keywords = {Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Pharmacological, Phytochemical, Traditional use, Tridax procumbens}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.36}, author = {Mithila Jayasundera and Singarayer Florentine and Kushan U Tennakoon and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan} } @article {1619, title = {Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities Evaluation of Origanum vulgare (L.) Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {965-970}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {965}, abstract = {

The present study aimed to evaluate phytochemical and antioxidant activity (in vitro and in vivo) of Origanum vulgare (L.) ethanolic extract. The phytochemical test was assessed using the Clule method in ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. In vitro evaluation of antioxidant activity was determined by radical scavenging assay using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) as an artificial free radical activity. In vivo test was conducted to evaluate the effect of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in blood plasma during maximum physical activity treatment. In vivo test was done using 25 male Sprague Dawley rats in pre and post-test control group design. The phytochemical test of O. vulgare ethanol extract was showed some compounds, such as a flavonoid, alkaloid, triterpenoid/steroid, essential oil, and tannin, then in ethyl acetate and hexane. In vitro assay showed that O. vulgare extract has strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 133.47 μg/mL. While in the in vivo test, the most effective dosage is 20 mg/200 gr B.W., represented by a significant decrease of MDA level (0.509 nmol/mL) before and after treatment. So, the ethanolic extract of clove has potency as an herbal antioxidant because of the low level of IC50 and can decrease the MDA level.

}, keywords = {2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, antioxidant activity, Malondialdehyde, Origanum vulgare (L.), Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.124}, author = {Rosmalena and Putu Ayu Widyastuti and Fatmawaty Yazid and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Islamudin Ahmad} } @article {1381, title = {Phytochemicals Screening, GC/MS Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Falcataria moluccana Miq. Barneby and J. W. Grimes Methanolic Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {450-455}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {450-}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this study, Falcataria moluccana as a plant of West Java community forest was evaluated for its phytochemical content, characterization of secondary metabolites through GC/MS analysis, and antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Methods: The extraction of F. moluccana twig used maceration with methanol solvent. Phytochemical compounds in F. moluccana methanolic extract were identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant activity was tested against 2,2-diphenyl1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Results: The phytochemical screening of F. moluccana methanolic extract showed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, saponins, and tannins. The results of GC/MS analysis showed that the highest abundance was α-terpinolenic from the terpenoid group with a retention time of 6.776 minutes and a percentage area of 25.85\%. Total phenolic content in methanolic extract of F. moluccana was 145.21 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid was 95.39 mg QE/g while antioxidant activity (IC50) was 12.60 ppm. Conclusion: F. moluccana has potential as natural antioxidant and its active compounds can be developed as pharmaceutical raw materials.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Falcataria moluccana, GC/MS, Methanolic extract, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.57}, author = {Alfi Rumidatul and I Nyoman Pugeg Aryantha and Endah Sulistyawati} } @article {1408, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Studies, GC-MS Analysis and In vitro Antioxidant Activity of Selected Medicinal Plants and its Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {648-659}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {648}, abstract = {

Background: Novel polyherbal formulation (PHF) is the utilization of more than one herb in the preparation of herbal medication. The thought is found in the conventional system of medicine where the variety of herbs in a specific proportion of illness. Because of synergism, polyherbalism presents a few advantages which aren{\textquoteright}t accessible in single herbal medication. It is utilized in these medications for the treatment of numerous sicknesses including antioxidants. Objective: To develop a phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of Novel Polyherbal formulation for In vitro antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: Macroscopical, preliminary phytochemical, quantitative phytoconstituents, and In-vitro antioxidant activity of all the individual extract and polyherbal formulation was done by chemical method. Identification of phytoconstituents with the aid of Gas chromatography {\textendash} Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Results: Macroscopical study and physicochemical examination, for example, ash value, extractive value, loss on drying, and pH were reported to A. racemosus, B. variegata, C. bonducella, S. asoka, and S. racemosus and novel polyherbal formulation. Qualitative phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, gums \& mucilage, carbohydrates, steroids, proteins \& amino acids, fats \& fixed oils, glycoside, phenols, and saponins. Quantitative estimation such as TAC, TFC, TGC, TSC, and TPC was showed positive results. All the individual extract and PHF were subjected to GC-MS analysis. All the individual extract and polyherbal formulation displayed strong antioxidant activity. Conclusions: To conclude the PHF was reported that high level of bioactive contents present and strong antioxidant activity in contrast to the preferred ascorbic acid. The GC-MS uncovered the presence of bioactive compounds and these compounds are suggested to treat antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral, anti-tumor, anti-proliferative activity, and antifungal activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, GC-MS analysis, Macroscopical, Phytochemical, Polyherbal formulation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.83}, author = {Shalini K and Ilango K} } @article {1146, title = {Ameliorative Effect of the Oral Administration of Chuquiraga spinosa in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer Induced with 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {562-568 }, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {562}, abstract = {

Objective: To determine the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats. Methods: 36 female Holztman rats were divided into 6 groups. I) The negative control group received physiological saline (PS). II) ChS-200 group received 200 mg/kg of ChS. III) DMBA group was induced with DMBA (20 mg/Kg) dissolved in PS and administrated orally for 15 weeks. IV) DMBA + ChS-50 group, V) DMBA + ChS-250 group, and VI) DMBA + ChS-500 group, which received the extract orally for 15 weeks after DMBA induction. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test was carried out to compare the mean value of different groups Histopathological analysis was evaluated by using Image J software. Results: Hematology showed that the triglyceride level was significantly lowered (P\< 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased (P \<0.01) in groups III, IV and V. Also, ChS extract significantly lowered the C reactive protein (CRP) level (P \<0.01) and malondialdehyde level (P\<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the frequency of DMBA-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (P\<0.01). Conclusions: Chuquiraga spinosa showed an ameliorative effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats as well as antioxidant, antitumor and antigenotoxic properties.

}, keywords = {Anticarcinogenic agent, Antioxidant, Breast tumor, Phytochemical, Preventive medicine, Toxicity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.85}, author = {Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Johnny Aldo Tinco-Jayo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Abdur Rauf and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe and Linder Figueroa-Salvador and Victor Fern{\'a}ndez-Guzm{\'a}n and Ricardo {\'A}ngel Yuli-Posadas} } @article {1143, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies of Leaves of Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {541-550}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {541}, abstract = {

Introduction: Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn; is used traditionally in the treatment of malaria, fever, and management of diabetes in Nsukka, South-eastern Nigeria. Owing to its increasing ethno-medicinal relevance, proper identification and evaluation are vital to prevent adulteration. This research article presents a detailed pharmacognostic, physicochemical and phytochemical evaluation on the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis which will be used in its identification and consequent standardization. Methods: The fresh and powdered leaves were evaluated for their macroscopic and microscopic features. Physicochemical properties and phytochemical screening were carried out based on standard procedures by World Health Organization (WHO). Results: Psydrax horizontalis is a petiolate, stipulate and compound bi-pinnate leaf with reticulate venation, entire margin, chordate base and has opposite leaf arrangement. Microscopic diagnostic characters observed were paracytic stomata, unicellular covering trichomes, microsphenoidal shaped calcium oxalate crystals, lignified vessels and fibres as well as numerous starch grains. The total ash, water soluble ash, sulphated ash, acid insoluble ash compositions were 6.5, 0.5, 2.75 and 0.5\% respectively. The moisture content, alcohol soluble extractive and water soluble extractive values obtained were 8.8, 3.8 and 3.7\% respectively. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening showed flavonoids, tannins, steroids, phenols and alkaloids at 100.00{\textpm}0.035, 22.00{\textpm}0.036, 19.50{\textpm}0.024, 15.00{\textpm}0.032 and 13.00{\textpm}0.014 mg/g respectively as the major phytochemical constituents. Conclusion: The pharmacognostic standards of the leaves of Psydrax horizontalis were determined and serve as quality control parameters for their purity, identification and standardization.

}, keywords = {Evaluation, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Psydrax horizontalis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.82}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Peculiar-Onyekere Chioma Obianuju and Nwafor Felix Ifeanyi and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1116, title = {Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Cell Line Study of Marine Red Macroalgae Eucheuma cottonii on Lung A-549 Cancer Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {276-281}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {276}, abstract = {

Introduction: In this century, cancer has increased in incidence and become one of the deadliest disease in the world. However, to date, lung cancer treatments are still not fully effective, quite expensive and very exhaustive for the patient. Eucheuma cottonii is an abundant marine red macroalgae in Indonesia which have a potential anti-lung cancer properties. Aim of this research is to determine phytochemical profile of Eucheuma cottonii extracts, as well as to evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxic effects on Lung A-549 cancer cells. Methods: Eucheuma cottonii obtained from Sorong beach, West Papua Province, Indonesia, were extracted with three different solvents, that is ethanol, ethylacetate, and n-hexane. These three Eucheuma cottonii extracts were identified for its phytochemical profiles, antioxidant activity by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, and cytotoxic activity on lung A-549 cells by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed that Eucheuma cottonii contains metabolites of triterpenoid and alkaloid. Antioxidant activity evaluation showed ethanol extract of Eucheuma cottonii has IC50 value of 559.76 μg/mL against DPPH free radical. Whereas cytotoxicity evaluation showed that ethanol extract and ethylacetate extract of Eucheuma cottonii have cytotoxic effects on Lung A-549 cancer cells, with IC50 value of 251.73 μg/ mL and 261.41 μg/mL, respectively. Conclusion: These results suggesting that Eucheuma cottonii extract could be further developed as a natural anti-lung cancer agent.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cell line study, Eucheuma cottonii, Lung A-549 cells, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.43}, author = {Ade Arsianti and Gerry Kurniawan and Nadzila Anindya Tejaputri and Fona Qorina and Qotrunnada Fithrotunnisa and Norma Nur Azizah and Ajeng Megawati Fajrin} } @article {811, title = {The Anti-Angiogenic Properties of Morinda citrifolia. L (Mengkudu) Leaves Using Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {12-15}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {12}, abstract = {

Background: Anti-angiogenesis or inhibition of blood vessel formation is the best way to prevent the growth and metastasis of tumors. The use Morinda citrifolis. L extracts have been reported to exhibit a broad range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial and antitumor. Objective: This study aims to investigate the anti-angiogenic properties of Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts using Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay. Materials and Methods: The Fertile White Leghorn eggs were divided into five groups which were control, Bevacizumab drug and treatment groups with 25\%, 50\% and 75\% of Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts respectively. The reduction of the blood vessel was counted after 12 h and 24 h post-treatment. Results: Analysis have shown significant differences (P\<0.05) in the reduction of the blood vessel between each group at 24 h post-treatment. The group with 75\% extracts showed 37.1\% reductions of blood vessel compared to groups 50\% and 25\% extracts which showed 4\% and 12.8\% respectively. The phytochemical screening has showed that Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts was positive for flavonoid, phenols and phytosterols. Conclusion: Morinda citrifolia. L leaves extracts consist of the phytochemical compounds that have the ability to inhibit the angiogenesis.

}, keywords = {Anti-angiogenesis, Chicken Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay, Morinda citrifolia. L leaves, Phytochemical, White Leghorn eggs}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.3}, author = {Zulhabri Othman and Hamimi Rasyiqah Hassan Khalep and Azrina Zainal Abidin and Halijah Hassan and Santosh Fattepur} } @article {793, title = {Comparative Studies Between Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata belong to the family Arecaceae and are widely found in Brazil. Aim: In this work were evaluated: the phytochemical profile of the secretion popularly known as M. flexuosa wine, antioxidant activity of leaf, root and petiole hydroethanolic extracts of the two species, as well as the quantification of flavonoids and the chromatographic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Material and Methods: The chromatographic profile was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, quantification of flavonoids and antioxidant activity, were performed by spectrophotometric method. Results: Antioxidant activity and presence of flavonoids were observed in the extracts of all the analyzed structures of the two species. The phytochemical profile of the wine evidenced the presence of secondary metabolites reported in other structures of M. flexuosa. In the chromatographic analysis, it was observed that the extracts evaluated have between three and nine compounds. Conclusion: Further studies should be performed to identify the active compounds in the two species.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Arecaceae, Flavonoids, Phytochemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.6}, author = {Vanessa de Andrade Royo and Juliana Almeida Rocha and Kamylla Teixeira Santos and Jeane Ferreira Leal Freitas and Clarice Avelar Almeida and Bianca Ribeiro and Elytania Veiga Menezes and Dario Alves de Oliveira and Murilo Malveira Brand{\~a}o and Afranio Farias de Melo J{\'u}nior} } @article {820, title = {Estimation of Phytochemical, Vitamins Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Pelargonium inquinans Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {237-244}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {237}, abstract = {

Aims: To estimate the phytochemical and vitamins composition and the antioxidant activity of Pelargonium inquinans leaves. Background: Some plants that are used in the traditional setting for the management of different ailments have documented observations and scientific studies. However many other plants lack scientific reports to support their medicinal use. One of such plant is Pelargonium inquinans Ait that is traditionally used to treat headaches and flu by tribes in South Africa. Not much is known about its chemical composition. Methods: The phytochemical composition of acetone, aqueous and ethanol extract of leaves of Pelargonium inquinans as well as the vitamins A, C and E of its dried weight leaves and the antioxidant activities were evaluated using standard in vitro methods. The phytochemical composition and vitamins were determined spectrophotometrically, while the antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH, nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and phosphomolybdenum (total) antioxidant activity. Statistical analysis: The One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test were used to determine the differences among the means of the various samples. Results: The phytochemical composition differ significantly in the various extracts. The total phenolics were higher than other phytochemicals in all the extracts used. The hydrogen peroxide and DPPH scavenging activity were very high and dose-dependent. The aqueous extract had the highest antioxidant activity at 98.4 \% of control (hydrogen peroxide), while the ethanol extract had the lowest at 37.5\% control (nitric oxide). Conclusion: The results supports the notion that the Geraniaceae family and Pelargonium inquinans in particular is rich in polyphenolic compounds and has good antioxidant activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Cancers, Pelargonium inquinans, Phenols, Phytochemical, Vitamins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.37}, author = {Ogochukwu Izuegbuna and Gloria Otunola and Graeme Bradley} } @article {1026, title = {Pharmacognostical Studies and Determination of Total Flavonoids of Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1256-1261}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1256}, abstract = {

Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray is one of the plants used in traditional medicine and belongs to Compositae family. In different parts of Indonesia, it is commonly known as {\textquotedblleft}paitan and kembang bulan{\textquotedblright}. The study provides an early description of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray) and complete the monographs data extract. This plant prospects to the main source of the raw material for the herb-drug product and some parameters identified were needed to ensure the safety, quality and efficacy of the product. The present study is to evaluate macrosand microscopic characteristic of the Indonesian plant and its quality parameter including fluorescence, physicochemical characteristics and phytochemical screening. Moisture content, ethanol and water-soluble extract was determined, and were discovered to be 11,27\%, 4,73\% and 18,01\%. Total ash value and acid insoluble ash value were determined which was 10.29 and 0.72 \% respectively. Phytochemical screening of aqueous ethanol extract of Tithonia diversifolia showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and triterpenoids. The result showed that average content of flavonoid total is 69.1653 mg QE/g extract.

}, keywords = {Pharmacognostical, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.195}, author = {Vera Ladeska and Ema Dewanti and Deviana Indah Sari} } @article {850, title = {Phytochemical Composition, Proximate Analysis and Antimicrobial Screening of the Methanolic Extract of Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {February 2019}, pages = {362-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {362}, abstract = {

Aim: Diospyros mespiliformis is one plant used by the natives for the treatment of certain diseases including wounds. In this present study, preliminary screening of the methanolic leaf extract of D. mespiliformis was carried out for its phytochemical and proximate constituents in addition to investigating its antimicrobial activity against four bacteria species. Methodology: Preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis were carried out using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using the whole in-plate and broth serial micro dilution assays on two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhymurium) and two Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, anthraquinones, flavonoids and volatile oil. Similarly, preliminary proximate analysis of the root, bark and leaf extracts of D. mespiliformis exerts revealed the presence of carbohydrate, crude protein, moisture, lipid and nitrogen, ash and fibre. The extract demonstrated greater inhibitory activity on P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli (MIC=156.25 μg/ml) than on S. typhymurium (MIC=312.5 μg/ml). Conclusion: These findings revealed that the crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis and its fractions demonstrated broad spectrum antimicrobial activity in a dose dependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial, Diospyros mespiliformis, Extract, Phytochemical, Proximate}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.55}, author = {Abdullahi Aliyu Ebbo and Dahiru Sani and Mohammed Musa Suleiman and Abubakar Ahmed and Adamu Zoaka Hassan} } @article {631, title = {Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential of Galing Stem Extract (Cayratia trifolia Domin)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {686-690}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {686}, abstract = {

Galing (Cayratia trifolia Domin.) have been used empirically to treat various diseases, one of them is antidiabetic. Objective: To determine the phytochemical content and the activity of the ethanol extract of the galing stem as antioxidant and antidiabetic. Method: The galing stem extract was investigated for phytochemical by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and its antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging activity assay. In vivo, antidiabetic test was conducted by animal diabetes modeling that has given streptozotocin 150 g/kg BW and 10\% of sucrose solution intraperitoneally. The average level of fasting blood glucose at 307 mg/dL. Mice were divided into 6 groups, normal control group, diabetes induction group, positive group (treated by glibenclamide) and treatment group consisted of three groups were treated by ethanol extract of galing stem in dose 400, 500, and 600 mg/kg BW, respectively. Mice treated with appropriate doses of each treatment once a day for 7 days. The measuring blood glucose level was using a photometer 5010V5+. Results: The ethanol extract of galing stem contained the alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and triterpene. It is potential as an antioxidant with the IC50 61,52 mg/L which indicated that the extract had strong antioxidant. The antidiabetic activity showed that the effect of extract 400 and 500 mg/kg BW are not different significantly with glibenclamide in reducing blood glucose levels subset of the statistics ANOVA (p\> 0.05). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of galing steam is potent as an antioxidant due to the phytochemical content inside particularly the flavonoid compound.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Galing stem, Mice, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.113}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/651}, author = {Muhammad Ilyas Yusuf and Wahyuni and Sri Susanty and Ruslan and Muammar Fawwaz} } @article {613, title = {Antiradical and Lipid Peroxidation Inhibitory Activity of Ripe and Unripe Fruit of Rubus steudneri Schweinf. (Rosaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {May 2018}, pages = {818-822}, type = {Short Communication}, chapter = {818}, abstract = {

Objectives: A free radical is a molecular species characterized by the presence of an unpaired electron in its outer orbital. Free radicals are highly reactive and are known to damage biomolecules including lipids resulting in a myriad of pathophysiological conditions. The present investigation was carried out to screen antiradical and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity of ripe and unripe fruit of R. steudneri. Methods: The powdered ripe and unripe fruit materials were extracted by maceration process using methanol. Antiradical activity of extracts was evaluated by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays. Lipid peroxidation inhibition assay was carried out by estimating the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Both ripe and unripe fruit extracts were screened for the presence of phytochemicals viz. alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, glycosides, sterols and triterpenoids by standard tests. Results: Preliminary phytochemical analysis indicated that both ripe and unripe fruit extracts contain saponins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and triterpenoids. When compared to unripe fruit extract, ripe fruit extract displayed marked scavenging of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation as indicated by lower IC50 values. Conclusion: Overall, ripe fruit extract displayed marked free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. The presence of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the extracts might be responsible for observed bioactivities of ripe and unripe fruit of R. steudneri.

}, keywords = {Free radical, Lipid peroxidation, Maceration, Phytochemical, Rubus steudneri Schweinf}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.139}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/677}, author = {Raghavendra H.L and Prashith Kekuda T.R} } @article {741, title = {Chemical Composition and Ethnobotany of Livistona jenkinsiana Griff: An Endangered Thatching Palm Tree of Eastern Himalayas}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1202-1207}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1202}, abstract = {

Objectives: To study the uses of various parts and cultivation of Livistona jenkinsiana among tribal people of Arunachal Pradesh in addition to study the chemical composition and the related health benefits if any. Methods: Field survey and interview were used for ethnobotany and GCMS was used in the studies of chemical compositions. Results: This study reports numbers of volatile and non-volatile compounds from the fruit of Livistona jenkinsiana with various health benefits. Presence of remarkable high percentage of trehalose sugar is reported in this work from the fruit of L. jenkinsiana. The study also reports various uses of the parts of this palm tree as thatching tree, fencing and house construction. The study also reports need of conservation of this bioculturally important endangered and threatened thatching palm tree. Conclusion: L. jenkinsiana is a bioculturally and economically important endangered thatching palm tree. The fruit could be a source of plant originated fats and trehalose sugar. Fifty percent of compounds present in this fruit are useful in various health problems. There should be further scientific studies in the domains of industrial utility of this underutilized palm tree.

}, keywords = {Biocultural, Ethnobotany, Fruit, Himalayas, Indigenous People, Phytochemical, Thatch, Trehalose}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.206}, author = {Temin Payum} } @article {692, title = {Pharmacognostic Evaluation and HPTLC Finger Printing of Rhizome of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. from Nepal}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {963-968}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {963}, abstract = {

Introduction: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F.; commonly known as Shveta Musali from the family Liliaceae is a perennial herb. It is used in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Unani and in folklore practice as an aphrodisiac herb. Present study depicts pharmacognostic features of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. collected from Nepal. Methods: Macromicroscopic analyses, physico-chemical studies and HPTLC finger printing of rhizomes of Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. were carried out according to pharmacopoeial procedures. Results: Microscopic analysis has shown presence of epidermis, cork, cortex, collenchymatous cells, starch grains, cluster crystals of calcium oxalate, idioblast, phloem, vascular bundles, pitted xylem parenchyma, sclereids, stone cells, fragment of epiblema, and acicular needles. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloid, carbohydrate, carboxylic acid, resins and saponins. TLC photo-documentation revealed presence of many phyto-constituents with different Rf values and HPTLC densitometric scan of the plates showed numerous bands under short UV, long UV and 620 nm (after derivatisation). Conclusion: Chlorophytum borivilianum Sant. and F. was evaluated for its pharmacognostic features and HPTLC. These specific identities will be useful in identification and authentication of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {Chlorophytum borivilianum, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, Shveta Musali}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.163}, author = {Kopila Adhikari and KN Anuradha and N. Prabhu Suchitra} } @article {694, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on the Root of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {973-978}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {973}, abstract = {

Purpose: To undertake the pharmacognostic studies of Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq. Root for the purpose of identification and differentiation from related species. Methods: The macroscopic and microscopic features of the root were studied, including the use of powder microscopy with the aid of suitable tools and reagents. Physicochemical parameters such as ash value, extractive value and weight loss on drying were also determined. The root powder was successively extracted with different solvents followed by preliminary phytochemical screening of the extracts. Results: Macro- and micro-scopic studies revealed cork i.e. the layer of periderm present above the cortex along with lenticels. The periderm is many layered membranous with irregularly fissured crevices containing phellum and phellogen. Secondary phloem is comparatively massive without lignified tissues i.e. bast fibres and contains sieve tubes, phloem parenchyma, many enriched with starch grains. The secondary xylem lignified mingled with medullary rays, vessels, parenchyma and wood fibers. Preliminary phytochemical screening of different extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, protein, gum, steroid, tri-terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid and tannin in the root. Conclusion: The findings of this study facilitate pharmacognostic standardization of the plant material and add clues in the preparation of herbal monographs for Phyto pharmacopeia.

}, keywords = {Anthocephalus cadamba, Kadamba, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Pharmacognostic studies, Phytochemical, Root}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.165}, author = {Suman Acharyya and Ranjan Padhy and Santosh Kumar Dash} } @article {592, title = {Pharmacognostical Evaluation of Rhododendron arboreum Sm. from Uttarakhand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {527-532}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Objective: Rhododendron arboreum Sm. commonly known as Burans is an important plant of the Himalayan region. It is the national flower of Nepal and state tree of Uttarakhand. The present study pertains to the pharmacognostical evaluation of R. arboreum from Uttarakhand. Methods: Macroscopy, microscopy by free hand section cutting and with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were done along with the physicochemical analysis. Preliminary phytochemical studies and fluorescence analysis was also carried out. Results: Results revealed that the leaves contain paracytic or amphiparacytic stomata in cluster form. The epidermal cells were long and spongy. The cells also contain some grooves and papillae throughout the surface. Preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of different secondary metabolites like alkaloids carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, saponins, and tannins. Conclusion: R. arboreum from Uttarakhand region was investigated for its morphological and cytological characteristics with the help of scanning electron microscopy for the first time. The results provide details on the presence of several specific characters which are important for the identification of the genuine crude drug.

}, keywords = {Burans, Himalaya, microscopy, Phytochemical, SEM}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.86}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/519}, author = {Devesh Tewari and Archana Negi Sah and Sweta Bawari} } @article {565, title = {Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical Study and Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. Ex Miq. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {571-575}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {571}, abstract = {

Introduction: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll ex.Miq leaves have been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia. There is no report about pharmacognosy and phytochemical study with this plant.Objective: The main aim of this research is to establish pharmacognosy, phytochemical study and antioxidant activity of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves. The plant used to cure many diseases of Indonesia. Methods: In the present study, pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of plant material were performed as per the Indonesian Herb Pharmacopoeia. Results: Microscopy powder of Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll.ex. Miq. Leaves shows star shape trichoma as a specific fragment. Physicochemical parameters including total ash (17,152 \%), acid-insoluble ash (0,922 \%), water-soluble extractive (1,610 \% w/w), alcohol-soluble extractive (4,524 \% w/w), hexane-soluble extractive (4,005 \% w/w), and ethyl acetate-soluble extractive (3,160 \% w/w) were evaluated. Phytochemical screening of ethanol extracts showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids-terpenoids, glycosides, and phenols. And absent of saponins and Anthraquinones. Antioxidant activity with IC50 157, 4665 ppm and flavonoid total was 59,436 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Conclusion: The pharmacognosy, physiochemical, and phytochemical evaluation provides information for the safety, identification, and class of chemical constituent\’s presents in this crude extract.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Sterculia rubiginosa zoll. ex Miq}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.93}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/526}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Rani Sauriasari and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti} } @article {335, title = {Botanical Features for Taxonomic Evidence of Erythroxylum monogynum Dried Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {395-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {395}, abstract = {

Introduction: Erythroxylum monogynum belonging to family Erythroxylaceae is commonly found in southern parts of India. Traditionally, leaves of the plant possess high medicinal value and known for the treatment of diabetes, jaundice and to kill intestinal worms, which are scientifically reported. However, no elaborative pharmacognostic study of leaves has been performed yet. Objective: To pharmacognostically standardize the leaves by studying anatomical characters of transversal section and powdered leaves. Material and methods: Leaf samples were studied by macroscopy, microscopy, physicochemical and preliminary phytochemical analysis as recommended by WHO. Results: Externally the leaves are elliptic - lanceolate, alternate, base attenuate, apex obtuse and entire margin. Internally it shows the presence of paracytic stomata confined to lower epidermis, conjoint, collateral arc shaped vascular bundles encircled by sclerenchyma, lignified fibers and xylem vessels with spiral thickening. Powder microscopy revealed the presence of epidermis with papillae, phytochemical and physicochemical of powdered drug proved useful to differentiate the powdered drug material. Conclusion: The establishment of botanical features of leaf material will be useful in identification and standardization of Erythroxylum monogyum in obtaining quality formulations.

}, keywords = {microscopy, Paracytic stomata, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, standardization, Vascular}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.67}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.67}, author = {Sabeena Hussain Syed and Ajay Gajanan Namdeo} } @article {325, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Standardized Five Select Medicinal Herbs and Spectral Analysis of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {336-344}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Aim: The present work compares standardized hydro-alcoholic extracts of root and stem parts of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae), leaves of Plumeria acuminate R. Br. (Apocyanaceae), rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Sw. (Zingiberaceae), whole plant of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae), fruits of Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae) for their in vitro antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activities, commonly used by the Trichigadi tribes (Kotas) of south India for various inflammatory disorders. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of these herbal extracts was assessed through inhibition of glycosylation of hemoglobin and glucose uptake in yeast cells methods at 50, 100 and 200 \μg/mL for 72 h. Their respective immunomodulatory activities were evaluated through preservation of heat and hypotonic induced hemolysis, nitroblue terazolium assay and by inhibition of TNF-\α and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW cell lines. Results: B. erecta has shown least cytotoxicity (CTC50 15.7\%) and highest \% inhibition of TNF-\α (58.1) and NO (45.6), statistically significant (p\<0.01) to that of normal control. Also, B. erecta (BE), and P. acuminate (PA) exhibited relatively better IC50 values for TNF-\α and NO at a concentration less than their respective CTC50 values. Conclusions: Spectral analysis of chloroform fraction of BE hydro-alcoholic extract established the presence of biologically active molecule in it. Root and stem parts of BE extract not only proved to be safe but also demonstrated relatively better efficacy than other established medicinal herbs in selected immune models, may be due to flavonoids or phenolic groups. Further in vivo studies on active molecule of BE towards antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activity are warranted.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, NBT assay, Nitric oxide, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, TNF -α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.57}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.57}, author = {Suresh Kumar Karri and Angappan Sheela} } @article {428, title = {Determination of Antipyretic and Antioxidant Activity of Cassia occidentalis Linn Methanolic Seed Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {913-916}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {913}, abstract = {

Objective: To perform the pharmacognostical screening and determination of antipyretic and antioxidant activity of Cassia occidentalis L. Methanolic seed extract by different in-vitro models. Methods: The different pharmacognostical parameters were evaluated as per standard procedure. Finally, antipyretic (Brewer\’s Yeast Pyrexia model) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and Hydrogen Pyrode Method) was evaluated by adopting different methods. Results: The extracts showed a marked antipyretic effect (Figure 1) by causing a reduction in yeast-induced fever. Methanolic extract (400 mg/kg) showed the effect to the same degree as paracetamol (20 mg/kg, i.p.). The experimentally induced laboratory model was employed in evaluating the antipyretic activities of methanolic extracts of Cassia occidentalis L. The extract caused a better hypothermal activity against yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Free radical scavenging activity of Cassia occidentalis L. was found because polyphenolic compounds present in plant contribute significantly to the total antioxidant capacity of the seed. Flavonoids play some important pharmacological roles against diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, inflammation and allergy. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that the methanolic seed extract of Cassia occidentalis L. possesses strong antipyretic and antioxidant activity. This study described many pharmacognostical features and antioxidant activity of seeds of Cassia occidentalis L. which will give a new direction for the future scientific research.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant., Antipyretic, Cassia occidentalis L., Pharmacological, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.143}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/196}, author = {Vijay Vikram Singh and Jainendra Jain and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {397, title = {Phytochemical and Quality Assessment of Acacia nilotica Linn and Acacia leucophloea willd Flowers}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {721-724}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {721}, abstract = {

Objective: The quality criteria for herbal drugs are based on a clear scientific definition of the raw material. Even though global herbal resources have a great potential as natural drugs and are of great commercial importance, they are very often procured and processed without any scientific evaluation, and launched onto the market without any mandatory safety and toxicology studies. On that basis, an attempt was made on a well-known herbal drug A.nilotica flower and A.leucophloea flower by evaluation of phytochemical and toxicological parameters like heavy metals, aflatoxins, total microbial load and pesticide residues. Method: The procedures recommended in AOAC, ASTA were followed to determine analysis of heavy metals, aflatoxins, microbial load and pesticide residues. Thin layer chromatographic technique was used to separate the chemical compounds present in the drug. Result and Conclusion: Results obtained during this experiment revealed that heavy metals, aflatoxins, total microbial load and pesticidal residues were variable but found within the prescribed limits. Phytochemical evaluation revealed that the catechin phytoconstituents is absent in A.leucophloea flowers when compared with A.nilotica flowers. Hence, there is an urgent need for mandatory evaluation of these parameters in every crude drug before further processing to ensure safety and efficacy of Indian medicinal plants for better acceptance at International platform. The study revealed specific identities for the particular crude drug which will be useful in identification and control to adulterations of the raw drug.

}, keywords = {A. leucophloea, A. nilotica flowers, Phytochemical, TLC and Catechin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.113}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/166}, author = {Raju Ilavarasan and Leela Vadivelu} } @article {439, title = {Phytochemical, Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Six Wild Mushroom Species Collected From the Shai Hills Reserve of Ghana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s16-s22}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s16}, abstract = {

Objective: Six different mushroom species (Termitomyces, Ganoderma, Amauroderma, Mycena, Marasmus and an unknown) were studied to ascertain their phytochemical and antioxidant properties and determine their TLC analysis of methanolic extracts. Materials and Methods:\ The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) model was employed to determine free radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of the mushrooms, aluminum chloride calorimetric method for flavonoid, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) for retention factor and atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) for macro and micronutrients. Results:\ Phytochemical analyses of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of antioxidants, phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant values (IC50 (g/ml)) ranged from 1.56 x 10-4 to 21.07 x10-4.Total phenol content ranged between 2.54 and 17.53 mg/g GAE with a mean of about 11.27 mg/g GAE. Total flavonoid content also ranged from 5.46 to 23.75 mg/g RUE with a mean of 13.41 mg/g RUE. Micronutrients such as cadmium, iron, lead, manganese and zinc were determined. Also macronutrients determined included, calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium. Sodium ranged the highest with values ranging 6966.67 mg/L to 9600.00 mg/L followed by iron ranging from 1613.67 to 3040.00 mg/L. Percentage crude protein ranged between 11.09 \% and 28.24 \%. Alkaloid was present in only Mycena sp and Ganoderma sp with a band each of Rf value of 0.49. A total of 18 different bands were recorded for flavonoid with Rf values that ranged between 0.20 and 0.97, respectively. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of the mushroom samples in this study recorded higher values. This indicates that mushrooms have high antioxidant properties and rationalizes further investigation in the potential discovery of new natural bioactive principles from these mushrooms.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extracts, Flavonoids, Mushrooms, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.152}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/376}, author = {Ebenezer Owusu and Gladys Schwinger and Matilda Dzomeku and Mary Obodai and Isaac Asante} } @article {138, title = {A Review of Literature on Punarnavadi Mandura: An Ayurvedic Herbo-Mineral Preparation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {180-184}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {180}, abstract = {

Background: Punarnavadi Mandura is an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral preparation primarily used as an anemia correcting agent while its role in other clinical conditions has also been studied. Objective: To understand the role of Punarnavadi Mandura in controlling anemia and other clinical conditions and its pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties. Methodology: A search of literature was carried out using \“Punarnavadi Mandura\” as the only key word and a total of 33 literatures were obtained of which 5 titles were finally selected for the review. Results and Discussion: Of the 5 studies identified 3 studies focused on the role of Punarnavadi Mandura as an anemia correcting agent, one study identified its role in other clinical condition (Diabetic Nephropathy), one study focused on the pharmacog\­nostical and phytochemical analysis while one study focused on both the analysis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical properties and its role as an anemia correcting agent. As per these studies Punarnavadi Mandura is an effective remedy for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) of all ages. Statisti\­cally significant result has been obtained in subjective and hematological parameters. Furthermore its role in other clinical conditions has also been found effective, especially in Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), as a Naimithika Rasayana. Punarnavadi Mandura is currently a part of National health programme and is included in ASHA drugs kit for the management of IDA at community level. Conclusion: Given the efficacy of Punarnavadi Mandura in IDA, at all ages, its usage should be fostered more in Indian communities especially the rural communities where IDA is endemic.

}, keywords = {Anti-anemic, ASHA drugs kit., Iron Deficiency Anemia, Naimithika Rasayana, Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.2}, author = {Janmejaya Samal and Ranjit Kumar Dehury} } @article {65, title = {Cleome viscosa Linn (Capparaceae): A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {326-329}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {326}, abstract = {

Cleome viscosa Linn. (Capparaceae) called as \“Hurhur\” is an annual, sticky herb found in plains of India, Africa, and Pakistan etc as a common weed. Plant and its parts (leaves, seeds, roots etc.) are used traditionally to cure variety of diseases. Traditionally the plant possess anthelmintic, carminative, anticonvulsant, antidiarhhoeal, antimicrobial, wound healing properties. The review shows that various phytochemical compound were isolated from whole plant and its parts (seeds, leaves, roots etc.). The review reveals the collection of important pharmacological activites like antimicrobial, analgesic, antiemetic, antidiarrhoeal, hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, antitumor, anticonvulsant and psychopharmacological. It also made emphasis on its application in biodiesel formation. The review draws attention towards the traditional, phytochemical and pharmacological knowledge accessible on Cleome viscosa Linn. which would be beneficial for researchers to discover novel chemical entities.

}, keywords = {Anticonvulsant, Biodiesel, Cleome viscosa Linn., Cleomiscosin, Phytochemical, Psychopharmacological}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.1}, author = {Harpreet Singh and Amrita Mishra and Arun Kumar Mishra} } @article {79, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical analysis and In vitro Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Anti-diabetic activity of Acacia catechu ethanolic seed extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {356-362}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant activity, anti-diabetic effect of ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu against the alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase digestive enzymes in the pancreas and small intestine. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antioxidant assay is performed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assay, Anti diabetic activity was determined by modified method of miller, the extract at different concentrations was tested for mammalian alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay under the controlled experimental conditions and subjected to determination of absorbance. Results: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibits potent Antioxidant activity and a concentration dependent inhibition of Alpha amylase and Alpha glucosidase. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that ethanolic seed extract of Acacia catechu possessed marked in vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic effect. The effect was plausibly due to the presence of phenolic contents of Acacia catechu

}, keywords = {Acacia catechu seed, Alpha glucosidase, Alpha-amylase, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, FTIR Spectroscopy, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.7}, author = {Thangavelu Lakshmi and Rajendran Ramasamy and Rathinam Thirumalaikumaran} } @article {1513, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Studies on Flowers of Aerva lanata [L.] Juss. ex. Schult}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {2nd July 2014}, pages = {29-32}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Aerva lanata is an interesting plant used in traditional medicine for many years and used for the treatment of bladder and kidney stones. Objective: The aim was to study detailed pharmacognostic profi le of an important medicinal plant in the Indian system of medicine, A. lanata (amaranthaceae). Materials and Methods: Flower samples of A. lanata were studied by macroscopical, microscopical characters. Physicochemical, phytochemical, and fl uorescence analysis of powder of the plant was performed according to the methods of standardization recommended by World Health Organization. Results: Macroscopically flowers are small, actinomorphic, and solitary or aggregated in cymes. Microscopically ovary was found to be bicarpellary, syncarpous, unilocular, superior; ovules one to many and campylotropous type. Powder microscopy of fl ower revealed the presence of epidermis with stomata and covering trichomes, calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, and oil globules. The investigations also included fl uorescence analysis. Physiochemical parameters such as total ash, acid insoluble ash sulfated ash and water soluble ash; moisture content values were found to be 12.66\%, 1.64\%, 9.12\%, 4.52\%, 12\%, respectively. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, triterpenoids, fl avonoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: The results of the present study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identifi cation of this plant material in future investigations and applications.

Key words:Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, microscopic, physiochemical, phytochemical.

}, keywords = {Aerva lanata, fl uorescence, Microscopic, physiochemical, Phytochemical}, author = {Netala Silvia and C. H. Rajeswari and D. Mounica and R. Manasa and D. S. N. B. K. Prasanth} } @article {1504, title = {Pharmacognostic study and physicochemical analysis of leaves of Terminalia arjuna}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {3rd Sept, 2014}, pages = {15-19}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {15}, abstract = {

Objective: The aim of present study was to carry out Pharmacognostic and physicochemical analysis of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wt. and Arn. (family;Combretaceae) leaf. Method: The present study deals with pharmacognostic characters as identification parameters of the leaves which were subjected to macro and microscopic studies. Phyto- physicochemical studies were done by using WHO recommended parameters and fluorescent behaviour of the leaf sample was also tested. Results: The microscopy study revealed the presence of anomocytic stomata, trichome, xylem fibres, calcium oxalate crystals, vascular bundles, etc. Macroscopic study show alternate thick-coriaceous base obtuse-subcordate while margin was crenate-serrate, obtuse or sub acute at apex. Physiochemical parameters such as ash values, loss on drying, extractive values, fluorescence analysis were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes, cardiac glycosides and saponins. Conclusions: The microscopic and physiochemical analysis of the T. arjuna leaf is useful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.

Key words: Terminalia arjuna, pharmacognostic, phytochemical, physicochemical, leaf

}, keywords = {Leaf, Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, Terminalia arjuna.}, author = {Dishant Desai and Sumitra Chanda} } @article {1547, title = {Pharmacognostic study of root of Combretum albidum G. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Combretum albidum G. Don commonly known as Buffalo calf. The C. albidum is used for diverse health ailments in traditional and folklore remedies. Objective: The present study was undertaken to lay down pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for Combretum albidum G. Don. Material and Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash, moisture content, extractive values are determined as per WHO guidelines. The microscopical features of root components are observed with Nikon labphoto 2 microscopic unit. Results: The morphologically, root are pale brown colored, cylindrical with slightly bitter in taste and agreeable odour. Distinguishingly roots showed root scares, rootlet and fibrous fracture. Microscopy of root consists of thick epidermis, periderm, and cortex with sclerenchyma cells. Vascular cylinder includes thin phloem and thick, solid and dense xylem cylinder. The prismatic calcium oxalates were observed. Powder microscopy of root revealed that fibres were fairly wide and densely packed with starch grains. The fluorescence and physicochemical standards for root were established. Phytochemically root showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, phytosterols and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: There is no pharmacognostic and phytochemical reports on C. albidum to authenticate and differentiate them from similar species. Therefore, present work was undertaken and established the pharmacognostic and phytochemical characteristics of C. albidum and diagnostic features to differentiate it.

Key words: Combretum albidum, Microscopy, Macroscopy, Phytochemical, Fluorescence analysis.

}, keywords = {Combretum albidum, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Phytochemical}, author = {Ashish S. Zalke and B. Duraiswamy and Upendra B. Gandagule} } @article {1549, title = {Pharmacognostical and phytochemical standardization of the roots of Potentilla mooniana Wight}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {70-79}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Potentilla mooniana Wight. (PM) (Family: Rosaceae) is a plant commonly grown at the higher altitudes (1500\–3660 meter) of the lower Asian continent and is traditionally used to treat gastric and mouth disorders. The present study was aimed to scientifically develop a standard monograph for PM on the basis of pharmacognostical and phytochemical aspects. Methods: Pharmacognostically the roots were analyzed following the standard parameters prescribed under WHO guidelines and Indian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Results: Morphologically, the roots are cylindrical, dark brown and astringent to bitter in taste. Histologically, the root section showed the formation of secondary growth with wood formation and central lignified xylem vessels. Physicochemical standards quantified includes foreign organic matter (1.20\% w/w), loss on drying (9.66\% w/w), total ash (12.65\% w/w), acid insoluble ash (4.65\% w/w), water soluble ash (0.5\% w/w), alcohol soluble extractive (21.3\% w/w), water soluble extractive (14.6\% w/w), foaming index (142.85), swelling index (6.5), haemolytic index (37.77). Quantification of pesticide residue content and heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn and Hg was analyzed and were found to be present within the permissible limits. Powdered drug showed the presence of lignified xylem vessels with scalariform and spiral thickenings, tracheids, starch grains and fibres. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, sugars, and amino acids. Quantification of phytoconstituents were also investigated such as phenolics (84.15mg/g tannic acid equivalent, TAE), tannins (65.31mg/g TAE), flavonoids (9.53mg/g rutin equivalent, RE), flavonols (2.01mg/g RE), saponins (20.75mg/g diosgenin equivalent, DE), sapogenins (15.4mg/g DE) and carbohydrates (56.8mg/g D\–fructose equivalent). TLC of the root extract was also analyzed in the present study. Conclusion: In conclusion, the diagnostic characters obtained from the roots of P. mooniana will provide beneficial information in identifying and comparing this plant from other closely related Potentilla species.

Key words:Potentilla mooniana, Pharmacognosy, phytochemical, polyphenolics, heavy metal.

}, keywords = {Heavy metals, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemical, Polyphenolics, Potentilla mooniana}, author = {Damiki Laloo, and Satyendra K. Prasad, and Manish Kumar, and Siva Hemalatha} } @article {1533, title = {Pharmacognostical and Preliminary Phytochemical Studies of Stem Bark of Ailanthus Excelsa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {21-Aug,2014}, pages = {1-4}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1}, abstract = {

The present study was aimed for Pharmacognostic and preliminary phytochemical studies of stem bark of Ailanthus excelsa Roxb belonging to the family Simarubaceae. The pharmacognostic investigation was carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic parameters. The extract obtained after successive Soxhlet extraction of dried and coarsely powdered stem bark using Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening which revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins, phytosterols and triterpenenoids. The present investigation reflects the structural identity and chemical nature of the crude drug which could be useful in laying down pharmacopoeial standards as standardization is an important aspect in assessing the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal medicines.

Key words:Ailanthus excelsa roxb , pharmacognostic, phytochemical, structural identity

}, keywords = {Ailanthus excelsa roxb, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, structural identity.}, author = {Vaibhav Srivastava and Subodh Dubey and Varun Chaddha and Gaurav Goyanar} } @article {1552, title = {Standardization of a polyherbal formulation (HC9) and comparative analysis of its cytotoxic activity with the individual herbs present in the composition in breast cancer cell lines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {87-95}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {87}, abstract = {

Introduction: The present study aims to standardize a polyherbal formulation (HC9) that was previously shown to exhibit excellent antioxidant and cytotoxic activity in breast cancer cells. Here, we have compared the cytotoxic activity of HC9 with its individual components in breast cancer and non-cancerous cells. Methods: Physico-chemical and phytochemical evaluation of HC9 was performed. Qualitative and quantitative HPTLC analysis of component herbs and HC9 was done by using specific markers. The cytotoxic activity of HC9 with its individual components was evaluated in breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA MB-231) and non-cancerous cell lines (HEK-293, HaCaT and MCF-10A) by MTT dye uptake. Results: Physico-chemical results revealed that HC9 contained 7.24\% total ash content, 9.52\% of alcohol-soluble extractive, 0.801 specific gravity, 0.50g/ml bulk density and exhibited 7.18\% loss on drying. Phytochemical results revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavanoids, saponins, tannins and phenolic compounds, and absence of terpenoids. The individual herbs of HC9 and the formulation showed the presence of marker compounds such as picroside-I, nootkatone, 6-gingerol, matairesinol, swertiamarin, berberine, connesine and 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. At 160\μg/ml concentration, HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity in both MCF7 and MDA MB231 with no cytotoxicity in MCF-10A, HaCaT and HEK-293. In contrast, at this concentration, the individual herbs of HC9 exhibited cytotoxicity not only in cancerous cells, but also in non-cancerous cells. Conclusion: These results suggest that the standardized HC9 formulation was safe to non-cancerous cells and exhibited significant antineoplastic potential in breast cancer cells. Thus, HC9 could be a potential drug candidate in breast cancer.

Key words: Cytotoxicity, HPTLC, physicochemical, polyherbal formulation HC9, phytochemical, standardization.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, HPTLC, Physicochemical, Phytochemical, polyherbal formulation HC9, standardization}, author = {Snehal Suryavanshi, and Anand Zanwar, and Mahabaleshwar Hegde, and Ruchika Kaul-Ghanekar} }