@article {2488, title = {Analgesic Effect of the Chloroformic Extract of Aniba canelilla {\textquotedblleft}canelon{\textquotedblright} Bark in BALB/c Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {231-235}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {231}, abstract = {

Background. Some diseases can cause intense pain, where pharmacological treatment with opioid analgesics is necessary, as in cancer. Despite advances in cancer treatment, pain is still a common symptom. Treatment is usually based on the use of opioids, but there is still some rejection because of their adverse effects or because of the delay in access to them. To evaluate the analgesic effect of Aniba canelilla "canelon" bark in mice to validate the above and consider it an alternative to existing palliative treatment in cancer patients. Methodology. The analgesic effect was evaluated according to the method of Koster et al. using 50 BALB/c mice distributed in groups of 07 mice each. Comparison was made with the standards Tramadol 50 mg/kg and Paracetamol 500 mg/kg administered orally, and acetic acid 0.8\% was used intraperitoneally as a pain inducer. Results. The potent analgesic effect of the chloroformic extract of Aniba canelilla at 200mg/kg was observed, with an analgesic percentage of 98.87\% with a mean number of writhes of 28.29 {\textpm} 5.44, being statistically significant to the other treatments (p\<0.01). Conclusions The analgesic effect of the chloroformic extract of Aniba canelilla at 200mg/kg was determined.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Aniba canelilla, Pain, Palliative}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.29}, author = {Jesus Rojas Jaimes and Juana E. Chavez-Flores and Jenny Estela Villalobos and Ashley Mantilla Aliaga and Roxana Miranda Sanchez and Zulema Suricachi Cerron} } @article {2527, title = {Can Moringa Serve As A Substitute For NSAIDS In Pain Management? A Bibliometric Analysis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {August 2025}, pages = {480-496}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {480}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pain management often relies on NSAIDs, but their long-term use poses risks, including GI toxicity, cardiovascular events, renal damage, and neurotoxicity. Moringa oleifera offers a safer, plantbased alternative with anti-inflammatory properties. This study uses bibliometric analysis to explore moringa{\textquoteright}s scientific potential as an analgesic substitute. Materials and methods: This research aims to explore the evolution of scientific disciplines by finding and identifying trends, patterns, and correlations in scientific texts related to certain topics. The main things this study looked at were Moringa oleifera and pain, utilizing both quantitative and qualitative methods. Results and discussion: Moringa oleifera offers multi-pathway analgesic effects with low toxicity. Enhanced with synergistic compounds, it rivals NSAIDs in safety and efficacy, though standardization and bioavailability remain key challenges; Conclusions: This bibliometric study gives Moringa oleifera provides a safe, multi-targeted alternative to NSAIDs for chronic pain, with enhanced efficacy when combined with bioavailability boosters and synergistic antiinflammatory compounds. This research was conducted in July 2025.

}, keywords = {analgetic, Bibliometric, Moringa, NSAID, Pain, Substitute}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.61}, author = {Arman Yurisaldi Saleh and Dwi Arwandi Yogi Saputra and Riezky Valentina and Tirta Darmawan Susanto} } @article {2396, title = {Effective Dose of Cocoa as a Preemptive Analgesic and Anti- Inflammatory Agent Assessed through Pain Scale and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in an Acute Pain Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1134-1137}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1134}, abstract = {

Background: Pain is a significant issue for 40-50\% of hospital patients, with 10-50\% of acute pain cases potentially progressing to chronic pain. Pain-associated inflammation often involves the release of mediators, including Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α). Cocoa beans contain polyphenols, catechins, anthocyanidins, and proanthocyanidins, compounds believed to possess analgesic properties. This study aims to assess cocoa{\textquoteright}s potential as an oral preemptive analgesic agent in an acute pain mouse model, with an emphasis on its impact on inflammation through TNF-α levels. Methods: This true experimental study involved 24 male white mice split into four groups: a control group (K0) receiving a placebo, a treatment group receiving 15 mg/kg BW oral paracetamol (Kpct), a treatment group receiving 0.5 mg/g BW cocoa (K1), and a treatment group receiving 1 mg/g BW cocoa (K2). Pain response was measured using TNF-α levels and the von Frey test. The Kruskal-Wallis test and One-Way ANOVA were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Cocoa at doses of 0.5 mg/g BW and 1 mg/g BW substantially reduced TNF-α levels (75.82 {\textpm} 7.77 and 70.79 {\textpm} 11.50, respectively) compared to the control and paracetamol groups (98.22 {\textpm} 14.74 and 92.81 {\textpm} 2.64). On the first day, compared to the control group{\textquoteright}s 1.82 {\textpm} 0.78 von Frey values, the cocoa-treated groups{\textquoteright} values (6.20 {\textpm} 2.72 and 7.63 {\textpm} 4.11) were notably higher. There were no notable variations in von Frey values across the groups on the second day. However, a correlation was found between von Frey values on the first and second days. Conclusion: Cocoa can potentially serve as an effective preemptive analgesic agent, reducing pain and inflammation primarily by reducing TNF-α levels. These results provide validity to the use of cocoa as an alternative therapy in acute pain management.

}, keywords = {Cocoa, Pain, Pain Degree Analgesia, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.185}, author = {Herry Cahya Fathani and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo and Ira Sari Yudaniayanti and Pudji Lestari} } @article {2408, title = {Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 in Acute Pain: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {October 2024}, pages = {1196-1201}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1196}, abstract = {

Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a protein that functions as a non-selective channel receptor that is widely expressed in skin tissue, including keratinocytes, peripheral sensory nerve fibers, and immune cells. Several structural features of TRPV1 are involved in heat-induced activation, where stimulation of TRPV1 elicits a burning sensation, reflecting the receptor{\textquoteright}s important role in pain. A TRPV1- mediated signalling pathway that functions as an endogenous pain resolution mechanism by inducing nuclear translocation of β-arrestin2 to minimize desensitization of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). TRPV1 agonists can reduce pain primarily by interfering with pain nerve conduction. Several TRPV1 antagonist drug candidates have failed in clinical trials because by interfering with the detection of the above-mentioned stimuli, they triggered serious side effects such as hyperthermia and painful impaired heat detection. In the case of agonists, systemic administration causes more severe side effects such as respiratory damage. Therefore, only topical preparations with limited effectiveness have been developed. The TRPV1 agonist capsaicin is currently the only one approved for the treatment of muscle, bone, neuropathic pain and migraine, and is only available as a low-concentration cream or as a transdermal patch.

}, keywords = {Agonis TRPV1, Capsaicin, Pain, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.196}, author = {Dian Retno Mumpuni and Herdiani Sulistyo Putri and Prananda Surya Airlangga and Christrijogo Sumartono Waloejo} } @article {1358, title = {Potential Activity of Medicinal Plants as Pain Modulators: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {248-263}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {248}, abstract = {

This review aims to demonstrate the relevance that medicinal plants and their promising results have in prevention and treatment of pain. The neurophysiological bases of pain have been analyzed and the potential mechanisms of action have been proposed, it has also been determined that the main experimental models used for the evaluation of the analgesic potential are: acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, hot-plate test, capsaicin-induced nociception, cinnamaldehyde-induced nociception, glutamate-induced nociception, tail{\textendash}flick test and tail immersion test. There are countless medicinal plants with potential analgesic activity, in some of them main responsible compounds for the activity are flavonoids (vitexin, quercetin, naringenin, astragalin, eupatilin), alkaloids (scotanamine B, bullatine A, S-(+)- dicentrine, stephalagine, lappaconitine), terpenoids (p-cymene, thymol, menthol, citronellol, myrcene, carvacrol, linalool) and saponins (siolmatroside I, cayaponoside D, cayaponoside B4, cayaponoside A1); however, all studies have only been carried out up to pre-clinical stages. Therefore, it is recommended to carry out kinetic studies of the most remarkable natural compounds, evaluate mixtures of active compounds for diminishing doses to avoide possible side effects, and continue with clinical studies of medicinal plants whose safety has already been reported.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Antinociceptive, Extract, Natural product, Pain}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.35}, author = {Carmen R Silva-Correa and Jorge L Campos-Reyna and V{\'\i}ctor E Villarreal-La Torre and Abhel A Calder{\'o}n-Pe{\~n}a and Mar{\'\i}a V Gonz{\'a}lez Blas and Cinthya L Aspajo-Villalaz and Jos{\'e} L Cruzado-Razco and William Antonio Sag{\'a}stegui- Guarniz and Luz M Guerrero-Espino and Julio H} } @article {887, title = {In vivo Comparative Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of Root Bark, Stem and Leaf Extracts of Capparis erythrocarpus (Capparaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {515-520}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {515}, abstract = {

Introduction: The root bark powder of the medicinal plant Capparis erythrocarpus is used at the Centre for Plant Medicine Research (In Ghana) against inflammatory pain disorders. The whole plant is destroyed to obtain the root bark which constitutes only 11.1 \% of the plant. Hence, the plant is going extinct. We therefore sought to evaluate anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the root bark, stem and leaf of C. erythrocarpus in order to explore them as substitute(s) anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent to the root bark. Methods: Carrageenan induced paw oedema assay was used to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity. Hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing assays were employed to ascertain analgesic activity. Results: The extracts of the root bark (CRB) and leaf (CL) produced significant (p\<0.05) antiinflammatory activity of 48.93 and 37.42 \% at 50 and 200 mg/kg p.o. respectively whereas the stem extract (CS) was inactive. Moreover, the extracts produced significant (p\<0.05) analgesic activity. The analgesic activity (178.20 {\textendash} 248.70 \%) of the extracts were higher than that of morphine (136.70\%) at 5 mg/kg i.m. in the hot plate assay. CS (200 mg/kg p.o.) produced the highest analgesic activity (54.61\%) among the extracts and diclofenac sodium (41.15\%) at 5 mg/kg p.o. in the writhing assay. Conclusion: These results indicates that the leaf of C. erythrocarpus can be substituted for the root as analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. Whiles, the stem can also be used as analgesic agent. This will save the plant from extinction.

}, keywords = {Hot plate, Oedema, Pain, Phytochemical constituents, Writhing assay}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.82}, author = {Emmanuel Kofi Kumatia and Stephen Antwi and Henry Brew-Daniels and Alfred Ampoma Appiah and Augustine Ocloo} }