@article {1665, title = {Standardization Extracts and Simplicia of Limau Sundai Peel (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Determine Content of Nobiletin and Antibacterial Activity Test}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1323-1331}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1323}, abstract = {

Introduction: One type of oranges typical of West Sumatra, which is widely used as traditional medicine is sundai lime (Citrus x aurantiifolia {\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}); Aims: therefore, it is necessary to standardize extracts and Simplicia, determine the content of nobiletin, and antibacterial activity test. Methods: The standardization method was used refer to Farmakope Herbal Indonesia. TLC Densitometry was used to determine the content of the nobiletin, and the diffusion method to antibacterial activity test. To get a good standardization, the sundai lime was taken from three regions: Bukittinggi, Pariaman, and Solok. Results: From these three regions, conclusions drawn from the macroscopic fruit peel slices were uneven and had distinctive odors. The outer surface is brown, and the inner surface is yellowish-white. From the microscopic was identified fragments in sundai lime peels consisting of hair covering, ladder-shaped transport, parenchyma with secretion cells, oxalate crystals, and parenchyma tissue and stomata. Water-soluble extract content of Simplicia <= 24.90 \%, and ethanol-soluble extract content <= 17.66 \%. Non-specific parameters are loss on drying <= 5.65 \%, total ash content <= 5.14 \%, and acid insoluble ash content <= 0.80 \%. The specific parameters were crude extract, black, characteristic odor, Rf of nobiletin was 0.75. Rendement extract >= 18.80 \%. Non-specific parameters of extract were water content <= 18.37 \%, total ash content <= 3.93 \%, and non-acidic ash content <= 0.27 \%. The nobiletin content in the sundai lime extract Pariaman was 0.33 \%, Solok 0.59 \%, and Bukittinggi 0.47 \%. The antibacterial test with diffusion method in three regions has moderate activities as concentrations of 20\% and 15\%. Conclusion: Sundai lime had Antibacterial activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Citrus x aurantiifolia({\textquoteright}sundai{\textquoteright}), Nobiletin, standardization, Sundai lime peel fruit, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.167}, author = {Elidahanum Husni and Friardi Ismed and Awaliana} } @article {718, title = {Isolation of Kojic Acid Producing Mold using Complex Carbon Sources}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1089-1092}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1089}, abstract = {

Introduction: An independent effort in term of pharmaceutical raw materials procurement in Indonesia, especially skin brightening agent, is required due to the high demand of brightening skin care product. One of the skin brightening agent widely used in cosmetic skin care formulations is kojic acid. This study aimed to obtain the isolate of kojic acid producing mold from nature and its optimum fermentation condition by using various complex carbon substrates. Methods: Aspergillus oryzae was used as reference. The isolates of fungi were screened with different substrates variation, namely sucrose, corn starch, cassava starch, and cellulose hydrolysate. Then, each of culture was dripped with FeCl3 1\% and the most brownish-red color formed was selected as mold and media for further process. The preculture of selected isolate and A. oryzae, were inoculated into 100 ml of fermentation media respectively and incubated at room temperature, 180 RPM for 10 days. The concentration of substrate was varied to 5, 7.5, and 10\%. The levels of kojic acid were determined by TLC densitometry with UV detector at 318 nm. Results: IHJ2K isolate in corn starch-yeast extract was selected as the best mold and media. However, the highest level of kojic acid was produced by Aspergillus oryzae with 10\% of substrate, with kojic acid concentration of 5.22 g/L. The most efficient fermentation was obtained from A. oryzae with 7.5\% of substrate, with the obtained yield of 0.53 g/g. Conclusion: Potential kojic acid producing mold namely IHJ2K was successfully isolated. The selected carbon source for optimum kojic acid fermentation condition with IHJ2K isolate was corn starch combined with yeast extract, KH2PO4, and Mg2SO4.7H2O.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus oryzae, Complex carbon, Fermentation, Kojic Acid, Mold, TLC Densitometry}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.184}, author = {Ines Dawiyah Suwarjo and Adnina Fithra Azzahra and Herman Suryadi} }