@article {2503, title = {Comprehensive Analysis of Brassica oleracea: Phytochemical Composition, Radical Scavenging, and Anti-Proliferative Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {June 2025}, pages = {293-298}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {293}, abstract = {

Background: Natural sources like plants, vegetables, and fruits contain vast micro and macro nutrients that are useful for livelihood and also act as a medicine for various health conditions. Brassica vegetable naturally contains high antioxidant property which aids in removing free radicals caused by organelles during cellular process. The study aims at preparing Brassica oleracea extracts using a range of polar and non-polar solvents and to evaluate its phytochemical, antioxidant and cytotoxicity properties. Methods: Brassica oleracea was extracted using hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. All the extracts were subjected to phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity was performed using DPPH method. The antiproliferative activity was perfomed on THP-1 cells by MTT assay. The extract showing maximum activity was then characterized using FTIR and GCMS. Results: The extract study infers positive results for major secondary metabolites (alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, phenols, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids and diterpenes) and negative for quinones and coumarins. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed high antioxidant activity for ethanol extracts 45-91\% at 5μg/mL followed by ethyl acetate (37\%-80\%) and hexane extract (23\%-73\%). The anti-proliferative activity in THP-1 cells, revealed that the ethanolic extract significantly decreases cell viability relative to hexane and ethyl acetate extracts, indicating its potential as a natural anticancer drug. Conclusion: Cytotoxicity studies further demonstrated a concentration dependent effect on cell viability, indicating its potential bioactivity. The structural analysis performed with FTIR and GC-MS revealed important functional groups and bioactive compounds that could play a role in these effects

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Broccoli, DPPH, Flavonoids, FTIR, ROS, THP-1 cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.37}, author = {Nithya Venugopal and Radhika Jayaraman and Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Ganesh Munuswamy Ramanujam and Sundarapandian Subramaniyan and Pratheepa Sivasankari Natarajan and Jayashri Seetharaman} } @article {2426, title = {Adsorption of Metanil Yellow Using Flavonoid Extract from Longan Peel (Dimocarpus longan): Optimization of pH and Concentration}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {December 2024}, pages = {1315-1319}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1315}, abstract = {

Water pollution can come from industrial waste containing various toxic pollutants, one of which is dye. Hazardous dyes are stable and resistant to biodegradation due to their complex aromatic structure, so dyes need to be treated. Metanil Yellow is a dye that is harmful to aquatic life and the human body. One method that can be used is adsorption with the batch method because it has the advantage of low cost and simple processing. Flavonoid extracts have high potential to be used as biosorbents because they have hydroxyl and carbonyl groups. This study aims to determine the potential of flavonoid extracts to adsorb metanil yellow dye using optimum pH and solution concentration and to determine its absorption capacity. The results showed that the optimum pH obtained was at pH 2 and the optimum solution concentration was at 150 ppm with an absorption capacity of 9.22078 mg/g.

}, keywords = {Adsorption, Batch, Flavonoids, Longan Peel, Metanil Yellow}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.212}, author = {Sri Benti Etika and Desy Kurniawati and Melindra Mulia and Rahni Darussalam and Okta Suryani and Edi Nasra and Nada frista} } @article {2225, title = {Bioguided Assay of Polyphenols Isolated from Medicinal Mayan Species and its Activity Against Leishmania mexicana.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {16}, year = {2024}, month = {February 2024}, pages = {174-180}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {174}, abstract = {

Objective: This study underlines the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of the methanol extracts (MeOH), fractions of n-hexane (n-Hex), chloroform (TCM) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and compounds isolated from plant species used in the Mayan traditional medicine. Materials and Methods: Extracts of medicinal species collected in the Mayan Peninsula such as Hylocerus undatus, Bauhinia divaricate, Euphorbia hirta, Ruellia nudiflora and Cedrela odorata, were tasted in a bio guided assays against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Different chromatographic techniques were applied in order to isolated the most active compounds. Additionally, spectroscopic experiments 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, LC-MS and FT-IR were stablished to determine the chemical structure of the chemical compounds. Results: Euphorbia hirta and Cedrella odorata, showed good bioactivity with 14.81 {\textpm} 2.63 g/mL and IC50 = 18.39 {\textpm} 0.88 μg/mL respectively, meanwhile Bauhinia divaricata not show activity and Ruellia nudiflora showed poor activity with IC50 = 92.18 {\textpm} 3.64 μg/mL, followed by Hylocerus undatus with IC50 = 122.5 {\textpm} 20.99 μg/mL, when tasted against amastigotes of Leishmania mexicana. Spectroscopic data confirmed the presence of quercetin, myricetin, kempherol and scopoletin, with IC50 = 2.92 {\textpm} 0.42 μM, 12.30 {\textpm} 0.57 μM, 20.22 {\textpm} 4.66 μM and 4.05 {\textpm} 0.68 μM respectively. Conclusion: The bioguided assays guided us, to the purification and isolation of four different metabolites, mainly flavonoids and structurally related compounds, some of them show good activity, however, their low bioavailability indicates the need for detailed structural relation activity studies, together with the development of formulations and delivery systems.

}, keywords = {Coumarins, Flavonoids, Leishmania mexicana, NMR structural determination, Polyphenols}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2024.16.24}, author = {Horacio Larqu{\'e} and Abelardo Ch{\'a}vez Montes and Jaime Zamora-Chimal and Moises Looh-Hern{\'a}ndez and Joel H. Elizondo Luevano and Esther del Olmo} } @article {2198, title = {The Effect of Ramania Leaves Extract Gel (Bouea macrophylla Griff) on the Number of Osteoblast (in vivo Study of Post Extraction in Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus))}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1219-1223}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1219}, abstract = {

Ramania leaves extract contains secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, steroids, phenols and terpenoids which can be used as an alternative medicine for socket wound healing. Flavonoids have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can accelerate wound healing and can stimulate the formation of osteoblasts. Analyzing the differences in the number of osteoblasts in the negative control group, positive control given aloe vera gel 15\% and ramania leaf extract gel 15\% on day 5, 7 and 14. This study used true experimental design with posttest-only control design, using 27 rats divide into 3 groups. The experimental animals were sacrificed on days 5, 7 and 14 for histopathological observations. Two-Way ANOVA test results obtained p value = 0.013 \<0.05, which indicates that there is a significant difference between the use of 15\% ramania leaf extract gel 15\% and the number of osteoblasts on days 5, 7 and 14. Bonferroni{\textquoteright}s Post Hoc test showed a difference. The number of osteoblasts was significant among the negative control group with ramania leaf extract gel 15\%. Ramania leaf extract gel 15\% was proven to be able to increase the number of osteoblasts and has the potential as an alternative medicine for socket healing after tooth extraction.

}, keywords = {Bouea macrophylla Griff, Flavonoids, Osteoblast, Ramania leaf extract gel, Secondary metabolite, Tooth extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.221}, author = {Irham Taufiqurrahman and Siti Hajar Norma Gupita and Beta Widya Oktiani and Isyana Erlita and Andi Zulkifli and Veni Hadju and Anwar Mallongi and Eko Suhartono} } @article {1770, title = {The Effect of Antioxidant activity, Total Phenols and Total Flavonoids on Arginase Inhibitory Activity on Plants of Genus Sterculia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {322-328}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {322}, abstract = {

Background: The genus of Sterculia has the main compound of phenol and flavonoids. The secondary metabolites which have an arginase inhibitory activities were phenol and flavonoids. The aim of this study was to investigate the arginase inhibitory activity from genus Sterculia. The Plant of Sterculia: Sterculia rubiginosa Zoll. ex Miq., Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia parkinsonii F. Muell, Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth. The simplisia were leaves and woods. Materials and Methods: The simplisia were extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The ethyl acetate and methanol extract determined the arginase inhibition activity. The active extracts as an arginase inhibitory, determined the total flavonoids, total phenols and antioxidant activity, and the chemical content. Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb., Sterculia macrophylla Vent, Sterculia Stipulata Korth., have arginase inhibitory activity. Results: The ethyl acetate extracts of Sterculia Stipulata leaves is an active extract. The methanol extract which have an arginase inhibitor activity were Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. wood and leaves, Sterculia macrophylla Vent., wood and leaves, Sterculia stipulata Korth., wood, and leaves. The methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Woods has the highest content of total phenols, antioxidant activity, and arginase inhibitory activity. The methanol extract of Sterculia macrophylla Vent. has the highest content of total flavonoids, but this extract as an arginase inhibitory activity more lower than Sterculia comosa. The active extract as an arginase activity was methanol extract of Sterculia comosa (Wall) Roxb. Conclusion: The total phenols were more contributed for the response of the arginase inhibitory activity much more than antioxidant activity and total flavonoids.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arginase, Enzyme, Flavonoids, Phenols, Sterculia}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.41}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Ema Dewanti and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1813, title = {In silico Analysis of the Polyphenolic Metabolites of Zea mays L. "Purple Corn" on HMG-CoA Reductase}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {June 2022}, pages = {549-558}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {549}, abstract = {

This research aims to identify the polyphenolic metabolites, reported in ears and grains of Zea mays L. "purple corn" according to the current literature, with more significant interaction on HMG-CoA reductase, through in silico assays. Using the keyword combination {\textquotedblleft}Zea mays L{\textquotedblright} AND {\textquotedblleft}polyphenols{\textquotedblright}, a search was made in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Scopus databases, identifying 22 polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenolic ligands and control molecules were prepared with the OpenBabel program and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. In addition, the crystallized structure of HMG-CoA reductase (1DQA) was downloaded from the Protein Data Bank database, then prepared in PyMOL and parameterized with AutoDock Tools. Molecular docking was performed in AutoDock Vina with a 100-time repetition for each ligand-target interaction. The results show that the hydrogen bonds with amino acids of importance in HMG-CoA reductase are ASN 658, ARG 590, and GLU 559. Protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid presented lower affinity energy (ΔG{\textdegree}). The physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of the molecules with the best pharmacodynamic interaction were analyzed with the SwissADME and pkCSM servers, showing that protocatechuic, caffeic, vanillic, ferulic, p-coumaric and 4-hydroxybenzoic acids have the best physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile. Therefore, this study gives us a clearer idea of the action of polyphenols on HMG-CoA reductase, which will allow obtaining new drug candidates for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, HMG-CoA reductase., in silico, Polyphenols, Zea mays L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.70}, author = {Horna-Rodriguez Alexsandra M and L{\'o}pez-Gamboa July A and Silva-Correa Carmen R and Sag{\'a}stegui-Guarniz William Antonio and Gamarra-S{\'a}nchez C{\'e}sar D and Villarreal-La Torre V{\'\i}ctor E} } @article {1833, title = {TLC Profiling and Phytochemical Screening of Various Extracts of Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. from Kog Dong Keng Forest, Thailand}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {273-277}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {273}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. belongs to family Ochnaceae, and it is a traditionally important herb in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to investigate the phytochemical compounds of various extracts from six samples. Methods: Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) of the hexane, dichloromethane and 70\% ethanol extracts were performed for five important phytochemicals namely, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpene, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone. Results: Terpene was found in all the samples that were extracted from all extracts, while cardiac glycosides and anthraquinone did not occur in all samples that were extracted from all extracts. Flavonoids were observed in all samples that were only extracted with dichloromethane, whereas it was found in some samples from the other extracts. The hexane extract compound was found in alkaloids in Garcinia cowa and Cryptolepis dubia, while the dichloromethane extract compound was discovered in Suregada multiflora, Capparis micracantha and Salacia chinensis. All samples extracted with 70\% methanol did not contain any alkaloid compounds. Terpene was found in the hexane extracted compounds. Conclusions: These findings suggested that Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr. is a potent source of medicinal phytochemical compounds that could lead to its use as medicinal products.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Ochna integerrima (Lour.) Merr., Phytochemical compounds, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.96}, author = {Sombat Appamaraka and Chadaporn Senakun and Surapon Saensouk} } @article {1423, title = {Elastase Inhibitory Activity, Determination of Total Polyphenol and Determination of Total Flavonoids and Pharmacognosy Study of Faloak Plant (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) from East Nusa Tenggara-Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {758-764}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {758}, abstract = {

Introduction: Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) is one of the typical plants of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT). Faloak contain flavonoid and polyphenol compounds, and show strong antioxidants activity which potentially correlated with its elastase inhibitory activity. Therefore, in this research, elastase inhibitory activity on various part of Faloak plant was investigated. Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the elastase inhibitory activity, determination of total polyphenol, determination of total flavonoids, and also pharmacognosy characterization of Faloak leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. Methods: Sample of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks were extracted by 70\% ethanol using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Phytochemical screening, microscopic identification and elastase inhibitory activity testing were performed on the leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks extract. This extract with the highest elastase inhibitory activity was then determined for its total polyphenol content and of total flavonoids content. Results: UAE method with 70\% ethanol successfully extracted active compounds from leaves, stems, roots, and stem barks of Faloak. Extract of all Faloak parts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, and glycosides. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the strongest elastase inhibitory activity as compared to the extract from other parts, with IC50 of 73.7 μg/mL. Alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, terpene, and glycoside were detected as secondary metabolite in the extract of leaves, roots, stems and stem barks. The extract of Faloak stem barks showed the highest elastase inhibitory activity with IC50 73.7 μg/mL. The total flavonoids and total polyphenol content of Faloak stem bark extract were respectively 28.75 mg/gram and 45.25 mg/gram extract. Conclusion: The 70\% ethanol extract of leaves, roots, stems, and stem barks of Faloak showed elastase inhibitory activity, and stem barks extract showed the strongest activity. Faloak stem barks extract can be considered as potential to be developed as active compound in anti-aging product, both in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dosage forms.

}, keywords = {Elastase inhibitory, Flavonoids, Polyphenol, Sterculia quadrifida}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.97}, author = {Sofiah Yunita Radjah and Kunia Sari Setio Putri and Berna Elya} } @article {1399, title = {Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Some Medicinal Plants and their Combination}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {596-599}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {596}, abstract = {

Introduction: Oxidative Stress leads to several complications within the human body. It is the reason behind the generation of several diseases. Free radicals if generated in excess amount can damage the body to a great extent. Finding newer and potent medicinal plants that can fight oxidative stress can be useful in combating the harmful effects of free radicals. Methods: In the current study ethanolic extract of Ocimum kilimandscharicum, Thymus serpyllum, Spilanthes acmella and their combination in equal ratio were used for their ability to counter oxidative stress. The plants were collected from the district of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand and extracted by soxhlet{\textquoteright}s apparataus using absolute ethanol (99.9\%). The extracts were then dried and used for the study. Result: It was seen that highest absorbance was shown by ascorbic acid at the lowest as well as the highest concentration in the reducing power assay. Also, the combination of the extracts showed the highest absorbance among all the extracts at both the lowest and highest concentration. Conclusion: A higher absorbance indicates a better antioxidant potential. The best effect was shown by the combined extract among all the extracts.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Oxidative stress, Phenols, Reducing power}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.75}, author = {Tanuj Joshi and Vijay Juyal} } @article {1330, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Seedling Extracts from Inca Peanut Plukenetia volubilis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {52-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {52}, abstract = {

Background: Plukenetia volubilis L., Inca peanut is an oleaginous plant, widely cultivated as commercially in South East Asia, especially in Thailand. The oil from the seed plant is a greatest interesting a natural source. Objectives: The aims of this study were investigated phytochemical screening, to evaluated the total flavonoids and phenolic compound contents as well as antioxidant activities of seedling extract from P. volubilis. Methods: The dried P. volubilis seedlings of 21 days growing period were extracted by using different solvent including aqueous (ASS), 50\% ethanolic (HESS), and 95\% ethanolic (ESS) extracts. The phytochemical screenings were determined on total phenolic compound (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents. The antioxidation were tested by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy radical scavenging (DPPH), 2,2 -azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS+) assay, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Results: The results found that the ESS were significantly highest amount on total phenolic compound (23.0809{\textpm}0.8632 mgGE/gExt ) and flavonoid (466.3839{\textpm}1.5580 mgQE/gExt) contents. In this study, ascorbic acid (IC50 =0.016{\textpm}0.0003 mg/mL) and Trolox (IC50 =0.044{\textpm}0.0008 mg/mL) as standard substances were showed more potent than all of the extracts from P. volubilis seedlings. Surprisingly, the ESS has more potent on free radical scavenging higher than different solvents; DPPH=0.007{\textpm} 0.001 (IC50=mg/mL), ABTS= 1.4065{\textpm} 0.0505 (IC50=mg/mL),and FRAP= 74.4960{\textpm} 2.6067 (mg=TE/gExt). Conclusion: the plant seedling extracts composed with high amount of flavonoids and phenolic compound contents possess valuable to antioxidant activities. The seedling extracts from the plant could apply to supplementary food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and horticultural industries. Next study, chemical compositions, the major active compound(s), and biological activities will be clarified.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Inca peanut seedling, Phenolic compounds, Phytochemical screening, Plukenetia Volubilis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.8}, author = {Darunee Puangpronpitag and Puangpaka Tankitjanon and Adisak Sumalee and Ampa Konsue} } @article {1428, title = {A Review of the Traditional Uses, Medicinal Properties and Phytochemistry of Centaurea benedicta L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {798-812}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {798}, abstract = {

Centaurea benedicta L. is an annual herbaceous plant which belongs to the Asteraceae family. It is native to the Mediterranean region and western Asia and is commonly known as blessed thistle, holy thistle, St Benedict{\textquoteright}s thistle or spotted thistle. Traditionally, it has been used to treat bubonic plague and possesses diuretic, galactagogue, liver-strengthening and wound healing properties. Recent research studies have investigated its anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and other therapeutic properties. Several studies have also reported its antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial pathogens. However, most of these studies were preliminary and only tested relatively high concentrations of the extracts. Additionally, most studies screened a limited number of pathogens. Cnicin is the main chemical compound present in C. benedicta and it has been widely investigated. However, few other compounds from this plant have been identified and/or investigated, and further phytochemical studies are warranted. Interestingly, pure cnicin has good anticancer activity, whilst the crude extracts lack cytotoxic properties. Phytochemical analyses of C. benedicta extracts reveal the presence of multiple flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids and lactones, although few specific phytochemicals within these phytochemical classes have been identified. A limited number of research studies have determined the toxicity profile of C. benedicta in order to evaluate its safety for human use. Substantially more detailed studies are required to rigorously investigate the therapeutic properties and phytochemistry of C. benedicta, which may ultimately lead to the development of new plant-based therapeutic medicines.

}, keywords = {Asteraceae, Blessed thistle, Flavonoids, St Benedict{\textquoteright}s thistle, Tannins, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.102}, author = {Gagan Tiwana and Jiahe Fua and Lanping Lu and Matthew J Cheesman and IE.Cock} } @article {1333, title = {Standardization of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Bulbs and Total Flavonoid Content from Three Locations in Kalimantan, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {73-80}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {73}, abstract = {

Background: Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa Urb.) is a typical plant of Kalimantan which is traditionally used by the Dayak community as a medicinal plant. Dayak onion bulbs have been proven had many pharmacology activities. Objective: This study aims to determine the nonspesific and specific parameters of 70\% ethanol extract of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb. Total flavonoids was also quantified Methods:. Eleutherine bulbosa Urb was extracted with maseration method used etanol 70 \% as solvent. Determination of non-spesific includes by determined specific gravity, water content, total ash content, acid insoluble ash content, residual sovents, heavy metanol contamination, microbial contamination, mold and yeast contamination. Determination of specific parameters included extract identity, organoleptic extract, water/ethanol soluble content, chromatography profile. Total flavonoid content were quantified with colorimetric method. Results: there were no significance difference between nonspesific and specific parameters Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three different locations. Measurement of total phenol content and total flavonoid content respectively form South Borneo were ; 6,499 {\textpm} 0,5248 mg QE/g extract, from central borneo were 7,585 {\textpm} 0,0437 mgQE/g extract, and from east borneo were 5,035 mg {\textpm} 0,3887 mgQE/g extract. Conclusion: it can be concluded that bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb from three locations have characters to similar between each other and bulbs of Eleutherine bulbosa Urb form central borneo had the highest total flavonoid content.

}, keywords = {Eleutherine bulbosa Urb., Flavonoids, Non-specific parameters, Specific parameters, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.11}, author = {Rahmi Muthia and Helmina Wati and Wahyudin Bin Jamaludin and Kartini and Finna Setiawan and Muhammad Fikri and Abdul Wahhab} } @article {1110, title = {Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effect Combination Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC. and Momordica charantia L. Extract in Alloxan- Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {311-315}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {311}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens A.DC.) and bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) fruit extract have total flavonoids and some metabolite from its contains. The use of a single dose in the treatment of diabetes is often considered to lack a strong effect. Giving a combination of the compound is a solution to provide a synergistic effect in treatment. Material and Methods: Rat were divided into eight groups (normal, negative control, glibenclamide as a positive control, and five dose extract group). The single dose mountain papaya extract (MPE) and bitter melon extract (BME) were given at 174 mg/kg b.w of MPE, and 380 mg/kg b.w of BME in oral administration. Combination of MPE:BME (25:75, 50:50, 75:25)\% or (87:190; 44:285 and 130:95) mg/kg b.w in oral administration. Induction of diabetes used alloxan dose of 150 mg/kg b.w intraperitoneally. The treatment was performed for 21 days with a frequency of once a day. Blood sugar level was measured at pretest, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. At the end of the test, measurements of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology were measured. Data were analyzed by ANOVA statistic. Results: The single and combination of MPE-BME showed an decrease in blood glucose levels significantly compared with the negative control (p <= 0.05). The same results from measurements of levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and pancreatic morphology. Conclusions: Based on the research, a combination of the MPE-BME had antidiabetic and antioxidant activity, but the activity was not significantly different from both single-dose extract (p\> 0.05).

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Momordica, Synergistic, Vasconcellea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.49}, author = {Heru Sasongko and Ratih Guswinda Lestari and Adi Yugatama and Yeni Farida and Sugiyarto} } @article {1101, title = {The Antioxidant Activity of Sterculia stipulata Korth Woods and Leaves by FRAP Method}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {236-239}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {236}, abstract = {

Background: Phenol compounds and flavonoids are known have antioxidant activity. Sterculia genus has secondary metabolite rich of phenols and flavonoids. Objective: The aim of this study of the activity antioxidants of Sterculia stipulata Korth. Woods and leaves by FRAP method. Materials and methods: Extraction done using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methanol extract was determined antioxidant activity using the FRAP method and also determined the total phenols content, total flavonoids, and phytochemical screening. Results: The antioxidant activity of wood extract was 4.74 {\textpm} 1.03 FeEAC (mol/g) while leaves extract 41.17 {\textpm} 1.99 FeEAC (mol/g). Total phenols content for wood extract 16.46 {\textpm} 3.51 mg GAE/g, for leaves extract 141.62 {\textpm} 10.54 mg GAE/g. The total flavonoids content for woods extract was 27.99 {\textpm} 0.62 mg QE/g for leaf extract 41.45 {\textpm} 5.83 mg QE/g. The compounds of woods and leaves are the same; it is consist of terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, and negatives for anthraquinone. Conclusion: The antioxidant activity of the leaves of Sterculia stipulata Korth. is greater than its wood activities.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, FRAP, Phenols, Sterculia stipulata Korth}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.36}, author = {Rini Prastiwi and Berna Elya and Muhammad Hanafi and Yesi Desmiaty and Rani Sauriasari} } @article {1244, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Piper cubeba Dried Fruits: An in-vitro and in-vivo Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1289-1296}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1289}, abstract = {

Introduction: Piper cubeba is a well-known traditional plant used in unani medicine belonging to the Piperaceae family and has been examined for the treatment of urolithiasis produced by calcium oxalate. Methods: Ethanolic extract of Piper cubeba (EEPC) dried fruits was subjected to phytochemical analysis and HPTLC fingerprinting. An in vitro antiurolithiatic analysis took place through conductometric titrations of CaCl2 with Na2C2O4. Acute toxicity studies conducted as per OECD guidelines. Urolithiasis was established in rats by supplementing 28 days with 0.75\% ethylene glycol in the ingesting water. Beside ethylene glycol, EEPC (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was given orally from 15 - 28 days, serum and urine were collected from individual animals and biochemical parameters like BUN, creatinine along with uric acid in serum as well as calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine the kidney homogenate have been measured on 28th day. Kidney sections have been organized and histopathologically tested for calcium oxalate crystals. Results: Phytochemical analysis of EEPC disclose the presence of phenolics, tannins, steroids, terpenoids and flavonoids and HPTLC fingerprinting shows the presence of 7 terpenoids, 2 flavonoids when scanned at 540nm and 366nm. In vitro studies showed reduction in CaOx crystal aggregation and promoted nucleation after treatment with EEPC. In vivo studies also showed reduction in elevated levels of serum creatinine, BUN, uric acid, and levels of calcium, oxalate and phosphate in urine and kidney homogenate as compared to disease control rats. The results were supported by histopathological studies. Conclusion: The EEPC have shown significant antiurolithiatic activity by reducing calculi.

}, keywords = {calcium oxalate, Ethylene glycol, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Terpenoids, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.177}, author = {S Suman and SV Suresh Kumar} } @article {1234, title = {Bioactivity and Extraction Method with Ultrasonication of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Anti Aging Drinks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1097-1103}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1097}, abstract = {

Introduction: Nelumbo nucifera Linn. Flowers health drinks currently are one of the popular demand globally in Thailand and all over the world. There are plenty of substandard or over claimed of antioxidant content labeled at health drink bottles. The consumers do not obtain enough health benefits anti-oxidant contents which are destroyed by heat during their production process. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate the optimization of extraction including water, 40 \% and 50\% ethyl alcohol using maceration and ultra-sonication method to obtain the highest antioxidant activity compared with DPPH, FRAP and ABTS methods were investigated including total phenolic and flavonoid contents by HPLC in different period of time. The analysis of acute toxicity in white wistar rats by oral administrating of Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flowers extract was testing for after 24 h and 14 d. Results: It was found that Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drink consisted of high contents of gallic acid, catechin and rutin by HPLC method. Nelumbo nucifera Linn flowers Highest Total Phenolic compound in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts with sonicating with 50\% ethanol was 0.954639 {\textpm} 0.109672. Highest Total flavonoids in Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extracts macerating in 50 \% ethanol at day 5th was 1.100275 {\textpm} 0.777271.and the sonication with 40\% ethanol was 0.394283+/- 0.51175. Conclusions: The result of acute toxicity analysis showed no toxicity. Nelumbo nucifera Linn. flower extract drinks which are safe as a health drink for consumers. The further market analysis with sensory test should be essential for further research.

}, keywords = {Acute toxicity, Flavonoids, Flower extract drink, HPLC, Nelumbo nucifera Linn., Phenolic content, Ultra sonication Extraction}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.155}, author = {Buavaroon Srichaikul} } @article {1072, title = {Composition and Genoprotective Effect of the Flavonoidal Content of Lepidium sativum L. Methanolic Seed Extract against Cyclophosphamide- Induced DNA Damage in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {124-130}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {124}, abstract = {

Background: Lepidium sativum L. (Family Brassicaceae) is known to possess different pharmacological properties. Objective: The genoprotective role of flavonoids of L. sativum methanolic seed extract (LSF) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced DNA damage, in somatic and germ cells of mice, as well as characterization of the flavonoidal content were carried out in this study. Chromosomal aberration analysis in somatic and germ cells were also included. Materials and Methods: Six mice groups were used for this study. Group 1 served as a negative control. Group 2 received oral LSF (100 mg/kg b.wt.) for 5 consecutive days. Group 3 served as a positive control by receiving a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) CP dose (20 mg/kg b.wt.). The three other groups were orally administered 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. LSF, respectively, for 5 consecutive days. On the last day of treatment, the three groups received i.p. injection of CP (20 mg/kg b.wt.). Flavonoids were identified using spectral analysis. Results: LSF inhibited DNA aberrations in mice caused by cyclophosphamide dose dependently in the three groups with significant difference in the two groups that received doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt. The chromosomal aberrations inhibitory indices were calculated as 18 and 31 in mice somatic cells and 27 and 48 in germ cells, respectively. LSF was found to contain the flavonoids kaempferol, quercetin, kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside. Conclusion: LSF inhibited the DNA damage induced by CP in somatic and germ cells of mice dose-dependently. The antioxidant properties associated with flavonoids might account for the genoprotective activity.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Chromosomal abberations, Flavonoids, Lipidium sativum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.19}, author = {Iman AA Kassem and Ayman A Farghaly and Neveen S Ghaly and Zeinab M Hassan and Marian Nabil} } @article {1062, title = {Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-diabetic Activity of Leaf extract of Psydrax horizontalis Schum and Thonn (Rubiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {95-102}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {95}, abstract = {

Introduction: Rubiacaeae is a large family of flowering plants of 630 genera with over 13000 species widely distributed in the tropical and warm regions of the world. The Psydrax genus has been reported to have various pharmacological activities. Based on ethno-pharmacological information, Psydrax horizontalis Schum. and Thonn. (Bridson) locally known as {\textquotedblleft}Akata-ike{\textquotedblright} in Nsukka is used in the management of diabetes in South-eastern Nigeria. However as at the time of this research, no previous work has been done to investigate its phytochemical constituents and anti-diabetic activity. Methods: The methanol extract (ME) obtained by maceration was analysed for phytochemicals present using standard procedures. Alloxan monohydrate at 150 mg/Kg was used to induce diabetes. Acute toxicity test was done using the Lorke{\textquoteright}s method. The normoglycemic and alloxan-induced groups of twenty animals each were treated orally with 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg of ME; 5 mg/Kg of glibenclamide and 2 mL/kg of 3\% Tween 80 as the controls. The fasting blood glucose concentrations were monitored at 0, 1, 3 and 6 h, as well as 1st, 3rd and 5th day. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. Median lethal dose was greater than 5000 mg/kg. In the alloxan-induced diabetic rats, significant activity at p\<0.01 on the 6th hour was recorded at doses 100, 200 and 400 mg/Kg ME on day 3. Conclusion: The ME of Psydrax horizontalis possesses significant anti-diabetic activity in the alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The results obtained validate its traditional use in management of diabetes.

}, keywords = {Alloxan monohydrate, Diabetes, Extraction, Flavonoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.15}, author = {Onyekere Peculiar Feenna and Odoh Uchenna Estella and Ezugwu Christopher Obodike} } @article {1262, title = {Phytochemical and Antioxidant Evaluation of the Flavonoids and Tannins from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1421-1428}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1421}, abstract = {

Background: The methanol extract (MeE) of the aerial parts from Synadenium grantii Hook f, (Ephorbiaceae) has more Polyphenols and used to treat several diseases. Objective: The aim of this study is isolation, purification and identification of Polyphenols that showed good antioxidant activity. Materials and Methods: In the present study, purification of the MeOH-H2O extract (70:30) from the air-dried aerial parts of S. grantii resulted by different chromatographic tools. The antioxidant activities were evaluated for the examined compounds by several methods using DPPH, Reducing power, ABTS and FRAP assays. Results: A total of 14 compounds were isolated from this plant species for the first time. The results obtained showed that all the examined compounds possess remarkable antioxidant activity through all assays especially compounds 2 and 4 where they showed the highest antioxidant activity among the other compounds and very close to the results of the standard compound BHA. Conclusion: The compounds examined have exhibited antioxidant activity with promising value as natural source antioxidant drugs.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ephorbiaceae, Flavonoids, Synadenium grantii, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.196}, author = {Asmaa S Abd Elkarim and Sahar Abdelaziz and Hany Gouda Attia and Hanan AA Taie and Rafik Monir} } @article {1106, title = {Prospects for the Use of Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) Containing Phytoecdysteroids and Polyphenols}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {March 2020}, pages = {246-250}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {246}, abstract = {

Background: Phytoadaptogens, biologically active compounds increasing the nonspecific resistance of the human organism, are well known for the prevention and correction of stressful conditions. Phytoadaptogens group includes phytoecdysteroids and polyphenols, that are characterized by the multiplicity of pharmacological effects in combination with the low toxicity. According to literature data, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is a promising source of these compounds. This work aims to systematize data on the chemical composition of biologically active compounds of spinach, that determine its adaptogenic properties and concentration methods in the spinach processing for use in specialized foods and dietary supplements. Materials and Methods: Manifold electronic search engines, electronic databases, and libraries such as Google, Google scholar, Crossref, Indian Science Abstracts, Emerging Sources Citation Index, e-Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, Chemical Abstracts, Index Copernicus, scientific literature had been searched and data obtained. Results: Botanical characteristics of spinach, main cultivation conditions, the latest data on the chemical composition of raw spinach material cultivars and extracts based on it are presented in this study. Schemes for the obtaining of products enriched with polyphenols and ecdysteroids are considered, and ways of proper purification are mentioned. Conclusion: It is recommended to introduce spinach into the diet of healthy people in order to increase the functional reserves of a person during periods of hypovitaminosis, overwork, intense physical exertion, and also to compensate for the adverse effects of external factors. Spinach extracts containing phytoecdysteroids (20-hydroxyecdysone) and polyphenols (flavonoids) can be used as a prophylactic to overcome the negative effects of stress, accelerate recovery after strong physical and mental stress, particularly for people with extreme occupations, athletes, and those who are engaged in hard physical labor.

}, keywords = {20-hydroxyecdysone, Flavonoids, Phytoecdysteroids, Polyphenols, Spinach leaves, Spinacia oleracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.38}, author = {Bokov DO and Sidorova YuS and Mazo VK and Bessonov VV} } @article {1054, title = {Antioxidant Activity, HPTLC Fingerprint and Discriminant Analysis of Plantago major Leaves from Diverse Origins in Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1483-1489}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1483}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae) is a perennial herb having contribution to the folk medicine all around the world, including Indonesia with wide geographical distribution. Plant materials origin is one factor that significantly influences the quality of herbal medicines. Materials and Methods: In this paper, High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) method using pattern-oriented approach has been employed to evaluate the quality of Plantago major leaves collected from seven origins in Indonesia. To differentiate the antioxidant capacities of those plant materials, the crude extracts were tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total phenolics, and total flavonoids assay methods. Results: The results showed that radical scavenging activity, total phenolics, and total flavonoids of plant material from seven origins were significantly different. Moreover, HPTLC fingerprints analyzed with chemometrics showed an ability to discriminate the leaves samples from various origins as well as detect chemicals responsible for discrimination. Two models using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS-DA) were built in chemometrics test. The PCA model was able to describe the studied samples by using four principal components with a value of explained variance of 95\%, whereas PLS-DA model accurately classified the leaves samples with prediction ability of 100\%. In the PCA, loading plot of the first PC showed that peaks number 10 and 12 are the most important peaks for clustering of the samples. Conclusions: Plantago major collected from different origins revealed different radical scavenging activity and concentration of total phenolics as well as total flavonoids. HPTLC fingerprints coupled with chemometrics analysis can be used as an alternative to marker-oriented method for the quality control of Plantago major.

}, keywords = {Chemometrics, Flavonoids, Herbal medicines, Pattern-oriented, Phenolics, PLSDA}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.229}, author = {Kartini Kartini and Christina Avanti and Chutima Phechkrajang and Omboon Vallisuta} } @article {793, title = {Comparative Studies Between Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {32-36}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {32}, abstract = {

Mauritia flexuosa and Mauritiella armata belong to the family Arecaceae and are widely found in Brazil. Aim: In this work were evaluated: the phytochemical profile of the secretion popularly known as M. flexuosa wine, antioxidant activity of leaf, root and petiole hydroethanolic extracts of the two species, as well as the quantification of flavonoids and the chromatographic profile by means of high performance liquid chromatography. Material and Methods: The chromatographic profile was determined by high performance liquid chromatography, quantification of flavonoids and antioxidant activity, were performed by spectrophotometric method. Results: Antioxidant activity and presence of flavonoids were observed in the extracts of all the analyzed structures of the two species. The phytochemical profile of the wine evidenced the presence of secondary metabolites reported in other structures of M. flexuosa. In the chromatographic analysis, it was observed that the extracts evaluated have between three and nine compounds. Conclusion: Further studies should be performed to identify the active compounds in the two species.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Arecaceae, Flavonoids, Phytochemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.6}, author = {Vanessa de Andrade Royo and Juliana Almeida Rocha and Kamylla Teixeira Santos and Jeane Ferreira Leal Freitas and Clarice Avelar Almeida and Bianca Ribeiro and Elytania Veiga Menezes and Dario Alves de Oliveira and Murilo Malveira Brand{\~a}o and Afranio Farias de Melo J{\'u}nior} } @article {990, title = {Flavonoids in Passiflora incarnata L. Dry Extract of Russian Origin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1143-1147}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids are one of the main classes of biologically active substances providing the pharmacotherapeutic effect of passionflower (Passiflora incarnata L.) preparations. In this article studies on the standardization of Passiflora incarnata L. dry extract (PDE) by flavonoids are presented. The aim of this work was to study the composition and content of flavonoids in PDE with the help of precise modern physicochemical methods. Materials and Methods: PDE was prepared from crude herbal drug {\textendash} P. incarnata herb of Russian origin. Reverse phase HPLC-UV analysis was performed with Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph. Chromatographic column was Atlantis C18 (250 mm {\texttimes} 4.6 mm {\texttimes} 5 μm); analytical wavelength {\textendash} 350 nm; mobile phase {\textendash} 0.01\% formic acid solution and methanol: acetonitrile (25:75); column temperature {\textendash} 35{\textdegree}C; analysis time {\textendash} 90 min; flow rate of the mobile phase {\textendash} 0.8 ml/min in gradient elution mode. Commercially available samples of flavonoids were used for identification and quantitative determination. Results: 20 compounds of flavonoid structure are presented in the PDE. 9 flavonoid compounds have been identified, they are: isovitexin, vitexin, rutoside, hyperoside, luteolin, kaempferol, kaempferitrin, orientin, and isoorientin. The content of vitexin is 0,867 {\textpm} 0,011\%, the total flavonoids content in terms of vitexin is 3,762 {\textpm} 0,049\%. Conclusion: The obtained data will be used to create regulatory documentation for drugs based on PDE.

}, keywords = {Dry extract, Flavonoids, Passiflora incarnata, standardization}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.178}, author = {Guseinov MD and Bobkova NV and Svistunov AA and Tarasov VV and Bokov DO and Sergunova EV and Kovaleva TYu} } @article {884, title = {Flavonoids of East Asian Species Serratula manshurica Kitag}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, year = {2019}, month = {March 2019}, pages = {xx-xx}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx}, abstract = {

Aim/ Background: The flavonoid composition of the East Asian species Serratula manshurica Kitag. (Family Asteraceae) growing in the Primorsky Territory, the Amur region and in the South of the Khabarovsk Territory of Russia was studied. Materials and Methods: Flavonoids quercetin-4{\textquoteright}-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1) and apigenin-7-O-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (2) were isolated from Serratula manshurica by methods of liquid extraction and recrystallization. The structures of the isolated compounds were identified by UV, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Separation and quantitative content of flavonoids in the extracts of the aerial part (Leaves, stems, inflorescences) of Serratula manshurica was observed by RP HPLC. Results and Conclusion: The change in the amount of some flavonoids in various phenological phases in the overhead part of Serratula manshurica Kitag was studied. It was revealed that the maximum concentration of flavonoid aglycones in the plant was observed during the before budding in the budding period and their glycosides prevaily in the flowering phase. Widespread across the Far East, Serratula manshurica is promising and renewable source of bioactive compounds.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Leaves, NMR spectroscopy, Serratula manshurica, Steams}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.xx}, author = {Myagchilov Aleksey V and Sokolova Larisa I and Gorovoy Peter G and Dmitrenok Pavel S} } @article {874, title = {In-vitro Anti-diabetic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Methanolic Extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {455-460}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes mellitus has been identified as one of the global cause of disability and death. Objectives: The study aim to investigate the in-vitro antidibetic and antioxidant activities of methanolic extract of Encephalartos ferox leaves. Materials and Methods: The plant was screened for its Phytochemical composition. The plant material was extracted with methanol and the methanolic extract was screened (in-vitro) for its antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH assays. The potential antidiabetic activity of the plant extract was evaluated against some carbohydrates (α- amylase and α-glucosidase) and lipid (pancreatic lipase) digestive enzymes. The inverted intestinal sac model was also used to investigate the effect of the extract on intestinal glucose absorption. The anti-protein glycation activity of the extract was determined using haemoglobin. Results: The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of most of the phytochemicals (Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Alkaloids etc) that were screened for. The crude extract exhibited the antidiabetic potential as it significantly (P\< 0.05) inhibited α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase in a dose dependent fashion. The extract also effectively reduced intestinal glucose absorption. The extract further showed antioxidant activity by efficiently scavenging ABTS and DPPH radicals with IC50 values of 68.3 μg/ml and 308 μg/ml, respectively. The extract also inhibited haemoglobin glycation, thus displaying the anti-protein glycation potential. Conclusion: It is apparent that E. ferox extract could serve as scaffold for diabetic therapy. For future study, cytotoxicity profile and in vivo investigation of the antidiabetic activity of the crude extract are essential.

}, keywords = {Diabetic, Flavonoids, Hyperglycaemia, Hyperlipidemia, Hypoglycaemic, Protein- glycation}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.71}, author = {Michael Chukwuka Ojo and Foluso Oluwagbemiga Osunsanmi and Godfrey Elijah Zaharare and Rebamang Anthony Mosa and Nkosinathi David Cele and Michael Osawemi Oboh and Andy Rowland Opoku} } @article {1011, title = {Pharmacognostic study of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn.: A Review}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1376-1385}, type = {Review Article }, chapter = {1376}, abstract = {

Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. has the vernacular name of, {\textquotedblleft}Mundi{\textquotedblright} and {\textquotedblleft}East Indian globethistle, family Asteraceae. It is a spreading aromatic herb. It is indigenous at Rater of Chhindwara District, M.P and even found in most of the moist damp places of tropical zones of Garhwal Himalaya. The herbs contain a deep cherry coloured essential oil and a bitter alkaloid Sphaeranthine. It also contains many other active ingredients, namely, eudesmenolide-7α- hydroxy eudesm-4-en-6, 12-olide, 2-hydroxycostic acid, β-eudesmol, ilicic acid, methychavicol, α-ionone, d-cadinene, α-terpinene, citral, geraniol, geranyl acetate, sphaerene, indicusene and sphaeranthol. The herb has been investigated for many diseases and used in ethnomedicne. The review of this medicinal plant can revealed some important and valuable information with respect to pharmacognostical, phytochemical and pharmacological aspects. The main objective of this paper is to gather some valuable information with respect to its standardization, which has been done along with active ingredients by some researchers.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Ethnomedicine, Flavonoids, Gorakhmundi, Mundi, Pharmacological uses, S. indicus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.213}, author = {Sonia Singh and Bhupesh C Semwal and Dr Prabhat Kr Upadhaya} } @article {889, title = {Phytochemical Study of Odorous Celery Root (Apium graveolens L.) Grown in the North Caucasus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {527-530}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {527}, abstract = {

Context: Flavoring celery (Apium graveolens L.) from the umbrella family (Apiaceae) is a common food plant, its use as a spice has been known since Ancient Greece. Stems, leaves and root are widely used in cooking in various dishes: soups, salads and side dishes. Celery fragrant has mild laxative, diuretic, antiseptic, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, enveloping and wound healing properties. Aims: The aim of our research was the phytochemical study of celery root odorous, quantitative definition of flavonoid, carotenoid, polysaccharides, tannin, free organic acids, essential oils and lipid. Methods and Material: The research material was dried and chopped celery fragrant root passing through a 3 mm sieve. We carried out quantitative determination of biologically active substances in the celery root odorous by the following methods: flavonoids (In terms of rutin) by the spectrophotometric method; carotenoids by the photocolorimetric method; essential oil, polysaccharides, lipophilic substances by the gravimetric method; free organic acids and tannins by the titrimetric method. Statistical analysis used: The results of the studies are given in the table. Statistical data processing was performed according to the method {\textquotedblleft}Statistical processing of the results of a chemical experiment and biological tests{\textquotedblright} presented in State Pharmacopoeia XI [1]. The sample size (n) is 6, the confidence level (P) is 95\%, the student criterion (t (P, f) is 2.57). Results: For the first time, we carried out a quantitative assessment of the content of seven groups of biologically active compounds of celery root odorous, grown in the North Caucasus: essential oil - 2.04 {\textpm} 0.01\%, flavonoids - 1.44 {\textpm} 0.01,\% lipophilic substances - 4, 05 {\textpm} 0.01\%, carotenoids - 3.03 {\textpm} 0.02\%, free organic acids - 2.38 {\textpm} 0.02\%, tannins - 8.06 {\textpm} 0.01\%, water-soluble polysaccharides - 8, 33 {\textpm} 0.01\%, pectin substances - 3.45 {\textpm} 0.01\%, hemicellulose A - 1.54 {\textpm} 0.01\%, hemicellulose B - 1.47 {\textpm} 0.01\%. Conclusion: Celery root odorous grown in the North Caucasus is a source of biologically active compounds.

}, keywords = {Carotenoids, Essential oil, Flavonoids, Free organic acids, Polysaccharides, Tannins}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.84}, author = {Tsakhkhaeva Zuhra Sarmanovna} } @article {958, title = {Review on Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Genus Anthemis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1155-1166}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1155}, abstract = {

Genus Anthemis of Family Asteraceae contains mainly flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones belonging to germacranolides, eudesmanolides, guaianolides, sterols and essential oils. The Plants of genus Anthemis have been known to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities due to their rich contents of important physiological and biological compounds. They are referred to as nature{\textquoteright}s biological response modifier{\textquoteright}s and are involved in energy transfer, photosensitization and morphogenesis. Several clinical studies have shown that people who take diets rich in flavonoids and sesquiterpenes have reduced risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This article covers most of constituents of plants of genus Anthemis reported from 2002 up to 2018. Furthermore, the biological activities of plants of genus Anthemis will be presented.

}, keywords = {Anthemis, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Flavonoids, Sesquiterpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.180}, author = {Rima Boukhary and Maha Aboul-Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany} } @article {903, title = {A Review on Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {624-631}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {624}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jacks. or the blue pine is one of the important conifer that grows all along the Himalayan range from Afghanistan in the west to Myanmar and China in the east covering the Himalayan regions of Pakistan, Nepal and India. It is found in the upper region of the mountains and often remains associated with other gymnosperms. The plant is of immense ethnobotanical relevance and finds extensive use among the people inhabiting the mountainous region. They are primarily valued for its timber and used for construction and infrastructural purposes. Medicinally the plant is very much important. Throughout the Himalayan region the plant is used for the cure of a number of diseases including treatment of fever, cough and cold, bone fracture, healing of injury and wounds, rheumatic pain, arthritis, inflammations etc. The plant is rich in terpenoids and flavonoids all of which possess strong antioxidant properties. Methods: Extensive literature survey was made in the internet with pubmed, google scholar forming the search platform to illustrate the traditional usage of the plant among inhabitants of various regions of Himalayas. Informations of traditional usage, chemical constituents and selected pharmacological activities of the plant were pooled from available research papers to frame the review. Results and Outcome: In this review, an attempt has been made to compile the ethnobotanical usage of Pinus wallichiana, its phytochemistry and pharmacological activity highlighting its potentiality as a cheap and affordable source of drugs for the benefit of population of Indian subcontinent and adjoining areas.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Arthritis, Conifer, Flavonoids, Himalaya, Terpenoids}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.100}, author = {Dwaipayan Sinha} } @article {879, title = {Secondary Metabolites from Pterocaulon alopecuroides and their Antiproliferative Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {May 2019}, pages = {493-495}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {493}, abstract = {

Objective: To isolate secondary metabolites from the aerial parts of Pterocaulon alopecuroides, elucidate their structures and evaluate their antiproliferative activities on selected human cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of P. alopecuroides afforded five compounds, which were characterized using spectroscopic techniques and by comparison with data from the literature. Antiproliferative activities of all isolates were evaluated. Results: The compounds 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-6-methoxycoumarin (1), 5,6-methylenedioxy- 7-(2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutoxy) coumarin (2), Dihydrokaempferol (3), 5,7,4{\textasciiacute}-trihydroxy- 6-(α,α-dimethylallyl)dihydroflavonol (4) and 5,4{\textasciiacute}-dihydroxy-7-(γ,γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol (5) were isolated. The antiproliferative activity of all compounds was evaluated in a panel of six human solid tumor cell lines showing GI50 values for the most active compounds in the low micromolar range. Conclusion: Compound 2 is reported for first time from P. alopecuroides. Isolated coumarins show no antiproliferative activity, whilst among flavonoids compound 5 showed the best antiproliferative activity.

}, keywords = {4{\textasciiacute}-dihydroxy-7-(γ, 5, Antiproliferative activities, Coumarins, Flavonoids, Pterocaulon alopecuroides, γ-dimethylallyloxy)dihydroflavonol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.78}, author = {Qu{\'\i}rico A Castillo and Jos{\'e} M. Padr{\'o}n and Anastacio Emiliano} } @article {474, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Extract from Pistacia atlantica Desf. Leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {71-76}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {71}, abstract = {

Introduction: The extracts of the Pistacia species are known for their anti-inflammatory activity, including fruits and oil of P.\ atlantica. However, the inflammatory effect of the methanolic extract of P.\ atlantica leaves has not been studied. This work aimed at assessing the antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of P.\ atlantica leaves extract in relation to phytochemical studies of flavonoids. Methods: The extract was obtained using sonication of leaves powder in 80 \% methanol. The analysis of phenolic compounds was carried out using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the reduction of carrageenaninduced hind paw edema in mice. Results: The TLC revealed 3 glycosylated flavonoids and gallic acid derivatives. The flavonoids identified corresponded to rutin, quercetrin and other heterosides of quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin. Total phenolics and flavonoids contents were comparable for the male and female trees. The antioxidant activity did not show a significative difference between the two sexes, except for that evaluated by the FRAP assay which was significantly greater for the male tree leaves extract. The leaves extract permitted significative reduction of the edema at h3 and 6 in a dose-dependent manner (100 and 250 mg/kg), while diclofenac used as control reduced the edema at h 1.5. This difference could be explained by the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of diclofenac and P. atlantica leaves compounds. Conclusion: P. atlantica has a strong anti-inflammatory activity and constitutes a potential source for the development of new treatments.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, Flavonoids, Methanolic extract, Plantar edema, TLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.14}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/369}, author = {Oukacha Amri and Abderrahmane Zekhnini and Abdellah Bouhaimi and Saida Tahrouch and Abdelhakim Hatimi} } @article {701, title = {Antiurolithiatic Activity of Daucus carota: An In vitro Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {880-884}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {880}, abstract = {

Context: Urolithiasis is a polygenic disorder with complex etiology and even complicated treatment outcomes. Daucus carota is a widely cultivated crop with traditional claims for its antiurolithiatic potential. Aim: Present study was an attempt to investigate the antilithic potential of D. carota root extract (DCRE) against calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis by employing in vitro methods. Methods: Nucleation, growth and aggregation assay of CaOx crystallization were used. FT-IR analysis was used for characterizing CaOx crystals. Results: DCRE exhibited significant inhibition of nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals. It produced a favorable morphological transformation of CaOx crystals from calcium oxalate monohydrate to calcium oxalate dihydrate. FT-IR analysis confirmed formation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals to be utilized for growth and aggregation assays. Conclusion: DCRE possesses significant antiurolithiatic activity against CaOx urolithiasis in vitro which could be attributed to its saponins, tannins, flavonoids and polyphenolic content.

}, keywords = {Aggregation, Flavonoids, FT-IR, Nucleation, Urolithiasis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.148}, author = {Sweta Bawari and Archana Negi Sah and Devesh Tewari} } @article {737, title = {Arginase Inhibitory Activity and Total Flavonoid Content on Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart Stem Bark Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1180-1183}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1180}, abstract = {

Background: Flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds that are ubiquitous in nature, have been known for their pharmacological as antifungal, diuretic, antihistamin, antihypertension, insecticide, bactericide, antiviral, antioxidant, and enzim inhibitor. Flavanones found in all parts Scutellaria indica, has the ability to inhibit arginase, flavanols found in the seeds of Theobroma cacao L. Previous study showed that Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark contains flavonoid compound. Objective: The objective of this study to analyze arginase inhibitory activity and to determine the total flavonoid content of Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark by using AlCl3 colorimetric method. Methods: Dried Caesalpinia ferrea stem barks were refluxed with three different solvent with gradual gradient polarity i.en-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Each extract was tested to determine arginase inhibitory activity. Total flavonoid content was determined on extract showed the highest arginase inhibitory activity. Results: Methanolic extract showed arginase inhibitory activity of 12.81\% and flavonoid content was 2 mgQE/g. Phytochemical screening on Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark ethyl acetate extract showed that it contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids, meanwhile Caesalpinia ferrea stem bark methanolic extract contains flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. Conclusion: Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart stem bark extracts were not potential to inhibit arginase.

}, keywords = {Arginase, Caesalpinia ferrea C. Mart, Flavonoids}, doi = {xx10.5530/pj.2018.6.202}, author = {Devi Indriani and Berna Elya and Arikadia Noviani} } @article {578, title = {Correlation of Total Phenolic, Flavonoid and Carotenoid Content of Phyllanthus emblica Extract from Bandung with DPPH Scavenging Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {447-452}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {447}, abstract = {

Introduction: Many potential compounds have antioxidant activity, such as the flavonoid group, phenolics and carotenoids. Phyllanthus emblica is widespread in Bandung-Indonesia and is a very potent as an antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity and correlation with total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids from Phyllantus extract from Bandung-Indonesia have not been reported. The aim of this research were to determine the antioxidant activity from extract of various parts of P. emblica and its correlation of antioxidant activity with the total flavonoid, phenolics and carotenoid. Method: Successive extractions of various part of P.emblica were performed by maceration using differrent polarity solvent n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The antioxidant activity of each extracts was performed using DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazil) method. The determination of total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids were performed by UV-Spectrophotometry. Antioxidant activity was demonstrated by IC50 and its correlation to total flavonoids, phenolics and carotenoids using the Pearson\’s method. Result: The highest antioxidant activity was given by fruit ethyl acetate (BE) extract with IC50 3.032 \μg/mL. Etyl acetate extract of stem bark P.emblica (KE) had the highest of total phenol content (12.818 g GAE/100 g), ethanol extract of leaves P.emblica (DO) had the highest of total flavonoid content (3.594 g QE/100 g), and n-hexane extract of leave (DN) had the highest of total carotenoid content (0.759 g BE/100 g). Conclusion: According to coeficient correlation Pearson\’s between P. emblica extract with IC50 of DPPH scavengging activities, suggested that flavonoid and phenolic compound in stem bark extract and leaves extract of P. emblica were contributor major in its antioxidant activity with DPPH methode, and its same with carotenoid content in leaves extract of P. emblica.

}, keywords = {Antioxidants, Crotenoids, Flavonoids, Phenols, Phyllantus emblica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.73}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/506}, author = {Sani Nurlaela Fitriansyah and Diah Lia Aulifa and Yessi Febriani and Emi Sapitri} } @article {642, title = {In vitro Antifungal Effects of Hesperetin and Silibinin}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {789-792}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {789}, abstract = {

Background: Increasing resistance of microorganisms against available antimicrobial agents is of major concern among scientists and clinicians worldwide. To overcome the resistance and other drawbacks of the current antimicrobial drugs and to obtain more efficacious drugs, an antimicrobial drug having a novel mode of action should be developed. The flavonoid compounds have demonstrated for their therapeutic potential as antimicrobial agents previously. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal efficacy of plant derived compounds such as hesperetin (HSP) and silibinin (SBN) compounds in vitro. Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the antifungal effect of two plant derived flavonoid compounds i.e., SBN and HSP against Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Malassezia furfur, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium oxalicum. The disk diffusion test was performed to test the antifungal effect of HSP and SBN with three different concentrations i.e., 15, 20, 25 mg/ml of HSP and SBN. The antifungal efficacy was studied for 72 h. Results: Our results indicate that SBN has significant antifungal effect than that of HSP. The high sensitivity of these compounds was found against C. albicans, C. tropicalis. Conclusion: These drugs could be good candidate to combine with regular antimicrobial agents.

}, keywords = {Candida albicans, Flavonoids, Fungal infection, Hesperetin, Silibinin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/671}, author = {Ramar Gowtham and Fysal Yousuf MA and Devaraj Ezhilarasan and Shanmugam Sambantham and Balakrishnan Anandan} } @article {514, title = {Isolation, Characterization and in vitro Pharmacological Activities of Tagetes Erectus Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {January 2018}, pages = {384-393}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {384}, abstract = {

Tagetes erectus (family: Asteraceae), commonly known as \‘African marigold\’, is an ornamental plant widely distributed in India. The plant has been used in traditional medicines in India and elsewhere in the treatment of cold, bronchitis, rheumatism and inflammation. The flavonoid quercetin has been isolated from the methanol extract of the plant by column chromatography and identified by co-TLC, comparison of its melting point, UV, IR and NMR spectra. Quercetin content has been estimated as 1.22 (\±0.26) \% in the methanol extract of Tageteserectus whole plant based on HPTLC method using the solvent systemchloroform: methanol (8.5:1.5). The essential oil was isolated by hydrodistillation (oil yield 0.04\% v/w) and 25 compounds comprising 93.9\% of the constituents were identified by GC-MS analysis. Monoterpenoids Predominated the oil (78.5\%), with piperitone as the major compound (40.1\%) followed by terpinolene (12.7\%) and limonene (12.0\%). The in vitro antioxidant assays of the methanol extract showed moderate activity with IC50 values 109.45 (\±1.22) g/ml for DPPH radical scavenging assay and 201.53 (\±4.48) g/ml for superoxide scavenging assay and the marker compound quercetin showed IC50 values 26.40(\±1.75) and 13.87 (\±0.54) g/ml respectively. Reducing power assay also showed moderate activity. Antibacterial activity of the methanol extract and the essential oil against gram positive and gram-negative bacteria were done using disc diffusion method. The essential oil showed remarkable activity against the tested organisms, while the extract showed only moderate activity.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial activity, Disc diffusion method, DPPH radical scavenging assay, Flavonoids, Quercetin, Terpinolene}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.2.64}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/495}, author = {Resmi S and Divya V Nair and Athulya Subhash and Rose Jose and Vishnu V and Subin Mary Zachariah} } @article {485, title = {Nephroprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Lantana camara and Squash (Cucurbita pepo) on Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats and Identification of Certain Chemical Constituents of Lantana camara by HPLC-ESI- MS}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {136-147}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic agent; its clinical use is severely limited by serious side effects as nephrotoxicity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nephroprotective activity of defatted methanolic extract of two Egyptian plants: Lantana camara and Cucurbita pepo and certain fractions derived from the defatted methanolic extract of L. camara on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Also, identification of certain chemical constituents of L. camara by HPLC-ESI- MS. Methods: Nephrotoxicity was induced in rats by single dose of cisplatin. The effect of plants extract at doses 100-400 mg/kg.b.wt comparing with standard; ascorbic acid; was determined using serum urea, creatinine and some ions. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts on some renal antioxidant enzymes and histopathological examination of kidneys were examined. Results: The defatted methanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of L. camara showed the highest improvement of renal parameters. Also, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of L. camara extracts exhibited bioactive phenolic compounds including phenyl ethanoid, flavonoids and phenolic acids. Conclusion: The phytochemical constituents of L. camara are responsible for their nephroprotective activity.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant enzymes, Ascorbic acid, Creatinine, Flavonoids, Histological studies, Phenyl etanoid.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.24}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/410}, author = {Heba Abdel-Hady and Mortada Mohamed El-Sayed and Afaf Ahmed Abdel-Hady and Maher Mahmoud Hashash and Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Hady and Tarek Aboushousha and El-Sayed Saleh Abdel-Hameed and Ezzat El-Sayed Abdel- Lateef and Eman Abdalla Morsi} } @article {703, title = {Phytochemical Constituents, Total Saponins, Alkaloids, Flavonoids and Vitamin C Contents of Ethanol Extracts of five Solanum torvum Fruits}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {946-950}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {946}, abstract = {

Introduction: Phytochemicals are frequently used in chemotherapeutic treatment or may be used as chemo preventive agents with chemoprevention. The study report the quantification of phytochemical constituents and vitamin C contents from ethanol extracts of Solanum torvum fruits. Method: The main objective for this research was to use standard procedures to determine phytochemical and vitamin C content. Results: The estimated alkaloids found in mature fruits were 6.32 \± 0.12 mg/g and 16.94 \± 2.3 mg/g in the immature fruits. Total saponins in mature and immature fruits were 8.60 \± 2.6 mg/g and 16.90 \± 9.4 mg/g respectively. Total flavonoids in mature and immature fruits were 21.14 \± 4.4 mg/g and 14.24 \± 1.8 mg/g respectively. Also vitamin C contents were 11.79 \± 2.0 mg/g in mature fruits and 8.70 \± 0.26 mg/g in immature fruits. With the exception of alkaloids whose difference in the mature and immature was significant, other differences obtained were not significant. Conclusion: The study showed that the extracts contain diversity of phytochemicals in appreciable amount that can expertly keep the body against oxidative stress triggered by free radicals and therefore be used as a source of potent natural products.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Ethanol Extract, Flavonoids, Phytochemicals, Saponins, Solanum torvum fruits}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.160}, author = {Desmond Ato Koomson and Benjamin Danso Kwakye and Williams Kweku Darkwah and Bismark Odum and Mabel Asante and Gideon Aidoo} } @article {687, title = {The Role of Pomelo Peel Extract for Experimentally Induced Wound in Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {885-891}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {885}, abstract = {

Introduction: Delayed wound healing is a chronic complication in diabetic patients than in healthy individuals. Pomelo belongs to the genus Citrus of the family Rutaceae, an important fruit with great benefits for humans in the world. Previous studies showed that pomelo peels contain an abundant bioactive compound, which may promote wound healing in experimental animals. Aim: The current study was carried to prepare optimized extraction of pomelo peels using different experimental conditions and investigate the possible healing effect of oral treatment with pomelo peel extract (PPE) on induced excision skin wound in diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This study was done on rats divided into five groups each of 8 rats (two treatment groups given PPE (400 and 600) mg/kg by oral gavage compared to two control groups and standard plant for wound healing). Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a single dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) 65 mg\kg body weight. After diabetes induction, full thickness excision wound was made in rats, and the study continued for 3 weeks. Results: This study showed significant reduction in blood glucose and both percentage and time to wound closure in the treated groups, also a significant increase in hydroxyproline and total protein content of the healed wound tissue in the treated groups compared with control groups and comparable to standard plant extract treated groups. Conclusion: Experimental data proposed that oral administration of pomelo peel extract rich in vitamins and flavonoids has a good therapeutic potential in the treatment of complicated wounds in diabetes.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Peel, Pomelo, Vitamin C, Wound}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.149}, author = {Asser Ashraf Ahmad and Ihab Ibrahim Al Khalifa and Zead Helmi Abudayeh} } @article {328, title = {Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity and Fractionation of Bioactive Compounds from bark Extracts of Sibucao (Caesalpinia sappan L.) In the Philippines}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {356-360}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {356}, abstract = {

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people around the world. Although conventional medicine is available, it is usually accompanied by serious side effects such as gastrointestinal problem. Thus, the search for alternative medicine from natural sources is of primary importance. Context: The study is concerned with Caesalpinia sappan L. found in the vicinity of Baybay City, Leyte Philippines. Furthermore, it deals with ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the bark only. It was conducted to determine the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of C. sappan to provide evidence to support its efficacy as a folkloric medicinal plant. Aims: This work aimed to evaluate the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts of Sibucao (Caesalpinia sappan L.) and to partially fractionate its bioactive compounds. Settings and Design: Extracts were prepared in increasing concentration to get IC50 values. Samples were analysed in triplicate both for extracts and fractions collected from chromatography. Methods and Material: Caesalpinia sappan L. bark samples were collected from the vicinity of Visayas State University. Plant materials were dried, weighed and stored. Aqueous and ethanolic bark extracts were prepared using water and 20\% ethanol. The total phenolic content of the extracts were determined and the \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of crude bark and aqueous extracts were measured using the method of Kim et al., 2011. Partial fractionation of bioactive compounds was done successively using gradient elution. The \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of fractions were then determined and Rf values of active compounds were measured using thin layer chromatography (TLC). Results: Results revealed that aqueous extract (2000 ppm) and ethanolic extract (2000 ppm) show high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of 100\% and 59\% respectively. IC50 values of aqueous and ethanolic extract were found to be 300.52 \± 1.467 ppm and 1560.81 \± 2.582 ppm, respectively. TLC of fractions show 7 peaks for aqueous extract and 6 peaks for ethanolic extract in which compound with Rf value 0.70 had the highest inhibitory activity of 65\%. Conclusions: Taken together, the high \α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aqueous extracts support the effectiveness of C. sappan L. bark decoctions. In addition, results from bioassay-guided fractionation can be used as an effective tool for further isolation and characterization of \α-glucosidase inhibitors from Caesalpinia sappan L. in the Philippines.

}, keywords = {Caesalpinia sappan, Flavonoids, Fractionation, Type II diabetes, α-glucosidase}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.60}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.60}, author = {Ea Kristine Clarisse B. Tulin and Ma Theresa P. Loreto and Edgardo E. Tulin} } @article {418, title = {Characterization and Distribution of Flavonoids from Flowers in Different Horticultural Types of Begonia.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {850-855}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {850}, abstract = {

Background: The begonias are ornamental plants known by the varied forms and colors of their flowers, as well as their decorative foliage. Objective: This study attempts to characterize the flavonoids isolated from flower extracts of different horticultural cultivars of the genus Begonia. Material and methods: The compounds of the ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts were separated by chromatographic methods and identified by UV spectra and chemical techniques. Results: The analysis allowed the characterization of flavonoids belonging to flavonol types in the free aglycones and glycoside forms of kaempferol and quercetin. On the other hand, fingerprinting analysis and quantification of major flavonoids of 184 cultivars were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among twenty five (25) components which were detected and separated: ten were corresponding to quercetin 3-Oglucosyl- rhamnoside (Rt=23.5), quercetin 3-O-glucoside (Rt=25), kaempferol 3-O-glucosylrhamnoside and its acylated derivative (Rt=32), kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (Rt=33), quercetin 3-O-p.coumaroyl-diglucoside (Rt=37), quercetin 3-O-P.coumaroyl-glucoside (Rt=40.5), quercetin (Rt=41.5), kaempferol and its acylated derivative (Rt=47). Only non-acylated glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol contributed to chemical variations among different cultivars based on the results of PCA. Conclusion: The genus Begonia is very heterogeneous and it is possible to distinguish several chemotypes whose differences rely on the complementarities between the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis of glycosides of quercetin and kaempferol.

}, keywords = {Begonia, Chemotype, Distribution, Flavonoids, HPLC.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.133}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/186}, author = {Saffidine Karima and Chirol Nadine and Benayache Fadila and Jay Maurice} } @article {254, title = {Chemical Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Mundulea sericea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {213-220}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {213}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant activity of aqueous-methanolic (20:80) leaves extract of Mundulea sericea Willd. Methods: The extract of leaves was tested for antioxidant activity using various in vitro models viz., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitric oxide, ABTS, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total antioxidant activity and reducing power. The phytochemical composition (GC-MS and HPLC) along with total phenolic and flavonoid content of the extract at different concentrations were also determined. Results: Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be equivalents to 107.86 \± 0.53 g of gallic acid and 44.53 \± 0.156 g of rutin /mg of dried hydro-methanolic methanolic extract, respectively. Among various antioxidant assays performed, maximum inhibition was observed for ABTS (IC50 13.26 \± 0.396 g) followed by DPPH (IC50 79.83 \± 0.306 g) and NO (IC50 6.35 \± 0.23 g/mL) assay. The GC-MS analysis revealed over 38 compounds; the prevailing compounds were Sec- Butyl ethyl sulfoxide and Di-methyl sulfoxonium formyl methylide. The RP-HPLC analysis further confirmed the presence of rutin, cinnamic acid and salicylic acid. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrated that Mundulea sericea leaves possess high phenolic with flavonoid contents and also revealed potential antioxidant activity so these leaves could be used as a viable source of natural antioxidants for industrial and pharmaceutical preparations.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Flavonoids, GC-MS, Leaf extract, Mundulea sericea, Phenolics, RP-HPLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.36}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/303}, author = {Mahendra Shivshankar Khyade and Mohan Baban Waman} } @article {432, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation and Chromatographic Fingerprint Analysis on Flavonoids Compounds in Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Leaf by HPTLC}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {942-946}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {942}, abstract = {

Introduction: Leucas aspera is one of the important medicinal plants in Indian medical system and it belongs to Lamiaceae family. Leucas aspera (Willd) Link (L. aspera) belongs to Leucas genus, widely distributed throughout India. L. aspera has many vernacular names and is commonly known as Thumbai. Flavonoid is a phenolic compound which is widely distributed in the plants and responsible for many biological activities. Preliminary phytochemical analysis gives a broad idea to the researchers for their further research. Methods: In this present study, we did a preliminary phytochemical screening, quantitative estimation of total flavonoids and fingerprinting profile of flavonoids compounds using five different solvent extracts obtained from leaves of L. aspera. Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of flavonoid compounds in L. aspera. Higher concentration of total flavonoid compounds was noted in ethanol extract compared to petroleum ether, chloroform, isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate extracts. A densitometric high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) study showed more number of flavonoid compounds are present in ethanol extract compared to other solvents. Conclusions: Results of this study revealed, L. aspera leaf is a rich source of flavonoid content and it can be used to alleviate many chronic illness and various diseases. This study results warrants for further isolation, identification and characterization of active principle which is responsible for the biological activity.

}, keywords = {Chromatographic, Fingerprinting, Flavonoids, HPTLC, Leucas aspera.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.147}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/200}, author = {Vellaichamy Muthupandi Annapandian and Rajagopal Shanmuga Sundaram and Swaminathan Gomathi} } @article {439, title = {Phytochemical, Free Radical Scavenging Activity and Thin Layer Chromatography Analysis of Methanolic Extracts of Six Wild Mushroom Species Collected From the Shai Hills Reserve of Ghana}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {November 2017}, pages = {s16-s22}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s16}, abstract = {

Objective: Six different mushroom species (Termitomyces, Ganoderma, Amauroderma, Mycena, Marasmus and an unknown) were studied to ascertain their phytochemical and antioxidant properties and determine their TLC analysis of methanolic extracts. Materials and Methods:\ The DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) model was employed to determine free radical scavenging activity of the methanolic extracts of the mushrooms, aluminum chloride calorimetric method for flavonoid, Thin layer chromatography (TLC) for retention factor and atomic absorption spectrophotometric (AAS) for macro and micronutrients. Results:\ Phytochemical analyses of the methanolic extract revealed the presence of antioxidants, phenols and flavonoids. The antioxidant values (IC50 (g/ml)) ranged from 1.56 x 10-4 to 21.07 x10-4.Total phenol content ranged between 2.54 and 17.53 mg/g GAE with a mean of about 11.27 mg/g GAE. Total flavonoid content also ranged from 5.46 to 23.75 mg/g RUE with a mean of 13.41 mg/g RUE. Micronutrients such as cadmium, iron, lead, manganese and zinc were determined. Also macronutrients determined included, calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium. Sodium ranged the highest with values ranging 6966.67 mg/L to 9600.00 mg/L followed by iron ranging from 1613.67 to 3040.00 mg/L. Percentage crude protein ranged between 11.09 \% and 28.24 \%. Alkaloid was present in only Mycena sp and Ganoderma sp with a band each of Rf value of 0.49. A total of 18 different bands were recorded for flavonoid with Rf values that ranged between 0.20 and 0.97, respectively. Conclusion:\ The antioxidant potential of the methanolic extracts of the mushroom samples in this study recorded higher values. This indicates that mushrooms have high antioxidant properties and rationalizes further investigation in the potential discovery of new natural bioactive principles from these mushrooms.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Extracts, Flavonoids, Mushrooms, Phytochemical}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6s.152}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/376}, author = {Ebenezer Owusu and Gladys Schwinger and Matilda Dzomeku and Mary Obodai and Isaac Asante} } @article {401, title = {Phytochemical Screening and Content Determination of Different Species of Genus Caesalpinia belonging to Different Origin with Antidiabetic Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {743-749}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {743}, abstract = {

Aim: The main aim of the study is to investigate the phytochemical screening of C. decapetala along with the content determination of different species of genus Caesalpinia with respect to their antidiabetic activity and identification of most bioactive species belonging to different origins. Methods: To achieve our goal different species of genus Caesalpinia collected from China and Pakistan were subjected to open column chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), antioxidant, and antidiabetic assays for evaluation. Results: From \η-BuOH fraction of C. decapetala extract, eight compounds were isolated using open column chromatography and identified as apigenin-7-rhamnoside (1), 4-O-methylepisappanol (2), caesalpinol (3), daucosterol (4), astragalin (5), kaempferol (6), quercitrin (7), and naringin (8) using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. HPLC analysis of different species of genus Caesalpinia showed that the most active antidiabetic compound \‘quercitrin\’ was present more in C. pulcherrima followed by decreasing order in C. sappan, C.decapetala, and C. bonduc. Conclusion: The results indicated that quercitrin is the most bioactive content and C. pulcherrima is most bioactive specie of China origin from genus Caesalpinia.

}, keywords = {Antidiabetic, Antioxidants, Caesalpinia, Flavonoids, HPLC Fingerprint, Phytochemical content.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.117}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/170}, author = {Amna Parveen and Zahra and Muhammad Qudratullah Farooqi and Whang Wan Kyunn and Muhammad Arshad} } @article {135, title = {Bioactive Constituents of Pulicaria jaubertii: A promising Antihypertensive Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {81-86}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {80}, abstract = {

Objective: Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract of Pulicaria jaubertii aerial parts. Material and Methods: The chloroform and ethyl acetate fractions were chromatographed on silica gel and sephadex LH 20 to afford six compounds. Their structures were elucidated on the bases of extensive NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) and MS analysis. The antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract was evaluated against L-NAME\–induced hypertensive rats. Results: One new monoterpene glucoside; (2R, 4S)-p-menth-1-ene- 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside [1] along with five known compounds; thymoquinol 2-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (zataroside-B) [2], quercetin 7, 3{\textquoteleft}-di-Omethylether (rhamnazin) [3], quercetin 7-O-methylether (rhamnetin) [4], quercetin 3{\textquoteleft}-O-methylether (isorhamnetin) [5] and stigmasterol 3-Ob- D-glucopyranoside [6] were isolated. The alcoholic extract significantly reduced the elevated SBP and partially restored the diminished nitric oxide metabolites. Conclusion: Compound [1] is a new and compounds [2-6] are reported for first time from Pulicaria jaubertii. The possible antihypertensive activity of the alcoholic extract may be due to its flavonoids and phenolic contents.

}, keywords = {Antihypertensive activity, Flavonoids, Monoterpene glucoside, Nitric oxide., Pulicaria jaubertii}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.18}, author = {El-Sayed M. El-Ghaly and Usama Shaheen and Ehab Ragab and Atef Ahmed El-hila and Mohamed Raafat Abd-Allah} } @article {156, title = {Phytochemical and Antidiabetic Evaluation of the Methanolic Stem Bark Extract of Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan/2016}, pages = {243-249}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {243}, abstract = {

Background: Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae extract\ (SCE) is one of many herbal medicines\ used widely in Ugandan traditional\ medicine for various ailments. Generally most of these herbal\ medicines\ are yet to be standardized or have their phytochemical content characterized.\ Method: This study identified the secondary metabolites in the stem bark\ methanolic extract and quantified them. The same extract was subjected\ to serial solvent fractionation, TLC characterization and antidiabetic testing.\ Results: The secondary metabolites were found to comprise of 7.5\% alkaloids,\ 10\% flavonoids, 13\% tannins and 17\% saponins per gram of plant material.\ The TLC characteristics of the fractions (hexane (HX), ethylacetate (EA)\ and methanol (ME)) viewed under UV light revealed spots with the following\ Rf values; the hexane partition gave HX7EA3 (0.96 and 0.68) HX9EA1\ (0.68 and 0.3), EA1ME9 (0.86 and 0.58), EA3ME7 (0.87), EA7ME3 (0.85)\ and EA9ME1 (0.85). The ethylacetate partition gave the following HX1EA9 (0.53, 0.34 and 0.18), HX3EA7 (0.59, 0.40 and 0.26). Discussion: All the\ fractions produced nominal reduction of hyperglycemia. Except hexane\ fraction at 50 mg/kg and ethylacetate fraction at 200 mg/kg all the fractions\ had percentage reductions of glucose greater than that of the control at\ the experimental doses. Although the values of percentage reductions of\ hyperglycemia by the hexane fraction were apparently dose-dependent,\ the greatest margin of reduction of hyperglycemia was observed in the\ residual aqueous fraction. Conclusion: It was found that SCE contains\ valuable phytochemicals in appreciable quantities which are antidiabetic.\ The residual aqueous fraction is the most potent antihyperglycemic of the\ solvent fractions.

}, keywords = {Flavonoids, Saponins, Spathodea campanulata (P. Beauv.) Bignoniaceae, TLC Tannins, Uganda.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.12}, author = {Tanayen Julius Kihdze and Ajayi Abayomi Mayowa and Oloro Joseph and Ezeonwumelu Joseph OC and Tanayen Grace Ghaife and Adzu Bulus and Arthur van Aerschot and Gert Laekeman and Agaba Amon Ganafa} } @article {205, title = {Phytochemical Evaluation of Polyherbal Formulation of Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber to Identify Flavonoids}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {534-541}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {534}, abstract = {

Background: Modern healthcare system recognizes herbal medicine as a form of alternative medicine and also identify as holistic approach. Everyone in life experiences different kind of wound.Clinacanthus nutans and Elephantopus scaber are well known traditional wound healing herbs. Objective: To develop a new polyherbal formulation in the treatment of wound and identify flavonoid by means of chromatography, chemical method and spectroscopic method. Preliminary phytochemical and fluorescent evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans,Elephantopus scaber and herb-herb combination. Methods and Material: Preliminary phytochemical and fluorescent evaluation of Clinacanthus nutans, Elephantopus and polyherbal formulation of both herb by chemical method. Identification of flavonoids by thin layer chromatography and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results: Flavonoids have found inside polyherbal formulation by comparing the colour change after chemical analysis, Fluorescence analysis, retention time by thin layer chromatography and functional groups by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Conclusions: Flavonoids may responsible for its activity as wound healing. It may work with other bioactive compounds as synergistic effect.

}, keywords = {Clinacanthus nutans, Elephantopus scaber, Flavonoids, Herb-Herb combination, Polyherbal formulation, Wound healing.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.4}, author = {Muhammad Shahzad Aslam and Muhammad Syarhabil Ahmad and Awang Soh Mamat} } @article {1525, title = {Pharmacognostic investigations of the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum Asch. and radical-scavenging activities of five flavonoids isolated from methanol extract of the plant}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {26th May 2014}, pages = {43-48}, type = {Research Article}, abstract = {

Background: Chenopodium foliosum Asch. also known in Bulgarian folk medicine as \“garliche\” or \“svinski yagodi\” (swine\’s berries) has been used as a decoct of aerial parts for treatment of cancer, as antioxidant and immunostimulant. This study was undertaken to investigate its phytochemical, physicochemical and radicalscavenging activities of the aerial parts of the plant. Materials and Methods: Physico-chemical parameters: moisture content, foaming index, total ash, dichloromethane, alcohol and water soluble extractive, pleliminary phytochemical screening and TLC finger print profile were determined. Three new flavonol glycosides, 3-O-\ß;-gentiobiosides of 6-methoxykaempferol andg omphrenol and a new gomphrenol trioside as well as the known 3-O-\ß;-gentiobiosides of patuletin and spinacetin, previously isolated from the aerial parts of Chenopodium foliosum> AschResults: The results of physico-chemical parameters showed moisture content- 6.05\%, foaming index-250, total ash- 12.19\% and dichloromethane, alcohol and water soluble extractive respectively 2.52\%, 13.20\% and 12.01\%. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the aerial parts of C. foliosum reveals the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins and alkaloids/ amines. Patuletine-3-O-gentiobioside showed the highest DPPH (95.03 \± 0.09) and ABTS (87.20 \± 0.13) activity, compared to Vit C. 6-Methoxykaempferol-3-O-gentiobioside showed significant ABTS (81.09 \± 0.06) activity, but DPPH activity was lacking. The other flavonoids showed low DPPH activity, but moderate ABTS activity compared with BHT. Conclusion: The results of this study could be useful for correct identification of the plant and further standardization. In addition this study suggesting that the decoction prepared from C. foliosum could be a potential source of nutraceuticals with radical-scavenging activity.

Key words:Chenopodium, phytochemical investigations, flavonoids, DPPH, ABTS.

}, keywords = {ABTS, Chenopodium, DPPH, Flavonoids, phytochemical investigations}, author = {Zlatina Kokanova-Nedialkova and Paraskev T. Nedialkov and Stefan D. Nikolov} }