@article {1775, title = {Clinical Studies of Silymarin as a Protective Agent Against Liver Damage Caused by Anti-TB Drugs, Methotrexate, and in Cases of Chronic Hepatitis C and Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {358-368}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {358}, abstract = {

The liver is the organ in charge of homeostasis and metabolism of sundry substances (endogenous and exogenous, including drugs); but when these are metabolized, they generate more toxic and/or reactive metabolites, that can damage the liver causing cirrhosis, steatosis and/or hepatocarcinoma. Human have been used several medicinal plants (MP) since ancestral times to treat their ailments, diseases and liver disorders, including Sylibum marianum. This MP is used in the treatment of jaundice and other biliary diseases, as well as in support therapy for edible mushrooms poisoning and in the treatment of some hepatic diseases. From this medicinal plant, silymarin (SLM, mixture of flavonoids) is obtained, it has an important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotector effect. The last activity has been demonstrated through several preclinical and in some clinical studies. To date, a few clinical studies describe the hepatoprotective and/or nephroprotective effect of SLM against the damage caused by anti- TB drugs, methotrexate and in cases of type II diabetes mellitus or chronic hepatitis C. Nevertheless, this type of research is more frequent in preclinical trials (using rats or mice) or in vitro assay.

}, keywords = {Anti-TB drugs, Diabetes mellitus, Hepatoprotector, Hepatotoxicity, Methotrexate, Nephroprotector, Silybin, Silymarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.46}, author = {Jimenez-Arellanes Maria Adelina} } @article {1871, title = { The Potential Effect of Silymarin Against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Albino Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {October 2022}, pages = {558-564}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {558}, abstract = {

Background: Being the main metabolic organ, liver stays in touch with toxicity of introduced materials including, drugs. Protection is priceless to avoid complication of liver toxicity. Objectives: This research aimed to assess the protective impact of silymarin (SIL) on hepatotoxicity based on acute paracetamol (APAP) intoxication in rats in comparison with N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Methods: To do so serum was collected and the liver was analyzed for histological findings on rat model-paracetamol toxicity whether alone or in combination with SIL or NAC. The scenario was based on either preconditioning with SIL/NAC before induction of toxicity or afterwards. Serum liver function tests, pro-oxidant/antioxidant status, and proinflammatory markers were detected alongside liver histological study. Results: The results showed that liver function indices, oxidative state, and pro-inflammatory parameters were significantly changed, and histopathological alterations were detected in the liver of the intoxicated group. These modifications were inverted in groups treated with either SIL or NAC. The results of the current study suggested that SIL might be employed as a hepatoprotective drug against liver damage induced by APAP because of its ability to reduce lipid peroxidation, improve antioxidant defense status, and have anti-inflammatory effects. Conclusion: These results are equivalent to NAC therapy which is a standard drug against APAPrelated hepatotoxicity.

}, keywords = {APAP, Hepatotoxicity, NAC, Paracetamol, Silymarin, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.136}, author = {Noor Ahmed Abed and Musab Mohammed Khalaf and Mohammed Khalid Jamaludeen Alnori} } @article {1350, title = {Evaluate the Effect of Herbal Extract Remedy for Treatment of Liver Cirrhosis in in-vitro}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {189-195}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {189}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate the in-vitro effect of herbal extract recepies, namely XGTQ, in the treatment of liver cirrhosis that induced by Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) in combination with alcohol and high-fat diet in rats. Materials and Methods: Liver cirrhosis was induced by subcutaneously injecting CC14 (initial dose of 5,0ml/kg, followed by 1,2ml/kg twice a week in 10 weeks) in winstar rats. Then, fed with synthetic food, added 20\% fat, and 0.05\% cholesterol and iron oxalate. Rats were administered a day with fresh water and water mixed with 30\% ethanol in another day. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups and given distilled water (group 1 or control group and group 2 or cirrhosis group), silymarin (group 3 or reference group) or the herbal recipes, aka XGTQ, drug extract (group 4, 5) for 4 weeks. Blood was collected for biochemical test and livers were dissected to evaluate weight, morphology and quantified 4-hydroxyproline to evaluate fibrosis and collagen accumulation. Results: In cirrhotic wistar rats, the XGTQ herbal drug at 19.6 g/kg/24h and 58.8 g/kg/24h showed the ability of reducing the level of enzymes AST, ALT in the blood (p\<0.01), increasing plasma albumin and decreasing prothrobin time (p\<0.05); improving physical condition, macroscopic and microscopic images of H\&E-stained liver; decreasing the concentration of hydroxyproline in the liver and reducing the level of cirrhosis on the masson-stained templates. The effect of herbal recipes XGTQ increased dramatically with the dose, and was equivalent to silymarin at the dose of 70 mg/kg/24h. Conclusion: The aqueous extract of XGTQ herbal remedy has have a good effect in treatment of liver cirrhosis in in-vitro and to be equivalent to that of silymarin at the dose of 70 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {CCl4, Liver cirrhosis, Silymarin, Wistar Rats, XGTQ herbal extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.27}, author = {Thanh Ha Tuan Nguyen and Ngan Nguyen Hoang and Xuan Thanh Nguyen and Binh Nhu Do and Son Trinh The} } @article {1219, title = {Toxicity Assessment, Evaluation of Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activity on Cordia obliqua Fruit Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1005-1011}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1005}, abstract = {

Background: Cordia obliqua Willd plant is a genus of flowering plants in the borage family, Boraginaceae. It is also known as clammy cherry. Very little research was carried out for identification of its medicinal importance when compared to other Cordia species Objective: To determine the safe dose and to explore the in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Cordia obliqua fruits Methods: As per our previous study the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were rich in phytoconstituents and exhibited good in vitro antioxidant effect. So the ethanolic and aqueous extracts were used for evaluation of activity. Acute toxicity study (LD50) was conducted according to OECD guidelines. For hepatoprotective activity paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity was studied using standard drug like Silymarin. The antioxidant potential] of the plant extracts were tested using three tests viz, Reduced GSH, Catalase and SOD activity Results: Acute toxicity studies showed the non-toxic nature of Cordia obliqua fruit extract upto dose of 3000mg/kg body weight. Administration of Paracetamol to rats increased the levels of marker enzymes like ALT, AST and ALP. Increase in the levels of these enzymes in serum indicates damage to the liver cells. Pretreatment with aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Cordia obliqua decreased the levels of ALT, AST, ALP and increased levels of total protein, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and comparisons histology of cells of extract which are an indication for the hepatoprotective activity. Conclusion: The fruits of Cordia obliqua are safe and effective in treatment of hepatic disorders and prevent oxidation of cells.

}, keywords = {Cordia obliqua, Hepatotoxicity, Paracetamol, Silymarin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.142}, author = {G Tharun and S Sivakrishnan and JVC Sharma} }