@article {2496, title = {Housing In An Enriched Environment Enhances The Neuroprotective Effect Of Celastrus Paniculatus And Tribulus Terrestris In An Animal Model Of Chronic Stress}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {17}, year = {2025}, month = {April 2025}, pages = {191-202}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {191}, abstract = {

Introduction: Prolonged exposure to stress can contribute to depressive episodes. Preclinical studies have shown that stimuli like environmental enrichment (EE) can produce beneficial effects against stress by positively modulating neuroplasticity, neurochemistry, and behaviour. Hence, we explored whether exposure to EE can augment the neuroprotective activities of Celastrus paniculatus (CP) and Tribulus terrestris (TT) in stressed conditions. Materials and Methods: Rats were placed in immobilisation bags and stressed for two hours a day for ten days. After that, these stressed rats were treated by CP or TT, alone or in combination with enriched housing. Behavioural analysis in elevated plus maze, open field, forced swim and sucrose preference tests. The novel object recognition test and the rewarded alteration test on the T-maze were used to assess working memory. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin-6, and tumour necrotic factor-alpha were measured in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortical tissues following stress and herbal treatment combined with an enriched environment. Results: We found that Celastrus paniculatus and Tribulus terrestris, combined with an enriched environment, produced a synergistic neuroprotective effect. CP + EE and TT + EE improved working memory and recognition memory in CIS animals, but they also reduced anxiety and depressive-like behaviours. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were decreased while brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were raised in the frontal cortex and hippocampus regions, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show that living in an enriched environment can improve CP and TT neuromodulatory activities, highlighting the potential of combining sensory-motor interventions with herbal remedies for psychiatric disorders.

}, keywords = {Chronic Immobilization stress, Depression, Enriched Environment, Hippocampus, Neurotrophic factor, Pro-inflammatory cytokines}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2025.17.24}, author = {Babiker Bashir Haroun Baraka and Bhagya Venkanna Rao and Tanuja Krishnamurthy and Ramya Vasudev} } @article {2006, title = {Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis Essential Oil On Anxiety, Depression, And Sleep Quality}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {April 2023}, pages = {343-349}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {343}, abstract = {

Introduction: The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of Rosmarinus officinalis essential oil on anxiety, depression, and sleep quality. Methods: The essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and the chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 81 participants were divided into two groups, comprising a waiting list control group and an experimental group treated with essential oils. Anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated using the Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI). Results: Chemical analysis showed that 1,8 cineole (37.6\%), α-pinene (19.9\%), and linalool (15.8\%) were the main components. Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality scores showed a decrease in the post-test study phase compared to the pre-test in the experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was found in the case of anxiety (d = 1.491; g= 1.490) with 1-β=0.996, while medium size effects were observed for depression (d = 0.581; g= 0.582) with 1-β=0.585; and sleep quality (d = 0.586; g = 0.588) with 1-β=0.638. Conclusion: Essential oils extracted from Rosmarinus officinalis are more effective in calming anxiety and show moderate changes in depression and sleep quality.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Rosmarinus officinalis, Sleep quality}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.52}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Santiago M. Benites and Taniht Lisseth Cubas-Romero and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Jos{\'e} Gilberto Gavidia-Valencia and Iris Melina Alfaro-Beltr{\'a}n} } @article {2060, title = {Experiences and Expectations of Post-Partum Mothers Toward Psychosocial Nursing Services for Mothers Who Have Experienced Postpartum Blues in City of Balikpapan}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {15}, year = {2023}, month = {June 2023}, pages = {471-478}, type = {Review Article}, chapter = {471}, abstract = {

After giving birth, the mother feels happy to finally be able to meet her beloved baby. However, some mothers actually do not feel happy but appear feelings of sadness, anxiety, and depression after giving birth. As many as 30-75 present of women can experience baby blues after giving birth and one in seven women can experience postpartum depression. Health Education needs to be improved and Nutrition for pregnant women needs attention Micronutrients prevent postpartum depression so that babies are born healthy. Based on the above problems that are still untouched by promotion and prevention health for women overcome the level of emotional anxiety from pregnancy to post-delivery which can be experienced by mothers from mild, moderate to severe. Nurses play a key role related to providing physical and psychological care to support the improvement of the mother{\textquoteright}s condition towards more positive. Mothers are at risk for natural emotional problems requiring someone to be able to give him an understanding of the process he is going through and help him to remain in a more stable condition. This study involved seven participants with diverse characteristics and provided an overview and the high need of postpartum mothers to feel comfortable so that their coping efforts could be achieved so that they did not experience emotional problems after giving birth.

}, keywords = {Baby Blues, Depression, Postpartum, Psychosocial Services.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2023.15.104}, author = {Ns. Grace C Sipasulta and Indah Nur Imamah and Genevieva E Tanihatu} } @article {1783, title = {Anxiolytic and Antidepressant-like Effects of Foeniculum vulgare Essential Oil}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {April 2022}, pages = {425-431}, type = {Research Article }, chapter = {425}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to determine the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of the essential oils from Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts and seeds. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID) and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, an experimental trial was conducted, where 117 participants were divided into three groups, comprising a waiting list control group and two experimental groups treated with essential oils. The anxiety and depression indexes were evaluated by Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results: chemical analysis showed that trans- Anethole was the main component, both in the essential oil from aerial parts (35.5\%) and seeds (79.2\%). Anxiety and depression scores showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in all experimental groups (p\<0.05), except for depression scores in the group treated with essential oil from aerial parts (p\>0.05). Small changes were found in the case of anxiety for group treated with essential oils from aerial parts (d = 0.41; Δ= 0.40) while moderate (d = 0.86; Δ = 0.85) and small (d = 0.38; Δ = 0.39) changes were found for anxiety and depression respectively, in the group treated with essential oil from seeds. Conclusion: The essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare seeds is more effective to relief anxiety than depression while the essential oil from Foeniculum vulgare aerial parts only exhibit small changes for anxiety.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Foeniculum vulgare}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.54}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Luis Enrique Rosales-Cerquin and Elda Maritza Rodrigo-Villanueva and Demetrio Rafael Jara-Aguilar and Lurdes Tuesta-Collantes} } @article {1903, title = {Effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on coping premenstrual syndrome}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {December 2022}, pages = {728-735}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {728}, abstract = {

Introduction: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of Satureja brevicalyx essential oil inhalation on premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The oils were extracted by hydro-distillation using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus and chemical composition was performed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC{\textendash}MS). Furthermore, a quasi-experimental study was conducted, where 61 participants were divided in two groups, comprising an experimental with essential oils and a control group with no treatment. Main psychological symptoms were assessed with the used of Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) as well as total score of premenstrual syndrome was evaluated with Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS). Results: chemical analysis showed that linalool (17.6\%) was the main component. All variables showed a decrease in posttest study phase in comparison with pretest in experimental group (p\<0.05). A large size effect was observed for anxiety (d = 1.25; Δ = 1.35). Besides, moderate changes were found for depression (d = 0.79; Δ= 0.81) and premenstrual syndrome total score (d = 0.62; Δ = 0.56). Conclusion: The essential oil of Satureja brevicalyx exerts a potencial use, especially for the treatment of psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome.

}, keywords = {Anxiety, Depression, Essential oils, Premenstrual syndrome, Satureja brevicalyx}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.160}, author = {Paul Alan Arkin Alvarado-Garc{\'\i}a and Maril{\'u} Roxana Soto-V{\'a}squez and Francisco Mercedes Infantes Gomez and Yolanda Elizabeth Rodr{\'\i}guez de Guzm{\'a}n and Taniht Lisseth Cubas Romero and Natalia Mavila Guzm{\'a}n Rodr{\'\i}guez and Olga Gessy Rodr{\'\i}guez Aguilar and Ana Mar{\'\i}a Honores Alvarado and Elsa Roc{\'\i}o Vargas D{\'\i}az and Lesly Alexandra Cabrera Cabrera and Klersy Almendra Truyenque Rom{\'a}n and Edwar Guido Brice{\~n}o Esquivel} } @article {1855, title = {Viral Meningoencephalitis Patient with Comorbid Major Depression with Psychotic Symptoms: A Case Report}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, month = {August 2022}, pages = {455-458}, type = {Case Report}, chapter = {455}, abstract = {

Viral meningoencephalitis causes meninges and brain parenchyma inflammation, thus provoking significant morbidity and mortality. Clinical features include neurological and psychiatric symptoms depending on the brain involved, mild symptoms such as fever, headache, neck stiffness, and confusion, or severe symptoms such as seizures, weakness, hallucinations, and coma. Therefore, the clinical diagnosis and treatment of such cases are challenging to make. This case report describes an adult male patient suffering from viral meningoencephalitis with comorbid major depression with psychotic symptoms. The patient requires holistic management of meningoencephalitis with comorbid depression and neuropsychiatric symptoms that may occur in the long term.

}, keywords = {Comorbid, Depression, Viral meningoencephalitis}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2022.14.121}, author = {Maulana Farid Rizki and Paulus Sugianto and Margarita Maria Maramis and Soetjipto} } @article {972, title = {Antidepressant-Like Effects of Dracocephalum moldavica L. in Mouse Models of Immobility Tests}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {September 2019}, pages = {976-983}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {976}, abstract = {

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts of {\textquotedblleft}toronjil azul{\textquotedblright}(Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Methodology: The forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST) were performed on CD-1 mice to evaluate the antidepressant activity of the ethanolic extracts. The ethanolic extracts were administered orally at an 80 and 100 mg/kg. The animals were dosed 1, 6 and 24 h before initiating the FST assay and 40 minutes before for the TST assay. Imipramine and fluoxetine were dosed at 15 mg/kg, while the flavonoid quercetin was given an a lower concentration of 10 mg/kg as a positive controls. Results: The extracts of Dracocephalum moldavica L. and significantly decreased the immobility time in the FST and TST assays when compared with the negative control and reported similar values than those obtained with the positive controls. Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that extract of Dracocephalum moldavica L. have antidepressant effect similar to those obtained by.

}, keywords = {Depression, Dracochepalum moldavica L., Forced swim test, Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.154}, author = {Marcos Ignacio Jimenez Zuniga and Alejandro Jonathan Hurtado Mariles and Jose Luis Castrejon Flores and Jose Antonio Mondragon Herrera and Maria Guadalupe Ramirez Sotelo and Genaro Ivan Ceron Montes and Yolanda de las Mercedes Gomez y Gomez} } @article {753, title = {Antidepressant and Antipsychotic-like Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of the Leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s33-s37}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {s33}, abstract = {

Introduction: Maytenus macrocarpa (Chuchuhuasi) is an Amazonian Peruvian traditional plant, traditionally used as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antihemorrhagic and antidiarrheic agent. Also, chuchuhuasi is known as a master plant, attributing to it properties in the central nervous system. In addition, depression is a disorder of the mood that cause disability to millions of people around the world. For this reason, the aim of this study was to determinate the antidepressant and antipsychotic-like activity of the ethanolic extract of Maytenus macrocarpa. Methods: It was used the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa (EELMM) in female mice at the experimental model of the Forced Swim Test described by Porsolt. As control, it was used distillate water, fluoxetine and haloperidol. Results: The immobility time of the groups of EELMM has a mean of 38.26 \± 21.57, 84.32 \± 26.68 and 32.17 \± 25.55 for the doses of 750, 1000 and 1250 mg/Kg respectively; and the immobility time had a median of 7.5 [4.07 \– 20.3] and 20.93 \± [17.63 \– 23.75] for the doses of 500 mg/Kg and 1500 mg/Kg. It was seen a positive dose-response between the dose of 500 to 1000 mg/Kg (Pearson correlation of r=0.8339 and R=0.6954) and a negative dose-response between the dose of 1000 to 1500 mg/Kg. (Pearson correlation of r= -0.7590 and R= 0.5760). Conclusion: It was demonstrated the antidepressant-like activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Maytenus macrocarpa with a dose of 500 mg/kg and an antipsychotic-like activity with a dose of 1000 mg/kg.

}, keywords = {Chuchuhuasi, Depression, Fluoxetine, Forced swim test, Haloperidol}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.6}, author = {T{\'a}cuna-Calder{\'o}n Ana Lucia and Huaccho-Rojas Juan Jesus and Zimic-Zare Carolina and Pante-Medina Carlos and Salazar-Granara Alberto} } @article {765, title = {Pharmacological Evaluation of Bacopa monnieri Extract against Depressive like Behavior Induced by Ethanol Withdrawal in Rats}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {November 2018}, pages = {s48-s53}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {s48}, abstract = {

Background: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome lead to relapse to alcohol use and depression is the most common symptom of withdrawal. Bacopa monnieri is a traditional memory enhancer and has reported antidepressant properties as well. Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of Bacopa monnieri extract in alcohol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in alcohol-dependent rats. Methods: Plant drug was extracted with ethanol (70\% v/v) using soxhlet extraction. Ethanol 7.2\%, v/v was given to the rats in a liquid diet for 21 days and then was withdrawn from the diet and animals were observed at 6th and 24th h for withdrawal signs like depressive behavior and locomotor hyperactivity. Results: The phytochemical testing of extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, and tannins. Bacopa monnieri extract (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, oral) and fluoxetine (10 mg/kg i.p) treatment at the 6th and 24th h of ethanol withdrawal produced the significant (p\<0.001) decrease in the immobility time as compared to the disease control rats when tested on forced swim test and tail suspension test. Bacopa monnieri extract and fluoxetine treatment produced significant (p\<0.001) inhibitory effects on locomotor hyperactivity as well. Histopathological examination did not show any remarkable pathological and microscopic changes. Conclusion: Findings from the present study showed that Bacopa monnieri extract treatment has beneficial effects on ethanol withdrawal depressive-like behavior in rats.

}, keywords = {Bacopa monnieri, Depression, Ethanol withdrawal syndrome, Histopathology, Locomotor hyperactivity}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.6s.9}, author = {Lalit Sharma and Aditi Sharma and Girdhari Lal Gupta and Gopal Singh Bisht} } @article {221, title = {Screening of Antidepressant Activity of Punica granatum in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {27-29}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {27}, abstract = {

Introduction: India is a rich source of medicinal plants used therapeutically to treat various disorders including depression. This study was undertaken to evaluate the antidepressant effect of acute and chronic administration of Punica granatum (pomegranate) whole fruit in mice. Methods: We used the aqueous extract of Punica granatum (250 and 500 mg/kg per day), standard drug used was Imipramine (10 mg/kg) and vehicle was gum acacia (10 ml/kg), orally. Four groups of animals were used and each group had six animals. In the acute study drugs/vehicles were administered 60 min prior to the experiments. In the chronic study drugs/vehicles were administered for 14 days and the last dose was given on the 14th day, 60 minutes prior to experiment. Forced Swim Test and Tail Suspension Test were used for testing antidepressant activity. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA with drug treatment as the independent factor. Post-hoc comparisons were performed using Dunnett\’s test. Results: In acute and chronic forced swim test as well as acute tail suspension test, duration of immobility was significantly reduced in the PG 500 mg/kg, but not in the 250 mg/kg treated group. In chronic tail suspension test, duration of immobility was significantly decreased in PG 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg treated groups. The antidepressant activity of 500 mg/kg was comparable to that of Imipramine 10 mg/kg. Conclusion: The present study suggests that aqueous extract of whole fruit of P. granatum has antidepressant activity at 500 mg/kg. It would be advisable to encourage consumption of pomegranate extract in patients with depression because of its nutritional and functional properties.

}, keywords = {Depression, Forced swim test, Pomegranate., Tail suspension test}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.5}, author = {Rajeshwari Shastry and Aadhya Sharma and Vinay Sayeli and Ullal Sheetal Dinkar} }