@article {1357, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on the Leaves of Annona muricata Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {241-247}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {241}, abstract = {

Introduction: Annona muricata Linn. (Family: Annonaceae) is a well-known traditional and natural medicine over the world; in Malaysia it serves as a treatment for many kinds of diseases. Studies have been reported that A. muricata can be used to treat diseases due to its antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antitumor, anthelmintic, analgesic, hypotensive, antiinflammatory, and has immune enhancing properties. Despite having several medicinal functions and properties, however there is no standardization parameters have been reported in the literature for the leaves of A. muricata. Methods: Therefore, through this research study, the macroscopical and microscopical characteristics, physicochemical parameters such as ash values, extractive values, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the leaves were investigated. Results: Based on the observation of the transverse section of the leaves, the presence of upper cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade cells, vascular bundle, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibers, lignified vessels, xylem vessels, collenchyma, lower epidermis, lower cuticle and parenchyma served as important key differentiating features for the studied plant. The powder microscopy revealed the presence of pieces of trichrome, collapsed uniseriate multicellular covering trichrome, spongy mesophyll, phloem fibres, xylem vessels, paracytic stomata and fragment of epidermis showing cell and palisade cell. Calcium oxalate crystals were also observed even though the captured image was slightly unclear. The phytochemical screening of the leaves was carried out using four different extracts which showed the presence of steroids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins carbohydrates and proteins, respectively. Conclusion: Based on this research finding, the pharmacognostic standardization of the plant can be established thus, providing ease in identifying and determining the purity and quality of the investigated plant.

}, keywords = {Annona muricata, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Physicochemical parameters, Preliminary physiochemical screening}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.34}, author = {Gouri Kumar Dash and Mohd Haziq Bin Hashim and Abdul Karim Russ Hassan and Ravindran Muthukumarasamy} } @article {1144, title = {Pharmacognostic Studies on Methanolic Extract of Leaves of Vitex negundo Linn}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {May 2020}, pages = {551-556}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {551}, abstract = {

Vitex negundo Linn (verbenaceae), known as Nirgundi is important medicinal plant with variety of phytoconstituents having significant pharmacological activities. It has antiinflammatory, analgesic, anti-histaminic, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective, antiimplantation, laxative, larvicidal, anti-arthritic, anticonvulsant and effective against snake venom activity. Two compounds namely vitexin and negundoside are reported to have anticancer and hepatoprotective activity respectively. For safe and effective use of herbal drugs in a formulation, proper standardization of herbal drugs is necessary. So, in this research paper basic pharmacognostic studies on Vitex negundo leaf extract like physicochemical parameters- ash values and extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, phytochemical screening, TLC profile with different solvent systems, behavior with different reagents and metal analysis was done. The findings throw light on preliminary standardization of this important medicinal plant. Key

}, keywords = {Ash values, Extractive values, Fluorescence analysis, TLC, Vitex negundo (VN)}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.83 }, author = {Kiran Sharma and Manish Yadav and Kavita Attri} } @article {377, title = {Pharmacognostic and Phytochemical Characteristics of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Stem and Root Bark: A Comparative Study}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {July 2017}, pages = {668-673}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {668}, abstract = {

Introduction: Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) is a large tree indigenous to China. It is known as the \“Tree of Heaven\”, used in traditional medicine in many parts of Asia, including China to treat cold, gastric diseases, diarrhea and endoparasites. It is also used as a bitter aromatic drug and as an antitumoral. Objective: The present study deals with comparative pharmacognostical parameters for the bark of stem and root of Ailanthus altissima, Mill. Swingle. Materials and Methods: The stem and root bark were collected, shade dried and powdered plant material was studied for its proximate values by standard methods. The extracts were subjected to a preliminary phytochemical screening for the detection of various phytoconstituents. Results: Proximate analysis revealed that the dry plant powder of stem bark has 6.48 \% total ash, 0.42\% acid insoluble ash, 4.60 \% water soluble ash and for root bark 7.22 \% total ash, 0.74\% acid insoluble ash, 5.98 \% water soluble ash. The Loss on drying for stem and root bark were found out to be 6.62 \% and 10.46 \% respectively. The stem and root bark of plant powder were found to possess phytoconstituents. Fluorescence analysis revealed the behaviour of the plant powder when treated with different chemical reagents. Conclusion: The present study reveals the preliminary phytochemical and proximate analysis of stem and root bark of Ailanthus altissima. Information obtained from these studies can be used as markers in the identification and standardization of this plant as a herbal remedy and also towards monograph development on the plant.

}, keywords = {Alkaloids, Fluorescence analysis, Proximate Analysis, Simaroubaceae, Tree of Heaven}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.5.106}, url = {/files/pj-9-5/10.5530pj.2017.5.106/index.html}, author = {Weekar Younus Raja and Zulfiqar Ali Bhat and Ishtiyaq Ahmad Chashoo} } @article {207, title = {Physicochemical Evaluation and Pharmacognostical Standardization of Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Leaf}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {September 2016}, pages = {551-556}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {551}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pellionia heyneana Wedd. Leaves have long been employed as a traditional remedy by the Cholanaikan tribe of South India to treat various ailments. Methods: Pharmacological and physicochemical evaluation of P. heyneana leaf has been carried out to determine its macro and microscopic characters, and also some of its quantitative characters as per standard procedures. Results: The pharmacognostical evaluation of P. heyneana leaves revealed the presence of characteristic microscopic features of the crude drug like cystoliths in upper epidermis, helicocytic stomata in lower epidermis, large number of peculiar shaped, huge (200-400 m) foliar sclereids, absence of palisade tissue in the lamina etc. Powder microscopy showed the presence of calcium oxalate crystals, stone cells, multicellular trichomes, resinous blocks, spiral vessels, xylem fibre, starch grains, simple fibre etc. Conclusions: All the parameters evaluated in the study will aid to identify the authenticity of P. heyneana leaf even from the crushed or powdered form.

}, keywords = {Cholanaikan tribe, Fluorescence analysis, Helicocytic stomata, Pharmacognosy, Powder microscopy.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.6.6}, author = {Vilash V and Suja SR and Latha PG and Aneesh Kumar AL and Ragesh R Nair and S Rajasekharan} } @article {90, title = {Pharmacognostical Standardisation and HPTLC Quantification of Gallic acid in Homonoia riparia Lour}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Nov-Dec 2015}, pages = {383-388}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {383}, abstract = {

Background: Homonoia riparia Lour. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine used in the treatment of various medical conditions like urolithiasis, renal problems, and inflammation. This is the first report on the pharmacognostical standardisation and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical standardisation parameters of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Materials and Methods: The plant was studied for the morpho-anatomical characters, standardisation parameters such as ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index according to Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines. Phytochemical analysis was also performed by standard methods. Quantification of gallic acid in Homonoia riparia was carried out using HPTLC technique. Results: The detailed microscopy of root revealed the presence of cork, cork cambium, pericyclic fibres, thick walled parenchyma and starch granules. The distinguishing characters of stem are presence of sclereids, xylem, phloem, fibres. Leaf microscopy showed the presence of anomocytic stomata, bicollateral vascular bundles ensheathed by fibres. Rosette crystals are present in all the parts of the plant. Starch grains are abundantly present in root and stem but absent in leaves. Various physicochemical parameters were also determined. Phytochemical screening of the extract and HPTLC quantification of gallic acid was also performed. Conclusion: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the whole plant of Homonoia riparia which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters

}, keywords = {Fluorescence analysis, Gallic acid, Homonoia riparia, Microscopic evaluation, Physicochemical parameters.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.12}, author = {Seena Kanniparambil Xavier and Raviraj Anand Devkar and Shilpee Chaudhary and Chandrashekara Shastry Shreedhara and Manganahalli Manjunath Setty} } @article {37, title = {Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {58-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105\ºC was found to be 8.5\% w/w, total ash value 13\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07\% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49\% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81\% w/w and pH (1\% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study.

}, keywords = {Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, HPTLC chromatogram., Physicochemical parameters}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.7.7}, author = {Md. Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain} } @article {1461, title = {Phytochemical and analytical evaluation of Cordia dichotoma Linn. leaves}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {27th Nov, 2014}, pages = {58-63}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {58}, abstract = {

Background: An ethnomedicinally important plant, Cordia dichotoma Linn is practiced in various indigenous systems of medicine and popular among the various ethnic groups in India for the cure of variety of ailments as an astringent, anthelmentic, diuretic, demulcent, anti-diabetic and expectorant. Because of the increasing demand, maintaining quality standards is the need of the day. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to set standard pharmacognostical, physicochemical, phytochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC chromatographic profile of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma Linn (CD). Materials and Methods: CD, which was previously authenticated, was subjected to pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and high performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis as per standard protocol. Results and Conclusion: The final observations were recorded. The loss on drying at 105\ºC was found to be 8.5\% w/w, total ash value 13\% w/w, acid-insoluble ash 5.07\% w/w, water-soluble ash 5.49\% w/w, water-soluble extractive 9.2\% w/w, alcohol-soluble extractive 5.81\% w/w and pH (1\% aqueous extract) 6.88. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of steroid, carbohydrate, alkaloid, saponin, cardiac glycosides, flavonoid and phenolic compounds in methanolic extract. The CD fluorescence was seen in UV light and it was of different colour in different solvents. HPTLC analysis revealed 5 peaks at wavelength 366 nm with max Rf values in the range of 0.3 to 0.93. The purity and quality of the leaves of Cordia dichotoma or pharmaceutical preparations prepared from it can be tested by pharmacognostical, physicochemical, fluorescence and HPTLC observations of the present study..

Key words: Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, Physicochemical parameters, HPTLC chromatogram.

}, keywords = {Cordia dichotoma, Fluorescence analysis, HPTLC chromatogram., Physicochemical parameters}, author = {Md Azizur Rahman and Arshad Hussain} } @article {1547, title = {Pharmacognostic study of root of Combretum albidum G. Don}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {18th Feb,2014}, pages = {28-33}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

Background:Combretum albidum G. Don commonly known as Buffalo calf. The C. albidum is used for diverse health ailments in traditional and folklore remedies. Objective: The present study was undertaken to lay down pharmacognostic and phytochemical standards for Combretum albidum G. Don. Material and Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, fluorescence and phytochemical analysis. Physicochemical parameters such as total ash, moisture content, extractive values are determined as per WHO guidelines. The microscopical features of root components are observed with Nikon labphoto 2 microscopic unit. Results: The morphologically, root are pale brown colored, cylindrical with slightly bitter in taste and agreeable odour. Distinguishingly roots showed root scares, rootlet and fibrous fracture. Microscopy of root consists of thick epidermis, periderm, and cortex with sclerenchyma cells. Vascular cylinder includes thin phloem and thick, solid and dense xylem cylinder. The prismatic calcium oxalates were observed. Powder microscopy of root revealed that fibres were fairly wide and densely packed with starch grains. The fluorescence and physicochemical standards for root were established. Phytochemically root showed the presence of carbohydrate, glycoside, saponin, flavonoid, phytosterols and phenolic compounds. Conclusion: There is no pharmacognostic and phytochemical reports on C. albidum to authenticate and differentiate them from similar species. Therefore, present work was undertaken and established the pharmacognostic and phytochemical characteristics of C. albidum and diagnostic features to differentiate it.

Key words: Combretum albidum, Microscopy, Macroscopy, Phytochemical, Fluorescence analysis.

}, keywords = {Combretum albidum, Fluorescence analysis, Macroscopy, microscopy, Phytochemical}, author = {Ashish S. Zalke and B. Duraiswamy and Upendra B. Gandagule} }