@article {1668, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) Fruit Fraction Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1347-1354}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1347}, abstract = {

Background: The main active compound of bitter melon (Momordica charantia Linn.) fruit is charantin, which is believed to have important role on antihyperglycemic effect. However, charantin compound has a large molecular weight and is easily hydrolysed when given orally. Therefore, a colloidal drug delivery system, such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), is required to provide a suitable and effective delivery of charantin, which is contained in a bitter melon fraction (BMF). Objective: This study aimed to prepare and evaluate SLN containing BMF with an appropriate characteristic for transdermal delivery. Methods: Bitter melon fruits were extracted with ionic liquid of [BMIM]BF4 using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and fractionated with dichloromethane. Four formulas of BMF loaded SLN were prepared with various ratio of BMF to surfactant and various ratio of lipids using high-shear homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. The obtained SLN were characterized, including morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency. Furthermore, the stability study of BMF-loaded SLN was also conducted. Results: The result showed that BMF was a dry powder and brownish fraction with a specific smell. The BMF loaded SLN showed a spherical shape with the SLN F1 formula as a selected formula. The SLN F1 showed a particle size (Z-average) of 98.3{\textpm}1.98 nm, polydispersity index of 0.26{\textpm}0.01, zeta potential of -39.53{\textpm}0.15 mV, and entrapment efficiency of 82.96{\textpm}1.42 \%. According to the stability study, it revealed that the BMF loaded SLN F1 had an acceptable stability, which the charantin content in the SLN was 96.52\% after 3 months storage at 25{\textdegree}C {\textpm} 2{\textdegree}C. Conclusion: The BMF loaded SLN F1 with 1:12 ratio of BMF to surfactant and 1:2 ratio of capric caprylic triglyceride to glyceryl monostearate was selected as the best formula with the appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon, Charantin, Momordica charantia Linn, Solid lipid nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.170}, author = {Rahayu Anggraini and Silvia Surini and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {1024, title = {Formulation and Characterization of Bitter Melon Extract (Momordica charantia) Loaded Phytosomes}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1235-1241}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1235}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytosomes are a novel drug delivery system that offers better absorption and bioavailability for extract or phytoconstituents. The aim of this study was developing bitter melon extract load phytosomes with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery. Methods: Three formulas were developed, F1, F2 and F3 with weight ratios of extract and phosphatidylcholine were 1: 1, 1: 2 and 1: 3, respectively. Bitter melon fruit was extracted using a maceration method and the marker compounds were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Phytosomes were prepared using thin layer method and then characterized, in terms of morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency. Results: The results of pytosomes characterization reveals that the F3 was the optimal formula. It has a spherical shape, particle size (DV-mean) was 282.3 {\textpm} 16.4 nm, zeta potential value at -39.2 {\textpm} 0.14 mV and entrapment efficiency of 90.06 {\textpm} 1.07 \%. Conclusion: Bitter melon extract loaded phytosomes with a weight ratio of extract and phosphatidylcholine 1:3 (F3) was selected as an optimal formula with appropriate characteristics for transdermal delivery.

}, keywords = {Bitter melon, Momordica charantia, Phytosomes, Thin layer method, Transdermal delivery}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.192}, author = {Rhatih Eka Sasongko and Silvia Surini and Fadlina Chany Saputri} } @article {702, title = {Anatomical Study and Characterization of Metabolites in Leaves of Momordica charantia L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {823-826}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {823}, abstract = {

Background: Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae), is an herbaceous plant used for food and traditional medicine. It presents a proven antidiabetic activity in the literature, being a promising species for the development of phytotherapics. Objective: The objective was performing an anatomical study and characterizing the metabolites in leaves of M. charantia. Materials and Methods: Semipermanent histological slides were prepared for analysis of petiole and leaf blade in optical, polarization and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Maceration and histochemical tests were also performed in the leaf blade. Results: The anatomical characterization revealed information about the type of trichomes, cuticle, vascular bundles and arrangement of the idioblasts and tissues that determine the botanical identity of this species. The histochemistry allowed determining the location of the metabolites and, along with the chemical microanalyses, to identify the type of crystal in the leaf blade. Conclusion: The study described new characters for M. charantia and the results provide support to quality control of the species.

}, keywords = {Anatomy, Bitter melon, Crystals, Histochemistry, Mel{\~a}o-de-S{\~a}o-Caetano}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.140}, author = {Rafaela Damasceno S{\'a} and Mar{\'\i}lia Barbosa Cadena and Rafael Jos{\'e} Ribeiro Padilha and Luiz Carlos Alves and Karina Perrelli Randau} }