@article {1896, title = {Preparation, Evaluation of Propolis Extract Gel and exploring its Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {675-681}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {675}, abstract = {

Background: Propolis is a wax-like resin which is produced by different types of bees by mixing resinous secretions of plants with beeswax and other products of bees{\textquoteright} metabolism. However, this natural product contains a group of compounds that are responsible for various propolis activities including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, and others. This study aims to prepare different gel formulae that contain various concentrations of propolis extract using two different polymers and to evaluate their physical properties, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Method: Propolis was extracted depending on the hydroalcoholic method; six different gel formulae (P-1 to P-6) were prepared with different concentrations of propolis extract (0.5, 1, and 1.5\%) using two different polymers; carbopol-934 and poloxamer-407, in concentrations of 0.5 and 25\% respectively. The formulae were evaluated physically for their visual appearance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and physiological compatibility with the skin. The anti-microbial activities were investigated by well diffusion method against various bacterial species including Staphylococcus aureus (gram+), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-), Enterococcus fecalis (gram+) and against one fungal species which is Candida albicans. Also, the antioxidant activity was determined utilizing 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Finally, a stability test was carried out for the chosen formula. Results: The six formulae (P-1 to P-6) were successfully prepared and evaluated and they were acceptable in their physical appearance and consistency, pH reading was in the range of 5.33{\textpm}0.08 to 5.72{\textpm}0.02 (p\>0.05), a study of the skin irritation revealed no undesirable side effect, while the viscosity was in the range of 128.99{\textpm}0.07 to 248.54{\textpm}1.04 Pa.s (p\>0.05), also the carbopol-934 containing formulae revealed good spreadability (1.495{\textpm}0.075 to 5.15{\textpm}0.35 mg.cm/s, p\>0.05), in comparison to poloxamer-407 containing ones. Both carbopol-934 and poloxamer-407 containing formulae exhibited antimicrobial activity but the P-3 formula had the largest inhibition zone against C. Albicans (16.1mm), and only P-2, P-5 and P-6 were active against pseudomonas aeruginosa (12mm in all), while P-2 had the largest inhibition zone against enterococcus fecalis (13.2 mm), P-2 and P-5 showed the largest activity against staphylococcus aureus (15.5 and 14.6 mm respectively). The carbopol-934-containing formulae exhibited higher antioxidant activity than those with poloxamer-407, and the best-calculated IC50 belonged to P-2 (1.19 mg/ml). Conclusion: All the prepared formulae showed antimicrobial and antioxidant activities with some controversial results. However, P-2 (1\% propolis extract and 0.5\% carbopol-934), was active against all types of the tested microorganism, and had the best-calculated IC50, in addition to that it was a stable formula.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, Carbopol-934, Poloxamer-407, Propolis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.153}, author = {Shahad Myasar Alfaris and Rasha Khalid Dhahir and Amina Mudhafar Al-Nima} } @article {1695, title = {In vitro Wound Healing Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Clerodendrum Inerme Leave Extracts}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1542-1548}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1542}, abstract = {

Background: Clerodendrum inerme is a medicinal plant which exhibited many pharmacological effects. However, wound healing property of this plant has not been investigated. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate wound healing and antimicrobial activities of C. inerme leaves using the in vitro model with Human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Methods: Cytotoxicity and wound healing effects were determined by MTT and scratch wound healing assay. Antimicrobial activities against cutaneous flora and clinical isolates of bacteria were investigated by broth microdilution assay. Results: The results showed that the water extract of C. inerme leaves did not exhibit cytotoxic effects on HaCaT cells, while ethanol extracts at higher concentrations significantly decreased cell growth with an IC50 value of 386.8 {\textpm} 87.1 μg/mL. The water extract and the lowest concentration (6.25 μg/mL) of the ethanol extract significantly increased percentage of wound closure compared with the untreated group. The water and ethanol extracts of C. inerme displayed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, inhibiting growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus.epidermidis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The water extract displayed remarkable activity against methicillin-resistant S. aureus with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.39 to 1.56 μg/mL. Notably, it provided stronger antibacterial activity than vancomycin and also showed antifungal activity against C. albicans. Conclusion: This study confirms the potential of C. inerme leaves for wound healing and antimicrobial therapy and supports the continued utilization of C. inerme leaves in traditional medicine. Further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms through which it exerts such biological effects.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Clerodendrum inerme, Keratinocytes, Scratch assay, Wound Healing}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.196}, author = {Sueptrakool Wisessombat and Malatee Tayeh} } @article {1323, title = {A New Ursane-Type Triterpene from the Fermented Shallot Allium Ascalonicum}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {January 2021}, pages = {01-07}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {01}, abstract = {

3,24-acetonideclethric acid (1), a new ursane-type triterpene, and four known compounds including ursolic acid (2), randiasaponin IV (3), ilekudinoside W (4) and (25S)-1β,3β,24β- trihydroxyspirost-5-en 1-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\textrightarrow}2)- α-L-arabinopyranoside (5), and were isolated from the fermented shallot Allium ascalonicum. Their structures were determined by analysis of HR-ESI-MS, NMR spectral data, as well as comparison with those reported in the literature. All of the saponins (3-5) exhibited antimicrobial activity against three strains Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with IC50 values in the range from 89.49 {\textpm} 2.24 to 95.71 {\textpm} 3.86 μM.

}, keywords = {24-Acetonideclethric acid, 3, Allium ascalonicum, Antimicrobial activity, Saponin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.1}, author = {Nguyen Van Chuyen and Nguyen Hong Son and Pham Van Hien and Dang Truong Giang and Ho Ba Ngoc Minh and Ngo Thi Tuyet Mai and Chu Van Men and Ho Anh Son and Vu Binh Duong} } @article {1604, title = {Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, and Anti-Microbial Activities of Suaeda vermiculata n-Hexane Extract in Comparison to the Plant{\textquoteright}s Hydrodistilled Volatile Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {July 2021}, pages = {853-859}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {853}, abstract = {

Background: Suaeda vermiculata, a halophyte found in central Saudi Arabia, used as a remedy for jaundice, liver diseases, and viral infection. Study aim: Chemical identification and biological evaluation for the n-hexane extract of S. vermiculata. Methods: An assay of the antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials and contents of the volatile oil and n-hexane extract of the plant{\textquoteright}s aerial parts were analyzed through GC-MS analysis. Results: A total of 24 constituents representing 73.74 \% of the n-hexane extract were identified wherein bornyl acetate, γ-elemene, and phytol were major ratio. The n-hexane extract inhibited DPPH-radicals inhibitions at 27\% efficiency at 10 mg/ml concentration which was lower than the volatile oil DPPH-reactivity. The antimicrobial activity of n-hexane extract was relatively weaker than the volatile oil, except against Candida albicans that showed IZD values of 19 mm with MIC value at 5.2 mg/ml for the volatile oil while IZD value of 26 mm and MIC at 4.7 mg/ml was observed for the n-hexane extract. Conclusion: Despite high extractive value, the n-hexane as a solvent is not recommended for extraction as the oxygenated-terpenic components, considered responsible for antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were not fully extracted. The n-hexane extract which showed potent inhibition of C. albicans can be a source for further investigation for bioactivities of its constituents.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, n-hexane extract, Suaeda vermiculata, Volatile oil}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.109}, author = {Mohsen S Al-Omar} } @article {1232, title = {Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Elettaria cardamomum Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {August 2020}, pages = {1058-1063}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1058}, abstract = {

Introduction: Cardamom, also known as Elettaria cardamomum, a venerated perennial herb like the "Queen of Spices" belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. She holds various pharmacological activities due to its phytochemicals it contains such as; phenols, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols. Methods: The study included the determination of the chemical composition of Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract (EEC) by HPLC/UV and evaluated their antimicrobial potential against ten pathogenic reference strains using two complementary techniques: the method of diffusion from solid discs and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Results: The results obtained from chemical identification of the EEC showed the presence of polyphenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, etc.) and many flavonoids (kaempferol, chrysin, galangin, pinocembrine, quercetin, etc.). The results of the antimicrobial effect showed that the extract reacted positively on almost all the microbial strains tested. The EEC extract significantly inhibited the growth of microbial strains, with a broader antimicrobial spectrum with extensive action with inhibitory zones between 8 and 33 mm in diameter. Thus, this extract revealed a dose-dependent antimicrobial activity on these microbial strains used. However, the inhibitory potential of the cardamom extract was variable compared to their MIC ranging from 6.25 to 12.5 mg of dry extract/mL. Therefore, the strains least susceptible to EEC are Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Conclusion: This activity is due to the phenolic compounds produced by the EEC extract. This extract can be used for the development of plant medicines against microbial infections and fungal infestations.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Chemical composition, Elettaria cardamomum, Pathogenic strains}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.149}, author = {Faiza MOULAI-HACENE and Mokhtaria Yasmina BOUFADI and Soumia KEDDARI and Abdelkader HOMRANI} } @article {1313, title = {Screening of Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Bioactive of Polyherbal Formulation}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1525-1533}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1525}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants have the capability to synthesize various forms of phytochemical compounds as secondary metabolites. Method: In the present investigation phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar, proteins, saponins, flavanoids, phenols, terpenoids and phytosterols were detected in polyherbal formulation A. marmelos, G. glabra and R. centrifolia. Results: The Total flavonoid, steroids, alkaloids and phenolic content was observed from fruit, root and pettles1.40mg QE/g DE, 12.14mg BE/g DE, 14.40mg AE/g DE and 99.33mg GAE/g DE. FTIR spectrum of the polyherbal sample revealed 5 major peaks at 2919.40 cm-1, 2357.62 cm-1, 1150.56 cm-1, 1076.22 cm-1 and 1015.64 cm-1. The antibacterial activity was maximum zone of inhibition (19 mm) was recorded in S. aureus strain and minimum zone of inhibition (5mm) was observed in S.mutans strain. The antioxidant study maximum and minimum scavenging DPPH, NOR, H2O2 and SOD activities (\%) of 62.28, 53.68, 39.67 \& 43.98 at 5 mg/ml and 39.88, 36.49, 5.9 and 34.94 at 1mg/ml was recorded. The polyherbal sample exhibited significant albumin denaturation, proteinase inhibitory, membrane stabilization and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities as the maximum inhibition of 46.53\%, 36.7\%, 51.9\% and 64.71\% was observed at 500 μg/ml. Conclusion: Hence the present studies indicate good antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from the medicinal plants, A. marmelos, G. glabra and R. centrefolia proves the possibility of its utilization as an additional potent source medicinal uses.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, FTIR, HR-LCMS, Phyto chemical, Secondary metabolites}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.209}, author = {Vasanth MP and KG Purushotham} } @article {814, title = {Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Jojoba Wax Liquid (Simmondsia chinensis)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {191-194}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Simmondsia chinensis, also known as Jojoba, is the sole member the Simmondsiaceae{\textquoteright}s family and has been known traditionally for many medical uses. Objectives: Herein we evaluate the value of crude jojoba oil (J.O) as an antimicrobial agent in vitro. Methods: J.O was tested for potential antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, P. mirabilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Asperigillus flavus. Results: Our results did not show any effect on fungi or yeast. However, a significant antibacterial activity was observed against B. subtilis, S. aureus, P. vulgaris, P. mirabilis. A high activity was observed for J.O at Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) level of 12.5 mg/ml. Interestingly, S. typhimurium, E. coli and Ps. aeruginosa were found to be highly resistant. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that J.O may have a medicinal potential as natural antibacterial agent.

}, keywords = {Antibacterial, Antimicrobial activity, Jojoba oil, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), Simmondsia chinesisis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.31}, author = {Ahmed Al-Ghamdi and Thanaa Elkholy and Shahd Abuhelal and Hatim Al-Abbadi and Dina Qahwaji and Nahlaa Khalefah and Hanaan Sobhy and Mohammad Abu-Hilal} } @article {959, title = {Antimicrobial and Antidiarrheal Activities of Methanolic Fruit Peel Extract of Pouteria caimito}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {944-950}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {944}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pouteria caimito is a native Amazonian fruit specie, popularly known as "abiu", that belongs to the Sapotaceae family. It has a wide popular use to relieve diarrhea, cough, fever and inflammation, among other purposes. However, few reports in the scientific literature deal with its phytochemical composition and biological activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activity of Pouteria caimito fruit peel extract. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was evaluated in mice, using modulation models of normal defecation, cathartic agent-induced diarrhea and stimulated intestinal transit. Antimicrobial activity was, in turn, analyzed against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli, S. epidermidis, S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonie, E. faecalis and Salmonella tiphy) through the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by the microdilution in broth method. Results: This study showed that there was no antidiarrheal activity in the experimental models analyzed and that the methanolic extract of P. caimito (MEPC) can positively modulate normal defecation. Regarding the antimicrobial activity, the crude extract and the ethyl acetate fraction presented a satisfactory action against most of the strains evaluated except for Enterococcus faecalis and Salmonella tiphy. Conclusions: The MEPC did not present any measurable antidiarrheal activity, but more possibly a laxative effect. The extract and acetate fraction showed antimicrobial activity against strains of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The activity of the crude extract was more potent than the results obtained by the use of acetate fractions; the fractions with lower polarity did not present any relevant antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Abiu, Antidiarrheal activity, Antimicrobial activity, Sapotaceae}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.150}, author = {Abreu MM and Nobrega P De A and Sales PF and Oliveira FRDe and Nascimento AA} } @article {1040, title = {Antimicrobial, Cyto and Genotoxic Activities of Equisetum hyemale}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {November 2019}, pages = {1563-1571}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1563}, abstract = {

The popular use of natural products has great benefits for the health of the human population. In this study we highlight Equisetum hyemale, belonging to the phylum Sphenophyta and the family Equisetaceae. Popularly, the stems of this plant are used for their diuretic, digestive, anti-anemic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Given this context, and the fact that the growth of antimicrobial resistance is a serious problem for global public health, this plant could be used as an alternative, to increase our therapeutic arsenal. Therefore, it is important to more clearly elucidate the complex structures present in plants, because these substances are mainly responsible for their beneficial and/or toxic effects. Thus, the objective of this study was evaluate the antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the phenolic compounds separately. The substances luteolin, ferulic acid and coumarin were identified at high concentrations by ultra-high performance chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS). Antimicrobial activity was elucidated through microdilution in broth; the phenolic compounds were able to inhibit the visible growth of the standard bacterial strains at low concentrations. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and genotoxicity was analysed through cellular damage using a Comet assay; the results showed that it did not present cytoxicity or genotoxicity at the corresponding concentrations. With this, we suggest that E. hyemale may be an alternative for the treatment of infections by microorganisms that are resistant to synthetic drugs.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Cytotoxicity, Equisetum hyemale, Phenolic compounds}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.239}, author = {Camilla Filippi dos Santos Alves and Pauline Cordenonsi Bonez and Marcia de Souza Ebling and Camila Casagrande and Litiane Freitas and Carolina Dolwitsch and Fernanda Pires and Michele Rorato Sagrillo and Gerson Fernandes de Brum and Marli Matiko Anraku de Campos and Roberto Christ Vianna Santos} } @article {816, title = {Comparative Study for the Volatile Oil Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Rhanterium epapposum Oliv. Growing in Qassim, Saudi Arabia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January 2019}, pages = {195-199}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {195}, abstract = {

Background: Rhanterium epapposum is an herbaceous plant widely distributed in the Gulf region and used by Bedouins as antiseptic for wounds, skin infections and in gastrointestinal disturbances. Aim: The study aimed to compare the results obtained from volatile oil analysis of R. epapposum growing in Buraydah, Qassim with reported data of the same plant growing in Riyadh {\textquotedblleft}Al-Majmaah{\textquotedblright} and Northern border region of Saudi Arabia. Both cold and hot extracts of the R. epapposum were used to find the best extraction method to be adopted as an antimicrobial agent. Methods: Volatile oils were distillated using Clevenger apparatus and analyzed by GC-MS. The plant powder was extracted by cold maceration and hot contentious extraction methods. Furthermore, antimicrobial activity was conducted using the agar diffusion method. Results: The hydro-distillation of R. epapposum growing in Qassim region yielded 0.5 \% w/w of the total volatile oils. Moreover, forty-three compounds of 97.68\% of the volatile oil components were identified while modephene, caryophyllene, linalyl acetate and epizonarene were the major components of volatile oils. Nevertheless, the volatile oils diversity and concentrations were found to be different in R. epapposum growing in Buraydah, as compared with the plant growing in Riyadh and the northern border region of Saudi Arabia which almost due to the differences in the environmental condition. Among all extracts, ethyl acetate hot extract showed the best inhibition to bacterial strains while fugal strain Candida albicans growth was better inhibited by hot n-hexane extract. Conclusion: Volatile oils were active against all microbial strains. Hot extracts were more active against bacterial strains while the opposite effects were found against Candida albicans which was generally inhibited by the cold extracts.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Comparative study, Essential oils, Hot extraction. Cold extraction, Rhanterium epapposum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.32}, author = {Hamdoon Abdelhamid Mohammed and Mohsen Saleh Al-Omer and Adel Mohammed Ahmed and Nadia Elbialy Hashish and Hasan Meshal Alsaedi and Suliman Abdulaziz Alghazy and Ahmed Abdelfattah Hafez Abdellatif} } @article {722, title = {Identification of Phytoconstituents in Lawsonia inermis Linn. Leaves Extract by GC-MS and their Antibacterial Potential}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1101-1108}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {xx1101}, abstract = {

Background: Plant extracts contains multiple active constituents which leads to the production of new drugs from plants and chemicals derived from various parts of plants. The objective of present study was to investigate the GC-MS analysis and antibacterial activity of L. inermis leaves extracts. Material and Methods: Crude methanol extract and its fractions were tested for the presence of active phytochemicals and GC-MS analysis of hexane; ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions was performed. Antimicrobial activity against six bacterial strain\’s Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtelis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was also tested. Results: Phytochemical screening of extract confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, quinones, steroids and phenol. In GC-MS chromatograms, 56, 108 and 19 peaks were obtained and out of these, 13, 17 and 7 compounds were identified in hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous methanol fractions, respectively. Conclusion: For best of our knowledge in L.\ inermis leaves extract, Celidoniol and Vitamin E has not been reported earlier in hexane fractions. While 2, 3 dihydrobenzo furan, 1-H indole -1, 3 (2H)-dione, 1 (3H)-Isobenzofuranone, 1H Isoindole-1, 3 (2H) Dione, Napthelene, 2 ethoxy, 2 (4H) Benzofuranone, Vitamin E, Benzene, 1 isocyano 4 methyl are also identified for the first time in ethyl acetate fraction. Also, in aq. Methanol fraction 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone, Squalene and Vit E were not previously identified. Highest antibacterial activity was confirmed in crude methanol extract which might be due to all the antibacterial compounds present in its fractions. The present study helped in identifying phytoconstituents present in the extract and its fractions which are responsible for various biological and antibacterial activities.

}, keywords = {1, 4 Napthelenedione, Antimicrobial activity, Lawsone, Lawsonia inermis Linn, Medicinal plants, Methanol extract}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6.187}, author = {Ritesh Kumar Sharma and Anjana Goel} } @article {559, title = {In vitro Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Mangrove Fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L.) Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {March 2018}, pages = {598-601}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {598}, abstract = {

Introduction: Mangrove fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris L) from Sonneratiaceae family known with local name \“Pidada Merah\” has bioactive components. The present study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of this plant. Method: The sample was macerated using methanol, the antimicrobial activity assay was performed using agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli ATTC9637, Staphylococcus aureus ATTC6538, and Candida albicans ATTC10231. Results: Antimicrobial activity of Mangrove fruit methanol extract were obtained the optimum concentration of S. aureus of 80\%, E. coli of 15\%, and C. albicans of 30\%. Conclusion: based on the results, the sample has antimicrobial properties, and this is a preliminary data for further study.

Key words: Sonneratia caseolaris L, Mangrove fruit, Antimicrobial activity, Agar disc diffusion method.

}, keywords = {Agar disc diffusion method, Antimicrobial activity, Mangrove fruit, Sonneratia caseolaris L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.3.98}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/531}, author = {Islamudin Ahmad and Neneng Siti Silfi Ambarwati and Arif Lukman and Muhammad Amir Masruhim and Laode Rijai and Abdul Mun{\textquoteright}im} } @article {708, title = {Isolation and Characterization of Flavones from Artemisia monosperma}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {August 2018}, pages = {1018-1023}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1018}, abstract = {

Background: Artemisia monosperma (Delile) is a green aromatic shrub that grows widely in the deserts of Middle East, Africa and China. This plant is commonly used in folk medicine as a remedy of a wide range of illness including gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, diabetes and microbial infection. The different categories of the secondary metabolites identified from Artemisia species are recognized for their biological activities as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial compounds. Objective: This study aims to isolate new flavonoids from A. monosperma that might have potential biological activities thus be translated into pharmaceutical uses. Materials and Methods: Air-dried A. monosperma extraction was done using different organic solvents. The methanolic extract was selected for isolation of flavonoids using column chromatography and thin layer chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated flavones determined based on spectroscopic analysis of ultraviolet, mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Results: Nine flavone aglycones were isolated and identified from the methanolic extract; four of which are reported for the first time from A. monosperma. These include: 5-Hydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright}, 6,7-tetramethoxyflavone; 3{\textquoteright},5-dihydroxy-4{\textquoteright},6,7-trimethoxyflavone (eupatorin); 5,6-dihydroxy-4{\textquoteright},7-dimethoxyflavone(ladanein); and 2{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},5-trihydroxy-5{\textquoteright},6,7\– trimethoxyflavone (arcapillin). The remaining five flavones were previously identified from this plant as : 4{\textquoteright},5-Dihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},6,7-tri-methoxyflavone(cirsilineol);5,7-dihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},4{\textquoteright},6-trimethoxyflavone (eupatilin);4{\textquoteright},5,7-trihydroxy-3{\textquoteright},6-dimethoxyflavone(jaceosidin);4{\textquoteright},5-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxy- flavone (circimaritin) and 4{\textquoteright},5,7-trihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone (hispidulin). In addition, two acetophenone derivatives were isolated from fractions yielded selected flavones and these were identified as 4-hydroxyacetophenone and 3-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-buten-4-yl)-4-hydroxyaceto- phenone. Conclusion: This successful isolation of these natural flavonoids from A. monosperma can contribute further to the evaluation of bioactive compounds against disorders including but not limited to inflammatory associated disorders and microbial infections.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidants, Artemisia monosperma, Flavones}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.5.173}, author = {Lubna Abu-Niaaj and Ibrahim Katampe} } @article {476, title = {Volatile Compound Analysis using GC-MS, Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Activities of the Husk of {\textquotedblleft}Julang-Jaling{\textquotedblright} (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) from Lampung, Indonesia}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {92-98}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {92}, abstract = {

Background: \“Julang-jaling\” (Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen) fruits are commonly used as traditional food and in the treatment of blood sugar and heart disease. However, the research about the phytochemicals of the parts of this plants and their bioactivity was rare. Objective: The recent study was aimed to analyze volatile compounds in the extract of \“julang-jaling\” husks and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Material and methods: The extraction was conducted using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as extracting agent. The phytochemical assay was performed for all extracts, and followed by volatile compound analysis using GC-MS. The antioxidant assay was performed using DPPH method, and the antimicrobial activity was conducted using agar disc diffusion method. Results: The phytochemical assay showed that all extracts of \“julang-jaling\” husks contain various phytoconstituents having potential bioactivity. All extracts exhibit antioxidant activity with different level of activity depend on the type of extract. The IC50 value were 273.57 ppm, 324.913 ppm, 735 ppm, for ethyl acetate, methanol and n-hexane, respectively. All extracts were able to inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus, with the highest antimicrobial activity was gained for ethyl acetate extract. Both ethyl acetate and methanolic extract have antimicrobial activity toward E. coli, but no extracts yield positive results for Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of hexadecanoic acids and their ester form in all extract, which might largely contribute in the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Antioxidant, Archidendron bubalinum (Jack) I.C Nielsen, GC-MS, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.17}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/403}, author = {Candra Irawan and Foliatini and Hanafi and Lilis Sulistiawaty and Maman Sukiman} } @article {360, title = {In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Alkaloids Isolated from Leaves of Eclipta alba Against Human Pathogenic Bacteria}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {May 2017}, pages = {573-577}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {573}, abstract = {

The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to an alkaloids isolated from the leaves of this plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. The purity of isolated alkaloids was checked by TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis and total alkaloids were quantified. In the present study, the inhibitory action of the alkaloid was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 \μg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Based on the observations, E. alba appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections. Context: Different parts of Eclipta alba crude extracts are used traditionally for the treatment of several diseases of liver, skin and stomach. Aims: To study the in vitro antimicrobial activity of alkaloids isolated from E. alba against human pathogenic bacteria. Settings and Design: The susceptibility of five human pathogenic bacterial species to an alkaloids isolated from the leaves of this plant was screened using the agar well diffusion and broth micro-dilution assay. Methods and Material: The purity of isolated alkaloids was checked by TLC and qualitative phytochemical analysis and total alkaloids were quantified. Agar-well diffusion and Broth micro-dilution methods were selected to assess the antimicrobial activity. Statistical analysis used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine statistical significance. Results: In the present study, the inhibitory action of the alkaloid was found to increase with an increase in concentration against all bacterial strains. The maximum zone of inhibition was observed at the concentration of 500 \μg/ml against all the bacteria. In this study, the S. aureus and E. coli are the more susceptible than the other selected human pathogenic bacteria. Conclusion: Based on the observations, E. alba appears to be a valuable source for antimicrobial properties and helps to produce antimicrobial agents to treat human pathogenic infections.

}, keywords = {Agarwell diffusion, Alkaloid, Antimicrobial activity, Broth micro-dilution assay., Eclipta alba, Human pathogenic bacteria}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.4.91}, url = {/files/PJ-9-4/10.5530pj.2017.4.91}, author = {Swapna Gurrapu and Estari Mamidala} } @article {151, title = {Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Fresh Rhizome Essential Oil of Zingiber Officinale Roscoe}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal,}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {February 2016}, pages = {185-190}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {185}, abstract = {

Background: Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) is a rhizomatous perennial herb found in tropical Asia. It is extensively used worldwide as a spice, flavoring agent and herbal remedy for cold, throat and chest\ infections and cough. The present study was carried out to analyse an essential oil from the fresh rhizomes of Z. officinale of Ghaziabad region and to evaluate its antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods: The fresh rhizomes were hydrodistilled to get the essential oil which was analysed by GC and GC-MS techniques. The oil was evaluated for antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. Results and Discussion: The essential oil was characterized by high percentage of sesquiterpenes (66.66\%), monoterpenes (17.28\%) and aliphatic compounds (13.58\%). The predominant sesquiterpene was zingiberene (46.71\%) followed by valencene (7.61\%), \β-funebrene (3.09\%) and selina-4(14),7(11)-diene (1.03\%). The major monoterpenes were characterized as citronellyl n-butyrate (19.34\%), \β-phellandrene (3.70\%), camphene (2.59\%) and \α-pinene (1.09\%). The essential oil exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Conclusion: The essential oil mainly contained a large number of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes and exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms.

}, keywords = {Antimicrobial activity, Chemical composition, Essential oil, GC-MS analysis, Zingiber officinale.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.3.3}, author = {Pradeep Kumar Sharma and Vijender Singh and Mohammed Ali} }