@article {2429, title = {Effect of Cacao Bean Extract as a Paracetamol Adjuvant on Pain Scale and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha in Neuropathic Pain: An Animal Model Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1336-1341}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1336}, abstract = {

Introduction: One treatment for neuropathic pain is paracetamol. Meanwhile, cacao bean extract is a traditional remedy developed for pain management. Objective: Analyzing effect of combining cacao bean extract and paracetamol on pain scale and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in neuropathic pain. Methods: Subjects were randomized post-test only control group design from 28 mice (Mus musculus) to 4 groups: G0 (control), G1 (paracetamol only), G2 (cacao + paracetamol), and G3 (cacao + {\textonehalf} doses paracetamol). The subject assessed pain scale using von Frey test and TNF-α. The statistical analysis includes paired t-tests, Wilcoxon, one-way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis, and Pearson correlation tests with p \<0.05. Results: The combination of cacao bean extract and paracetamol resulted in a pain scale of 2.57 {\textpm} 1.10 gf, with significant differences observed among the four groups (p \<0.001). Significant differences in pain scale scores were found in four groups (p \<0.001), including G0 (p = 0.006), G1 (p \<0.001), G2 (p \<0.001), and G3 (p \<0.001). After treatment, the average TNF-α levels was 86.96 {\textpm} 23.73 ng/mL, with significant differences observed among the four groups (p \<0.001). There was a strong correlation between the pain scale and TNF-α levels (p \<0.001). Conclusion: In an animal model of neuropathic pain, using cacao bean extract as a paracetamol adjuvant significantly reduces pain scale (as measured by the von Frey test) and TNF-α levels.

}, keywords = {Cacao, Neuropathic pain, pain scale, Paracetamol, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.215}, author = {Faiz Muhammad Ammar and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Kohar Hari Santoso and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Budi Utomo} } @article {1447, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {7th July 2015}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background: Paclitaxel-induced neuropathy still remains a clinical problem for patients undergoing chemotherapy. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the interaction between xylopic acid and pregabalinco-administration as well as their toxicity in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy. Materials and Methods: Neuropathic pain was induced in rats with 2 mg/kg of paclitaxel on alternative days for four days (days 0, 2, 4 and 6). Equi effective doses of xylopic acid and pregabalin that produced 50\% anti-nociception (ED50) were determined from their log-dose response curves in the cold allodynia and thermal pain tests. Xylopic acid and pregabalin were again administered to rats in a fixed ratio combination (1:1) of their ED50\’sin order to determine the experimental ED50 (Zexp) of the co-administered compounds. Isobolograms were constructed to compare the Zexp to a theoretical ED50 (Zadd). Blood samples from the various treatment groups of rats were collected for toxicological assessment of the co-administered compounds. Results: The Zexplay below the Zadd on the isobologram of the cold allodnia test. The co-administration exhibited additivity in the thermal pain test. The co-administration did not produce significant (p\>0.05) toxicity in rats. The co-administration may be beneficial in paclitaxel-induced neuropathy.

Key words: Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, xylopic acid, Toxicity.

}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity., xylopic acid}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Woode Eric and Kyei Samuel and Biny Peter Robert and Boampong Johnson Nyarko} } @article {80, title = {Anti-Nociceptive Synergism of Pregabalin and Xylopic acid Co-administration in Paclitaxel-induced Neuropathy: Isobolographic Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {363-368}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {363}, keywords = {Isobolograms, Neuropathic pain, Paclitaxel, Toxicity, xylopic acid}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.8}, author = {Ameyaw Elvis Ofori and Boampong Johnson Nyarko}, editor = {Kyei Samuel} }