@article {2145, title = {Biological Properties of Polyherbal Formulations: A Review of their Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Toxicological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {October 2023}, pages = {933-963}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {933}, abstract = {

The use of traditional and folklore systems of medicine has been an important part of healthcare worldwide, and polyherbal formulations, which are combinations of different herbs, are gaining recognition for their medicinal and therapeutic potential. These formulations can be optimized to have stronger therapeutic effects with lower toxicity. The aim of this study was to review research on the antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and toxicological properties of polyherbal formulations around the world, with a view to promoting their use and identifying areas where further research is needed. The author analyzed 99 articles published between 2010 and 2022, using scientific search engines such as Elsevier, BioMed Central, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Scopus, to assess the use of polyherbal formulations in different countries. This article enlists some commercial and non-commercial polyherbal formulations all around the world with India leading in the number of publications on polyherbal formulations, followed by Nigeria, and Pakistan. The various pharmacological studies conducted have shown that polyherbal medicines possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and toxicological properties, hence, validating their traditional use. However, further clinical work is required to fully understand the therapeutic potential of polyherbal formulations. The growing interest in the therapeutic use of non-toxic conventional medicinal plants as low-cost alternatives for disease prevention and treatment has made natural products valuable tools for creating new lead compounds and scaffolds. Plants will continue to play a pivotal role in the discovery of drugs for human diseases, and the development of potent cures derived from plants would represent significant progress in the treatment of diseases.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Polyherbal medicines, Toxicological properties.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.178}, author = {Elizabeth Bosede Aladejana} } @article {2176, title = {Emilia Sonchifolia-A Critical and Comprehensive Review of its Diverse Medicinal Potential and Future as Therapeutic}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {December 2023}, pages = {1143-1149}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1143}, abstract = {

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC, it belongs to the family Asteraceae or Compositae, is conventionally used in ethnomedicine, and acquires various medicinal properties. This plant has been regarded as one of the widespread traditional vegetable salads in Malaysia, Bangladesh, and India. In addendum to its avail as a vegetable, the plant has been documented with several medicinal benefits in the extravagance of night blindness, epilepsy, malaria, asthma, burns, breast abscesses, and inflammatory diseases. On scrutinization of their pharmacological properties, it has been revealed that they possess numerous notable biological properties such as antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antianxiety, and anticataract, as well as anticonvulsant activities. Concrete evidence suggests the presence of potential phytochemicals in this plant with a wide range of unknown applications. In this current review, we discuss the phytochemicals present in the plant Emilia sonchifolia and emphasize the therapeutic and pharmacological activities reported so far concerning this plant.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour, Emilia sonchifolia, Medicinal plant, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.208}, author = {Sardar Hussain and Komal KP and Guruvayoorappan C} } @article {1947, title = {Bio-Evaluation, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Therapeutic Efficacy, and Genotoxicity of the Potentials of the Green Seaweed Valoniopsis Pachynema using Zebra Fish Larvae (Danio Rerio) as an Animal Model}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {January 2023}, pages = {1037-1053}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {1037}, abstract = {

Advancement in the medical sectors to treat regular diseases are increasing day-by-day. Yet, there is a considerable growth in the demand for the natural/herbal products as well due to their low level of side effects, cost efficiency and their multiple inhibition properties. Based on this, the present research works with an objective to examine the bioactive components, in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo antiinflammatory behaviour of the green marine macro algae Valoniopsis pachynema using zebra fish (Danio rerio) larvae as a skin inflammation model. In this study, the secondary metabolites are extracted using methanol solvent from the marine green seaweed, V. pachynema using the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and these are further evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects. Further screening process is accomplished for the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by the albumin-denaturation inhibition. Results from concentration-dependent analysis is documented. The efficacy, therapeutic efficacy, and genotoxicity of the compound Valp at various concentrations are determined by recapitulating the pathophysiology of Skin inflammation in Zebrafish larvae. In evaluating the efficiency of the study, Valp at 1 pg, 10 pg, 100 pg are observed and progressed for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and genotoxicity. In the assessment of genotoxicity, the gene expression of mgmt gene is observed to be in control level at Valp 100 pg treated group confirming no genotoxicity. According to the results obtained, the green seaweed V. pachynema can be potentially explored as an effectual anti-inflammatory agent for its bio-functionalities

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, GC-MS, Marine algae, V. pachynema, Zebra fish larvae drug toxicity.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.208}, author = {Bhuvaneshwari. J and Thirumalai Vasan. P} } @article {1852, title = {Indonesian Medicinal Plants with Anti-inflammatory Properties and Potency as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Herbal Medicine}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {432-444}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {432}, abstract = {

Indonesia is a tropical country with mega-biodiversity. Several medicinal plants locally have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory properties and are traditionally used to help treat respiratory diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the diseases known as the high cause of death globally, and one of the treatment efforts is by using anti-inflammatory drugs. In developing alternative remedies for COPD, this review summarizes the potential of Indonesian medicinal plants and their ingredients known to have an anti-inflammatory activity to develop alternative remedies for COPD. Primarily, we focus on the medicinal plants that have been scientifically proven to pose some biological activities, such as legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia), celery (Apium graveolens), pegagan (Centella asiatica), kenikir (Cosmos caudatus), and kersen (Muntingia calabura). This review is expected to provide more information about Indonesian medicinal plants and their potencies to be developed as COPD herbal medicine and, further, as a treatment to help patients suffering from coronavirus disease (COVID-19).

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bioactive compounds, Biological activity, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Indonesian medicinal plants}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.119}, author = {Min Rahminiwati and Trivadila and Dyah Iswantini and Hiroshi Takemori and Mamoru Koketsu and Rut Novalia Rahmawati Sianipar and Suminar Setiati Achmadi and Ahmad Sjahriza and Betty Marita Soebrata and Armi Wulanawati} } @article {1376, title = {Anti-inflammatory Activity of Pegagan Embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) Plant Extract on Topical Application}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {411-417}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {411}, abstract = {

Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is traditionally known to have many benefits, including anti-inflammatory. Aims: This study aimed to determine the activity of ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun as an anti-inflammatory using the granuloma pouch method. Methods: This experiment used 25 male white mice and were divided into five groups, namely, the positive control group, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract group with concentration 0.5\%; 1\%; 2\%, and the comparison group that given Kaltrofen{\textregistered} gel containing 2.5\% ketoprofen. Experimental animals were given carrageenan 2\% to induced the inflammation subcutaneously. The dosage form was given as much as 0.2 g topically for four days once a day. Results: Based on the results of one-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan{\textquoteright}s test, there were significant differences in exudate volume and total leukocytes (p\<0.05) in the positive control group, extract with concentration 0.5\%, 1\%, 2\%, and the comparator. While the percentage of leukocyte cells showed that they were not significantly different (p\>0.05), the number of neutrophil cells decreased. Conclusion: From the overall data obtained, it can be concluded that the extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. at concentration 0.5 \%; 1\%; 2\%, has an anti-inflammatory effect.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Exudate, Gel, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam., Ketoprofen, Leukocytes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.52}, author = {Afriwardi and Rahmatul Nazmi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Elsa Badriyya and Yufri Aldi} } @article {1429, title = {Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) and its Active Compounds: A Review of its Effects on Human Health through Modulating Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {May 2021}, pages = {813-821}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {813}, abstract = {

Fenugreek seed are rich sources of various essential compounds and such components shows a significant role in the diseases cure and management through its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective and anti-microbial activity. Moreover, fenugreek seed is a rich source of antioxidant and such potentiality inhibit the pathogenesis of diseases through free radical scavenging activity. Besides, fenugreek and its active compound shows role in tumour inhibition through modulating various genes activity including induction of apoptosis, tumour suppressor gene and inhibition of tumor necrosis factor. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of fenugreek seeds in health management through modulating various physiological and biochemical activities, along with special emphasis on in vitro and in vivo study.

}, keywords = {Anti-cancer activity, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Fenugreek, Health management, Trigonella foenum-graecum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.103}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahmani} } @article {1679, title = {Hepatoprotective Effect of Ganoderma applanatum Crude Polysaccharides on Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Early Liver Fibrosis in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1428-1436}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1428}, abstract = {

Introduction: Liver fibrosis is a treatable disease when still at early stages. Ganoderma applanatum plays role as alternative medicine. The fungi have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer bioactivities. This study aimed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of G. applanatum crude polysaccharides (GACP) on liver fibrosis due to CCl4 induction. Methods: This study was divided into six groups. BALB/c mice were given CCl4 dissolved in olive oil (2 mL/kg; 1:3) intraperitoneally (i.p) twice a week for four weeks to produce a liver fibrosis model. Distilled water (control group), silymarin 100 mg/kg and GACP 25, 50, 100 mg/kg were given once daily for four weeks. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), tumor necrosis-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Histopathology was stained by hematoxylin \& eosin (H\&E) and Masson{\textquoteright}s trichome. Results: The administration of GACP effectively prevented ALT, AST, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels from high elevation. Additionally, the GACP had protective effect after liver histological analysis exhibited less injury in the liver tissue. Conclusion: The hepatoprotective effect of GACP on liver fibrosis is mainly due to avoid high elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokine. This result revealed that GACP could be a potential hepatoprotective agent for later clinical therapy.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carbon tetrachloride, Crude polysaccharides, Fibrosis, Ganoderma applanatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.181}, author = {Raden Joko Kuncoroningrat Susilo and Dwi Winarni and Saikhu Akhmad Husen and Suhailah Hayaza and Sri Puji Astuti Wahyuningsih and Ruey-An Doong and Win Darmanto} } @article {1365, title = {Pharamacognostic Profile and Comparative in vitro Anti- Inflammatory Activity Study of Ethanomedicinal Plants of North East India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {March 2021}, pages = {317-324}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {317}, abstract = {

Background: In ethno-medicinal practices, the leaves of Alocasia macrrorhizos, Canavalia ensiformis, Amaranthus cruentus, Averrhoea carambola, Bauhina tenifloara\ and Capsicum Chinese have different pharmacological activities. The problem encountered with the proper utilization of herbal drugs is lack of documentation and standard parameter, which create problem in acceptance and importance of these plants. Objective: The objectives of our study are to establish scientifically evaluated pharmacognostic profile and in vitro antiinflammatory screening of six plants. Methods: Leaf sample from each plant was evaluated by macroscopic, microscopic and physicochemical parameters (As per WHO recommended methods of standardization). The anti-inflammatory activity screening of methanolic extracts was carried out against inhibition of protein denaturation method taking diclofenac sodium as a benchmark. Results: The macroscopic characteristic and microscopical evaluation reveals the type of stomata within the leaves and presence of parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, upper epidemis, lower epidermis, vascular bundle, palisade cells and trichomes in the transverse section of leaves. Physicochemical parameter reveals the total ash, acid insoluble ash, water soluble, methanol soluble extractives and moisture content. The IC50 value of MEAM, MECE, MEAC, MEAC1, MECC\ and MEBT against inhibiton of protein denaturation was found to be 72.88, 841.78, 735.12, 303.75, 188, and 354.1855 μg/mL respectively. Conclusion: The present study contributes useful information that will help in the exact identification as well as assessment of purity of crude drugs. Methanolic extract of Alocasia macrorrhizos could be a potential anti-inflammatory agent from the natural sources.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Diclofenac sodium, Macroscopic, Microscopic, Northeast India, Pharmacognostic study}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.41}, author = {SM Abdul Aziz Barbhuiya and SH Victoria Devi and Ajay Kakati and Rejwan Ahmed Choudhury and Muslek Uddin Mazumder} } @article {1705, title = {Phytochemistry and Biological Evaluation of Daphne gnidium L. Butanol Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {December 2021}, pages = {1688-1693}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1688}, abstract = {

Background: Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae) has been used in the Mediterranean basin to treat skin diseases, rheumatism and toothache.\ Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of butanol extract from the D. gnidium leaves. Methods: A quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was performed. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by using three different assays: 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH assay), deoxyribose degradation assay and Cellular Antioxidant Activity (CAA) assay. The butanol extract was investigated for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. In addition, its effect on the production of NO and lysosomal activity in vivo was assessed. Results: The HPLC-DAD analysis showed the presence of daphnetin. The butanol extract had a remarkable antioxidant activity in the different systems tested. Furthermore, it has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the xyleneinduced ear edema and reduced the number of abdominal constrictions in mice indicating analgesic effect. It also was found to inhibit (NO) production and lysosomal activity in vivo. Conclusion: These findings support the daphne use in traditional medicine for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Further investigations to elucidate its mechanism of action are required.

}, keywords = {Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Daphne gnidium, Lysosmal activity, Nitric oxide production.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.217}, author = {Amira Horchani and Fadwa Chaabane and Mahassen Barboura and Imen Mokdad-Bzeouich and Aimen Abbassi and Amine Trabelsi and Leila Chekir-Ghedira} } @article {1254, title = {Anti-inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effect of Arrow Root Mediated Selenium Nanoparticles}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1363-1367}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1363}, abstract = {

Nanoparticles serve to reduce toxicity, enhance bioactivity and improve targeting. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are explored because of it{\textquoteright}s unique characteristics and various known therapeutic benefits such as antioxidants activities and reducing risk of cancer. In this study, arrow root which is a starch obtained from tapioca or cassava is mediated with SeNPs and studied for it{\textquoteright}s anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effect. The plant extract of arrow root was prepared and mixed with the sodium selenite solution. The solution is kept in a magnetic stirrer while being observed for any colour change. The synthesis of nanoparticles is observed using UV-vis spectrophotometry. Then the anti-inflammatory activity is observed using albumin denaturation assay and cytotoxic analysis conducted on brine shrimp nauplii. The results showed that there was a lower toxicity rate of SeNPs and significant anti-inflammatory activity which concludes that these nanoparticles can be used in various drug designing aspects in future.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Brine shrimp, Green synthesis, Selenium nanoparticles}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.188}, author = {Twinkle Francis and S Rajeshkumar and Anita Roy and T Lakshmi} } @article {1075, title = {Comparative Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Costus speciosus (Koen) J.E. Sm. Germplasm Collected from Eastern Ghats of India}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {February 2020}, pages = {150-156}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Costus speciosus is an erect perennial herb belonging to family Costaceae, an important medicinal plant widely used in several indigenous medicinal formulations. Objective: A comparative evaluation of Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological potential of Costus speciosus for the validation of traditional claims and quality parameters for industry. Materials and Methods: Pharmacognostical studies were performed as per Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India and quantification of diosgenin was done through HPTLC. In vitro antidiabetic activity was evaluated by α-amylase inhibition assay based on starch iodine method and in vitro anti-inflammatory were done by using inhibition of protein denaturation assay. Results: The pharmacognostical standards were also laid down for each sample. Morpho-anatomical characters had no distinct variation in all the collected samples of Eastern Ghats. The quantification of diosgenin (without hydrolysis of samples) in the collected germplasm varies significantly from 0.002 to 0.076 \% on dry weight basis. The maximum content was recorded in NBCS-06 from Patiya, Bhubaneswar and was identified as distinct chemotype with high metabolite content. IC50 value of Costus speciosus extract in starch-iodine assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 6 (87.54 μg/ml) and inhibition of protein denaturation assay was found to be maximum in NBCS- 11 (73.91 μg/ml), respectively. Conclusion: The study suggests that the Costus speciosus germplasm possess potential anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic activity and comparative pharmacognostical parameters will be useful in collection of location specific potential samples for industrial usage along with quality control of raw materials.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Costus speciosus, Diosgenin, HPTLC}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.22}, author = {Manish Kumar and Ankita Misra and Akanksha Srivastava and Pushpendra Kumar Shukla and L M Tewari and Sharad Srivastava} } @article {1266, title = {Grapes and their Bioactive Compounds: Role in Health Management Through Modulating Various Biological Activities}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {September 2020}, pages = {1455-1462}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1455}, abstract = {

Grape is one of the important plant and its implication in health management has been proven. Grapes are used in the production of grape juice, food products and in other form. The fruits leaves and seeds of the plant are confirmed its role in diseases management based on in vivo and in vitro study. Leaves, fruits and seeds of grape are rich source of bioactive compounds and such compound play role in diseases cure and management. Grapes leaves, fruits and seeds shows therapeutic implications as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective effect and antimicrobial. Grapes leave, fruit and seed and their active compounds play significant role in inhibition of cancer. Its bioactive compound has designated its role in tumour management through modulating genes activity. This review comprehensively summarizes the role of grapes fruits, seeds and leaves in diseases management through modulating different biological activities based on in vivo and in vitro study.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour, Antioxidant, Proanthocyanidins, Vitis vinifera}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.200}, author = {Saleh A Almatroodi and Ahmad Almatroudi and Mohammed A Alsahli and Arshad Husain Rahman} } @article {1293, title = {Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bromelain}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {12}, year = {2020}, month = {November 2020}, pages = {1586-1593}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1586}, abstract = {

Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conducted to determine the activity of bromelain enzyme as an anti-inflammatory using the Granuloma Pouch method. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups, namely the positive control group, the bromelain concentration group of 0.1\%; 0.5\%; 1\%, and the comparison group. Experimental animals induced carrageenan 2\% subcutaneously. The dosage form is given topically for 2, 4, and 6 days. The observation was made by measuring the volume of edema, the total number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells on days 2, 4, and 6. Results: The observation results of a positive control group, bromelain concentration 0.1\%, 0.5\%, 1\%, and the comparators, there was a significant decrease for the volume of exudate on days 2, 4, and 6 (p\<0.05). The average total number of leukocytes also decreased significantly (p\<0.05) in the positive control, the bromelain, and comparison group in day 2, 4, and 6. At the same time, the mean leucocyte percentage had no effect (p\>0.05). Conclusion: From the results of the study, it was concluded that the bromelain enzyme at concentration 0.1\%, 0.5\%, and 1\% have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the volume of exudate, and the total number of leucocyte.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Bromelain, Exudate, Gel, Granuloma, Leukocyte}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2020.12.217}, author = {Elsa Badriyya and Salman and Amalia Refina Pratiwi and Dwisari Dillasamola and Yufri Aldi and Elidahanum Husni} } @article {1016, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of Phyllanthus niruri L. from Indonesia (Pre-clinical Study)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1347-1350}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1347}, abstract = {

Indonesian people often use Phyllanthus niruri L. (P. niruri L.) to treat pain. Pain is the one of symptoms of inflammation. Some people take traditional medicine to treat this pain, because some analgesic drugs have several adverse effects. The aim of this research is to explore the anti-inflammatory effect of ethyl asetat fraction of ethanolic extract of P. niruri L. (EAPN) from Indonesia in rats induced by carrageenan. A total of 25 rats were divided into 5 groups. Group 1 (diclofenac sodium 50 mg/kgbb), group 2 (aqueous extract), groups 3,4and 5 were ethyl asetat fraction at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000 mg/kgbw respectively. Group 1 was treated by diclofenac sodium at dose of 50 mg/kgbw, group II was treated by aqueous 2mL/rats, groups III, IV and V were treated by EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/kgbw respectively. Thirty minutes later, all rats were injected by carrageenan 0,1 mL 1\% w/v sub cutaneous into back rat{\textquoteright}s left paw. Paw volumes were measured by Plethysmometer on minutes 0, 60, 90, 150, 210, 330. Area under the curve (AUC) were calculated from these results (AUC 0-30; AUC 0-90; 0-150; AUC 0-210 and AUC 0-330). The AUC of EAPN at dosage of 250; 500 and 1000mg/ kgbw smaller than negative control significantly (P\<0.05). EAPN contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and triterpens. EAPN has anti-inflammatory effect in rats induced by carrageenan.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Phyllanthus niruri L.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.208}, author = {Em Sutrisna and Maryati and Sri Wahyuni and Tanti Azizah S} } @article {794, title = {Evaluation of Pharmacological Properties of Caesalpinia bonducella Seed and Shell Extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {January-2019}, pages = {150-154}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {150}, abstract = {

Background: Caesalpinia bonducella L. is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Caesalpiniaceae. It is a prickly shrub widely distributed all over the world especially in Indian tropical regions such as Kerala, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Sri Lanka. There are claims that its leaves or seeds/ seed kernel possess antipyretic, antidiuretic, antibacterial, antiviral, antiestrogenic and antidiabetic activities Due to the above properties several preparations of the plant were used in folk medicine. Materials and Methods: The aqueous extract of Caesalpinia bonducella nut containing the seed and the shell, has been evaluated for qualitative analysis of secondary metabolites (tannis, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, quinone and phenols), in-vitro anti -inflammatory, anti-diabetic assay, antioxidant, antimitotic and antimicrobial activity. The studies were carried out using HRBC membrane stabilization, inhibition of alpha amalyse enzyme, DPPH method, green gram growth inhibition, agar diffusion method respectively. Results: Our results indicate the presence of Alkaloids, Flavanoids and Saponins. We report in our study the antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and antimitotic activity of Caesalpinia bonducella.

}, keywords = {Anti-diabetic, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-mitotic, Anti-oxidant, Caesalpinia bonducella}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.1.25}, author = {Vigasini Subbiah and Pannaga Nagaraja and Priya Narayan and Holenarasipur GunduRao Nagendra} } @article {1000, title = {Inhibitory Effects of Different Varieties of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Tubers Extracts on Lipoxygenase Activity}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {October 2019}, pages = {1195-1198}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1195}, abstract = {

Background: Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) with purple, orange and white varieties can be differentiated by their skin and flesh tubers{\textquoteright} colors. Research on anti-inflammatory activity of this plant is still limited although has been used traditionally. Objective: This study aimed to determine IC50 value of sweet potato tubers extracts in inhibiting lipoxygenase activity. Methods: Dried tubers of sweet potato were macerated with ethanol 70\%. Each extracts were tested for soybean lipoxygenase inhibitory activity, phytochemical screening and total flavonoid contents. IC50 value and total flavonoid contents obtained from each extracts were analyzed statistically. Results: IC50 value of purple, orange and white sweet potato tubers extracts are 46.09, 52.12 and 63.69 μg/mL respectively. Each extracts contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and glycosides. Total flavonoid contents in purple, orange and white sweet potato extracts are 8.45{\textpm}0.41; 7.57{\textpm}0.03; and 6.12{\textpm}0.14 mgQE/g extract respectively. Conclusion: Total flavonoid contents and IC50 values of each extracts are strongly correlated and inversely proportional with significance value of 0.026 and correlation value of -0.999 which indicate that the higher total flavonoid contents, the stronger inhibitory activity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Ipomoea batatas L, Lipoxygenase, Sweet potato tubers, Total flavonoid contents}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.185}, author = {Sendangratri and Rosita Handayani and Berna Elya} } @article {988, title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Ganoderma curtisii Polysaccharides After Kainic Acid-Seizure Induced}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1046-1054}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1046}, abstract = {

Background: Epilepsy is one of the major neurological disorders affecting world population. Although, some Ganoderma species have shown neuroprotective activities, the effects of polysaccharides isolated from Ganoderma curtisii on epileptic seizures have not been reported. Objective: The aims of the present study were to determine whether treatment with a polysaccharide fraction (GCPS-2) from a Mexican Ganoderma curtisii strain can reduce seizures, and the increases in the levels of apoptotic molecules and inflammatory cytokines in kainic acid-induced seizure mouse model. Materials and Methods: Rats were separated in groups: Control group received 2.5\% Tween 20 solution; GCPS-2 groups were administered GCPS-2 (10, 40, or 80 mg/kg); KA group received KA 10 mg/kg; GCPS-2+KA received GCPS- 2 and 30 min later KA. Pathological changes in neuronal morphology, expression of B-cell lymphoma-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin1-β and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the rat hippocampus and cortex were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides (GCPS-2) inhibited convulsions in rats. Moreover, treatment with GCPS-2 reduced the increased levels of apoptotic signaling molecules (Bcl-2) and proinflammatory mediators (in the kainic acid-treated hippocampus and cortex). Conclusion: Ganoderma curtisii soluble polysaccharides have a neuroprotective potential against epilepsy, partially through its ability to inhibit neurotoxic events in the in vivo hippocampus and cortex.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticonvulsant, Ganoderma curtisii, Neuroprotective, β-glucan}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.164}, author = {Ismael Leon-Rivera and Juana Villeda-Hernandez and Elizur Montiel-Arcos and Isaac Tello and Maria Yolanda Rios and Samuel Estrada-Soto and Angelica Berenice Aguilar and Veronica Nunez-Urquiza and Jazmin Mendez-Miron and Victoria Campos-Pena and Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa and Eva Hernandez and Gerardo Hurtado} } @article {958, title = {Review on Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Genus Anthemis}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {1155-1166}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {1155}, abstract = {

Genus Anthemis of Family Asteraceae contains mainly flavonoids, sesquiterpene lactones belonging to germacranolides, eudesmanolides, guaianolides, sterols and essential oils. The Plants of genus Anthemis have been known to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities due to their rich contents of important physiological and biological compounds. They are referred to as nature{\textquoteright}s biological response modifier{\textquoteright}s and are involved in energy transfer, photosensitization and morphogenesis. Several clinical studies have shown that people who take diets rich in flavonoids and sesquiterpenes have reduced risk of developing cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This article covers most of constituents of plants of genus Anthemis reported from 2002 up to 2018. Furthermore, the biological activities of plants of genus Anthemis will be presented.

}, keywords = {Anthemis, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-oxidant, Flavonoids, Sesquiterpenes}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.180}, author = {Rima Boukhary and Maha Aboul-Ela and Abdalla El-Lakany} } @article {638, title = {Acute Toxicity, Anti-ulcer and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract of Gladiolus segetum in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {June 2018}, pages = {758-762}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {758}, abstract = {

Objectives: To evaluate the in vivo anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of the aerial parts of Gladiolus segetum. Methods: First methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum was subjected to the acute oral toxicity test according to the OECD, guideline no 423.The anti-ulcer activity of Gladiolus segetum was investigated by ethanol induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Methanol extract was administered by gavage one hour before ethanol to the different groups at a dose corresponding of 100,250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. The control group received normal saline in comparable volume (10ml/kg body weight) by the same route. The anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extract was evaluated in adult wistar rats by the egg albumin induced paw edema method. Results: A significant reduction (p \<0.001) was observed in the results of the present study, revealed that methanol extract possessed gastroprotective activity and exerts a topical anti-inflammatory effect in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that methanol extract of Gladiolus segetum may represent an important clinical alternative in anti-inflammatory and antiulcer genic therapeutics.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer genic, Gastric ulcer, Gladiolus segetum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.4.127}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/665}, author = {Salah Eddine Marref and Naima Benkiki and Mohamed Akram Melakhessou and Soumia Bouzidi} } @article {487, title = {Characteristics of Thai Pigmented Rice Milk Kefirs with Potential as Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Foods}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {154-161}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {154}, abstract = {

Aims: The characteristics, antioxidant property of Hawm Nil rice (Purple rice), Red Hawm rice (Red rice), Khao Dawk Mali 105 rice (White rice) milk kefirs and mixing of three color rice milk kefir in different ratios were investigated. Then, anti-inflammatory activity of Hawm Nil rice kefir was studied. Methodology: The physiochemical properties, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of these rice milk kefirs were investigated. Anti-inflammatory measurements were performed to study blood chemistry, hematological values and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) level in colitis rats compared with rats treated with prednisolone (positive control) and cow\’s milk kefir. Results: All the rice kefir formulas had lower pH values than the cow\’s milk kefir. Moreover, they all exhibited no changing viscosity. Lactic acid concentrations increased in cow\’s milk kefir during 24-48 h. Alcohol concentrations in all the rice formulas increased within 24-48 h, while cow\’s milk only increased at 72 h. Antioxidant activity, most of the rice milk kefirs had antioxidant activity higher than cow\’s milk by DPPH assay. In addition, the Hawm Nil rice milk kefir had high antioxidant activity by DPPH assay and FRAP assay. Blood chemistry, hematological values and tumor necrosis factor-\α (TNF-\α) levels in colitis rats treated with Hawm Nil rice milk kefir did not differ from those treated with prednisolone and cow\’s milk kefir. TNF-\α in the serum of colitis rats treated with Hawm Nil rice milk kefir was significantly reduced when compared to the PBS buffer. Conclusion: The findings indicated that color rice kefirs may offer protection against chemically induced tissue injury. Hawm Nil rice milk kefir exerted potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and was safe for human consumption. Other Thai colored rice will be used to develop Thai rice milk kefir products as new and antioxidant-rich beverages and functional foods for human health benefits in the future.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Lactic acid, Rice kefir, Thai color rice}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.26}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/412}, author = {Sirirat Deeseenthum and Vijitra Luang-In and Supaporn Chunchom} } @article {463, title = {Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing: A Medicinal Plant for Gastric Cancer Induced By N-Methyl-N-Nitroso-Urea (NMU)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {20-24}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {20}, abstract = {

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent diseases in human population: Many plants from Peruvian flora is used to treat cancer as alternative treatment. Chuquiraga spinosa Lessing (ChS) is a species with high potential therapeutic due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect as well as protective against prostate cancer. Objective: The main objective was to evaluate the possible protective effect of Chuquiraga spinosa extract on NMU (N-methyl-N nitrosourea)-induced gastric cancer in rats. Methods: Gastric carcinogenesis was induced in 30 male Holtzman rats by providing NMU 50 \μg/Kg by oral administration for 16 weeks. Ethanolic extract of ChS aerial parts was administered at doses 50, 250 and 500 mg/Kg per oral. The protective effect was determined through weight controls, biochemical and hematological parameters; the antioxidant capacity by superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and anti-inflammatory capacity by the level of C-reactive protein (CRP). The tumors were monitored by using histological examinations. Results: Oral administration of Chuquiraga spinosa extract significantly decreased superoxide dismutase malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, C-reactive protein levels (p\<0,01, p\<0,01, p\<0,01 and p\<0,01 respectively compared with Inductor group). There was a significant increase in the weights of animals (P\<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Chuquiraga spinosa extract, we conclude that it has a protective effect on NMU induced gastric cancer in rats.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Antioxidant, Chuquiraga spinosa, NMU}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.4}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/359}, author = {Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Oscar Herrera-Calderon and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Victor Chumpitaz-Cerrate and C{\'e}sar Franco-Quino and Ren{\'a}n Ha{\~n}ari-Quispe} } @article {226, title = {Anti-inflammatory activity of isolated compounds from the stem bark of Garcinia cowa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Objective: To find the anti inflammatory active compounds from methanol extract of Garcinia cowa. Methods: To evaluate the inhibitory activity of isolated compounds on nitric oxide (NO) production, culture media was assayed using Griess reaction. An equal volume of Griess reagent (1\% sulphanilamide and 0.1\% N-(L-naphthyl)-ethylene diamine dihydrochloride, dissolved in 2.5\% H3PO4) was mixed with culture supernatant and color development was measured at 550 nm using a micro plate reader. The amount of nitrite in the culture supernatant was calculated from a standard curve (0\–100 \μM) of sodium nitrite freshly prepared in deionized water. Percentage of the NO inhibition was calculated by using nitrate level of IFN-\γ/LPS-induced group as the control. Results: Isolated compounds, tetraprenyltoluquinone, rubraxanthone and \α-mangostin from stem bark of Garcinia cowa Roxb were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. Only \α-mangostin exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity with 83.42 \% inhibition of NO and without inducing severe cytotoxicity at 50M. Rubraxanthone showed weak inhibition of NO with 23.86 \% inhibition of NO while maintained 77.32 \% of cell viability. TPTQ also showed the strong inhibition of NO with 80.98 \% inhibition but unfortunately this compound also induced severe cytotoxicity with 39.62\% viability. Conclusion: \α-Mangostin exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity without inducing severe cytotoxicity at 50 M. Rubraxanthone showed weak inhibition of NO while Tetraprenyltoluquinone also showed the strong inhibition of NO however this compound also induced severe cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Garcinia cowa, Nitric oxide, rubraxanthone, tetrapreniltoluquinone, α-mangostin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.10}, author = {Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Daud Ahmad Israf Ali and Nordin Hj. Lajis and Dachriyanus} } @article {414, title = {Phenolic Constituents, Anti-Inflammatory and Antidiabetic Activities of Cyperus laevigatus L.}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {828-833}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {828}, abstract = {

Background: Cyperus species are well known traditional plants and used for several diseases around the world. Aim of the Study: Our study aimed to identification of the phenolic constituents in addition to evaluation of different extracts of Cyperus laevigatus L as antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antidiabetic agents. Materials and Methods: The phenolic constituents were identified using spectroscopic techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro DPPH assay. Total extract, methanol and EtOAc fractions were evaluated for their antiinflammatory activity using RAW 264.7 macrophages assay. Antidiabetic activity of the total extract was examined biochemically and histopathologically using streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Results: A new flavone, chrysoeriol 7-O-\β-(6'''-O-acetyl-\β-D-glucopyranosyl)-(1\→4) glucopyranoside (1), along with seven knowns (2-8) were isolated from Cyperus laevigatus L. The structures of isolated compounds were established depending upon 1D, 2D-NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant antioxidant activity while the isolated flavonoids exhibited from moderate to weak antioxidant activity. The total extract, MeOH and EtOAc fractions exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity using LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages model by decreasing of NO accumulation by 76 \– 66\% and 84 \– 67\%, of the original accumulation values with increasing concentrations in comparison with the reference drug, dexamethasone. The total extract exhibited antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and this effect was manifested by decreasing serum levels of glucose, glucagon and NO. It also increased level of insulin and promoted paraoxonase activity. Conclusion: These results proved that this plant may be multiple sources for medicinal natural drugs especially for anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antidiabetic., Antioxidant, Cyperus Laevigatus, New Flavone}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.129}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/182}, author = {Abdelsamed Ibrahim Elshamy and Mohamed El-Shazly and Yomna Mahmoud Yassine and Mona Anwar El-Bana and Abdel- Razik Farrag and Mahmoud Ibrahim Nassar and Abdel Nasser Singab and Masaaki Noji and Akemi Umeyama} } @article {422, title = {Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its Active Ingredients: Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {September 2017}, pages = {873-879}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {873}, abstract = {

Introduction: Crocus sativus is a member of iridaceae family and its use in health management is in practice since ancient time. Additionally, research based on clinical trials and animal models have advocates its role in disease cure without any severe adverse complications. The aim of this study is to summarize the study of saffron and its ingredients based on in vivo and in vitro and role in disease cure and prevention. Materials: This study was designed through the search engines such as Pub Med, Scopus and Google Scholar. The keywords used for the search were mainly focused on Saffron with health benefit and its therapeutics role in different diseases. Result: Saffron stigma is mixture of various components and recent studies have proven that saffron and its active ingredients play a key role in disease management. Moreover, clinical trials based study on the use of saffron and its individual components have confirmed the health promising effects. Conclusion: Although Saffron has potential role in the disease cure and prevention via modulation of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-microbial and anti-diabetic activity. Furthermore, advanced research is needed to elaborate the role of saffron in health management and its mechanism of action in the modulation of biological activities.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Anti-tumour activity, Antioxidant, Crocus sativus, Toxicity level.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.6.137}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/190}, author = {Arshad Husain Rahmani and Amjad Ali Khan and Yousef Homood Aldebasi} } @article {98, title = {Bio-Flavonoids and Garcinoic Acid from Garcinia kola Heckel Seeds with Promising Antioxidant Potentials}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {8}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2015}, pages = {56-58}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {56}, abstract = {

Objective: The research was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of ethanol extract, fraction (kolaviron) and compounds (garcinoic acid, GB1 and GB2) of Garcinia kola seeds. Materials and Method: To evaluate the acute anti-inflammatory effect of extract, fraction and compounds of G. kola carrageenan-induced edema model in wistar albino rats was used. Results: Kolaviron (50 mg/kg), garcinoic acid (50 mg/kg) and the crude extract (50 mg/kg) caused 100, 83 and 74\% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema respectively at 6 h post administration. Indomethacin (10 mg/ kg), the reference drug induced 100\% inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw oedema. While GB1 (50 mg/kg) and GB2 (50 mg/kg) was prominent at 4, 5 and 6 h post administration. Conclusion: Results showed that the extract possessed anti-inflammatory activity, which have justified their use in Nigeria traditional medicine to treat inflammation.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Carrageenan, Garcinia kola, Paw edema, Wistar rats.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2016.1.12}, author = {Tchimene Kenne Michel and Anaga Arua Ottoh and Ugwoke Christopher Emeka Chukwunonye and Ezugwu Christopher Obodoike and Okunji Christopher and Iwu Maurice Mmaduakolam} } @article {1446, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal }, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {8th Jan, 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods: The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusions: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

Key words: Trametes ochracea, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari} } @article {47, title = {Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of wood rotting fungi, Trametes ochracea}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {Mar-Apr 2015}, pages = {136-146}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {136}, abstract = {

Objective: The present research was aimed to identify the metabolites in the methaolic and hexane extract of Trametes ochracea and evaluated these extracts to know their in vitro biological activities. Materials and methods: Two solvent extracts of T. ochracea was subjected to phytochemical analysis. The two solvent extracts were subjected to in vitro biological activity viz., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytoxicity assays. Results: The methanol extract yielded important phytochemicals viz., saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, phenols and tannins compared to hexane. The methanolic extract has shown strong antioxidant activity in all tested methods. The methanol extract was effectively inhibited the heat induced hemolysis, antilipoxygenase activity and also stabilized the membrane, avoided the membrane denaturation, proteinase and xanthine oxidase inhibition.The onion root meristametic cells were inhibited due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing various cellular abnormalities in various stages of actively growing cells. The yeast cells were dead due to toxicity of methanol extract by possessing cell necrosis and also fragmented the cell DNA. Conclusion: The obtained results clearly indicates that Trametes ochracea methanol extract is having potent phytochemicals, which plays important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity assays. The further research is needed to identify the exact mechanism is by action of one or combination of active phytochemicals.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Phytochemicals, Trametes ochracea}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.2.8}, author = {Govindappa Melappa and Ara Roshan and Chanduri Nithi and Thouseef Syed Mohummed and Channabasava and Chandrappa Chinna Poojari}, editor = {Yerappa Lakshmikanth Ramachandra} } @article {86, title = {Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and In vitro Anti-helmenthic activity of Achyranthes aspera Leaf extract}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {7}, year = {2015}, month = {01/2015}, pages = {397-399}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {397}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary phytochemical analysis and in vitro- Antihelmenthic activity of leaf extract of Achyranthes aspera. Background: Achyranthes aspera is an annual, stiff-erect herb found commonly as a weed throughout India. The leaf ethyl acetate extract showed high larvicidal activity on the tick larvae of Rhipicephalus. It strengthen the liver and kidneys, strengthening muscles, tendons and bones, anti-inflammatory, anti-toxin, urine laxative, normalize menstruation, hemostatic, ease childbirth. Chemical Ingredients includes Akirantin, glokosa, galactose, reilosa, ramnosa, and alkaloids. Hentriakontan, sapogenin, Betaine, ecdysterone, triterpenoid saponins. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis was done by adopting the method of Evans. Antihelmenthic assay is performed by standard protocol. Result: The present study reveals the presence of few secondary metabolites and the extract exhibitspotent Antihelmenthic activity. Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that Achyranthes aspera leaf extract possessed marked in vitro Anti helminthic effect.

}, keywords = {Achyranthes aspera, Anti-helmenthic, Anti-inflammatory, Laxative, Phytochemical.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2015.6.14}, author = {Kamal Hasan and Thangavelu Lakshmi and Thirumalai Kumaran Rathinam} } @article {1483, title = {Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities of methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis herbs}, journal = {Pharmacognosy journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2014}, month = {8th April 2014}, pages = {55-61}, type = {Original Article}, abstract = {

The anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activitiesof the methanolic extract of Anthemis scrobicularis(ANS) herbs were evaluated in rats against carrageenan induced inflammation and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)induced hepatic injury. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ANS, twenty male rats were divided into four equal groups. Injection of 100 \μl carrageenan in normal saline into the subplantar region of the hind paw of rats clearly induced paw edema. The volume of paw edema was attenuated following oral administration of ANS. For hepatoprotective effects, twenty five rats were equally divided into five groups.The hepatotoxicity, induced by a single dose of CCl4, produced significant (p\<0.001) increase of the levels of serumtransaminase, phosphatase, bilirubin and a decrease in proteins were also noticed. The oxidative stress marker such as malondialdehyde (MDA)was increased and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NP-SH) was decreased in the hepatotoxic tissues. Pre-medication of CCl4-intoxicated rats with ANS at the doses 250 and 500 mg/kg reversed the abnormal liver diagnostic stricture. The results showed that ANS is toxicologically safe when orally administered and possess highly significant anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities and the potentials usefulness of Anthemis scrobicularis in hepatic and inflammatory disease.

Key words: Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Hepatoprotective, Carbon tetrachloride, Histopathology.

}, keywords = {Anthemis scrobicularis, Anti-inflammatory, Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective, Histopathology}, author = {Hasan S. Yusufoglu and Aftab Alam and Mohamad Ayman A. Salkini and Ahmed M. Zaghloul} }