@article {2558, title = {The role of TNF-Alpha, IL-6, Adiponectin, and Leptin in Inflammation and Metabolic Dysregulation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {699-702}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {699}, abstract = {

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by chronic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. The present study investigates the role of inflammatory markers, including TNF-alpha and IL-6, and metabolic hormones such as adiponectin and leptin, in individuals with T2DM. Methods: A total of 147 participants diagnosed with T2DM were included in the study. Clinical and biochemical parameters, including fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), adiponectin, leptin, TNF-alpha, and IL-6, were measured. Descriptive statistics and correlation analysis were performed to determine associations between inflammatory markers and metabolic dysregulation. Results: The mean age of participants was 42.63 {\textpm} 6.38 years, and the average BMI was 28.38 {\textpm} 2.25 kg/m{\texttwosuperior}. FBS and HbA1C levels were 175.72 {\textpm} 61.61 mg/dL and 7.26 {\textpm} 0.94\%, respectively. The mean adiponectin and leptin levels were 4.71 {\textpm} 1.75 μg/mL and 20.58 {\textpm} 5.19 ng/mL, respectively. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels averaged 132.00 {\textpm} 9.45 pg/mL and 33.52 {\textpm} 14.55 pg/mL, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated an inverse relationship between adiponectin and BMI, while leptin was positively correlated with BMI and insulin levels. Elevated TNFalpha and IL-6 levels were associated with increased HbA1C and fasting blood glucose. Conclusion: This study highlights the significant role of inflammatory markers in metabolic dysregulation among T2DM patients. Elevated TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels reinforce the link between chronic inflammation and impaired glucose metabolism. These findings underscore the need for anti-inflammatory strategies in diabetes management.

}, keywords = {Adiponectin, IL-6, Inflammation, Leptin, Metabolic Dysregulation, TNF-Alpha, Type 2 diabetes mellitus}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.87}, author = {Prajna R H and Shivananda Nayak and Priya V and Shruthi Rai P and Shivaraja shankara Y M and Prashanthkumar Goudappala and Dinesh PV and Namratha KG} } @article {2568, title = {Therapeutic Effects of Combined Zinc and α-Tocopherol Administration in a Rat Model of Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Sepsis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {December 2025}, pages = {275-283}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {275}, abstract = {

Sepsis induces systemic inflammation through excessive production of proinflammatory cytokines, leading to oxidative stress, tissue damage, and multiorgan dysfunction. This study aimed to evaluate the synergistic effects of combined zinc and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) supplementation on inflammatory and biochemical parameters in Staphylococcus aureus-induced sepsis in male Wistar rats. Thirty rats were divided into six groups: (1) normal control, (2) Placebo control (sepsis without therapy), (3) positive control (levofloxacin 45 mg/kg BW + zinc 0.9 mg/kg BW + vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW), and (4{\textendash}6) treatment groups receiving combined zinc (0.9, 1.8, and 2.7 mg/kg BW) with vitamin E (250 mg/kg BW). Sepsis was induced intraperitoneally, followed by treatment according to group. On day 9, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-6, CRP, AST, ALT, urea, creatinine, and albumin were analyzed, while lung and kidney, were examined histologically. The combination of zinc and vitamin E significantly decreased TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP levels while improving biochemical parameters and increasing serum albumin compared to the untreated group (p <= 0.05). The highest efficacy was observed with zinc 2.7 mg/kg BW and vitamin E 250 mg/kg BW, which showed over 50\% reduction in tissue damage, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial hemorrhage in lung tissue, and improved hepatic cellular regeneration. These findings suggest that zinc and vitamin E exert synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, indicating their potential as adjuvant therapy in sepsis management.

}, keywords = {CRP, Histopathology, IL-6, Oxidative stress, Sepsis, Staphylococcus aureus, TNF-α, Vitamin E, zinc}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.97}, author = {Olivia Des Vinca Albahana Napitupulu and Gusbakti Rusip and Maya Sari Mutia} } @article {2166, title = {Alteration of IL-6, BMP-15 and GDF-9 Levels on PCOS Rat Models After Treated with Syzygium Polyanthum (Wight) Walp Leaves Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1084-1090}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1084}, abstract = {

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a global health concern for women in reproductive age women. Numerous studies have been reported an association between chronic inflammation and alteration of cytokine in women with PCOS. Syzygium polyanthum (S. polyanthum) contains antioxidants and has antiinflammation activity. Objectives: This study aims to measure the alteration of IL-6, BMP-15, and GDF-9 in rat PCOS model after treated with S. polyanthum leaves extract. Materials and Methods: The female Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 5), K0 (normal control), K1 (PCOS group), and three treatment groups which received three different doses of S. polyanthum leaves extract. The treatment group consisted of PCOS rat models with S. polyanthum leaves extract supplementation of 150 mg/KgBW (P1), 300 mg/KgBW (P2), and 450 mg/KgBW (P3). Results: IL-6 expression was highest in K1 (4,690 {\textpm} 0.099) and lowest in the P3 treatment, namely (2,370 {\textpm} 0.105). The expression of BMP-15 and GDF-9 was lowest at K1 (2.554 {\textpm} 0.04; 4.502 {\textpm} 0.050) and highest at P3, namely (2.265 {\textpm} 0.072; 4.736{\textpm}0.074). Conclusion: S. polyanthum leaves extract was significantly effective in decreasing IL-6 expressions, as well as a significant increase in BMP-15 and GDF-9 expressions in the PCOS rat model.

}, keywords = {BMP-15, GDF-9, IL-6, Syzygium polyanthum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.198}, author = {Renny Aditya and Budi Santoso and Widjiati} } @article {1925, title = {Differences in interleukin-6 and interleukin-17 expression in covid-19 post-mortem lung tissue biopsy compared with noncovid- 19}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {887-892}, type = {Original Article }, chapter = {887}, abstract = {

Background: COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world. It is necessary to study lung tissue of postmortem COVID19 patients to determine the molecular alteration particularly the role of IL-6 and IL-17 in causing fatality. Objective: This study aims to determine the differences in the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. This study also aimed to analyze the correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in lung tissue of post-mortem COVID-19 patients. Methods: This research is an observational analytic study with crosssectional approach. The samples were 15 paraffin blocks of post-mortem lung tissue biopsy of COVID-19 patients, and 15 paraffin blocks of inflammatory lung tissue biopsy or surgery of non-COVID-19 patients. IL-6 and IL-17 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical procedure. Result: There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-6 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with a p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant difference in the expression of IL-17 in the COVID-19 group and the non-COVID-19 group with p-value = 0.001 (p \< 0.05). There was a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in the COVID-19 group, with the Spearman coefficient value (rs) of 0.548 with p = 0.034 (p \< 0.05). Conclusion: There are differences in the expression of IL-6 and IL-17 between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 lung tissue. There is a significant correlation between the expressions of IL-6 and IL-17 in post-mortem lung tissue of COVID-19 patients.

}, keywords = {Biopsy, COVID-19, IL-17, IL-6, Post mortem lung tissue.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.184}, author = {Etty Hary Kusumastuti and Priangga Adi Wiratama and Grace Ariani and Stephanie Natasha Djuanda and Alphania Rahniayu and Nila Kurniasari and Dyah Fauziah and Anny Setijo Rahaju and Isnin Anang Marhana and Alfian Nur Rosyid and Dwi Wahyu and Gilang Muhammad Setyo Nugroho and Adhitri Anggoro and I Komang Rusgi Yandi and Bambang Pujo Semedi and Jilientasia Godrace Lilihata and Ummi Maimunah and Supriadi and Achmad Lefi and Lalu Galih Pratama Rinjani and Edi Suyanto and Ricardo Ardian Nugraha} } @article {1387, title = {Effect of Tender Coconut Water (TCW) on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) Induced Diabetic Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {500-505}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {500}, abstract = {

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is characterized by an increase in blood sugar levels also known as hyperglycemia. Continuous hyperglycemia can increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). ROS causes oxidative stress and increases the formation of TNF-α expression as a marker of inflammation. Tender coconut water is rich in sources of free amino acids, L-arginine and vitamin C which can prevent oxidative stress. Aim and Objectives: This research to investigate the effect of tender coconut water on TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in Streptozotocin (STZ) and Nicotinamid (NA) induced diabetic rats. Material and Methods: Experimental research design using posttest control group design. Twenty four male wistar strain rats were used in this study were divided randomly into 4 groups, which are group K1 (control); K2 (DM type 2); K3 (DM type 2+ Glibenclamid 0,18mg/200grBW); K4 (DM type 2+ tender coconut water 8mL/200gr BW). Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus were induced using Streptozotocin (STZ) 65mg/kg body weight and Nicotinamid 230 mg/kg body weight. The administration of tender coconut water were given on day 3 after DM condition is reached, given daily for 4 weeks with dose of 8 mL/200 gr BW. Data on of TNF-α , IL-1 and IL-6 levels were analyzed by One Way Anova. Result: Average TNF-α level, IL-1 level and IL-6 level in Group 2 increased compared to Group 1 , in Group 3 it decreased compared to Group 2 as well as in Group 4 .The results of the analysis has the p values \<0.05. Conclusion: Administration of tender coconut water can be decreasing of TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 levels in wistar strain male rats with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

}, keywords = {Diabetes mellitus, IL-1, IL-6, Tender coconut water, TNF-α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.63}, author = {Siti Thomas Zulaikhah and Joko Wahyuwibowo and Mochammad Navi Suharto and Bagus Haruno Enggartiasto and Mohammad Iqbal Raka Ortanto and Arrizki Azka Pratama} }