@article {1308, title = {Botanical Pharmacognosy of Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Pennell}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1559-1572}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1559}, abstract = {

Backgound: B. monnieri (Linn.) Pennell is a slender, creeping and mat forming herb well adapted to grow in both terrestrial and submersed conditions. It is an important medicinal plant belongs to the family Plantaginaceae and espoused as a source for the Ayurvedic drug brahmi. Objectives: The present study aims to delineate the morphological and histomorpho diagnostic profile of the stem, root and leaves of brahmi and analyze their qualitative and quantitative anatomical peculiarities to support the pharmacobotanical characterizations using digital, stereo and polarized microscopic techniques. Results: Cross section of lamina had shown a homogeneous mesophyll fails to differentiate into palisade and spongy tissues. Lamina was amphistomatic which contained three different types of stomatal complexes vz., diacytic, anisocytic and anomoteracytic. The mean number of stoma per square millimeter of leaf area was found to be higher in adaxial surface (656.9/mm2) than abaxial (433.3/mm2) with a corresponding stomatal index of 15.2 and 9.4 respectively. Adventitious root in cross section gave {\textquoteleft}spokes in a wheel{\textquoteright} appearance and shoot cortex architecture had shown honey-comb pattern of aerenchyma chambers. Vascular bundles were many, conjoint and closed, where a centra solid core of xylem encircled by phloem. Crystal ideoblasts of calcium oxalate were observed in characteristic tissues of epidermis of the leaves, mesophyll, cortical tissues of stem, and intervening walls of the file of cells of diaphragms in stem and adventitious roots. Conclusion: The above delineated anatomical characteristics in conjunction with aerenchyma in root and shoot tissues as an effective water tolerance mechanism to thrive prolonged submergence in water logged conditions could provide valuable tags as useful markers for pharmacological identification of the taxon.

}, keywords = {Aerenchyma, Anisocytic stomata, Calcium oxalate crystals, Plantaginaceae, Stomatal index}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.214}, author = {Madathilparambil Vasu Sudhakaran} } @article {269, title = {Botanical Pharmacognosy of Holostemma ada-kodien Schult}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {February 2017}, pages = {163-170}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1463}, abstract = {

Background: Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. is a perennial, twinning, laticiferous climbing herb belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is an important medicinal plant with rejuvenate properties, used in Ayurveda for promoting vitality and life. The roots are sweet, ophthalmic, emollient, aphrodisiac, expectorant and galactagogue. It is highly specialized for the richness of a diverse array of aminoacids such as alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, serine, thereonine, valine, and terpenoid sugars. Aim: The present study was performed with the objectives of elaborating the macroscopic and histo-morpho diagnostic profile of Holostemma ada-kodien and analyse the quantitative, and powder microscopic peculiarities to support its pharmacognostic characterization. Materials and Methods: microscopic evaluation, quantitative standards and powder microscopy were carried out using the stem, root tuber, root and leaves. Results: Distribution of uniseriate, tricellular clothing trichomes in the epidermal tissues of the midrib, entire leaf margin with campylodromous major venation pattern, amphistomatic epidermis with anisocytic stomata, dorsiventral differentiation of mesophyll, small palisade ratio, small stomatal index, and the vascular system with several free collateral bundles in the petiole were features characteristic of the species. Gelatinous fibers distributed as concentric \‘white rings\’ in the cortical tissues of the stem as distinct groups, deposition of druses crystals of calcium oxalate in the epidermal tissues of the lamina, ground tissues of petiole, cortical tissues of stem, root, root tubers and parenchymatous pith of the stem. Secondary xylem appeared fissured as radial and tangential strips, like the spokes of a wheel in cross section of the root tuber. Xylem core seemed irregular and wedge shaped in the mature root, with more axial and radial parenchyma and less xylem fibers also features characteristic of the taxon.

}, keywords = {Anisocytic stomata, compound starch grains, druses crystals, gelatinous fibres, stone cells}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.2.27}, url = {http://phcogj.com/fulltext/294}, author = {Sudhakaran Madathilparambil Vasu} } @article {141, title = {Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Phytochemical Investigation of Leaves of Aralia Racemosa L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {January 2016}, pages = {250-254}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {250}, abstract = {

Objective: Ethnomedicinally, the entire plant and its parts are generally utilized by local people for the treatment of different aliment conditions without standardization. The standardization of crude drug is a crucial part of establishing its correct identity. Prior to any crude drug can be included in an herbal pharmacopeia, pharmacognostic and physicochemical param\­eters and standards to be established. Aralia racemosa L. perennial herb belongs to family Araliaceae. It is commonly known as American Spike\­nard. It is traditionally used in the treatment of Rheumatism, Whooping cough, skin diseases, pleurisy, diaphoretic, diuretic, pulmonary diseases, asthma, rheumatism, diarrhea, stimulant, expectorant, syphilis, Inflamma\­tion and Hay fever. In the view of lack of pharmacognostic study of leaf of Aralia racemosa L. Methods: The macroscopical, microscopical and physicochemical parameters were assessed according to WHO Quality Control Methods for herbal materials. The leaves of Aralia racemosa. L was subjected for successive solvent extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening was carried out, along with florescence analysis of leaf Pow\­der with different reagents were evaluated. Results: Macroscopy of the leaves showed oval to rounded shape with tooted margin, cordate base and pointed tip. Microscopic studies revealed the presence of anisocytic stomata, bicolateral vascular bundles, lignified fibers, spiral vessels and rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals. Physicochemical parameters such as moisture content, extractive values, ash content and fluorescent behav\­ior of leaf powder were also determined. Preliminary Phytochemical analy\­sis revealed the presence of various phytochemical constituents viz., glyco\­sides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and steroids. Conclusion: The results of current study could be served as a diagnostic tool for the standardization of this medicinal plant and will helpful in characterization of the crude drug.\ 

}, keywords = {Anisocytic stomata, Aralia racemosa, Bicolateral vascular bundles, Lignified fibers., Pharmacognostic, Rosette shaped calcium oxalate crystals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.13}, author = {D S N B K Prasanth and Atla Srinivasa Rao and Rajendra Prasad Yejella} }