@article {1373, title = {Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Assay of Bio- Active Compounds and Phytochemical Analyses in Three Species of Apocynaceae}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {383-392}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Objective: Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze for phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in three species of Apocynacae, Gongronema latifolium, Vincetoxicum rossicum and Marsdenia edulis commonly found in tropical rainforest vegetation and used as food and traditional medicine by locals. Methods and Materials: Phytochemical analysis and GC-MS were carried out using leaf samples of the species following standard protocols. Quantitative phytochemical data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance tested at 5\% level of probability. Bioactive compounds were identified by comparing the retention times with those of authentic compounds and spectral data obtained from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) library. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, saponins, terpenes, steroids, flavonoids and phenols. Among the three species, Gongronema latifolium was highest in flavonoids (28.40 \%), Vincetoxicum rossicum was highest in steroids (17.25 \%) while Marsdenia edulis was highest in terpenoids (18.17 \%). GC-MS profiling of the species revealed biologically functional compounds with therapeutic properties including linoleic acid, phytol, neophytadiene, n-hexadecanoic acid, squalene, transfarnesol, 5-pentadecen-7-yne, and mercaptoacetic acid. Conclusion: The array of bioactive compounds present in the three species especially Gongronema latifolium, commonly used as food indicated their utility in pharmacognosy and drug manufacture. This is the first report of GC-MS based metabolite profiling to detect the various bioactive compounds in methanolic extracts of Vincetoxicum rossicum and Marsdenia edulis. We therefore recommend these species for further study in drug discovery trials.

}, keywords = {Drug discovery, Gongronema latifolium, Marsdenia edulis, Phytochemical profiling, Underutilized species, Vincetoxicum rossicum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.49}, author = {Peggy Willie and Edak A Uyoh and Peter O Aikpokpodion} } @article {1385, title = {Phytochemical Profiling and Chemical Marker Compounds Identification in Helichrysum caespititium: A Chemometrics and 2D Gas Chromatography Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) Perspective}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {486-494}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {486}, abstract = {

Introduction: Helichrysum caespititium is a medicinal plant indigenous to South Africa. Hitherto, only 2 compounds- caespititin and 2-methyl-4-[2{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},6{\textquoteright}-trihydroxy-3{\textquoteright}-(2-methylpropanoyl)-phenyl] but-2-enyl acetate have been reported from this species. Phytochemical profiling of the plant and identification of chemical markers are limited. Objectives: Determining phytochemical profile of H. caespititium and identifying the major marker compounds in its extracts. Methods: A two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC-TOF-MS) was used to analyze H. caespititium extracts (acetone, methanol, and dichloromethane). The marker compounds from the generated phytochemical fingerprints were identified using Column plots and chemometrics orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Polar acetone, methanol, and non-polar dichloromethane extracts were analyzed separately. Results and Discussions: A total of 135 (12 from acetone, 13 from methanol, and 110 from dichloromethane extracts) compounds were identified in H. caespititium. An OPLSDA score plot with R2 = 0.81 grouped the polar compounds into 2 clusters as phenolic and non-phenolic compounds, while a contribution plot from the score plot then nominated benzene[(methoxymethoxy)]methyl, 4-methyl-2,4-bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)penet- 1-ene, isoeugenol, and 3 4-dihydroxymandelic acid as marker compounds in the polar extracts. In a second plot with R2 = 0.67, the corresponding contribution plot accentuated 2-methyl-5- (fur-3-yl) pent-3-en-2-ol, 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, dihexyl-1-(4- methylphenyl)-5(2-dimethyl aminothenyl)-1H-tetrazole, and 3,5-dimethyl-4-heptanone as the marker compounds in the dichloromethane extract. Conclusion: This study recommends the use of the marker compounds as quality standard of raw materials and commercial products containing extracts or other forms of the South African H. caespititium.

}, keywords = {Chemical markers, Chemometrics, GCxGC-TOF-MS, Helichrysum caespititium, Phytochemical profiling}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.61}, author = {Kokoette Bassey and Patience Mamabolo and Mmamosheledi Mothibe and Freddy Muganza} }