@article {1294, title = {Antihypertensive Assay-Guided Fractionation of Syzygium polyanthum Leaves and Phenolics Profile Analysis Using LCQTOF/ MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1670-1692}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {167}, abstract = {

Introduction: Syzygium polyanthum leaves extract that contains gallic acid as the major phenolic compound has shown significant antihypertensive effect, however the amount of gallic acid was inversely-related with magnitude of this effect. This study aimed to conduct bioassay-guided fractionation of S. polyanthum leaves with gallic acid as a reference compound, and to screen for other possible compounds responsible for the antihypertensive effect. Methods: S. polyanthum leaves were extracted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water. The most active crude extract was fractionated using column chromatography and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) (n=3). Crude extracts and the derived fractions were intravenously administered into pentobarbital-anaesthetized Spontaneously Hypertensive rats (n=5) for recording of blood pressure parameters. Liquid Chromatography-Quadruple Time-Off-Flight/Mass Spectrometry was used for determination of chemical composition. One-way and two-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis using GraphPad{\textregistered} PRISM Version 6. Results: Fractionation of aqueous S. polyanthum leaves extract (ASP) afforded nine fractions, later combined into three fractions (F1ASP, F2ASP, and F3ASP) based on the thinlayer chromatography profiles. ASP has the highest TPC while F2ASP has the lowest TPC. All fractions exhibited significant antihypertensive property, but F2ASP was the most active fraction. Few phenolics with related antihypertensive effects such as 1-galloyl glucose (a gallic acid-derivative majorly found in F2ASP and F3ASP), and other compounds such as polydatin, sesamol, brazilin, eugenol, ellagic acid, kukoamine A, and cyclocurcumin were found across all active fractions. Conclusion: These phenolics may partly contribute to the antihypertensive effect of S. polyanthum leaves, thus further isolation study is recommended.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Bioassay-guided, LCMS, Syzygium polyanthum, Total phenol content (TPC)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.227}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Erlena Nor Asmira Abdul Rahim and Muhammad Nor Omar and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {1263, title = {Southeast Asian Medicinal Plants with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Properties}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1429-1439}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1429}, abstract = {

Introduction: This article aims to provide a summary of medicinal plants in the Southeast Asian countries that have an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity that is therapeutically useful for treating hypertension. Methods: This review paper is a result of extensive searches via electronic database platforms, including Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct with the keyword search terms: ACE enzyme, Southeast Asia countries, plants, and extracts. Results: Thirty-four articles on ACE inhibition activity of 76 Southeast Asian medicinal plants were found and further reviewed. Several plants from Malaysia (Chassalia curviflora, Citrus hystrix, Murraya koenigii, Senna garrettiana), Indonesia (Gnetum Gnemon, Momordica charantia, Nasturtium officinale, Peperomia pellucida, Pereskia saccharose), and Thailand (Mammea siamensis) were found to exhibit strong ACE inhibitory activity in vitro. Bioactive compounds such as 3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}, dihydroxy-3-5 dimethoxy flavone-7-O- β-rhamnose and quercetin-3-O-glucoside showed the highest potency in exhibiting the ACE inhibition activity in this review. Conclusions: This review suggests for an in-depth investigation on the potent crude extracts for the potential development of complementary herbal medicines as well as on the potent ACE inhibitor compounds for further development as new ACE inhibitor candidates for hypertension therapy.

}, keywords = {ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme, Antihypertensive, Medicinal plants, Southeast Asia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.197}, author = {T A Faiz T Anuar and Azlini Ismail} } @article {1127, title = {Standardization of Indonesian Traditional Antihypertensive Medicines (Jamu) through the ACE Inhibitor Mechanism}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {422-429}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {422}, abstract = {

Introduction: Herbal medicine (jamu) is a traditional Indonesian drug that has been used by the community in efforts to overcome health problems. One of the herbs that are frequently used by the public is antihypertensive jamu. This study aimed to determine the standardization parameters of 8 antihypertensive jamu in the form of specific and nonspecific parameters, antioxidant and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) activity. Materials and methods: Jamu were extracted using ethanol. Nonspecific parameters that are water content, ash content, ash insoluble acid content, level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water, Coliform microbial contamination, and mold/yeast numbers. Determination of specific parameters including determining organoleptic (color and texture), chemical content, identification of infrared spectrum, in-vitro antioxidant activity, and ACE inhibitor activity. Results: nonspecific parameter such is the average water content of 5.92-8.1 v / w; total ash content of 5.85-7.2 w / w, levels of ash insoluble acid content were 0.45-0.55 w/w and the level of substances dissolved in alcohol and water were 24.22-54.21 and 24.22-54,21, respectively. The eight extracts were uncontaminated with coliform, mold, and yeast microbes. Antioxidant and ACE inhibitor activity test showed that all eight extracts had antioxidant activity in vitro with IC50 values ranging from 9.31 - 157.9 ppm and ACE inhibitor activity with the IC50 value is in the range of 18.37-740.8 ppm. Conclusion: The eight antihypertensive jamu met the standard of extract parameters both the specific and nonspecific and have potential in-vitro activities as ACE inhibitors.

}, keywords = {ACE inhibitor, Antihypertensive, Antioxidant, Herbal medicine (jamu)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.65}, author = {Aprilita Rina Yanti Eff and Sri Teguh Rahayu and Putu Gita Mahayasih and Muhammad Unggul Januarko} } @article {616, title = {Acute and Sub-Acute Antihypertensive Effects of Syzygium polyanthum Leaf Extracts with Determination of Gallic Acid using HPLC Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {663-671}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {663}, abstract = {

Context: Aqueous decoction of Syzygium polyanthum (ADSP) leaf is one of Malay traditionalremedial- preparations for hypertension. Intravenous ADSP reduced blood pressure of anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and Spontaneously-Hypertensive rats (SHR); however, acute and sub-acute effects of oral ADSP on conscious rats and its bioactive compound(s) are not comprehensively studied. This study aims to examine the acute and sub-acute effects of ADSP in comparison to methanol extract (MESP) on systolic blood pressure (SBP) of conscious WKY and SHR rats, as well as to identify their major phenolic-compound using highperformance- liquid-chromatography (HPLC). Methodology: For acute study, SHR and WKY rats were gavaged with single-dose of ADSP or MESP (2.00, 2.50 or 3.00 g/kg), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg). SBP was measured after 1, 3, 5, 6 and 24 hr-post-administration. For subacute experiment, SHR rats were gavaged once-daily with ADSP or MESP (2.50 g/kg/day), vehicles, or losartan (0.01 g/kg/day) for 3-week and their SBP was weekly-measured. Phenolic compounds were screened using ferric-chloride test, then gallic acid was determined using HPLC. Results: Acute administration of ADSP (2.50 to 3.00 g/kg) and MESP (2.00 to 3.00 g/ kg) significantly reduced SBP of SHR, but not of WKY rats. Repeated-daily-dose administration of MESP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP of SHR after 2-week and sustained until 3-week, while ADSP (2.5 g/kg/day) significantly reduced SBP only after 3-week. Gallic acid was the major phenolic-compound in ADSP (157.09 \± 4.18 ppm) and MESP (134.04 \± 10.30 ppm). Conclusion: Oral ADSP and MESP that contain gallic acid possess acute and sub-acute antihypertensive effects in SHR, but MESP\’s effect was more prominent than ADSP

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Gallic acid, HPLC, Hypertension, Syzygium polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.109}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/647}, author = {Azlini Ismail and Nurul Syahida Ramli and Mahaneem Mohamed and Wan Amir Nizam Wan Ahmad} } @article {609, title = {Renin and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition of Standardized Bioactive Fractions of Hyphaene thebaica L. Mart Growing in Egypt}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {622-627}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {622}, abstract = {

Introduction: Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit is known in Egypt for its antihypertensive activity. However a standardized herbal extract/fraction was never prepared. Methods: A biologically guided fractionation was carried out in-vitro for the 50\% and 70\% ethanol extracts of Hyphaene thebaica L. fruit using the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and renin inhibition assays. A validated reversed phase HPLC method was developed for the standardization of the active fractions. Results: The ethyl acetate fraction of the 70\% extract contained higher percentages of the three bioactive markers chlorogenic acid, quercetin and apigenin (1.940 \± 0.140\%, 2.994 \± 0.349\% and 0.612 \± 0.0354\%, respectively) relative to the ethyl acetate fraction of the 50\% extract (1.384 \± 0.157\%, 0.342 \± 0.0834\% and 0.070 \± 0.00225\%, respectively). The butanol fraction of the 70\% extract was found to possess the highest antihypertensive activity (93.69 \± 5.695 \% renin inhibition activity at 0.5 mg/mL and IC50 of 0.001436 +0.00044 mg/mL for ACE inhibition activity). A standard calibration curve for the three compounds was established at a concentration range of 0.1-50 \μg/Ml, they showed good linearity with a correlation coefficient (R2) of (1.00, 1.00 and 0.999; respectively). A high degree of precision (relative standard deviation values \<5\%) was achieved. The limits of detection for the three compounds were 0.428, 0.368 and 0.849; respectively, while the limits of quantitation were 1.29, 1.11 and 2.57, respectively. Conclusions: Current results showed that the butanol fraction of the 70\% extract revealed the highest antihypertensive activity through ACE and renin inhibition mechanisms. In addition, recorded observations concerning linearity of the used bioactive markers offer a support for the possible utility of the tested fractions as potent standardized antihypertensive drugs.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive, Doum, HPLC, Phenolics, standardization, Validation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.102}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/640}, author = {Noha A Khalil and Amira Abdel Motaal and Khaled Meselhy and Soad M Abdel khalek} }