@article {2193, title = {Utilization of Rainwater as Consumable Water with Rainwater Harvesting Methods: A Literature Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1254-1257}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1254}, abstract = {

Background: Water demand is expected to increase in all sectors. Rainwater can be a solution to the lack of the clean water crisis. The quality of rainwater harvested is highly dependent on the rainwater harvesting system. Methods: This literature review is a narrative review using sources from the Scopus and Pubmed databases. The keywords used were utilization, rainwater, and rainwater harvesting methods. Of the 30 references identified in the search phase, ten were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results: Harvested rainwater can be used for multiple purposes such as watering plants, washing, bathing, and even cooking if the water quality meets health standards. There are three fundamental components that should be present within the rainwater harvesting system: 1) a rainwater pipe that traps water, e.g., utilizing the shape of the roof surface, 2) a water distribution system, i.e., a system that transports water from the roof to the superficies through a gutter, and 3) a reservoir that stores rainwater such as barrels, tubs, or ponds. Conclusions: Water conservation efforts are needed to meet the demand for water in the face of increasingly limited supply. Harvesting rainwater is one of the methods of water conservation that can be carried out by each household of the community to collect raw rainwater for consumption and use. If rainwater harvesting is practiced in a sustainable manner, it will help maintain water and environmental sustainability, thus supporting the livelihood of present and future generations.

}, keywords = {Consumable, Harvesting, Rainwater, Utilization, Water Quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.227}, author = {Sandy Novryanto Sakati and Anwar Mallongi and Erniwati Ibrahim and Budimawan and Stang and Sukri Palutturi and Maria Kanan and Herawati} } @article {890, title = {Effect of Agricultural Model of using Fertilizer, Harvesting Time and Extraction Method on Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activities from Mulberry Leaves Grown in Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {531-535}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {531}, abstract = {

Aims: Phytochemical contents and free radical scavenging of Mulberry leaf extracts by using different fertilizer, time of harvesting and solvent extraction were evaluated. Materials and Methods: Dried Mulberry leaves were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous, 50\% ethanol and 95\% ethanol. The phytochemical screening were determined by Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Contents (TFC). The anti-oxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging and 2,2 -azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay. Results: This experimental study found that the mulberry leaf extract were given extraction with 95\% ethanol, all of fertilizer and at Week 4 showed highest total phenolic contents espectcially BET2 was high amount of TPC (124.444{\textpm}0.609 mgGE/gExt). The harvest time, all of groups at the Week 4 were significantly higher than all of groups at the Week 2. On the other hand, total flavonoid contents, the DET1 (Fertilizer formula 15-15-15, extraction with 95\% ethanol at the Week 2; 110.913{\textpm}3.208 mgQE/gExt) showed highest amount. The Antioxidant activities, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, The groups were given extraction with 95\% ethanol, all of fertilizer at the Week 4 including CHT2 (IC50 =0.00459{\textpm}0.00001 mg/mL), BHT2 (IC50 =0.00487 {\textpm}0.00005 mg/mL), AHT2 (IC50 =0.00499{\textpm}0.00007 mg/mL), DHT2 (IC50 =0.00499{\textpm}0.00005 mg/mL) and EHT2 (IC50 =0.00667 {\textpm}0.00039 mg/mL) were more potent on free radical scavenging higher than all of groups. The ABTS+ assay, at the Week 2 of all fertilizer groups were given with all solvent extraction including BHT1 (IC50 =0.03191{\textpm}0.00257 mg/mL), CHT1 (IC50 =0.03247{\textpm}0.00044 mg/mL), AHT1 (IC50 =0.03320{\textpm}0.00120 mg/mL), EHT1 (IC50 =0.03342{\textpm}0.00116 mg/mL) and AAT1 (IC50 =0.03792{\textpm}0.00076 mg/mL) showed free radical scavenging activity not different from standard substances, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.00699 {\textpm}0.00004 mg/mL) and Trolox\ (IC50 =0.01594{\textpm}0.00116 mg/mL). Conclusion: The study was undertaken to investigate it{\textquoteright}s fertilizer use, harvest time and extraction method for biologically activities also chemical composition contents and their antioxidant potentials. Therefore, our data might be help to good cultivation and harvesting practice selection in order to produce better of mulberry leaf production.

}, keywords = {Antioxidation, Fertilizer, Harvesting, Mulberry leaves, Phytochemistry}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.85}, author = {Pharnuwan Chanhan and Ampa Konsue and Rachanee Nammatra} }