@article {1667, title = {Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Methanol Extract, Hexane, Ethyl Acetate, and Butanol Fraction of Piper crocatum Ruiz \& Pav Leaves on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {November 2021}, pages = {1341-1346}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {1341}, abstract = {

Piper crocatum Ruiz \& Pav is a traditional Indonesian plant that is empirically used to treat various diseases. Several studies have stated that Piper crocatum leaves extract has anti-inflammatory effects. Piper crocatum leaves contain different secondary metabolites alkaloids, flavonoids, tannin-polyphenols, steroids, terpenoids, and saponins. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of Piper crocatum leaves extract and fraction on the production of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharideinduced RAW 264.7 cells. Anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract of Piper crocatum leaves (MEPC), n-hexane fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (HFPC), ethyl acetate fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (EAFPC), and n-butanol fraction of Piper crocatum leaves (BFPC) against RAW 264 cell macrophages, 7 Lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS). Extraction of Piper crocatum leaves was the maceration method. Cell viability was determined by the MTT method in the concentration range of 12.5;25;50;100;200 ug/ mL. The anti-inflammatory effects of MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC and BFPC were tested against nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. NO levels were determined by the NO Colorimetric Assay Kit as measured by the ELISA plate reader. The viability test of MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC from Piper crocatum leaves showed the concentrations that gave the percentage of viability above 80\% were concentrations of 100, 50, and 25 g/mL. MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC at concentrations of 100, 50, 25 μg/mL could significantly inhibit NO production with p\<0.05 (p=0.000). The highest NO production inhibition effect was on EAFPC. MEPC, HFPC, EAFPC, and BFPC have antiinflammatory effects, with the highest effect on EAFPC.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory Effect, LPS, Nitric oxide, Piper crocatum}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.169}, author = {Nilda Lely and Helmi Arifin and Yufri Aldi and Fatma Sri Wahyuni} } @article {1660, title = {Antioxidant Capacity of Chuquiraga Spinosa Less. "Huamanpinta" and Prevention of Carrageenan-Induced Inflammation in Mice}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {13}, year = {2021}, month = {September 2021}, pages = {1287-1296}, type = {Research Article}, chapter = {1287}, abstract = {

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Chuquiraga spinosa extracts and prevention of carrageenan-induced inflammation in mice. Methodology: Experimental design: plant species, erythrocytes and male BALB C53 mice, were considered as biological material. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated in 50\%, 70\%, 96\% and aqueous ethanolic extracts by 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl reduction, malondialdehyde inhibition in oxidized erythrocytes with H2O2 and correlating with polyphenol content equivalent to gallic acid/gram dry extract. Inflammation was evaluated by inoculating carrageenan 2\% in "subcutaneous air bag" of mice: 1) White, 2) carrageenan, 3) dexamethasone 2 mg/kg, 4-6) ethanolic extract 70\% doses 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively; determining nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, total proteins, albumin, leukocytes in exudate and histological changes. Results: Alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, phenolic compounds, tannins, carbohydrates, triterpenes, steroids and sesquiterpene lactones were identified; aqueous extract presented greater reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (CI50 = 58.99 μg/mL), ethanolic extract 70\% presented greater inhibition of malondialdehyde in erythrocytes (CI50 = 16.44 nm/mL); It was observed that the higher the amount of polyphenols, the greater the reduction of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (r=-0.909) and the greater the inhibition of malondialdehyde (r=-0.781). With 500 mg/kg of 70\% ethanolic extract there was greater anti-inflammatory effect inhibiting malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, albumin, total proteins and leukocytes in 55.55\%, 81.92\%, 41.20\%, 31.51\% and 32.45\% (p\<0.01) respectively and less infiltration of leukocytes and lymphocytes in air sac membrane. Conclusion: The extracts of aerial parts of Chuquiraga spinosa showed antioxidant capacity correlated to polyphenol content. The 70\% ethanolic extract prevented inflammation in mice in a dosedependent manner.

}, keywords = {Antioxidant, Ethanolic extract, Leukocytes, Lipoperoxidation, Nitric oxide, Oxidative stress}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2021.13.163}, author = {Hugo Jes{\'u}s Justil-Guerrero and Jorge Luis Arroyo-Acevedo and Juan Pedro Rojas-Armas and Miriam Palomino- Pacheco and Magaly Villena-Tejada and Wilmer Atilio Segura V{\'\i}lchez} } @article {902, title = {Anti-inflammatory Effect of the Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract of Tamarindus indica Linn in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Macrophages}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {669-673}, type = {Original Research Study}, chapter = {669}, abstract = {

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous fruit pulp extract of Tamarind indica Linn on NO production and iNOS expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Material\ and Method: The efficacy of tamarind extract on nitric oxide production was determined using RAW macrophages. RT - PCR was used to examine the expression of the iNOS gene in activated macrophages. The Statistical analysis for multiple comparisons was evaluated by one way ANOVA followed by the Dunnett{\textquoteright}s test when significant differences were detected. The data were considered to be statistically significant at p \< 0.001, p \< 0.01 and p \< 0.05. Results: LPS stimulated RAW macrophages strongly up regulated the iNOS gene expression levels. The iNOS levels were significantly suppressed in the presence of different concentrations of tamarind extract, compared to LPS treatment alone. The tamarind extract also exhibited dose {\textendash} dependent decrease in the production of NO. The IC50 was found to be 35.69 μg/ml. LPS stimulated group showed 89.61 {\textpm} 0.47 \% of NO. Conclusion: Nitric oxide production is found to be more in conditions such as periodontitis, oral squamous cell carcinoma and many other diseases. This study could prove the ability of tamarind fruit pulp extract to inhibit the production of nitric oxide and the iNOS gene expression. Hence, Tamarind indica Linn pulp extract may be used as a good anti-inflammatory agent in periodontitis as well as in conditions associated with over production of nitric oxide in different cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinoma.

}, keywords = {iNOS expression, Nitric oxide, Oral squamous cell carcinoma, Periodontitis, Tamarind indica}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.105}, author = {Mathews Meriam Leya and Roy Anitha} } @article {908, title = {Free Radicals Scavenging Activity and Oxidative DNA Damage Protecting Property of Methanol Extract from Honeycrisp Apple}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {11}, year = {2019}, month = {July 2019}, pages = {694-698}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {694}, abstract = {

Objectives: This research reports the qualitative phytochemical constituents and considers the in vitro free radicals scavenging activities based on DPPH and nitric oxide assays and oxidative DNA damage protection activity of methanol extract from Honeycrisp apple. The foremost interest for this research was to use standard measures to determine nitric oxide scavenging activity, DPPH-scavenging activity and DNA damage protecting activity to assess the antioxidant potential of methanol extract from the apple. Materials and Methods: Concentrations of apple extracts with the intervals 20 μg/ml to 100 μmg/ml were prepared and mixed with suitable volumes of reagents and the corresponding absorbances read at the respective wavelength. Results: The outcomes of this research specify that methanol extract of Honeycrisp apple contain multiple phytochemical compounds that can expertly shield the body against oxidative stress caused by free radicals and might then be used as a source of potent natural antioxidant compounds. The IC50 values of methanol extract from Honeycrisp apple varied from 10.30 to 36.29 μg/ml which indicates the high radical scavenging activity of the sample. Conclusion: The DNA damage defensive potential of the extracts was also revealed, which could be used in cancer inhibition.

}, keywords = {DNA damaging, DPPH, Free Radicals, Honeycrisp apple, Nitric oxide, Phytochemicals}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2019.11.110}, author = {Williams Kweku Darkwah and Matthew Nkoom} } @article {486, title = {Effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leaves Extracts in Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Cells}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {10}, year = {2018}, month = {December 2017}, pages = {148-153}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {148}, abstract = {

Oxidative stress can induce vascular endothelial dysfunction in diabetic and hyperlipidemia patients. Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit has been reported of possessing antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholiesterase activity; as well as the toxic substance called mimosine. Aims: To determine antioxidant effects of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Leave extracts in oxidative stress induced vascular endothelial function. Methods and Material: Leave extracts were determined for antioxidant activity. Either or both of oxidized low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and glucose were applied to induce oxidative stress condition in human umbilical vein cultured (HUVCs) to observe superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, nitric oxide (NO) level and morphological changes. Results: Total polyphenol and flavonoid were 51.04 \± 0.91 mg GAE/g and 0.13 \± 0.01 mg catechin/g of dried weight (DW), respectively. Free radical reduction efficiency of crude extract observed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed IC50 value of 329.6 \μg of vitamin C equivalent/mg of extracts. Frap value was showed 428.54 \± 15.32 mM FeII equivalent/g of DW. The result observing in HUVCs showed that comparing to the control, SOD activity, NO and MDA level were maintained in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, but NO and MDA level were lowered when comparing with oxLDL and glucose-induced oxidative stress. No change was observed in 0.05 mg/mL of L. leucocephala treated group, comparing with control group. Conclusion: This study has been performed to exhibit the antioxidant activity of L. leucocephala in endothelium functions and has been found to have an appropriate concentration at 0.05 mg/mL in reducing oxidative stress condition in impaired fasting blood glucose patients. Nevertheless, the optimal level for toxic activity in inhibition of cancer angiogenesis should be further investigated.

}, keywords = {antioxidant activity, De Wit, Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.), Nitric oxide, Superoxide dismutase, Vascular endothelial.}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2018.1.25}, url = {http://fulltxt.org/article/411}, author = {Ratikorn Chatchanayuenyong and Patcharawan Sujayanont and Auranut Vuttivirojana} } @article {226, title = {Anti-inflammatory activity of isolated compounds from the stem bark of Garcinia cowa Roxb}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {December 2016}, pages = {55-57}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {55}, abstract = {

Objective: To find the anti inflammatory active compounds from methanol extract of Garcinia cowa. Methods: To evaluate the inhibitory activity of isolated compounds on nitric oxide (NO) production, culture media was assayed using Griess reaction. An equal volume of Griess reagent (1\% sulphanilamide and 0.1\% N-(L-naphthyl)-ethylene diamine dihydrochloride, dissolved in 2.5\% H3PO4) was mixed with culture supernatant and color development was measured at 550 nm using a micro plate reader. The amount of nitrite in the culture supernatant was calculated from a standard curve (0\–100 \μM) of sodium nitrite freshly prepared in deionized water. Percentage of the NO inhibition was calculated by using nitrate level of IFN-\γ/LPS-induced group as the control. Results: Isolated compounds, tetraprenyltoluquinone, rubraxanthone and \α-mangostin from stem bark of Garcinia cowa Roxb were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity. Only \α-mangostin exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity with 83.42 \% inhibition of NO and without inducing severe cytotoxicity at 50M. Rubraxanthone showed weak inhibition of NO with 23.86 \% inhibition of NO while maintained 77.32 \% of cell viability. TPTQ also showed the strong inhibition of NO with 80.98 \% inhibition but unfortunately this compound also induced severe cytotoxicity with 39.62\% viability. Conclusion: \α-Mangostin exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activity without inducing severe cytotoxicity at 50 M. Rubraxanthone showed weak inhibition of NO while Tetraprenyltoluquinone also showed the strong inhibition of NO however this compound also induced severe cytotoxicity.

}, keywords = {Anti-inflammatory, Garcinia cowa, Nitric oxide, rubraxanthone, tetrapreniltoluquinone, α-mangostin}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.1.10}, author = {Fatma Sri Wahyuni and Daud Ahmad Israf Ali and Nordin Hj. Lajis and Dachriyanus} } @article {325, title = {Comparative in vitro Antidiabetic and Immunomodulatory Evaluation of Standardized Five Select Medicinal Herbs and Spectral Analysis of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae)}, journal = {Pharmacognosy Journal}, volume = {9}, year = {2017}, month = {April 2017 }, pages = {336-344}, type = {Original Article}, chapter = {336}, abstract = {

Aim: The present work compares standardized hydro-alcoholic extracts of root and stem parts of Boerhavia erecta L. (Nyctaginaceae), leaves of Plumeria acuminate R. Br. (Apocyanaceae), rhizomes of Alpinia galanga Sw. (Zingiberaceae), whole plant of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. (Plantaginaceae), fruits of Trapa natans L. (Trapaceae) for their in vitro antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activities, commonly used by the Trichigadi tribes (Kotas) of south India for various inflammatory disorders. Materials and Methods: Antidiabetic activity of these herbal extracts was assessed through inhibition of glycosylation of hemoglobin and glucose uptake in yeast cells methods at 50, 100 and 200 \μg/mL for 72 h. Their respective immunomodulatory activities were evaluated through preservation of heat and hypotonic induced hemolysis, nitroblue terazolium assay and by inhibition of TNF-\α and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW cell lines. Results: B. erecta has shown least cytotoxicity (CTC50 15.7\%) and highest \% inhibition of TNF-\α (58.1) and NO (45.6), statistically significant (p\<0.01) to that of normal control. Also, B. erecta (BE), and P. acuminate (PA) exhibited relatively better IC50 values for TNF-\α and NO at a concentration less than their respective CTC50 values. Conclusions: Spectral analysis of chloroform fraction of BE hydro-alcoholic extract established the presence of biologically active molecule in it. Root and stem parts of BE extract not only proved to be safe but also demonstrated relatively better efficacy than other established medicinal herbs in selected immune models, may be due to flavonoids or phenolic groups. Further in vivo studies on active molecule of BE towards antidiabetic and immunomodulatory activity are warranted.

}, keywords = {Cytotoxicity, NBT assay, Nitric oxide, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, Quality control, TNF -α}, doi = {10.5530/pj.2017.3.57}, url = {/files/PJ-9-3/10.5530pj.2017.3.57}, author = {Suresh Kumar Karri and Angappan Sheela} }